SB 8.3-8.5 & 8.6A. 8.7 Cell Cycle/Mitosis/ Cell Cycle Control/Cancer/Cell Death

Human egg and human sperm cells each contain 23 chromosomes, and after fertilization and mitosis, the offspring contains a total of ______ chromosomes in every cell.

46

What best describes the major differences between apoptosis and necrosis? Multiple choice question.

Apoptosis is "programmed" death, whereas necrosis is "accidental" cellular death.

What occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.

Select all of the following that are components of chromatin.

DNA proteins for transcription proteins for scaffolding proteins for replication

Select all of the following that occur during interphase.

DNA replication protein production

What statement describes a process that occurs during mitosis?

Duplicated chromosomes line up and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

In the ______ phase of the cell cycle, the cell grows, carries out basic functions, and produces new organelles.

G1

The checkpoint that regulates the cell cycle by screening for DNA damage prior to the start of DNA replication during the S phase is called the ______ checkpoint.

G1

The initiation of chromosome condensation and the production of proteins that will coordinate the movements of chromosomes during mitosis occur during what phase of the cell cycle?

G2

What checkpoint ensures that DNA has been completely replicated and that the spindle-making machinery is in place? Multiple choice question.

G2

Which of the following occurs after the S phase but precedes mitosis?

G2

What happens when a tumor metastasizes?

Its cells colonize other areas of the body.

Select all the events that occur during prophase. Multiple select question.

Mitotic spindle begins to form. Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles. Chromosomes condense.

What cell cycle stage follows G1 but precedes G2?

S

During the ___________ phase of interphase, DNA replication occurs.

S, synthesis, s, or synthesis (S)

Select all of the following that occur during prometaphase.

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores. The nuclear envelope breaks down. Kinetochores assemble on each centromere.

Select the statements that are true with respect to cell cycle control.

The cell cycle has checkpoints that regulate the transitioning of one phase of the cell cycle into the next. When the requirements of a checkpoint are not met, then the cell will not progress to the next stage of the cell cycle.

Select all of the following that are monitored at the metaphase checkpoint.

The chromosomes are aligned down the equator of the cell. The spindle fibers are attached correctly to the chromosomes.

What describes cytokinesis?

The cytoplasm and two nuclei are distributed into daughter cells.

Select all of the following that occurs during telophase of mitosis.

The nuclear envelope re-forms. Chromosomes bring to decondense. A nucleolus forms at each end of the elongated cell.

Which of the following best describes the overall process of mitosis?

The type of cell division that separates chromosomes and produces two daughter cells with identical nuclei.

After eukaryotic DNA replication, what happens to the nucleosomes in chromatin?

They fold and wind into a compact form.

Select all the true statements with respect to benign tumors.

They grow slowly. They are surrounded by a tough capsule to prevent them from spreading. They are usually harmless.

Select all of the following that are true about malignant tumors. Multiple select question.

They invade adjacent tissue. They are likely to metastasize.

Select all of the following that are true with respect to the G1 checkpoint.

Through p53, it promotes the expression of DNA damage repair enzymes. It screens for DNA damage. Through p53, it can promote apoptosis if the DNA damage is too severe.

In prokaryotes, DNA is contained in ______, and in eukaryotes, DNA is contained in ______.

a single chromosome; multiple chromosomes

The sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell during what phase of mitosis?

anaphase

The sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell during what phase of mitosis? Multiple choice question.

anaphase

What is the function of proteins called kinetochores that assemble on centromeres?

attach the chromosomes to the spindle

Usually, warts and moles are ______ tumors of the skin, meaning they do not invade surrounding tissues or metastasize. Multiple choice question.

benign

xWhat type of cells lack specialized features, are differently-shaped, often have multiple nuclei, and divide eternally?

cancer cells

The ______ describes the series of events that occur in a eukaryotic cell from cell division, including division of the genetic material and the cytoplasm, through the interval of cell activity before the next cell division.

cell cycle

The ___________ is a small section of a replicated chromosome that attaches sister chromatids to each other.

centromere

When the ______ of a replicated chromosome splits, the two sister chromatids become individual chromosomes. Multiple choice question.

centromere

Select all the characteristics of chromosomes in a cell that is about to divide its genetic material in mitosis.

centromere is readily identifiable compact

The two sister chromatids of a replicated chromosomes attach at a point called the

centromere.

A structure called the ______ is duplicated during S phase and organizes the proteins that will move chromosomes during mitosis.

centrosome

A structure called the ______ is duplicated during S phase and organizes the proteins that will move chromosomes during mitosis. Multiple choice question.

centrosome

The cell cycle has internal ______ that do not let the cell proceed to the next stage of the cell cycle until the previous stage is complete.

checkpoints

A replicated chromosome consists of two attached copies called sister

chromatids

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of _______, which is composed of uncondensed DNA and associated proteins.

chromatin

In animal cells, the slight indentation around the middle of the cell at the beginning of cytokinesis is called the ______ and is formed by a contractile ring of ______ underneath the cell membrane.

cleavage furrow; proteins

What describes chromosomes at the end of the S phase of interphase?

consist of two chromatids

Following mitosis, what process splits the organelles, cytoplasm, duplicated nuclei, and macromolecules into two daughter cells?

cytokinesis

In animal cells, a cleavage furrow is formed in what stage of the cell cycle?

cytokinesis

A nucleosome is a stretch of DNA wrapped around ______ proteins. Multiple choice question.

eight histone

What describes the S phase checkpoint?

ensures that DNA replication occurs properly

True or false: During the G1 phase of interphase, the cell replicates the DNA.

false

True or false: The phase of the cell cycle called interphase is a time of inactivity and rest for the cell after mitosis.

false

During a section of the cell cycle collectively called ______, the cell is not dividing, but protein synthesis, cell growth, DNA replication, and basic cell functions are occurring.

interphase

In the eukaryotic cell cycle, the time of cell growth between successive cell divisions is called

interphase.

A malignant tumor is one that

invades surrounding tissue.

Select all of the following that describe the two chromatids of a single replicated chromosome.

joined to each other at the centromere identical copies separated during cell division

During prometaphase, spindle fibers attach to proteins called ______ that assemble at each centromere of a chromosome

kinetochores

During prometaphase, spindle fibers attach to proteins called ______ that assemble at each centromere of a chromosome.

kinetochores

The checkpoint that ensures that all chromosomes are aligned and that the spindle fibers are attached correctly is called the _______ checkpoint.

metaphase

A malignant tumor is likely to ______, meaning break away and spread to distant locations. Multiple choice question.

metastasize

Select all of the following that occur during anaphase.

microtubules move the poles of the cell farther apart sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles centromeres split

The mitotic spindle is composed of protein fibers called ______ that coordinate the movements of ______ during mitosis.

microtubules; chromosomes

Eukaryotic cell division is more complicated than binary fission because eukaryotes house the DNA in

multiple chromosomes.

Units of chromatin called ______ consist of a stretch of DNA wrapped around eight histones.

nucleosomes

The major function of nucleosomes is to ______ the DNA within chromatin.

organize

What is the function of centrosomes?

organize the mitotic spindle

The nuclear envelope breaks down during what phase of mitosis?

prometaphase

The p53 protein acts at the G1 checkpoint to

promote DNA repair.

The chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope and the nucleolus disappears in what phase of mitosis?

prophase

What checkpoint monitors the cell's supply of DNA nucleotides during DNA replication?

s

After DNA replication, chromosomes consist of two

sister chromatids.

The _______ consists of microtubule fibers that move the chromosomes during mitosis.

spindle

The chromosomes begin to unwind and the nuclear envelope re-forms during what phase of mitosis?

telophase

The chromosomes begin to unwind and the nuclear envelope re-forms during what phase of mitosis? Multiple choice question.

telophase

At the G2 checkpoint, the cell checks if

two full sets of identical DNA are present after DNA replication.