SB 13
A loss-of-function mutation, such as in Ubx, can be identified because it causes the segment where the gene should be expressed to ______. Multiple choice question. -grow a structure earlier that should grow later in development -be morphologically identical to adjacent segments -die
-be morphologically identical to adjacent segments
The homeobox is a(n) ______ sequence found in ______. Multiple choice question. 180-bp; Antennapedia but not Ubx 180-bp; all Drosophila homeotic genes consensus; Drosophila maternal-effect genes consensus; vertebrate genes only
180-bp; all Drosophila homeotic genes
What is the significance of finding homeotic genes in Drosophila and mice? Multiple choice question. All animals have legs and wings at some stage of development. All animals with bilateral symmetry have a similar body plan. All animals have at least one larval stage.
All animals with bilateral symmetry have a similar body plan.
The ______ protein establishes the anterior end of the embryo in a concentration-dependent manner. Multiple choice question. Nanos Bicoid Ubx Toll
Bicoid
The two clusters of homeotic genes in Drosophila are the wwBlank 1Blank 1 ww , Incorrect Unavailable complex and the wBlank 2Blank 2 w , Incorrect Unavailable complex.
Blank 1: Antennapedia Blank 2: bithorax
Events such as cell division, cell migration, cell specialization or , and cell or apoptosis occur in the progression from fertilized egg to adult organism.
Blank 1: differentiation Blank 2: death
Homologous genes found in different species are called
Blank 1: orthologs, orthologues, ortholog, or orthology
The development of a body pattern requires each cell to respond to signals about its location in the body. These signals are known as .
Blank 1: positional or positional information Blank 2: information
Homeotic genes encode
Blank 1: transcription or transcription factors Blank 2: factors or factor
Fill in the blank question. The ultimate set of morphological features that a cell or group of cells adopts is called .
Cell fate
The Drosophila bicoid gene is necessary to initiate development of ______. Multiple choice question. posterior structures wings anterior structures the abdomen
Correct Answer anterior structures
What is the role of the helix-loop-helix domain in transcription factors? Multiple choice question. Binding to enhancers Dimer formation DNA bending DNA binding
Dimer formation
Click and drag on elements in order List the overlapping phases of development in order beginning with the earliest stage at the top.
Formation Segmentation Determination cell differentiation
During which stage of development are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm produced? Multiple choice question. Gastrulation Pupa Syncytial blastoderm Third larval stage
Gastrulation
During which stage of development are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm produced? Multiple choice question. Pupa Third larval stage Gastrulation Syncytial blastoderm
Gastrulation
What is the primary role of Hox genes in vertebrate development? Multiple choice question. Hox genes play a role in establishing the dorsoventral axis. Hox genes play a role in patterning the anteroposterior axis. Hox genes play a role in determining the number of limbs. Hox genes play a role in establishing the location of the eye.
Hox genes play a role in patterning the anteroposterior axis.
Which of the following describes forward genetics? Multiple choice question. Identify a gene by studying spontaneous mutants. Substitute the gene from one species with the orthologous gene from a related species. Identify the wild-type gene and replace it with a mutant gene.
Identify a gene by studying spontaneous mutants.
Which of the following describes reverse genetics? Multiple choice question. Substitute the gene from one species with the orthologous gene from a related species. Identify the wild-type gene and replace it with a mutant gene. Identify a gene by studying spontaneous mutants. Identify a mutant gene by Southern blotting and use it to construct the wild-type gene.
Identify the wild-type gene and replace it with a mutant gene.
What are the cell layers produced by gastrulation? Multiple select question.
Mesoderm Endoderm Ectoderm
Why is it surprising that several of the homeotic genes in fruit flies are so similar to those in mammals? Multiple choice question. Mice and fruit flies belong to different phyla. Mice and fruit flies go through identical developmental stages. Mice and fruit flies can interbreed.
Mice and fruit flies belong to different phyla.
Which statements describe a morphogen? Multiple select question. Provides positional information A diffusible molecule Acts in a concentration-dependent manner Acts late in development
Provides positional information A diffusible molecule Acts in a concentration-dependent manner
Mutations in the gooseberry gene cause the anterior portion of each segment to be missing from the larva. What type of gene is gooseberry? Multiple choice question. Maternal effect Segment-polarity Gap Pair-rule
Segment-polarity
Which of the following is a reason why Drosophila is so useful for the study of development? Multiple choice question. The entire cell lineage is known. A strain can be propagated even if the animal cannot lay eggs. The animal can be disaggregated into cells which will spontaneously reassemble into a fly. There are many mutant strains with altered development.
There are many mutant strains with altered development.
Why has development in birds and amphibians been extensively studied? Multiple choice question. Their development most closely resembles that of mammals. They have large eggs that are easy to manipulate. Their entire cell lineage is known. Their development occurs over a very short time.
They have large eggs that are easy to manipulate.
How do you produce a gene knockout? Multiple choice question. You eliminate the function of the wild-type gene. You rearrange genes on a chromosome. You replace the wild-type gene with the orthologous gene from a closely related species. You express a gene in a different tissue.
You eliminate the function of the wild-type gene.
The Drosophila nanos protein influences the development of the ______. Multiple choice question. abdomen anterior structures dorsal structures antennae
abdomen
The homeotic protein ______ the genes to which it binds. Multiple choice question. deletes interferes with activates silences
activates
The homeotic protein ______ the genes to which it binds. Multiple choice question. silences activates interferes with deletes
activates
In Drosophila, each segment in the embryo gives rise to a unique morphological feature in the ______. Multiple choice question. larva pupa adult imaginal disk
adult
In Drosophila, each segment in the embryo gives rise to a unique morphological feature in the ______. Multiple choice question. pupa imaginal disk larva adult
adult
Due to the localization of nurse cells and the oocyte in Drosophila ovaries, maternally-encoded gene products end up in the ______ of the oocyte. Multiple choice question. posterior end middle anterior end bottom half
anterior end
The bicoid mRNA is transported into the oocyte where it is trapped in the ______. Multiple choice question. middle posterior end anterior and posterior ends anterior end
anterior end
Which of the following types of cellular events is involved in the growth of a fertilized egg into an adult organism? Multiple select question. apoptosis cell division cell migration loss of organelles DNA rearrangements cell differentiation
apoptosis cell division cell migration cell differentiation
Although segmentation is a developmental stage seen in all bilaterians, in vertebrates, distinct segments ______. Multiple choice question. are only obvious when the animal reaches maturity persist throughout the organism's life are only obvious in aquatic animals are only obvious early in development
are only obvious early in development
What is transferred from the ovary into the Drosophila oocyte that establishes the anterior end of the embryo? Multiple choice question. Nanos protein Bicoid protein bicoid mRNA nanos mRNA
bicoid mRNA
Fill in the blank question. An animal with left-right symmetry is called a(n) .
bilateran
The homeobox encodes a homeodomain that ______. Multiple choice question. is expressed only in the adult binds to DNA immediately leaves the cell that produced it is hydrophobic
binds to DNA
In which of the following animals has development been studied extensively because their eggs are large and easy to manipulate? Multiple select question. C. elegans Drosophila birds amphibians
birds amphibians
In development, the arrangement of cells and their specialization results in ______. Multiple choice question. body pattern fertilization egg formation gametogenesis
body pattern
The overlapping developmental stages of bilaterians include ______.
cell differentiation segmentation formation of body axes determination of structures within segments
In the ovaries of female flies, gene products are transferred from the nurse cells into the oocyte via ______. Multiple choice question. phagocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis transformation cytoplasmic bridges
cytoplasmic bridges
When a cell is destined to become a particular cell type, that cell is considered to be ______. Multiple choice question. differentiated homeotic orthologous determined
determined
The role genes play in changes that occur in multicellular organisms over time is studied in ______. Multiple choice question. genomics organic chemistry microbial genetics developmental genetics
developmental genetics
In development, pattern refers to the spatial arrangement of ______. Multiple choice question. embryos in the uterus cells in one organ the microbial flora in the digestive tract different regions of the body
different regions of the body
Fill in the blank question. When a cell has become highly specialized, it is said to have .
differentiate
When you find an organism with an altered phenotype due to a naturally-arising mutation and then identify the mutated allele at the molecular level, you are using the process of ______. Multiple choice question. reverse genetics. shotgun DNA sequencing. forward genetics CRISPR-Cas gene editing
forward genetics
The Antennapedia mutation causes legs to grow in place of antennae as well as in the thoracic region. This is called a ______ mutation. Multiple choice question. gain-of-function maternal-effect loss-of-function body axis
gain-of-function
Homeotic genes are controlled by pair-ruleBlank 1Blank 1 pair-rule , Incorrect Unavailable genes and pair-rule genes.
gap
The profound morphological differences between muscle cells and nerve cells are a result of ______. Multiple choice question. gene regulation different species gene cloning mutations
gene regulation
A differentiated cell ______. Multiple choice question. has become highly specialized has no specific metabolism looks like every other cell in the organism is part of a very early embryo
has become highly specialized
Muscle and nerve cells ______. Multiple choice question. have different genes, but produce the same proteins are morphologically different but physiologically the same have the same physiology have the same genes, but produce different proteins
have the same genes, but produce different proteins
The concentration of a morphogen in an embryo is usually ______ near the cell that secretes it. Multiple choice question. lowest undetectable highest variable
highest
The concentration of a morphogen in an embryo is usually ______ near the cell that secretes it. Multiple choice question. variable undetectable lowest highest
highest
The 180-bp consensus sequence found in all homeotic genes is called the .
homeobox
A ______ gene is essential to determining the identity of a body region. Multiple choice question. homeotic gastrulation cell adhesion morphogen
homeotic
A mutant in which one body part is replaced with another body part is called a
homeotic
Fill in the blank question. A gene that plays a central role in specifying a body region is called a gene.
homeotic
Fill in the blank question. A mutant in which one body part is replaced with another body part is called a mutant.
homeotic
Gap genes and pair-rule genes control ______ genes. Multiple choice question. maternal-effect homeotic no other other gap and pair-rule
homeotic
The two clusters of genes on chromosome 3 in Drosophila, Antennapedia and bithorax, contain ______ genes. Multiple choice question. maternal-effect segmentation homeotic lineage
homeotic
When two or more genes in the same species have similar sequences because they arose from the same ancestral gene, they are called ______. Multiple choice question. homeotic genes homologous genes lineage genes orthologs
homologous genes
When two or more genes in the same species have similar sequences because they arose from the same ancestral gene, they are called ______. Multiple choice question. homeotic genes lineage genes orthologs homologous genes
homologous genes
When two or more genes in the same species have similar sequences because they arose from the same ancestral gene, they are called ______. Multiple choice question. homeotic genes orthologs lineage genes homologous genes
homologous genes
Developmental genetics is concerned with ______. Multiple choice question. how genes control the expression of proteins the cell uses in general metabolism the role of genes in reproduction how genes are involved in the changes that occur during development how genes are involved in responses to microbial infections
how genes are involved in the changes that occur during development
Morphogens necessary to establish Drosophila body axes are present ______. Multiple choice question. in the egg only immediately after fertilization in the sperm in the pupa, but not earlier
in the egg
Morphogens necessary to establish Drosophila body axes are present ______. Multiple choice question. in the pupa, but not earlier in the sperm in the egg only immediately after fertilization
in the egg
The Drosophila adult body plan is established ______. Multiple choice question. in the pupa during metamorphosis in the embryo in the early larva
in the embryo
In Drosophila, the segmentation pattern of the embryo is maintained ______. Multiple choice question. until pupation into adulthood only through embryogenesis through larval development
into adulthood
A determined cell ______. Multiple choice question. has acquired its permanent physiology is destined to become a particular cell type is not part of a cell lineage is the zygote
is destined to become a particular cell type
Fill in the blank question. When you eliminate the function of a wild-type gene, you produce a gene .
knockout
A bilaterian is an animal with _____. Multiple choice question. dorsal-ventral symmetry both a head and a tail left-right symmetry anterior-posterior symmetry
left-right symmetry
The Antennapedia mutation causes mutant flies to have ______. Multiple choice question. legs in the place of wings legs in the place of antennae two pairs of wings wings in the place of antennae
legs in the place of antennae
If the Ubx gene does not function in parasegments 5 and 6, these segments produce the morphology of parasegment 4. This makes Ubx a ______ mutation. Multiple choice question. dominant loss-of-function gain-of-function maternal-effect
loss-of-function
An example of a morphogen that could be present in the Drosophila egg is a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. imaginal disk mRNA molecule benign virus specific lipid
mRNA molecule
n Drosophila development, the syncytial blastoderm stage is characterized by ______. Multiple choice question. many nuclei but no individual cells adult structures such as legs and antennae but no wings the formation of imaginal disks many cells without nuclei
many nuclei but no individual cells
With the morphogen Bicoid, the genotype of the mother determines the phenotype of the offspring. This indicates that Bicoid exerts a ______ effect. Multiple choice question. recessive maternal paternal dominant
maternal
A molecule that conveys positional information and influences development is called a .
morphogen
Bicoid is a morphogen that exerts a maternal effect, which means that the phenotype of the offspring is determined by the genotype of the ______. Multiple choice question. father offspring grandmother mother
mother
Homologous genes found in different species are called .
orthologs
Even-skipped is a ______ gene that defines the boundaries of the parasegments. Multiple choice question. gap maternal-effect adult pair-rule
pair-rule
The segmentation genes include ______ genes. Multiple select question. pair-rule lineage segment-polarity gap
pair-rule segment-polarity gap
The signals that affect how a cell participates in pattern formation are called ______ information. Multiple choice question. coordination embryonic chronological positional
positional
The signals that affect how a cell participates in pattern formation are called ______ information. Multiple choice question. embryonic chronological coordination positional
positional
In the Drosophila embryo, the anterior region of each segment coincides with the saaBlank 1Blank 1 saa , Incorrect Unavailable region of a parasegment.
posterior
In a homeotic mutant, one body part is ______. Multiple choice question. replaced with another body part a little shorter than the typical body part completely missing replaced with a body part of a different species
replaced with another body part
When you first identify the wild-type gene in an organism and then make a mutant copy that you use to replace the wild-type gene, you are performing ______. Multiple choice question. Northern blotting DNA sequencing reverse genetics forward genetics
reverse genetics
When you first identify the wild-type gene in an organism and then make a mutant copy that you use to replace the wild-type gene, you are performing ______. Multiple choice question. forward genetics DNA sequencing Northern blotting reverse genetics
reverse genetics
Which of the following are zygotic genes that act during Drosophila development? Multiple select question. segment-polarity genes maternal-effect genes gap genes pair-rule genes
segment-polarity genes gap genes pair-rule genes
Fill in the blank question. The role of genes such as even-skipped and gooseberry, which are known as genes, in the developmental process of segmentation was determined by studying the phenotypes of mutant Drosophila.
segmentation
Fill in the blank question. The expression and activation of gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment-polarity genes cause the Drosophila embryo to become .
segmented
Parasegments are locations where gene expression is controlled ______. Multiple choice question. spatially randomly chronologically temporally
spatially
The stage of Drosophila development in which there are many nuclei in the embryo but no individual cells is the ______ stage. Multiple choice question. parasegmental third instar larval syncytial blastoderm imaginal disk
syncytial blastoderm
Cell fate refers to ______. Multiple choice question. the morphology of a cell in an early embryo the ultimate morphology of a cell how a cell is killed when it is no longer needed the cause of death of an organism
the ultimate morphology of a cell
Drosophila is used as a model organism to study development because ______. Multiple select question. the animal's entire cell lineage is known there are advanced techniques for generating mutants the larvae are large enough for transplant experiments there are many mutant strains with altered development
there are advanced techniques for generating mutants the larvae are large enough for transplant experiments there are many mutant strains with altered development
The bicoid mRNA is translated into a ______ that influences gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Multiple choice question. membrane protein structural protein transcription factor receptor
transcription factor
Since the products of homeotic genes activate other genes, homeotic genes encode ______. Multiple choice question. components of the cytoskeleton transcription factors phospholipids receptors
transcription factors
A morphogen gradient can be established in an embryo at a specific stage when a cell synthesizes and secretes a morphogen which is then ______. Multiple choice question. transported to neighboring cells transported to a neighboring embryo transported to the posterior end of the embryo transported out of the embryo
transported to neighboring cells
True or false: The Drosophila embryo is divided into segments that correspond to the segments of the larva and adult. True false question.TrueFalse
true
Hox genes appear to play a role in patterning the anteroposterior axis in ______. Multiple choice question. sponges vascular plants fungi vertebrates
vertebrates
The gap, pair-rule, and segment-polarity genes are ______ genes expressed during Drosophila development. Multiple choice question. mitochondrial zygotic maternal-effect sex-influenced
zygotic