Saunders ICP

The nurse is performing an assessment of a 7-year-old child who is suspected of having episodes of absence seizures. Which assessment question to the mother will assist in providing information that will identify the symptoms associated with this type of seizure? 1. "Does twitching occur in the face and neck?" 2. "Does the muscle twitching occur on one side of the body?" 3. "Does the muscle twitching occur on both sides of the body?" 4. "Does the child have a blank expression during these episodes?"

"Does the child have a blank expression during these episodes?" Absence seizures are brief episodes of altered awareness or momentary loss of consciousness. No muscle activity occurs except eyelid fluttering or twitching. The child has a blank facial expression. These seizures last only 5 to 10 seconds, but they may occur one after another several times a day. Simple partial seizures consist of twitching of an extremity, face, or neck, or the sensation of twitching or numbness in an extremity or face or neck. Myoclonic seizures are brief random contractions of a muscle group that can occur on one or both sides of the body.

The nurse is observing a new nursing graduate who is preparing an intermittent intravenous (IV) infusion of phenytoin (Dilantin) for a client with a diagnosis of seizures. Which solution used by the nursing graduate should indicate to the nurse an understanding of proper preparation of this medication? 1. 5% dextrose in water 2. Lactated Ringer's solution 3. 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) 4. 5% dextrose and 0.45% sodium chloride

0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) Rationale: Intermittent IV infusion of phenytoin is administered by injection into a large vein, using normal saline solution. Dextrose solutions are avoided because the medication will precipitate in these solutions. Options 1, 2, and 4 identify incorrect solutions for IV administration with this medication.

The nurse is preparing a plan of care for a child with a head injury. On review of the records, the nurse notes that the health care provider has documented decorticate posturing. The nurse plans care knowing that this type of posturing indicates which finding? Damage to the pons 2. Damage to the midbrain 3. Damage to the diencephalon 4. A lesion in the cerebral hemisphere

A lesion in the cerebral hemisphere Decorticate posturing indicates a lesion in the cerebral hemisphere or disruption of the corticospinal tracts. Decerebrate posturing indicates damage in the diencephalon, midbrain, or pons.

The nurse is assisting with caloric testing of the oculovestibular reflex in an unconscious client. Cold water is injected into the left auditory canal. The client exhibits eye conjugate movements toward the left, followed by eye movement back to midline. The nurse understands that this finding indicates which situation? 1. Brain death 2. A cerebral lesion 3. A temporal lesion 4. An intact brainstem

An intact brainstem Caloric testing provides information about differentiating between cerebellar and brainstem lesions. After determining patency of the ear canal, cold or warm water is injected into the auditory canal. A normal response that indicates intact function of cranial nerves III, VI, and VIII is conjugate eye movements toward the side being irrigated, followed by eye movement back to midline. Absent or dysconjugate eye movements indicate brainstem damage.

A mother arrives at an emergency department with her 5-year-old child and states that the child fell off a bunk bed. A head injury is suspected, and the nurse checks the child's airway status and assesses the child for early and late signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which is a late sign of increased ICP? Nausea 2. Irritability 3. Headache 4. Bradycardia

Bradycardia

A client who has had a brain attack (stroke) is being managed on the medical nursing unit. At 0800, the client was awake and alert with vital signs of temperature 98° F orally, pulse 80 beats/min, respirations 18 breaths/min, and blood pressure 138/80 mm Hg. At noon, the client is confused and only responsive to tactile stimuli, and vital signs are temperature 99° F orally, pulse 62 beats/min, respirations 20 breaths/min, and blood pressure 166/72 mm Hg. The nurse should take which action? Reorient the client. 2. Retake the vital signs. 3. Call the health care provider (HCP). 4. Administer an antihypertensive PRN.

Call the health care provider (HCP). Rationale: The important nursing action is to call the HCP. The deterioration in neurological status, decreasing pulse, and increasing blood pressure with a widening pulse pressure all indicate that the client is experiencing increased intracranial pressure, which requires immediate treatment to prevent further complications and possible death. The nurse should retake the vital signs and reorient the client to surroundings. If the client's blood pressure falls within parameters for PRN antihypertensive medication, the medication also should be administered. However, options 1, 2, and 4 are secondary nursing actions.

The nurse in the neurological unit is caring for a client who was in a motor vehicle crash and sustained a blunt head injury. On assessment of the client, the nurse notes the presence of bloody drainage from the nose. Which nursing action is most appropriate? Insert nasal packing. 2. Document the findings. 3. Contact the health care provider (HCP). 4. Monitor the client's blood pressure and check for signs of increased intracranial pressure.

Contact the health care provider (HCP). Rationale: Bloody or clear drainage from either the nasal or the auditory canal after head trauma could indicate a cerebrospinal fluid leak. The appropriate nursing action is to notify the HCP, because this finding requires immediate intervention. Options 1, 2, and 4 are inappropriate nursing actions in this situation.

The nurse is monitoring a 3-month-old infant for signs of increased intracranial pressure. On palpation of the fontanels, the nurse notes that the anterior fontanel is soft and flat. On the basis of this finding, which nursing action is most appropriate? Increase oral fluids. 2. Document the finding. 3. Notify the health care provider (HCP). 4. Elevate the head of the bed to 90 degrees.

Document the finding. Rationale The anterior fontanel is diamond-shaped and located on the top of the head. The fontanel should be soft and flat in a normal infant, and it normally closes by 12 to 18 months of age. The nurse would document the finding because it is normal. There is no useful reason to increase oral fluids, notify the HCP, or elevate the head of the bed to 90 degrees.

A client has clear fluid leaking from the nose following a basilar skull fracture. Which finding would alert the nurse that cerebrospinal fluid is present?

Fluid separates into concentric rings and tests positive for glucose. Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ears or nose may accompany basilar skull fracture. CSF can be distinguished from other body fluids because the drainage will separate into bloody and yellow concentric rings on dressing material, called a halo sign. The fluid also tests positive for glucose.

A nurse is caring for a child who sustained a head injury after falling from a tree. On assessment of the child, the nurse notes the presence of a watery discharge from the child's nose. The nurse should immediately test the discharge for the presence of which substance? Protein 2. Glucose 3. Neutrophils 4. White blood cells

Glucose

The nurse is caring for the client with increased intracranial pressure. The nurse would note which trend in vital signs if the intracranial pressure is rising? Increasing temperature, increasing pulse, increasing respirations, decreasing blood pressure 2. Increasing temperature, decreasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure 3. Decreasing temperature, decreasing pulse, increasing respirations, decreasing blood pressure 4. Decreasing temperature, increasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure

Increasing temperature, decreasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure Rationale said the correct answer but didn't give explanation

The nurse in the neurological unit is caring for a client with a supratentorial lesion. The nurse assesses which measurement as the most critical index of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction Temperature 2. Blood pressure 3. Ability to speak 4. Level of consciousness

Level of consciousness Level of consciousness is the most critical index of CNS dysfunction. Changes in level of consciousness can indicate clinical improvement or deterioration. Although blood pressure, temperature, and ability to speak may be components of the assessment, the client's level of consciousness is the most critical index of CNS dysfunction.

The nurse is assessing the motor function of an unconscious client. The nurse should plan to use which technique to test the client's peripheral response to pain? Sternal rub 2. Nail bed pressure 3. Pressure on the orbital rim 4. Squeezing of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Nail bed pressure

The nurse caring for a client with a head injury is monitoring for signs of increased intracranial pressure. The nurse reviews the record and notes that the intracranial pressure (cerebrospinal fluid) is averaging 8 mm Hg. The nurse plans care, knowing that these results are indicative of which condition? 1. Normal condition 2. Increased pressure 3. Borderline situation 4. Compensating condition

Normal condition Rationale: The normal intracranial pressure is 5 to 10 mm Hg. A pressure of 8 mm Hg is within normal range. (This is what Saunders says, however we are learning it as 5-15 is normal)

The nurse is preparing for the admission to the unit of a client with a diagnosis of seizures and is preparing to institute full seizure precautions. Which item is contraindicated for use if a seizure occurs? Oxygen source 2. Suction machine 3. Padded tongue blade 4. Padding for the side rails

Padded tongue blade Full seizure precautions include bed rest with padded side rails in a raised position, a suction machine at the bedside, having diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) available, and providing an oxygen source. Objects such as tongue blades are contraindicated and should never be placed in the client's mouth during a seizure.

The nurse has a prescription to begin aneurysm precautions for a client with a subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to aneurysm rupture. The nurse would plan to incorporate which intervention in controlling the environment for this client? Keep the window blinds open. 2. Turn on a small spotlight above the client's head. 3. Make sure the door to the room is open at all times. 4. Prohibit or limit the use of a radio or television and reading.

Prohibit or limit the use of a radio or television and reading. Rationale: Environmental stimuli are kept to a minimum with subarachnoid precautions to prevent or minimize increases in intracranial pressure. For this reason, lighting is reduced by closing window blinds and keeping the door to the client's room shut. Overhead lighting also is avoided for the same reason. The nurse prohibits television, radio, and reading unless this is so stressful for the client that it would be counterproductive. In that instance, minimal amounts of stimuli by these means are allowed with approval of the health care provider.

A client is about to undergo a lumbar puncture. The nurse describes to the client that which position will be used during the procedure? Side-lying with a pillow under the hip 2. Prone with a pillow under the abdomen 3. Prone in slight Trendelenburg's position 4. Side-lying with the legs pulled up and the head bent down onto the chest

Side-lying with the legs pulled up and the head bent down onto the chest

The nurse is documenting nursing observations in the record of a client who experienced a tonic-clonic seizure. Which clinical manifestation did the nurse most likely note in the clonic phase of the seizure? Body stiffening 2. Spasms of the entire body 3. Sudden loss of consciousness 4. Brief flexion of the extremities

Spasms of the entire body

The nurse is performing a neurological assessment on a client with a head injury. The nurse should use which technique to assess the plantar reflex? Stroking the foot from the heel to the toe 2. Gently inserting a gloved finger in the rectum 3. Directing a flashlight onto the pupils of the eyes 4. Using a tongue depressor and stimulating the back of the throat

Stroking the foot from the heel to the toe

The nurse is caring for a client after hypophysectomy and notes clear nasal drainage from the client's nostril. The nurse should take which initial action? Lower the head of the bed. 2. Test the drainage for glucose. 3. Obtain a culture of the drainage. 4. Continue to observe the drainage.

Test the drainage for glucose. Rationale: After hypophysectomy, the client should be monitored for rhinorrhea, which could indicate a cerebrospinal fluid leak. If this occurs, the drainage should be collected and tested for the presence of cerebrospinal fluid. The head of the bed should not be lowered to prevent increased intracranial pressure. Clear nasal drainage would not indicate the need for a culture. Continuing to observe the drainage without taking action could result in a serious complication.

A client who experienced a brain attack (stroke) several months ago still exhibits some difficulty with chewing food. The nurse plans care, knowing that the client has residual dysfunction of which cranial nerve? Vagus (cranial nerve X) 2. Trigeminal (cranial nerve V) 3. Hypoglossal (cranial nerve XII) 4. Spinal accessory (cranial nerve XI)

Trigeminal (cranial nerve V) The motor branch of cranial nerve V is responsible for the ability to chew food. The vagus nerve is active in parasympathetic functions of the autonomic nervous system. The hypoglossal nerve aids in swallowing. The spinal accessory nerve is responsible for shoulder movement, among other things.

The nurse has instructed the family of a client with stroke (brain attack) who has homonymous hemianopsia about measures to help the client overcome the deficit. Which statement suggests that the family understands the measures to use when caring for the client? We need to discourage him from wearing eyeglasses." 2. "We need to place objects in his impaired field of vision." 3. "We need to approach him from the impaired field of vision." 4. "We need to remind him to turn his head to scan the lost visual field."

We need to remind him to turn his head to scan the lost visual field."

A client is taking the prescribed dose of phenytoin (Dilantin) to control seizures. Results of a phenytoin blood level study reveal a level of 35 mcg/mL. Which finding would be expected as a result of this laboratory result? 1. Hypotension 2. Tachycardia 3. Slurred speech 4. No abnormal finding

slurred speech The therapeutic phenytoin level is 10 to 20 mcg/mL. At a level higher than 20 mcg/mL, involuntary movements of the eyeballs (nystagmus) occur. At a level higher than 30 mcg/mL, ataxia and slurred speech occur.

The nurse should place a child who had a medulloblastoma brain tumor (infratentorial) removed in which position postoperatively? Trendelenburg's 2. Flat, on either side 3. With the head of the bed elevated above heart level 4. With the head of the bed elevated in low Fowler's position

2. Flat, on either side If an infratentorial tumor has been removed, the child is positioned flat on either side. The pillow is placed behind the child's back for comfort and to maintain the position. The pillow is not placed behind the head because when the pillow is behind the head, proper alignment is not maintained, and this misalignment can impair circulation. The child should never be placed in a Trendelenburg's position (head down) because this position increases intracranial pressure. The head is elevated when the tumor is a supratentorial one.

The nurse is reviewing the laboratory results from a lumbar puncture performed in a client with a diagnosis of meningitis. Which laboratory findings are expected to be noted with bacterial meningitis? Select all that apply. Increased glucose level 2. Protein level of 20 mg/dL 3. Increased white blood cells 4. Clear appearance of the cerebrospinal fluid 5. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure of 250 mm H2O

Protein level of 20 mg/dL 3. Increased white blood cells 5. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure of 250 mm H2O If a bacterial infection of CSF is present, findings include reduced glucose level, a protein level greater than 15 mg/dL, increased white blood cells, a cloudy appearance of CSF, and CSF pressure greater than 200 mm H2O.

A client recovering from a head injury is participating in care. The nurse determines that the client understands measures to prevent elevations in intracranial pressure if the nurse observes the client doing which activity? Blowing the nose 2. Isometric exercises 3. Coughing vigorously 4. Exhaling during repositioning

Exhaling during repositioning Activities that increase intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressures cause an indirect elevation of the intracranial pressure. Some of these activities include isometric exercises, Valsalva's maneuver, coughing, sneezing, and blowing the nose. Exhaling during activities such as repositioning or pulling up in bed, opens the glottis, which prevents intrathoracic pressure from rising.

The nurse is performing an assessment on a client with a diagnosis of thrombotic brain attack (stroke). Which assessment question would elicit data specific to this type of stroke? "Have you had any headaches in the past few days?" 2. "Have you recently been having difficulty with seeing at nighttime?" 3. "Have you had any sudden episodes of passing out in the past few days?" 4. "Have you had any numbness or tingling or paralysis-type feelings in any of your extremities recently?"

"Have you had any numbness or tingling or paralysis-type feelings in any of your extremities recently?" Cerebral thrombosis (thrombotic stroke) does not occur suddenly. In the few days or hours preceding the thrombotic stroke, the client may experience a transient loss of speech, hemiparesis, or paresthesias on one side of the body. Signs and symptoms of this type of stroke vary but may also include dizziness, cognitive changes, or seizures. Headache is rare, but some clients with stroke experience signs and symptoms similar to those of cerebral embolism or intracranial hemorrhage. The client does not complain of difficulty with night vision as part of this clinical problem. In addition, most clients do not have repeated episodes of loss of consciousness.

The nurse is developing a plan of care for a child who is at risk for seizures. Which interventions apply if the child has a seizure? Select all that apply. Time the seizure. 2. Restrain the child. 3. Stay with the child. 4. Place the child in a prone position. 5. Move furniture away from the child. 6. Insert a padded tongue blade in the child's mouth.

Time the seizure. Stay with the child. Move furniture away from the child. A seizure is a disorder that occurs as a result of excessive and unorganized neuronal discharges in the brain that activate associated motor and sensory organs. During a seizure, the child is placed on his or her side in a lateral position. Positioning on the side prevents aspiration because saliva drains out the corner of the child's mouth. The child is not restrained because this could cause injury to the child. The nurse would loosen clothing around the child's neck and ensure a patent airway. Nothing is placed into the child's mouth during a seizure because this action may cause injury to the child's mouth, gums, or teeth. The nurse would stay with the child to reduce the risk of injury and allow for observation and timing of the seizure.

Which nursing actions apply to the care of a child who is having a seizure? Select all that apply. Time the seizure. 2. Restrain the child. 3. Stay with the child. 4. Insert an oral airway. 5. Place the child in a lateral side-lying position. 6. Loosen clothing around the child's neck.

Time the seizure. Stay with the child. Place the child in a lateral side-lying position. Loosen clothing around the child's neck. During a seizure, the child is placed on his or her side in a lateral position. Positioning on the side prevents aspiration because saliva drains out the corner of the child's mouth. The child is not restrained because this could cause injury to the child. The nurse should loosen clothing around the child's neck and ensure a patent airway. Nothing is placed in the child's mouth during a seizure because this could injure the child's mouth, gums, or teeth. The nurse should stay with the child to reduce the risk of injury and allow for observation and timing of the seizure.

The nurse is monitoring a 3-year-old child for signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) after a craniotomy. The nurse plans to monitor for which early sign or symptom of increased ICP? Vomiting 2. Bulging anterior fontanel 3. Increasing head circumference 4. Complaints of a frontal headache

Vomiting he brain, although well protected by the solid bony cranium, is highly susceptible to pressure that may accumulate within the enclosure. Volume and pressure must remain constant within the brain. A change in the size of the brain, such as occurs with edema or increased volume of intracranial blood or cerebrospinal fluid without a compensatory change, leads to an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP), which may be life-threatening. Vomiting, an early sign of increased ICP, can become excessive as pressure builds up and stimulates the medulla in the brainstem, which houses the vomiting center. Children with open fontanels (posterior fontanel closes at 2 to 3 months; anterior fontanel closes at 12 to 18 months) compensate for ICP changes by skull expansion and subsequent bulging fontanels. When the fontanels have closed, nausea, excessive vomiting, diplopia, and headaches become pronounced, with headaches becoming more prevalent in older children.

The nurse is planning to institute seizure precautions for a client who is being admitted from the emergency department. Which measures should the nurse include in planning for the client's safety? Select all that apply. 1. Padding the side rails of the bed 2. Placing an airway at the bedside 3. Placing the bed in the high position 4. Putting a padded tongue blade at the head of the bed 5. Placing oxygen and suction equipment at the bedside 6. Having intravenous equipment ready for insertion of an intravenous catheter

1. Padding the side rails of the bed 2. Placing an airway at the bedside 5. Placing oxygen and suction equipment at the bedside 6. Having intravenous equipment ready for insertion of an intravenous catheter Seizure precautions may vary from agency to agency, but they generally have some common features. Usually, an airway, oxygen, and suctioning equipment are kept available at the bedside. The side rails of the bed are padded, and the bed is kept in the lowest position. The client has an intravenous access in place to have a readily accessible route if anticonvulsant medications must be administered. The use of padded tongue blades is highly controversial, and they should not be kept at the bedside. Forcing a tongue blade into the mouth during a seizure more likely will harm the client who bites down during seizure activity. Risks include blocking the airway from improper placement, chipping the client's teeth, and subsequent risk of aspirating tooth fragments. If the client has an aura before the seizure, it may give the nurse enough time to place an oral airway before seizure activity begins.

Cerebral thrombosis does not occur suddenly. In the few hours or days preceding a thrombotic brain attack (stroke), the client may experience a transient loss of speech, hemiplegia, or paresthesias on one side of the body. Signs and symptoms of thrombotic brain attack (stroke) vary but may include dizziness, cognitive changes, or seizures. Headache is rare, but some clients with brain attack (stroke) experience signs and symptoms similar to those of cerebral embolism or intracranial hemorrhage. Sudden loss of consciousness occurred. 2. Signs and symptoms occurred suddenly. 3. The client experienced paresthesias a few days before admission to the hospital. 4. The client complained of a severe headache, which was followed by sudden onset of paralysis.

Cerebral thrombosis does not occur suddenly. In the few hours or days preceding a thrombotic brain attack (stroke), the client may experience a transient loss of speech, hemiplegia, or paresthesias on one side of the body. Signs and symptoms of thrombotic brain attack (stroke) vary but may include dizziness, cognitive changes, or seizures. Headache is rare, but some clients with brain attack (stroke) experience signs and symptoms similar to those of cerebral embolism or intracranial hemorrhage. 3. The client experienced paresthesias a few days before admission to the hospital.

A lumbar puncture is performed on a child suspected to have bacterial meningitis, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is obtained for analysis. The nurse reviews the results of the CSF analysis and determines that which results would verify the diagnosis?

Cloudy CSF, elevated protein, and decreased glucose levels Meningitis is an infectious process of the central nervous system caused by bacteria and viruses; it may be acquired as a primary disease or as a result of complications of neurosurgery, trauma, infection of the sinus or ears, or systemic infections. Meningitis is diagnosed by testing cerebrospinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture. In the case of bacterial meningitis, findings usually include an elevated pressure; turbid or cloudy cerebrospinal fluid; and elevated leukocyte, elevated protein, and decreased glucose levels.

A client who had cranial surgery 5 days earlier to remove a brain tumor has a few cognitive deficits and does not seem to be progressing as quickly as the client or family hoped. The nurse plans to implement which approach as most helpful to the client and family at this time? Emphasize progress in a realistic manner. 2. Set high goals to give the client something to "aim for." 3. Tell the family to be extremely optimistic with the client. 4. Inform the client and family of standardized goals of care.

Emphasize progress in a realistic manner. Rationale: The most helpful approach by the nurse is to emphasize progress that is being made in a realistic manner. The nurse does not offer false hope but does provide factual information in a clear and positive manner. The nurse encourages the family to be realistic in their expectations and attitudes. The plan of care should be individualized for each client.

The nurse is monitoring a child with a brain tumor for complications associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which finding, if noted by the nurse, would indicate the presence of diabetes insipidus (DI)? Weight gain 2. Hypertension 3. High urine output 4. Urine specific gravity greater than 1.020

High urine output DI can occur in a child with increased ICP. Weight gain, hypertension and a urine specific gravity greater than 1.020 are indications of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion, not DI. A high urine output would be indicative of DI.

The nurse is performing a neurological assessment on a client who had a brain attack (stroke). The nurse checks for proprioception by which assessment technique? Tapping the Achilles tendon using the reflex hammer 2. Gently pricking the client's skin on the dorsum of the foot in two places 3. Firmly stroking the lateral sole of the foot and under the toes with a blunt instrument 4. Holding the sides of the client's great toe and, while moving it, asking what position it is in

Holding the sides of the client's great toe and, while moving it, asking what position it is in A method of testing for proprioception is to hold the sides of the client's great toe and, while moving it, asking the client what position it is in. Option 1 describes gastrocnemius muscle contraction. Option 2 describes two-point discrimination. Testing the plantar reflex is described in option 3.

The nurse is developing a plan of care for a client with a diagnosis of brain attack (stroke) with anosognosia. To meet the needs of the client with this deficit, the nurse should include activities that will achieve which outcome? Encourage communication. 2. Provide a consistent daily routine. 3. Promote adequate bowel elimination. 4. Increase the client's awareness of the affected side.

Increase the client's awareness of the affected side. In anosognosia, the client exhibits neglect of the affected side of the body. The nurse will plan care activities that remind the client to perform actions that require looking at the affected arm or leg, as well as activities that will increase the client's awareness of the affected side. Options 1, 2, and 3 are not associated with this deficit.

The nurse is assessing the nasal dressing on a client who had a transsphenoidal resection of the pituitary gland. The nurse notes a small amount of serosanguineous drainage that is surrounded by clear fluid on the nasal dressing. Which nursing action is most appropriate? Document the findings. 2. Reinforce the dressing. 3. Notify the health care provider (HCP). 4. Mark the area of drainage with a pen and monitor for further drainage.

Notify the health care provider (HCP) Rationale: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage after cranial surgery may be detected by noting drainage that is serosanguineous surrounded by an area of straw-colored or pale drainage. The physical appearance of CSF drainage is that of a halo. If the nurse notes the presence of this type of drainage, the HCP needs to be notified. Options 1, 2, and 4 are inappropriate nursing actions.

The nurse develops a plan of care for a client with a brain aneurysm who will be placed on aneurysm precautions. Which interventions should be included in the plan? Select all that apply.

Place a blood pressure cuff at the client's bedside. 3. Close the shades in the client's room during the day.

At the end of the work shift, the nurse is reviewing the respiratory status of a client admitted with acute brain attack (stroke) earlier in the day. The nurse determines that the client's airway is patent if which data are identified? Respiratory rate 24 breaths/min, oxygen saturation 94%, breath sounds clear 2. Respiratory rate 18 breaths/min, oxygen saturation 98%, breath sounds clear 3. Respiratory rate 16 breaths/min, oxygen saturation 85%, wheezes bilaterally 4. Respiratory rate 20 breaths/min, oxygen saturation 92%, diminished breath sounds in lung bases

Respiratory rate 18 breaths/min, oxygen saturation 98%, breath sounds clear

The nurse is preparing a plan of care for a client with a diagnosis of brain attack (stroke). On reviewing the client's record, the nurse notes an assessment finding of anosognosia. The nursing care plan should address which manifestation related to this finding? The client will be easily fatigued. 2. The client will have difficulty speaking. 3. The client will have difficulty swallowing. 4. The client will exhibit neglect of the affected side.

The client will exhibit neglect of the affected side. In anosognosia, the client neglects the affected side of the body. The client either may ignore the presence of the affected side (often creating a safety hazard as a result of potential injuries) or may state that the involved arm or leg belongs to someone else. Options 1, 2, and 3 are not associated with anosognosia.

The nurse provides instructions to a client who is scheduled for an electroencephalogram (EEG). Which statement by the client indicates a need for further instruction?

"All medications need to be withheld on the day of the test." Rationale: The client is informed that the test will take 45 minutes to 2 hours and that medications usually are not withheld before the test unless specifically prescribed. Preprocedural instructions include informing the client that the procedure is painless. Cola, tea, and coffee are stimulants and need to be restricted on the morning of the test. The hair should be washed the evening before the test, and gels, hairsprays, and lotion should be avoided.

A client requires a myelogram, and the ambulatory care nurse is providing instructions to the client regarding preparation for the procedure. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further instruction? "My jewelry will need to be removed." 2. "An informed consent form will need to be signed." 3. "My procedure will take approximately 45 minutes." 4. "I need to be sure to eat a full meal before the procedure."

"I need to be sure to eat a full meal before the procedure." Rationale: Client preparation for a myelogram includes instructing the client to withhold food and fluids for 4 to 8 hours before the procedure as prescribed. Some health care providers may allow fluids or a light diet (but not a full meal). The client is told that the procedure takes about 45 minutes. An informed consent is required, and the client will need to remove jewelry and any metal objects. The client also is told that pretest medications may be administered for relaxation.

The nurse is preparing to care for a client after a lumbar puncture. The nurse should plan to place the client in which best position immediately after the procedure? Prone in semi-Fowler's position 2. Supine in semi-Fowler's position 3. Prone with a small pillow under the abdomen 4. Lateral with the head slightly lower than the rest of the body

3. Prone with a small pillow under the abdomen Rationale: After the procedure, the client assumes a flat position. If the client is able, a prone position with a pillow under the abdomen is the best position. This position helps reduce cerebrospinal fluid leakage and decreases the likelihood of post-lumbar puncture headache. Options 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect.

The nurse is evaluating the status of a client who had a craniotomy 3 days ago. Which assessment finding would indicate that the client is developing meningitis as a complication of surgery? 1. A negative Kernig sign 2. Absence of nuchal rigidity 3. A positive Brudzinski sign 4. A Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15

A positive Brudzinski sign Signs of meningeal irritation compatible with meningitis include nuchal rigidity, a positive Brudzinski sign, and positive Kernig sign. Nuchal rigidity is characterized by a stiff neck and soreness, which is especially noticeable when the neck is flexed. Kernig's sign is positive when the client feels pain and spasm of the hamstring muscles when the leg is fully flexed at the knee and hip. Brudzinski's sign is positive when the client flexes the hips and knees in response to the nurse gently flexing the head and neck onto the chest. A Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 is a perfect score and indicates that the client is awake and alert, with no neurological deficits.

The nurse is preparing a plan of care for a client with a brain attack (stroke) who has global aphasia. The nurse should incorporate communication strategies into the plan of care because the client's speech will be characteristic of which finding? Intact 2. Rambling 3. Characterized by literal paraphasia 4. Associated with poor comprehension

Associated with poor comprehension Rationale: Global aphasia is a condition in which the affected person has few language skills as a result of extensive damage to the left hemisphere. The speech is nonfluent and is associated with poor comprehension and limited ability to name objects or repeat words. The client with conduction aphasia has difficulty repeating words spoken by another, and speech is characterized by literal paraphasia with intact comprehension. The client with Wernicke's aphasia may exhibit a rambling type of speech.

The nurse in the neurological unit is monitoring a client for signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The nurse reviews the assessment findings for the client and notes documentation of the presence of Cushing's reflex. The nurse determines that the presence of this reflex is obtained by assessing which item? Blood pressure 2. Motor response 3. Pupillary response 4. Level of consciousness

Blood pressure Cushing's reflex is a late sign of increased ICP and consists of a widening pulse pressure (systolic pressure rises faster than diastolic pressure) and bradycardia. Options 2, 3, and 4 are unrelated to monitoring for Cushing's reflex.

The nurse is performing an assessment on a child with a head injury. The nurse notes an abnormal flexion of the upper extremities and an extension of the lower extremities. What should the nurse document that the child is experiencing? Decorticate posturing 2. Decerebrate posturing 3. Flexion of the arms and legs 4. Normal expected positioning after head injury

Decorticate posturing Rationale: Decorticate posturing is an abnormal flexion of the upper extremities and an extension of the lower extremities with possible plantar flexion of the feet. Decerebrate posturing is an abnormal extension of the upper extremities with internal rotation of the upper arms and wrists and an extension of the lower extremities with some internal rotation.

The nurse is caring for a child after surgical removal of a brain tumor. The nurse should assess the child for which sign that would indicate that brainstem involvement occurred during the surgical procedure? Inability to swallow 2. Elevated temperature 3. Altered hearing ability 4. Orthostatic hypotension

Elevated temperature Vital signs and neurological status are assessed frequently after surgical removal of a brain tumor. Special attention is given to the child's temperature, which may be elevated because of hypothalamic or brainstem involvement during surgery. A cooling blanket should be in place on the bed or readily available if the child becomes hyperthermic. Inability to swallow and altered hearing ability are related to functional deficits after surgery. Orthostatic hypotension is not a common clinical manifestation after brain surgery. An elevated blood pressure and widened pulse pressure may be associated with increased intracranial pressure, which is a complication after brain. surgery, but is not related to brainstem involvement

The nurse has just admitted to the nursing unit a client with a basilar skull fracture who is at risk for increased intracranial pressure. Pending specific health care provider prescriptions, the nurse should safely place the client in which positions? Select all that apply. 1. Head midline 2. Neck in neutral position 3. Head of bed elevated 30 to 45 degrees 4. Head turned to the side when flat in bed 5. Neck and jaw flexed forward when opening the mouth

Head midline 2. Neck in neutral position 3. Head of bed elevated 30 to 45 degrees Home History Help Calculator Study ModeQuestion 36 of 208 Previous 36 ▲ ▼ Go Next Stop Bookmark Rationale Strategy Reference(s) Submit The nurse has just admitted to the nursing unit a client with a basilar skull fracture who is at risk for increased intracranial pressure. Pending specific health care provider prescriptions, the nurse should safely place the client in which positions? Select all that apply.Rationale: Use of proper positions promotes venous drainage from the cranium to keep intracranial pressure from elevating.The head of the client at risk for or with increased intracranial pressure should be positioned so that the head is in a neutral, midline position. The head of the bed should be raised to 30 to 45 degrees. The nurse should avoid flexing or extending the neck or turning the head from side to side.

The nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of right (nondominant) hemispheric stroke. The nurse notes that the client is alert and oriented to time and place. On the basis of these assessment findings, the nurse should make which interpretation? Had a very mild stroke 2. Most likely suffered a transient ischemic attack 3. May have difficulty with language abilities only 4. Is likely to have perceptual and spatial disabilities

Is likely to have perceptual and spatial disabilities The client with a right (nondominant) hemispheric stroke may be alert and oriented to time and place. These signs of apparent wellness often suggest that the client is less disabled than is the case. However, impulsivity and confusion in carrying out activities may be very real problems for these clients as a result of perceptual and spatial disabilities. The right hemisphere is considered specialized in sensory-perceptual and visual-spatial processing and awareness of body space. The left hemisphere is dominant for language abilities

A child undergoes surgical removal of a brain tumor. During the postoperative period, the nurse is monitoring the child and notes that the child is restless, the pulse rate is elevated, and the blood pressure has decreased significantly from the baseline value. The nurse suspects that the child is in shock. Which is the most appropriate nursing action? Notify the health care provider (HCP). 2. Place the child in a supine position. 3. Place the child in Trendelenburg's position. 4. Increase the flow rate of the intravenous fluids.

Notify the health care provider (HCP). in the event of shock, the HCP is notified immediately before the nurse changes the child's position or increases intravenous fluids. After craniotomy, a child is never placed in the supine or Trendelenburg's position because it increases intracranial pressure (ICP) and the risk of bleeding. The head of the bed should be elevated. Increasing intravenous fluids can cause an increase in ICP.

The nurse is monitoring a child for bleeding after surgery for removal of a brain tumor. The nurse checks the head dressing for the presence of blood and notes a colorless drainage on the back of the dressing. Which intervention should the nurse perform immediately? Reinforce the dressing. 2. Notify the health care provider (HCP). 3. Document the findings and continue to monitor. 4. Circle the area of drainage and continue to monitor.

Notify the health care provider (HCP). Colorless drainage on the dressing in a child after craniotomy indicates the presence of cerebrospinal fluid and should be reported to the HCP immediately. Options 1, 3, and 4 are not the immediate nursing intervention because they do not address the need for immediate intervention to prevent complications

The nurse is assessing a client who is experiencing seizure activity. The nurse understands that it is necessary to determine information about which items as part of routine assessment of seizures? Select all that apply. Postictal status 2. Duration of the seizure 3. Changes in pupil size or eye deviation 4. Seizure progression and type of movements 5. What the client ate in the 2 hours preceding seizure activity

Postictal status 2. Duration of the seizure 3. Changes in pupil size or eye deviation 4. Seizure progression and type of movements Typically seizure assessment includes the time the seizure began, parts of the body affected, type of movements and progression of the seizure, change in pupil size or eye deviation or nystagmus, client condition during the seizure, and postictal status. Option 5 is not a component of seizure assessment.

Dexamethasone (Decadron) intravenously is prescribed for the client with cerebral edema. The nurse prepares the medication for administration and plans to perform which action? Mix the medication in 1000 mL of 5% dextrose. 2. Prepare an undiluted direct injection of the medication. 3. Mix the medication in 100 mL of lactated Ringer's solution. 4. Dilute the medication in lactated Ringer's solution and administer as a direct injection.

Prepare an undiluted direct injection of the medication.

The nurse has a prescription to give dexamethasone (Decadron) by the intravenous (IV) route to a client with cerebral edema. How should the nurse prepare this medication? Diluting the medication in 500 mL of 5% dextrose 2. Preparing an undiluted direct injection of the medication 3. Diluting the medication in 1 mL of lactated Ringer's solution for direct injection 4. Diluting the medication in 10% dextrose in water and administering it as a direct injection

Preparing an undiluted direct injection of the medication

The nurse is planning to put aneurysm precautions in place for a client with a cerebral aneurysm. Which nursing measure would be a potentially unsafe component of the precautions? Provide physical aspects of care. 2. Prevent pushing or straining activities. 3. Maintain the head of the bed at 15 degrees. 4. Limit caffeinated coffee to one cup per day.

Provide physical aspects of care. Aneurysm precautions include placing the client on bed rest (as prescribed) in a quiet setting. Stimulants such as caffeine and nicotine are prohibited; decaffeinated coffee or tea may be used. Lights are kept dim to minimize environmental stimulation. Any activity that increases the blood pressure or impedes venous return from the brain is prohibited, such as pushing, pulling, sneezing, coughing, or straining. The nurse provides physical care to minimize increases in blood pressure. For the same reason, visitors, radio, television, and reading materials are prohibited or limited.

An infant with a diagnosis of hydrocephalus is scheduled for surgery. Which is the priority nursing intervention in the preoperative period? Test the urine for protein. 2. Reposition the infant frequently. 3. Provide a stimulating environment. 4. Assess blood pressure every 15 minutes.

Reposition the infant frequently. An infant with a diagnosis of hydrocephalus is scheduled for surgery. Which is the priority nursing intervention in the preoperative period?Rationale: Hydrocephalus occurs as a result of an imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid absorption or production that is caused by malformations, tumors, hemorrhage, infections, or trauma. It results in head enlargement and increased intracranial pressure. In infants with hydrocephalus, the head grows at an abnormal rate, and if the infant is not repositioned frequently, pressure ulcers can occur on the back and side of the head. An egg crate mattress under the head is also a nursing intervention that can help prevent skin breakdown. Proteinuria is not specific to hydrocephalus. Stimulus should be kept at a minimum because of the increase in intracranial pressure. It is not necessary to check the blood pressure every 15 minutes.

The nurse is caring for a client who begins to experience seizure activity while in bed. Which action by the nurse is contraindicated? Loosening restrictive clothing 2. Restraining the client's limbs 3. Removing the pillow and raising padded side rails 4. Positioning the client to the side, if possible, with the head flexed forward

Restraining the client's limbs Nursing actions during a seizure include providing for privacy, loosening restrictive clothing, removing the pillow and raising padded side rails in the bed, and placing the client on one side with the head flexed forward, if possible, to allow the tongue to fall forward and facilitate drainage. The limbs are never restrained because the strong muscle contractions could cause the client harm. If the client is not in bed when seizure activity begins, the nurse lowers the client to the floor, if possible, protects the head from injury, and moves furniture that may injure the client.

The student nurse develops a plan of care for a client after a lumbar puncture. The nursing instructor corrects the student if the student documents which incorrect intervention in the plan? 1. Maintain the client in a flat position. 2. Restrict fluid intake for a period of 2 hours. 3. Assess the client's ability to void and move the extremities. 4. Inspect the puncture site for swelling, redness, and drainage.

Restrict fluid intake for a period of 2 hours. After the lumbar puncture the client remains flat in bed for at least 2 hours, depending on the health care provider's prescriptions. A liberal fluid intake is encouraged to replace the cerebrospinal fluid removed during the procedure, unless contraindicated by the client's condition. The nurse checks the puncture site for redness and drainage and assesses the client's ability to void and move the extremities.

The nurse is reviewing the record of a child with increased intracranial pressure and notes that the child has exhibited signs of decerebrate posturing. On assessment of the child, the nurse expects to note which characteristic of this type of posturing? Flaccid paralysis of all extremities 2. Adduction of the arms at the shoulders 3. Rigid extension and pronation of the arms and legs 4. Abnormal flexion of the upper extremities and extension and adduction of the lower extremities

Rigid extension and pronation of the arms and legs Decerebrate (extension) posturing is characterized by the rigid extension and pronation of the arms and legs. Option 1 is incorrect. Options 2 and 4 describe decorticate (flexion) posturing.

The nurse is caring for a client following a supratentorial craniotomy, in which a large tumor was removed from the left side. In which position can the nurse safely place the client? 1. Semi-Fowler's 2. Trendelenburg's 3. Reverse Trendelenburg's 4. Flat

Semi-Fowlers Rationale: Clients who have undergone supratentorial surgery should have the head of the bed elevated 30 degrees to promote venous drainage from the head. The client is positioned to avoid extreme hip or neck flexion and the head is maintained in a midline neutral position. If a large tumor has been removed, the client should be placed on the nonoperative side to prevent displacement of the cranial contents. A flat position or Trendelenburg's position would increase intracranial pressure. A reverse Trendelenburg's position would not be helpful and may be uncomfortable for the client.

A client had a transsphenoidal resection of the pituitary gland. The nurse notes drainage on the nasal dressing. Suspecting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, the nurse should look for drainage that is of which characteristic? Serosanguineous only 2. Bloody with very small clots 3. Sanguineous only with no clot formation 4. Serosanguineous, surrounded by clear to straw-colored fluid

Serosanguineous, surrounded by clear to straw-colored fluid Rationale: CSF leakage after cranial surgery may be detected by noting drainage that is serosanguineous (from the surgery) and surrounded by an area of clear or straw-colored drainage. The typical appearance of CSF drainage is that of a "halo." The nurse also would further verify actual CSF drainage by testing the drainage for glucose, which would be positive. Rationale: CSF leakage after cranial surgery may be detected by noting drainage that is serosanguineous (from the surgery) and surrounded by an area of clear or straw-colored drainage. The typical appearance of CSF drainage is that of a "halo." The nurse also would further verify actual CSF drainage by testing the drainage for glucose, which would be positive.

The nurse is reviewing a discharge teaching plan for a postcraniotomy client that was prepared by a nursing student. The nurse would intervene and provide teaching to the student if the student included which home care instruction? Sounds will not be heard clearly unless they are loud. 2. Obtain assistance with ambulation if client is lightheaded. 3. Tub bath or shower is permitted, but the scalp is kept dry until the sutures are removed. 4. Use a check-off system for administering anticonvulsant medications to avoid missing doses.

Sounds will not be heard clearly unless they are loud. Rationale: The postcraniotomy client typically is sensitive to loud noises and can find them excessively irritating. Control of environmental noise by others will be helpful for this client. Seizures are a potential complication that may occur for up to 1 year after surgery. For this reason, the client must diligently take anticonvulsant medications. The client and family are encouraged to keep track of the doses administered. The family should learn seizure precautions and should accompany the client during ambulation if dizziness or seizures tend to occur. The suture line is kept dry until sutures are removed to prevent infection.

The nurse is assigned to care for an 8-year-old child with a diagnosis of a basilar skull fracture. The nurse reviews the health care provider's (HCPs) prescriptions and should contact the HCP to question which prescription? Suction as needed. 2. Obtain daily weight. 3. Provide clear liquid intake. 4. Maintain a patent intravenous line.

Suction as needed. basilar skull fracture is a type of head injury. Nasotracheal suctioning is contraindicated in a child with a basilar skull fracture: Because of the nature of the injury, there is a possibility that the catheter will enter the brain through the fracture, creating a high risk of secondary infection. Fluid balance is monitored closely by daily weight determination, intake and output measurement, and serum osmolality determination to detect early signs of water retention, excessive dehydration, and states of hypertonicity or hypotonicity. The child is maintained on NPO status or restricted to clear liquids until it is determined that vomiting will not occur. An intravenous line is maintained to administer fluids or medications if necessary.

The nurse develops a plan of care for a child at risk for tonic-clonic seizures. In the plan of care, the nurse identifies seizure precautions and documents that which item(s) need to be placed at the child's bedside?

Suctioning equipment and oxygen A seizure results from the excessive and unorganized neuronal discharges in the brain that activate associated motor and sensory organs. A type of generalized seizure is a tonic-clonic seizure. This type of seizure causes rigidity of all body muscles, followed by intense jerking movements. Because increased oral secretions and apnea can occur during and after the seizure, oxygen and suctioning equipment are placed at the bedside. A tracheotomy is not performed during a seizure. No object, including a padded tongue blade, is placed into the child's mouth during a seizure. An emergency cart would not be left at the bedside, but would be available in the treatment room or nearby on the nursing unit.

The nurse is assigned to care for a client with complete right-sided hemiparesis. Which characteristics are associated with this condition? Select all that apply. The client is aphasic. 2. The client has weakness in the face and tongue. 3. The client has weakness on the right side of the body. 4. The client has complete bilateral paralysis of the arms and legs. 5. The client has lost the ability to move the right arm but is able to walk independently. 6. The client has lost the ability to ambulate independently but is able to feed and bathe himself or herself without assistance.

The client is aphasic. 2. The client has weakness in the face and tongue. 3. The client has weakness on the right side of the body. Hemiparesis is a weakness of one side of the body that may occur after a stroke. It involves weakness of the face and tongue, arm, and leg on one side. These clients are also aphasic: unable to discriminate words and letters. They are generally very cautious and get anxious when attempting a new task. Complete bilateral paralysis does not occur in this hemiparesis. The client with right-sided hemiparesis has weakness of the right arm and leg and needs assistance with feeding, bathing, and ambulating.

The nurse is assessing a client for meningeal irritation and elicits a positive Brudzinski's sign. Which finding did the nurse observe? 1. The client rigidly extends the arms with pronated forearms and plantar flexion of the feet. 2. The client flexes a leg at the hip and knee and reports pain in the vertebral column when the leg is extended. 3. The client passively flexes the hip and knee in response to neck flexion and reports pain in the vertebral column. 4. The client's upper arms are flexed and held tightly to the sides of the body and the legs are extended and internally rotated.

The client passively flexes the hip and knee in response to neck flexion and reports pain in the vertebral column. Rationale: Brudzinski's sign is tested with the client in the supine position. The nurse flexes the client's head (gently moves the head to the chest) and there should be no reports of pain or resistance to the neck flexion. A positive Brudzinski's sign is observed if the client passively flexes the hip and knee in response to neck flexion and reports pain in the vertebral column. Kernig's sign also tests for meningeal irritation and is positive when the client flexes the legs at the hip and knee and complains of pain along the vertebral column when the leg is extended. Decorticate posturing is abnormal flexion and is noted when the client's upper arms are flexed and held tightly to the sides of the body and the legs are extended and internally rotated. Decerebrate posturing is abnormal extension and occurs when the arms are fully extended, forearms pronated, wrists and fingers flexed, jaws clenched, neck extended, and feet plantar-flexed.

The nurse is caring for a client after a craniotomy and monitors the client for signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which finding, if noted in the client, would indicate an early sign of increased ICP? Confusion 2. Bradycardia 3. Sluggish pupils 4. A widened pulse pressure

confusion Rationale: Early manifestations of increased ICP are subtle and often may be transient, lasting for only a few minutes in some cases. These early clinical manifestations include episodes of confusion, drowsiness, and slight pupillary and breathing changes. Later manifestations include a further decrease in the level of consciousness, a widened pulse pressure, and bradycardia. Cheyne-Stokes respiratory pattern, or a hyperventilation respiratory pattern; pupillary sluggishness and dilatation appear in the late stages.

The nurse is assisting the health care provider in performing a lumbar puncture on a client. The nurse prepares the client for the procedure by placing the client in which position? 1. Fetal 2. Prone 3. Supine 4. Lateral

fetal The client is assisted into a fetal position at the edge of the bed with the knees drawn up to the chest. This position allows full flexion of the spine and wider spaces between the vertebrae. The nurse also would place a pillow between the client's legs to prevent the upper leg from rolling forward and a small pillow under the client's head to support the spine in a horizontal position.