SB: Physics 1

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the angular velocity, in radians per second, of a wheel with a radius of 250 centimeters and a surface velocity of 50 meters per second?

20

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Consider a satellite that is a uniform sphere rotating about its axis. What is its moment of inertia, giving your answer in scientific notation and in kilogram meters squared, if it has a mass of 10,000 kilograms and a diameter of 200 meters?

4 × 10⁷

Bonus: An electron is fired through parallel plate electrodes that are 5 millimeters apart. A 2 millitesla magnetic field is perpendicular to the electric field between the plates, whichhave a potential difference of 600 volts. If the electron is NOTdeflected, at what speed, in meters per secondand in scientific notation, is it traveling?

6.0 x 10⁷

PHYSICS Short Answer In the radioactive decay scheme of uranium, what is the final stable element produced?

LEAD

The weber is the SI unit for what quantity?

MAGNETIC FLUX (DO NOT ACCEPT: FLUX)

BONUS: PHYSICS Short Answer: What are the two features of displacement?

Magnitude & direction

Short Answer If we double the voltage in a simple DC circuit and reduce the resistance by half, what will happen to the value of the current?

QUADRUPLE

Bonus: An object is placed 10 centimeters from athinlens with a focal length of 2 centimeters. With a negative sign meaning an inverted image, what is the magnification of this system?

-1/4 (ACCEPT: -.25)

What is the power, in watts, dissipated by a circuit that supplies a potential difference of 1.5 volts and has a current of 0.1 amperes?

0.15

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: Giving your answer in kilometers per hour per second, what is the average acceleration of a truck traveling on a straight road from 10 kilometers per hour to 50 kilometers per hour in 1 minute and 20 seconds:

0.5

A small ball is fired horizontally off the edge of a table at 3 meters per second, taking 0.4 seconds to hit the ground below. When the ball hits the floor, how far, in meters, is it horizontally from the edge of the table?

1.2

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: What is the maximum number of 100-watt light bulbs that can run on a 110-volt residential circuit protected by a 15-amp fuse without blowing the fuse?

16

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: What is the resistance, giving your answer in standard SI units, of an electric device operating on a 9-volt battery that requires 0.05 amps to run?

180 OHMS

Identify all of the following three statements that are always true about resistors in parallel: 1) The equivalent resistance is greater than any individual resistance; 2) The voltageacross each resistor is the same; 3) The current through each resistor is the same.

2

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: Rounding g to the first decimal place, how many newtons are required to keep a 120-kilogram sled moving at a constant velocity across a pond if there is a frictional coefficient of 0.20 between the sled and the pond's surface? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.

235

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: What is the wavelength, in meters, of a wave moving at 500 meters per second if its frequency is 20 Hertz?

25

Measured in radians per second, what is the resonant angular frequency of a circuit consisting of a 2 millifarad capacitor and an 8 millihenry inductor?

250

Bonus: An electron in a hydrogen atom is excited from the n = 1 to n = 2 energy level by absorbing a photon. Then, it is excited from the n = 2 to the n = 3 energy level by absorbing a second photon. What is the ratio of the energies of the first photon to the second?

27:5

Bonus: How many lumens does an isotropic source of 1 candela emit into the upper half plane?

2π

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: By words or numbers, name all of the following 4 choices that are TRUE for an object moving at a constant speed: 1) it must have a constant velocity 2) it must be constantly moving in the same direction 3) it can be accelerating 4) it must have a constant weight

3) IT CAN BE ACCELERATING

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: How many joules are in a single watt-hour?

3,600

Bonus: Undulators are used in light sources to cause emissions of photons from electron bunches. If the spacing between electromagnets is 5 centimeters, and the electron beam has velocity of 3 x 10⁷ meters per second, what frequency, to the nearest 100 MHz, of light is emitted?

300

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: If the intensity of a sound is 10,000 times as loud as another sound, by how many decibels do the two sounds differ?

40

Bonus: To the nearest whole number ofjoules, what is the work done by gravity on a 500-gram ball that has rolled 20 meters down a 30-degree incline?

49

Bonus: An object is thrown with a horizontal velocity of 20 meters per second from a height of 125 meters above level ground. If air resistance is negligible, to the nearest whole number, how many seconds does it take the object to fall to the ground?

5

Short Answer If a fuse can dissipate 600 watts of power without blowing, how much current, in amperes, can it pass at 120 volts without melting?

5

Short Answer What is the frequency, in megahertz, of a wave of period 2 × 10⁻⁸ seconds?

50

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: Debbie pushes a 10-kilogram box of books with a horizontal force of 500 newtons. What is the acceleration of the box, giving your answer in standard SI units, if friction is neglected?

50 METERS PER SECOND SQUARED (ACCEPT: 50 METERS PER SECOND PER SECOND)

Bonus: A man drops a 10 kilogram rock from the top of a building of height 180 meters. If you assume the acceleration due to gravity is 10 meters per second squared, what is the speed, in meters per second, of the rock just before it hits the ground?

60

Bonus: A rope is oscillated in such a way that it creates a standing wave with a wavelength of 3 meters and an amplitude of 0.4 meters. What is the distance, in meters, between the highest and lowest positions ofa piece of the rope 0.25 meters from a node?

.4

A standard spring mass oscillator on a frictionless surface oscillates at amplitude 2 meters. At what displacement from equilibrium does the spring store zero potential energy?

0

PHYSICS Short Answer: If a particle moves from a position of x = 5 meters out to x = 200meters and back again to x = 5 meters, what is its displacement in meters?

0

[bonus] Short Answer Using your rounded answer to the above question and remembering that the father is driving down Main Street at 20 meters per second, how far will the bear travel horizontally before striking the ground, rounded to the nearest whole meter and again assuming air resistance is neglected?

ANSWER: 12

BONUS 2) PHYSICS Short Answer A car with a mass of 1100 kilograms moves at 24 meters per second. What is the magnitude of the braking force, in newtons, needed to bring the car to a halt in 20 seconds?

ANSWER: 1320

[bonus] Short Answer A 3-kilogram model airplane has velocity components of 5 meters per second due east and 8 meters per second due north. What is the plane's kinetic energy, in joules to the nearest whole number?

ANSWER: 134 (Solution: v2 = v 2 E + v2 N; KE = ½ m(v2 E + v2 N) = ½ (3kg)[(5m/s)2 + (8 m/s)2 ] = 133.5J)

PHYSICS Short Answer If a 0.20 kilogram apple fell 7.0 meters, hitting Newton's head, given acceleration due to gravity as 10 meters per second squared, what was the change in potential energy in joules?

ANSWER: 14

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A mass is suspended by two springs of equal length connected in parallel. The mass stretches the springs by a distance A beyond their equilibrium length. The springs are rearranged to be connected in series, so that now the mass stretches the springs by a distance B beyond their equilibrium length. By number, identify which of the following is true: 1) A is greater than B, 2) A is less than B, 3) A and B are the same distance.

ANSWER: 2

BONUS21) Physics - Short Answer What experiment, important in quantum mechanics, involved sending beams of particles through an inhomogeneous magnetic field and observing their deflections, the results of which showed that particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum that takes only certain quantized values?

ANSWER: STERN-GERLACH EXPERIMENT

PHYSICS Short Answer In the electrolysis of water, if the production of each molecule of oxygen requires 4 units of electricity, each hydrogen molecule will require how many units of electricity?

ANSWER: 2

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Consider an organ pipe open at both ends. For a standing wave in the pipe, what is the wavelength of the fundamental tone, in terms of the pipe's length?

ANSWER: 2 (ACCEPT: 2 PIPE LENGTHS)

BONUS21) Physics - Short Answer What phenomenon occurs in solid materials that results in a burst of light when the material is crushed or scratched?

ANSWER: TRIBOLUMINESCENCE

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer By name or number, identify all of the following four household items that make use of the Bernoulli principle: 1) refrigerator, 2) can opener, 3) washing machine, 4) vacuum cleaner.

ANSWER: VACUUM CLEANER (ACCEPT: 4)

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice What is the wavelength in nanometers of a photon of period 3.33 × 10⁻¹⁸ seconds? W) 1 X) 3 Y) 6 Z) 9

ANSWER: W) 1

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following kinds of cells CANNOT be recharged? W) Dry X) Wet Y) Primary Z) Secondary

ANSWER: W) DRY

BONUS 11) PHYSICS Multiple Choice In a series resonant circuit, the circuit impedance at resonance is always which of the following? W) Equal to the resistance X) Equal to the capacitive reactance Y) Equal to the inductive reactance Z) Greater than the capacitive reactance

ANSWER: W) EQUAL TO THE RESISTANCE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice If 500 joules of energy are required to move a 20-coulomb charge from point A to point B, what must be the potential difference, in volts, between A and B? W) 0 X) 25 Y) 1000 Z) 10000

ANSWER: X) 25

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A body with a 2 kilogram mass has position vector r = 3i + 2t^(2)j meters. What is the velocity at t = 1 second? W) 1j X) 4j Y) 3i + 4j Z) 1i + 1j

ANSWER: X) 4j

Physics - Multiple Choice The current in a cathode ray tube is 10 nanoamps. Which of the following is closest to the number of electrons striking the face of the glass tube each second? W) 3.6 x 10^10 X) 6.3 x 10^10 Y) 3.6 x 10^11 Z) 6.3 x 10^11

ANSWER: X) 6.3 x 10^10

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer If a car goes from zero to 20 meters per second in 8 seconds, providing your answer to the nearest tenth, what is its average acceleration in meters per second squared?

ANSWER: 2.5

TOSS-UP21) Physics- Short Answer A cylinder contains 12 liters of an ideal gas at 280 Kelvin and 15 atmospheres. The temperature is raised to 308 Kelvin and the volume reduced to 8 liters. What is the final pressure of the gas in atmospheres?

ANSWER: 24.75

PHYSICS Short Answer If it takes 60 pounds-force to loosen a lug nut with a 5 inch wrench, how much force in pounds-force would it take if you used a 12 inch wrench instead?

ANSWER: 25

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the wavelength, in meters, of a wave moving at 500 meters per second if its frequency is 20 Hertz?

ANSWER: 25 (Solution: λ = wave speed/f; 500/20 = 25 m)

PHYSICS Short Answer A person standing on a scaffold lowers an object with a weight of 250 newtons by means of a rope, at constant speed. If the weight of the rope is negligible, what is the force in newtons that the person exerts on the rope?

ANSWER: 250

Short Answer How many nodes are there in the first overtone in a standing wave of a vibrating guitar string?

ANSWER: 3

Physics - Short Answer How much energy, in joules, is in a single kilo-watt hour?

ANSWER: 3.6 MILLION (ACCEPT: 3 MILLION 6 HUNDRED THOUSAND)

BONUS16) Physics - Short Answer A 2.0 meter long, 100 kilogram horizontal uniform steel beam is supported 0.6 meters from the right end. To the nearest whole newton-meter, what is the gravitational torque about the support?

ANSWER: 392

BONUS4) Physics - Short Answer What is the length of a string, in meters, required to produce a fourth harmonic of 200 Hertz if the speed of waves in the string is known to be 400 meters per second and the string is fixed at both ends?

ANSWER: 4

[bonus] Short Answer If light of a single wavelength of 600 nanometers moves from air into a medium with a refractive index of 1.25, what is the wavelength, in nanometers, of the light as it travels in the denser medium?

ANSWER: 480 (Solution λn = λ/n 600 nm/1.25 = 480)

BONUS20) Physics - Short Answer A rock is thrown horizontally off a cliff at 15 meters per second. The cliff is 200 meters above a river. How long, in seconds to the nearest integer, will it take the rock to land in the river?

ANSWER: 6

PHYSICS Multiple Choice An object is suspended from a spring balance in an elevator. The reading of the balance is 200 newtons when the elevator is at rest. If the balance reading later is 190 newtons, which of the following best describes how the elevator could be moving at that time? W) Downward at constant speed X) Downward and increasing in speed Y) Upward at constant speed Z) Upward and increasing in speed

ANSWER: X) DOWNWARD AND INCREASING IN SPEED

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following MOST directly determines the permittivity of a material: W) ability of the material to magnetize X) electrical susceptibility Y) electrical insulation capacity Z) electrical conductivity

ANSWER: X) ELECTRICAL SUSCEPTIBILITY

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following MOST directly determines the permittivity of a material: W) ability of the material to magnetize X) electrical susceptibility Y) electrical insulation capacity Z) electrical conductivity

ANSWER: X) ELECTRICAL SUSCEPTIBILITY

PHYSICS Multiple Choice The power input in a perfectly efficient step-up transformer is which of the following? W) Larger than the power output X) Equal to the power output Y) Smaller than the power output Z) Not related to the power output

ANSWER: X) EQUAL TO THE POWER OUTPUT

BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the electromotive force produced in a circuit by a changing flux? W) Ampere's Law X) Faraday's Law Y) Gauss' Law Z) Ohm's Law

ANSWER: X) FARADAY'S LAW

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A square conducting loop of length L on a side carries a current i. Which of the following best characterizes the magnetic field at the center of the loop? W) Independent of L X) Inversely proportional to L Y) Proportional to L Z) Proportional to L²

ANSWER: X) INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO L

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is the abbreviated name of the most common field effect transistor in modern electronic circuitry: W) DET X) MOSFET Y) BJT Z) BFET

ANSWER: X) MOSFET

Short Answer A 10-meter long cannon is pointed directly up and launches a 1- kilogram cannon ball. The cannon ball is accelerated up the length of the cannon with a constant force of 13.2 newtons due to the explosion. Given g as 10 meters per second squared and assuming no energy loss due to friction, what is the velocity, in meters per second, of the cannon ball as it leaves the cannon?

8

Measured in newtons, what is the magnitude of the centripetal force on a 10-kilogram object traveling along a circular path with a radius of 50 meters at a velocity of 20 meters per second?

80

BONUS 22) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer If a woman's mass on Earth is 60 kg, what is her mass, in kilograms, on a planet where the gravity is six times less?

ANSWER: 60 (ACCEPT: THE SAME)

BONUS 9) PHYSICS Short Answer Assuming g = 9.8 m/sec2 , what is the weight on Earth, in Newtons, of a 70 kilogram person?

ANSWER: 686 NEWTONS

[Bonus] Short Answer A draft horse has a hoof print of 50 square inches per hoof. If the horse weighs 1,400 pounds, what is the pressure it exerts, in pounds per square inch, on the ground when all its hooves equally distribute its weight on the ground?

ANSWER: 7 (Solution: P = F/A; 1400lbs/200in² = 7 lb/in² )

(General Science) [BONUS] Short Answer: Convert 2,000 meters per second into kilometers per hour:

ANSWER: 7,200

BONUS 9) PHYSICS Short Answer An unknown particle with rest energy of 1 mega-electron volt is traveling with a speed of (3/5)c along the x-axis in our rest frame when it decays into two photons, also travelling along the x-axis. What are the energies of the photons in mega-electron volts?

ANSWER: 0.25 (ACCEPT: ¼) AND 1

Physics - Short Answer A train at rest has a length of 100 meters. At what speed, in terms of the speed of light, c, must it approach a tunnel of length 60 meters so that an observer at rest with respect to the tunnel will see that the entire train is in the tunnel at one time?

ANSWER: 0.8

TOSS-UP12) Physics - Short Answer A train at rest has a length of 100 meters. At what speed, in terms of the speed of light, c, must it approach a tunnel of length 60 meters so that an observer at rest with respect to the tunnel will see that the entire train is in the tunnel at one time?

ANSWER: 0.8

TOSS-UP10) Physics - Short Answer For each of the following three situations, identify whether the collision is elastic or inelastic: 1) Molecules of an ideal gas colliding; 2) Two cars running into each other; 3) A basketball hitting a wall and returning.

ANSWER: 1 - ELASTIC; 2- INELASTIC; 3- INELASTIC

PHYSICS Short Answer What property of a wave is generally said to increase during constructive interference?

ANSWER: AMPLITUDE

(General Science) [BONUS] Short Answer: Giving your answer in scientific notation, convert 10 square meters into square millimeters:

ANSWER: 1 × 10^7 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 10^7 )

BONUS Physics - Short Answer List two of the experiments performed at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Europe.

ANSWER: Any two of the following: ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE, ToTEM, LHCf, MoEDAL

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the SI unit of electric charge?

ANSWER: COULOMB

PHYSICS Short Answer Bonus What is the MOST common term for the behavior of light where it appears to bend around small obstacles or the spreading out of waves as light passes through pinholes or slits?

ANSWER: DIFFRACTION

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What lepton was the first to be discovered?

ANSWER: ELECTRON

[BONUS] Short Answer: What property of a sound wave most directly determines the pitch of a violin's note?

ANSWER: FREQUENCY

BONUS10) Physics - Short Answer What scientist first discovered that a moving charge induces a magnetic field?

ANSWER: HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED (ACCEPT: OERSTED

PHYSICS Short Answer The nucleus of what element is the same as an alpha particle?

ANSWER: HELIUM

PHYSICS Short Answer In 1868, observers of a solar eclipse first noticed a bright yellow spectral line. They theorized that this was due to a new element and gave it what sun-inspired name?

ANSWER: HELIUM

TOSS-UP2) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following three quantities that are quantized: 1) Atoms of H2O in a beaker; 2) Frequencies of light emitted by an excited atom; 3) Charge stored on a parallel-plate capacitor.

ANSWER: 1, 2, AND 3

PHYSICS Short Answer Although not known as such at the time, what was the first form of spectacular electric discharge seen by humans?

ANSWER: LIGHTNING

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What specific type of semiconductor is produced by doping silicon with arsenic?

ANSWER: N-TYPE

PHYSICS Short Answer During beta minus decay, what nucleon type is reduced by one?

ANSWER: NEUTRON

Short Answer How many watts are equivalent to 1 joule of energy expended per minute of time?

ANSWER: 1/60 (ACCEPT: 0.016 or 0.017 or 0.0166 or 0.0167)

TOSS-UP21) Physics - Multiple Choice The gravitational potential energy of an object is often approximated as mgh, for which m is its mass, h is the height above the Earth's surface, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. What assumption is required in order to approximate g as a constant? W) Wind resistance is negligible X) The object has no rotational inertia Y) m is very small compared to the mass of the Earth Z) h is very small compared to the radius of the Earth

ANSWER: Z) h is very small compared to the radius of the Earth

PHYSICS Short Answer How many neutrons does the most common isotope of hydrogen have?

ANSWER: ZERO

PHYSICS Short Answer: What is the SI unit of electric charge?

COULOMB

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: If a car is accelerating along a road, what force due to the air does the frictional force have to oppose?

DRAG

For an airplane in steady, level flight, what resisting force is equal and opposite to the vehicle thrust?

DRAG (ACCEPT: AIR RESISTANCE, FRICTION)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: What is the SI unit of capacitance equal to one coulomb per volt?

FARAD

PHYSICS Short Answer: What constant is given as the amount of electric charge per mole of electrons?

FARADAY CONSTANT (ACCEPT: FARADAY)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: What are the SI units for permittivity?

FARADS PER METER

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following particles has an electric charge of zero? W) Electron X) Quark Y) Gluon Z) Muon

ANSWER: Y) GLUON

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A girl runs up one flight of steps. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the work done by the girl against gravity? W) Her mass X) Height of the flight of steps Y) Her speed Z) Acceleration due to gravity

ANSWER: Y) HER SPEED

Physics - Multiple Choice Which of the following characteristics makes Xenon-135 an effective neutron poison in nuclear reactors? W) Cherenkov radiation from beta decay of Xenon-135 X) Full valence shell Y) High thermal neutron capture cross-section Z) Unstable with half-life of 9.2 hours

ANSWER: Y) HIGH THERMAL NEUTRON CAPTURE CROSS-SECTION

PHYSICS Multiple Choice When a tennis racket hits a tennis ball, how do the forces on each object compare? W) The force on the tennis ball has a greater magnitude than the force on the racket X) The force on the racket has a greater magnitude than the force on the ball Y) The magnitude of the force on each object is the same Z) The forces depend on the level of impact

ANSWER: Y) THE MAGNITUDE OF THE FORCE ON EACH OBJECT IS THE SAME

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A 90 kilogram fullback running north at 10 meters per second is tackled by a 120 kilogram linebacker running south at 4 meters per second in a perfectly inelastic collision. Which of the following is the velocity in meters per second of the players after the collision? W) 3 south X) 3 north Y) 2 south Z) 2 north

ANSWER: Z) 2 NORTH

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A string 40 centimeters long produces a fundamental frequency of 384 hertz. To produce a note one octave higher, the tension in the string must be increased by which of the following factors? W) 0.7 X) 1.4 Y) 2 Z) 4

ANSWER: Z) 4

BONUS 20) PHYSICS Multiple Choice A pipe with a 30 centimeter inner radius is connected to a pipe with a 15 centimeter inner radius. If incompressible water flows through the pipes, what is the flow speed in centimeters per second in the smaller pipe if the flow speed through the larger pipe is 10 centimeters per second? W) 10 X) 20 Y) 30 Z) 40

ANSWER: Z) 40

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A concave spherical mirror has a radius of 200 centimeters. What object distance in centimeters from this mirror is needed to form a real image that is one fourth of the size of the object? W) 100 X) 125 Y) 250 Z) 500

ANSWER: Z) 500

PHYSICS Multiple Choice The Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales give the same reading at approximately which of the following temperatures? W) 0 X) 212 Y) 273 Z) 575

ANSWER: Z) 575

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice You sit on a pier and look straight down into the pond below. The apparent depth of the pond from the surface of the water is 5.0 meters. Given that the refractive indexes of air and water are 1.0 and 1.3, respectively, what is the real depth of the pond in meters? W) 0.3 X) 3.8 Y) 5.0 Z) 6.7

ANSWER: Z) 6.7

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is the approximate distance in kilometers covered by a photon in one year? W) 9 thousand X) 9 million Y) 9 billion Z) 9 trillion

ANSWER: Z) 9 TRILLION

PHYSICS Multiple Choice In a nuclear plant, 1 kilogram of mass is converted to energy. Given c = 3 x 10^8 meters per second, how much energy would be produced? W) 9 megajoules X) 9 gigajoules Y) 3 terajoules Z) 90 petajoules

ANSWER: Z) 90 PETAJOULES

[bonus] Multiple Choice Current accounting of the composition of the universe suggests that dark energy and dark matter together make up about what percent of the energy in the universe: W) 65% X) 75% Y) 85% Z) 95%

ANSWER: Z) 95%

[BONUS] Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT true: W) a spring scale can be used to indirectly measure acceleration X) momentum is a vector Y) impulse is a vector Z) a change in direction of an object's motion cannot affect its momentum

ANSWER: Z) A CHANGE IN DIRECTION OF AN OBJECT'S MOTION CANNOT AFFECT ITS MOMENTUM

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following has the lowest refractive index at STP: W) diamond X) water Y) dry air Z) a perfect vacuum

ANSWER: Z) A PERFECT VACUUM

[Bonus] Multiple Choice Which of the following has the highest vapor pressure at standard temperature and pressure: W) mercury X) ethyl alcohol Y) methyl alcohol Z) acetone

ANSWER: Z) ACETONE

BONUS 21) PHYSICS Multiple Choice A radioactive element has a half life of 50 seconds. Which of the following is true of a sample of such an element? W) Every atom of the element decays after 50 seconds X) Every atom of the element decays after 100 seconds Y) After 100 seconds, one fourth of the sample has decayed Z) After 100 seconds, three fourths of the sample has decayed

ANSWER: Z) AFTER 100 SECONDS, THREE FOURTHS OF THE SAMPLE HAS DECAYED

TOSS-UP 24) PHYSICS Multiple Choice Total distance traveled divided by total elapsed time is most commonly called: W) velocity X) acceleration Y) average velocity Z) average speed

ANSWER: Z) AVERAGE SPEED

TOSS-UP4) Physics - Multiple Choice In a graph of stopping potential versus frequency, what is the slope of the straight line obtained? W) Work function over Planck's constant X) Planck's constant over work function Y) Elementary charge over Planck's constant Z) Planck's constant over elementary charge

ANSWER: Z) PLANCK'S CONSTANT OVER ELEMENTARY CHARGE

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the most common term used to describe the velocity of an object at any one discrete moment along its path?

INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY

Bonus: What is the name for the amount of time it takes for a wave to complete a single cycle?

PERIOD

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: Name all of the following 4 isotopes that release energy if they undergo fission: helium-4; hydrogen-2; uranium-235; iron-56

URANIUM-235

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following is TRUE of a sound wave traveling in dry air at STP at a constant velocity: W) if frequency increases, wavelength increases X) if frequency increases, wavelength decreases Y) if frequency decreases, wavelength decreases Z) if frequency increases, wavelength stays the same

X) IF FREQUENCY INCREASES, WAVELENGTH DECREASES

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes Fermat's principle: W) light disperses in a specific medium depending on the medium's refractive index X) light follows the path of least time between two points Y) the angle of incidence can be greater than the angle of reflection Z) light always travels in the same medium at the same speed

X) LIGHT FOLLOWS THE PATH OF LEAST TIME BETWEEN TWO POINTS

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following is the abbreviated name of the most common field effect transistor in modern electronic circuitry: W) DET X) MOSFET Y) BJT Z) BFET

X) MOSFET

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the concept upon which Kirchhoff's current law or first law is based: W) charges come in unit dimensions X) all charges flow from the negative to the positive Y) charge can neither be created nor destroyed Z) what goes up must come down

Y) CHARGE CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED

What is the name for a particle that carries a half-integer spin? W) Hadron X) Boson Y) Fermion Z) Proton

Y) Fermion

Short Answer Given g as 10 meters per second squared, if a ball is tossed upward at an initial velocity of 20 meters per second, what will be its velocity in meters per second at 2.5 seconds?

-5 (ACCEPT: 5 DOWN; DO NOT ACCEPT: 5)

A horizontal force of 90 newtons is applied to a 20-kilogram block that is initially at rest on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of static friction between the block and the surface is 0.5 and the coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.2. In meters per second squared, what is the acceleration of the block?

0

Short Answer Given that the heat of fusion of water is 80 kilocalories per kilogram and providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest hundredth, what is the change in entropy per kilogram, in kilocalories per Kelvin, when ice at 0° Celsius is converted into water at 0° Celsius?

0.29

Short Answer Providing your answer as a decimal rounded to the nearest tenth, if a normal force of 1 newton is applied to the end of a fixed cylinder with a radius of 1 meter, what pressure, in pascals, is induced in the cylinder?

0.3

PHYSICS Short Answer A train moving at 35 meters per second emits a whistle with a frequency of 900 hertz. Assuming that the speed of sound in air is 350 meters per second, what is the frequency, in hertz, measured by a stationary observer in front of the train?

1000

Short Answer A household appliance runs on 120 volts and has an internal resistance of 100 ohms. Providing your answer to the nearest integer, how much power, in watts, does this appliance use?

144

Short Answer The resistance of a certain wire is 10 ohms. What would be the resistance in ohms if the radius of the wire were doubled?

2.5

Short Answer The frequency of light from a laser radiation source is 6 X 10¹⁴ hertz. Using 3 X 10⁸ meters per second as the speed of light, what is the wavelength of this light in nanometers?

500

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A horizontal water pipe tapers so that the cross-sectional area of the pipe decreases. If the water moves at 3 meters per second in the larger portion of the pipe and at 15 meters per second in the smaller portion, what is the change in pressure, in pascals, as the water moves from the larger portion to the smaller portion of the pipe? Assume the density of water is 1000 kilograms per cubic meter and incompressible.

ANSWER: -108000 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 108000)

PHYSICS Short Answer In 15 seconds, 2 × 10¹³ protons pass a particular point. Given that the charge on the proton is 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ coulombs, and providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth, what is the current in microamperes?

ANSWER: 0.2

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A block with a mass of 20 kilograms is being pulled across a level surface. Assuming other forces are negligible and g is 9.8 meters per second squared, what is the coefficient of friction between the two surfaces if a 60-newton force is required to maintain a constant velocity? Provide your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth.

ANSWER: 0.3

PHYSICS Short Answer Two light waves travel the same distance of 6 × 10^-7 meters but in mediums of refractive indices 1.54 and 1.00. Providing your answer in scientific notation to one significant figure, what is the time delay in seconds between waves?

ANSWER: 1 × 10^-15

BONUS GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer Meteorologists commonly use the hectopascal for air pressure. 1,000 hectopascals equals how many millibars?

ANSWER: 1,000 (Solution: 1 Hpa = 1 mb)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A proton is travelling with a speed of 300,000 meters per second to the east in a region where there is a magnetic field of 4 teslas pointing to the north. What is the magnitude and direction of the electric field in newtons per coulomb that must be present if the proton is to move through this region undeflected?

ANSWER: 1,200,000, DOWN

PHYSICS Short Answer A metal rod with coefficient of linear expansion 1.7 x 10⁻⁵ per degree Celsius and length 10.0 meters is at 20° Celsius. What is the increase in length in millimeters when it is heated to 30° Celsius?

ANSWER: 1.7

GENERAL SCIENCE 1 bar equals how many Pascals?

ANSWER: 100,000 (ACCEPT: 1 × 10^5 or 10^5 )

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A large water rocket is in the process of taking off. It is noted that when the rocket weighs 600 newtons and has an exhaust speed of 5 meters per second that it doesn't leave the ground and it also ceases to apply a force on the ground. What must be the volume flow rate of the exhaust in liters per second?

ANSWER: 120

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer At the bottom of a loop-the-loop on a roller coaster, Mike's apparent weight is three times his weight. Assuming g = 10 meters per second squared and the diameter of the loop-the-loop is 20 meters, what is Mike's speed as a whole number in meters per second?

ANSWER: 14

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer After running for 20 minutes, a person's diastolic blood pressure is 100 millimeters of mercury. Providing your answer to two significant figures, what is the equivalent height in centimeters of a column of water, assuming the mass density of mercury is 13.6 grams per cubic centimeter and the mass density of water is 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter?

ANSWER: 140

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A 4-ampere current is maintained in a simple circuit with a total resistance of 2 ohms. How much energy in joules is delivered in 45 seconds?

ANSWER: 1440

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A 100 microfarad parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates is connected to a 1.5 volt battery and becomes fully charged. The battery is disconnected from the capacitor and a dielectric with a dielectric constant of 7 is inserted between the plates. What is the charge in microcoulombs on one plate of the capacitor after the dielectric is inserted?

ANSWER: 150

PHYSICS Short Answer By number, rank from greatest to least the moments of inertia for a golf club rotated about the following axes: 1) through the center of mass and parallel to the long axis of the club; 2) through the end of the handle and perpendicular to the long axis of the club; 3) through the center of mass and perpendicular to the long axis of the club.

ANSWER: 2, 3, 1

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A pilot in training is placed into a human centrifuge where she will experience 5 g of force pulling her inward, the acceleration at which most people will begin to lose consciousness. Given g as 10 meters per second squared, if the centrifuge has a mechanical arm that holds her at a radius of 8 meters, how fast will the pilot be traveling in meters per second?

ANSWER: 20

PHYSICS Short Answer Ryan, who weighs 150 pounds, and Kate, who weighs 50 pounds, are standing on slippery ice and push off from each other. Ignoring friction, if Ryan moves off at 1 meter per second, Kate moves off with what speed in meters per second?

ANSWER: 3

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer The breakdown electric field of air is approximately 3 million volts per meter. Assuming that lightning moves uniformly through a cylinder of air with a crosssectional area of 1 square meter and providing your answer in scientific notation with one significant digit, if a typical storm cloud is at an altitude of 2,000 meters and the resistivity of air is about 10 ohm-meters at breakdown, what is the current in amperes of a cloud-to-cloud lightning strike?

ANSWER: 3 x 10^5

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A 35.4 x 10^-11 coulomb charge is placed into a spherical Gaussian [GOUS-ee-uhn] surface with a radius of 5 meters. Given that epsilon naught is 8.85 x 10^-12 farads per meter, what is the electric flux through this surface in newton meters squared per coulomb?

ANSWER: 40

PHYSICS Short Answer A cheetah has an ability to accelerate from 0 to 30 meters per second in three seconds. Assuming constant acceleration, what distance in meters can the cheetah cover in this time interval?

ANSWER: 45

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A particle that is constrained to travel in one dimension moves in simple harmonic motion about the origin with an amplitude of 5 meters and a period of 2 seconds. Providing your answer in terms of π, what is the maximum acceleration experienced by the particle in meters per second squared?

ANSWER: 5π²

PHYSICS Short Answer The breakdown electric field of air is approximately 3 million volts per meter. Providing your answer in scientific notation, if a typical storm cloud is at an altitude of 2,000 meters, what is the voltage drop between the ground and the storm cloud just before the lightning strike?

ANSWER: 6 x 10^9

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A door of area 3 square meters and thickness 4 centimeters is composed of a material whose thermal conductivity is 0.10 watts per meter Kelvin. What is the heat flow, in watts, through the door when the temperature difference is 10 Kelvin?

ANSWER: 75

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the root mean square voltage of a power supply that outputs a sinusoidal voltage with a frequency of 60 hertz and peak voltage of 120 volts?

ANSWER: 85

Short Answer Applying Bernoulli's principle to vortices, where in a vortex should the pressure be highest?

CENTER (ACCEPT: MIDDLE)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Properly match the type of energy transfer with the following four situations described: A) mechanical work; B) matter transfer; C) electromagnetic radiation; D) mechanical waves; with 1) pushing a box across the floor; 2) listening to music; 3) seeing a bright light bulb; 4) filling a gas tank with fuel.

ANSWER: A = 1 (ACCEPT: MECHANICAL WORK = PUSHING A BOX ACROSS THE FLOOR); B = 4 (ACCEPT: MATTER TRANSFER = FILLING A GAS TANK WITH FUEL); C = 3 (ACCEPT: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION = SEEING A BRIGHT LIGHT BULB); D = 2 (ACCEPT: MECHANICAL WAVES = LISTENING TO MUSIC)

[BONUS] PHYSICS Short Answer A set of non-zero vectors is added to obtain a sum of zero. What is the minimum number of vectors in the set if they are a) equal in magnitude or b) unequal in magnitude?

ANSWER: EQUAL = 2; UNEQUAL= 3

PHYSICS Short Answer Which law of physics explains how a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current?

ANSWER: FARADAY'S (ACCEPT: FARADAY'S LAW OF INDUCTION)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A position-time graph for position x and time t is defined by the equation x = -t² + 4t for t ≥ 0. If positive represents forward motion and negative represents backward motion, during which time intervals in seconds would motion be forward and backward, respectively?

ANSWER: FORWARD FOR t < 2 (ACCEPT: 0 ≤ t < 2) AND BACKWARD FOR t > 2

PHYSICS Short Answer When a proton undergoes beta-plus decay, what two particles are created along with the beta particle?

ANSWER: NEUTRON AND NEUTRINO

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Two pipes of diameters 𝑑1 and 𝑑2 are connected. What is the ratio of kinetic energy per unit volume (k1/k2) of water flowing through these pipes? W) (𝑑2/𝑑1)^4 [open parenthesis d2 over d1 close parenthesis to the power of 4] X) (𝑑2/𝑑1)^2 [open parenthesis d2 over d1 close parenthesis to the power of 2] Y) (𝑑1/𝑑2)^4 [open parenthesis d1 over d2 close parenthesis to the power of 4] Z) (𝑑1/𝑑2)^2 [open parenthesis d1 over d2 close parenthesis to the power of 2]

ANSWER: W) (𝑑2/𝑑1)^4 [open parenthesis d2 over d1 close parenthesis to the power of 4]

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice What is the average force, in newtons, exerted on a 25-gram egg by a bed-sheet if the egg hits the sheet at 4 meters per second and takes 0.2 seconds to stop? W) 0.5 X) 1.5 Y) 5 Z) 50

ANSWER: W) 0.5

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Two objects of masses m1 and m2 with speeds v1 and v2, where v2 = 0, suffer collision, stick together, and move off with speed V. Which of the following equals the ratio v1/V? W) 1 + m2/m1 X) 1 + m1/m2 Y) 1 - m2/m1 Z) 1 - m1/m2

ANSWER: W) 1 + m2/m1

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A 1 kilogram object is travelling to the left at 3 meters per second when it explodes into 2 equal pieces. One piece is travelling at 7 meters per second to the left after the explosion. What is the velocity in meters per second of the other piece after the explosion? W) 1 to the right X) 1 to the left Y) 4 to the right Z) 4 to the left

ANSWER: W) 1 TO THE RIGHT

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice An RLC circuit consists of a 2 henry inductor, a 1000 ohm resistor, an 8 farad capacitor, and a power supply in series. With what frequency in hertz must the power supply operate in order to establish resonance in the circuit? W) 1/8π X) 1/4 Y) 4 Z) 8π

ANSWER: W) 1/8π

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Assuming h = 6.63 x 10^(-34) joule seconds, what is the approximate energy of a photon in joules in a 1000 nanometer light beam? W) 2 × 10^(-19) X) 2 × 10^(-18) Y) 2 × 10^(-17) Z) 4 × 10^(-18)

ANSWER: W) 2 × 10^(-19)

PHYSICS A chunk of gold with a density of 19,300 kilograms per cubic meter and volume of 0.3 cubic meters is completely submerged in water. Assuming g = 10 meters per second squared and the density of water is 1000 kilograms per cubic meter, what is the apparent weight of the gold in newtons? W) 54,900 X) 64,900 Y) 183,000 Z) 193,000

ANSWER: W) 54,900

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A human eye has three layers with refractive indices n1 , n2 , and n3, where n1 < n2 and n1 = n3 . Which of the following properties of a light ray is the same in all layers? W) Frequency only X) Speed only Y) Wavelength only Z) Frequency and speed

ANSWER: W) FREQUENCY ONLY

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A box of proper length l, proper width w, and proper height h is falling right-side up without tumbling toward the ground. The Lorentz contraction predicts that which of the following dimensions will be contracted? W) Only height X) Only height and length Y) Only length and width Z) Height, width and length

ANSWER: W) ONLY HEIGHT

Short Answer By name or number, identify all of the following three choices that are apparent differences between a muon and an electron: 1) mass, 2) electric charge, 3) half life?

MASS AND HALF LIFE (ACCEPT: 1 AND 3)

Planck was able to describe the color change of black bodies at different temperatures by introducing what concept?

QUANTUM (ACCEPT: QUANTA, QUANTIZATION; DO NOT ACCEPT: PHOTON)

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following statements BEST describes specific heat capacity? W) The amount of thermal energy required to change the temperature of a substance by a certain amount per unit of mass X) The amount of thermal energy required to alter the physical state of a given substance Y) The total amount of thermal energy in a specific system Z) The average kinetic energy of molecules in a system

ANSWER: W) THE AMOUNT OF THERMAL ENERGY REQUIRED TO CHANGE THE TEMPERATURE OF A SUBSTANCE BY A CERTAIN AMOUNT PER UNIT OF MASS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A light ray passes from air (n1 = 1.00) to three layers of the human eye: cornea (n2 = 1.33), lens (n3 = 1.41), and vitreous humor (n4 = 1.33). The speeds of light in these mediums are, respectively, v1, v2, v3, v4. Which of the following must be true about the relationships between the speeds of light in the different media? W) v1 < v2 < v3 < v4 X) v4 < v3 < v2 < v1 Y) v3 < v2 and v4 < v1 Z) v2 < v3 and v1 < v4

ANSWER: Y) v3 < v2 AND v4 < v1

PHYSICS Multiple Choice The number of lines per centimeter in a transmission grating is 10,000. What is the distance in meters between the lines of the grating? W) 10⁻³ X) 10⁻⁴ Y) 10⁻⁵ Z) 10⁻⁶

ANSWER: Z) 10⁻⁶

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A mass spectrometry experiment is performed with a magnetic field of 0.2 newtons per ampere meter and an electric field of 3.0 × 10⁵ volts per meter. What is the speed of the ions? W) 750 meters per second X) 1500 meters per second Y) 150 kilometers per second Z) 1500 kilometers per second

ANSWER: Z) 1500 KILOMETERS PER SECOND

PHYSICS Multiple Choice An electron is travelling due north when it experiences a magnetic field that is pointing vertically upward. In what direction will the electron be deflected when it initially encounters the field? W) North X) South Y) East Z) West

ANSWER: Z) WEST

Multiple Choice A train approaches a station with a velocity of +15 meters per second relative to the ground. If a person on the train is moving towards the rear of the train at a speed of 1.5 meters per second relative to the train, what is the velocity, in meters per second, of the person relative to the ground?

W) +13.5

Which of the following is the most dense at standard temperature and pressure? W) 10 kilograms of pure water X) 10 kilograms of tungsten Y) 2 kilograms of silver Z) 1 kilogram of mercury

X) 10 KILOGRAMS OF TUNGSTEN (Solution: W = 19.3 g/cc, Hg = 13.5 g/cc, Ag = 10.5 g/cc, H2O = 1.0 g/cc)

Which of the following is NOT true of laser light? W) It is highly coherent X) It is highly dispersive Y) It is highly monochromatic Z) It is highly directional

X) IT IS HIGHLY DISPERSIVE

What type of image is produced by a concave spherical mirror when an object is placed outside its focal point? W) Real and upright X) Real and inverted Y) Virtual and upright Z) Virtual and inverted

X) REAL AND INVERTED

Multiple Choice An electron is released in space in an electric field. Which of the following statements is TRUE? W) The electron will accelerate at a rate directly proportional to its mass X) The electron will move parallel to the equipotential lines Y) The field will do work on the particle Z) The electron will move from positive to negative potential

Y) THE FIELD WILL DO WORK ON THE PARTICLE

Multiple Choice A planet orbits a star in an elliptical orbit. When the planet is furthest from the star, which of the following statements is true? W) The angular momentum of the planet is at a maximum X) The angular momentum of the planet is at a minimum Y) The kinetic energy of the planet is at a minimum Z) The kinetic energy of the planet is at a maximum

Y) THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE PLANET IS AT A MINIMUM

A charged particle moves through an area of space at a constant speed and direction. Which of the following statements is TRUE? W) There is no magnetic field X) There could be magnetic and electric fields oriented in the same direction Y) There could be magnetic and electric fields oriented perpendicularly to one another Z) There could be magnetic and electric fields oriented opposite to one another

Y) THERE COULD BE MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELDS ORIENTED PERPENDICULARLY TO ONE ANOTHER

Multiple Choice An elephant steps on an electrical extension cord that is connected to a lit lamp. Assuming that the lamp remains plugged in and the cord unbroken, which of the following happens to the light intensity coming from the lamp? W) It goes out X) It becomes dimmer Y) It becomes brighter Z) It is unchanged

Z) IT IS UNCHANGED

Multiple Choice Which of the following is TRUE of beta particles? W) They have a charge equal and opposite to alpha particles X) They are more penetrating than gamma particles of the same energy Y) They are common decay products of alpha particles Z) They can be electrons or positrons

Z) THEY CAN BE ELECTRONS OR POSITRONS

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: If the speed of sound in a certain medium is 360 meters per second, what is the wavelength, in meters, of a sound-wave that has a frequency of 60 hertz?

6

PHYSICS Short Answer: What is the electric charge and mass of the carrier particle for the electromagnetic force?

BOTH ARE ZERO

Bonus: Three resistors are connected in parallel to a 10-amp DC current source. If the individual resistances are 5 ohms, 8 ohms and 20 ohms, what is the power, to the nearest watt, dissipated by the circuit?

267

Bonus: A large block of ice is placed in a water bath maintained at 80 degrees Celsius. After some time, one half of the mass of the ice block has melted. What is the temperature, in degrees Celsius, of the surface of the remaining ice?

0

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: If a wave has a frequency of 500 hertz, what is its period, in seconds?

0.002 (ACCEPT: 2 × 10⁻³ )

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: An emergency floodlight draws 1 ampere from its battery pack. How many coulombs will flow through the light in 4 hours?

14,400

Two particles have initial velocities of 10 meters per second and -10 meters per second, respectively. If both particles undergo a constant acceleration of 2 meters per second squared for 2 seconds, what will be the difference in their velocities, in meters per second?

20

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer How many joules of energy are used by an electrical appliance operating on 8 amps of current flowing through a 20-ohm resistance circuit for 5 minutes?

384,000

Bonus: What is the equivalent resistance, in ohms to the nearest tenth, of a set of 4 parallel resistors in series with another set of 5 parallel resistors if all of the resistors have a resistance of 10 ohms?

4.5 (ACCEPT: 9/2, 4½)

PHYSICS Short Answer Rounded to the first decimal place, how many kilowatt-hours of energy are used if 10 amps flows for one day though a circuit with a resistance of 2 ohms?

4.8

Bonus: A car is traveling around a flat 200 meter diameter circular track at 25 meters per second. What is the centripetal acceleration on this car in meters per second squared?

6.25 (ACCEPT: 25/4, 6 ¼)

PHYSICS Short Answer If a satellite moving in a circular orbit is raised to another circular orbit 3-times as far from the Earth's center and where the kinetic energy of the satellite is 3-times less, by what factor does the centripetal force on the satellite decrease?

9

PHYSICS Short Answer Uranium-238 and plutonium-239, primarily decay by what mode? ANSWER: ALPHA

(ACCEPT: ALPHA EMISSION or ALPHA DECAY)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer If a wave has a frequency of 500 hertz, what is its period, in seconds?

ANSWER: 0.002 (ACCEPT: 2 × 10-3 ) (Solution: period = 1/f )

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A 1 meter long wire lying along the x-axis carries a current of 10.0 amperes in the negative x direction. The wire is in a uniform magnetic field 1.0 × 10^-3 teslas per square meter. Expressing your answer in scientific notation with one significant figure, what is the magnitude of the magnetic force on the wire in newtons?

ANSWER: 1 X 10^-2

BONUS 2) PHYSICS Short Answer Given a piece of glass with an index refraction of 2, what is the optimal index of refraction, to one decimal place, for an antireflection coating?

ANSWER: 1.4

[bonus] Short Answer A pole vaulter with a mass of 150 kilograms is traveling at 25 meters per second just prior to landing on an air mattress which collapses and allows the vaulter to come to rest over a period of 2.0 seconds. What was the force of the impact between the vaulter and the air mattress, in newtons?

ANSWER: 1875 (Solution: F = mv/t = (150kg)(25m/s)/2s = 1875N)

BONUS18) Physics - Short Answer What is the change in potential energy, to the nearest one hundred joules, associated with a 100 kilogram rollercoaster descending 20.0 meters?

ANSWER: 19600

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Give by name or number all of the following 4 choices that would be considered units of electrical power: 1) ampere volt; 2) joules per second; 3) watts; 4) coulombs

ANSWER: 1; 2; 3

BONUS 19) PHYSICS Short Answer If the speed of a charged particle is doubled while it is moving in a circular orbit in a uniform magnetic field, by what multiple will the orbital radius increase?

ANSWER: 2

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the mass, in kilograms, of a 2 kilogram rock on a planet with a gravitational acceleration of 8.2 meters per second squared?

ANSWER: 2

TOSS-UP 8) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following three particles that are considered leptons: 1) Protons; 2) Electrons; 3) Neutrons.

ANSWER: 2

BONUS19) Physics - Short Answer A rollercoaster cart slides down a frictionless track and then goes around the inside of a loop-the-loop with radius R. In terms of R, what is the minimum height the rollercoaster cart must start at in order to just make it around the loop?

ANSWER: 2.5R

BONUS COMPUTER SCIENCE Short Answer :The binary number 10101 (read as: one, zero, one, zero, one) is equivalent to what decimal number?

ANSWER: 21 (Solution: 1 + 4 + 16 = 21)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the wavelength, rounded to the nearest ten meters, for the carrier wave of the AM radio station WDOE 1410?

ANSWER: 210

BONUS 5) PHYSICS Short Answer A car's starter motor draws a current of 100 amperes at 12.0 volts when starting the engine. The mechanical power required to turn the engine is 960 watts. At what rate, in watts, is energy from the battery converted to heat?

ANSWER: 240

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A curve banked at 45° has a radius of 62.5 meters. Assuming g = 10 meters per second squared, if a car is to navigate through the curve with no friction needed, with what speed, in meters per second, should the car travel?

ANSWER: 25

BONUS 3) PHYSICS Short Answer Suppose that you support a meter stick horizontally by positioning one finger under one of the ends and the other finger about one-quarter of the way from the opposite end. Now suppose you move your fingers slowly together until they touch. By number, identify what will most likely happen to the meter stick: 1) it will fall off the side with the finger under the end; 2) it will fall off the side with the finger about one quarter of the way from the end; or 3) it will stay balanced on your fingers.

ANSWER: 3

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer How many joules are in a single watt-hour?

ANSWER: 3,600 (Solution: (1 joule per second)(60 sec)(60 minutes) = 3600 J)

[Bonus] Short Answer What is the minimal force, in newtons to the first decimal place, that a mother must exert to vertically lift her 4 kilogram baby out of her play pen?

ANSWER: 39.2 (Solution: w = mg = (4kg)(9.8m/s²) = 39.2N)

TOSS-UP 19) PHYSICS Short Answer In additive color synthesis, what do equal proportions of two primary colors create?

ANSWER: A SECONDARY COLOR

TOSS UP #3) What is the scientific term for a change in velocity per unit time?

ANSWER: ACCELERATION

PHYSICS Short Answer In a Bose-Einstein condensate, what general type of particles coexist in the lowest possible quantum state?

ANSWER: BOSONS

[BONUS] Short Answer: What is the most common isotope of carbon?

ANSWER: CARBON-12 (ACCEPT: C-12 or 12)

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A wire carries a current of 2 amperes vertically upward. What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field in teslas produced by the wire 4 millimeters to the North of the wire? W) 1 x 10^-4 , West X) 1 x 10^-4 , East Y) 2 x 10^-4 , West Z) 2 x 10^-4 , East

ANSWER: W) 1 X 10^-4 , WEST

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A top is spinning at a rate of 2π radians per second when it slows uniformly to a stop in 15 seconds. Through how many revolutions did the top turn before stopping? W) 7.5 X) 7.5π Y) 15 Z) 15π

ANSWER: W) 7.5

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is the most common instrument used for measuring gas pressure: W) manometer X) anemometer Y) tensitometer Z) flow-meter

ANSWER: W) MANOMETER

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice In a science lab, a sphere rolls on a horizontal flat surface until it eventually comes to rest, but not as a result of a frictional force. Which of the following is the best explanation of why the sphere comes to rest? W) The spherical shape and/or flat surface must not be ideal and the sphere will stop where a defect makes that location a minimum potential-energy position X) Some other force, like fluid friction, must be acting on the sphere Y) Angular momentum between the rolling sphere and the spinning Earth must be conserved Z) The force of gravity must not be constant even though the surface is flat

ANSWER: W) THE SPHERICAL SHAPE AND/OR FLAT SURFACE MUST NOT BE IDEAL AND THE SPHERE WILL STOP WHERE A DEFECT MAKES THAT LOCATION A MINIMUM POTENTIAL ENERGY POSITION

PHYSICS Multiple Choice What physical unit is the product of velocity, magnetic field, and length? W) Volt X) Newton meter per ampere second squared Y) Joule per second squared Z) Newton per ampere

ANSWER: W) VOLT

PHYSICS Multiple Choice The root mean square voltage of a sinusoidal AC coupled circuit is approximately equal to its maximum value multiplied by which of the following? W) 0.5 X) 0.7 Y) 1.4 Z) 1.7

ANSWER: X) 0.7

(General Science) Multiple Choice: Which of the following is closest to the conversion of 900 millibars into atmospheres: W) 0.09 X) 0.9 Y) 9.0 Z) 90.0

ANSWER: X) 0.9

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Assuming g = 10 meters per second squared and the density of freshwater is 1000 kilograms per cubic meter, what is the buoyancy force in newtons exerted on a rock with mass of 100 kilograms and a volume of 10,000 cubic centimeters sitting at the bottom of a freshwater lake? W) 10 X) 100 Y) 1000 Z) 10000

ANSWER: X) 100

BONUS 8) COMPUTER SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the octal equivalent of the binary number 1100 (read as: one, one, zero, zero)? W) 11 X) 14 Y) 2 Z) 4

ANSWER: X) 14

Multiple Choice The scattering of alpha particles by a metal foil was first studied by: W) Compton X) Rutherford Y) Bragg Z) Rayleigh

ANSWER: X) RUTHERFORD

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following quark compositions does NOT have a total of zero strangeness quantum number? W) Up, down X) Up, strange Y) Strange, antiparticle strange Z) Down, down

ANSWER: X) UP, STRANGE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice As a photon travels from water to air, which of the following quantities changes? W) Frequency X) Wavelength Y) Energy Z) Phase

ANSWER: X) WAVELENGTH

PHYSICS Multiple Choice How many types of quarks are there in nature? W) 3 X) 5 Y) 6 Z) 10

ANSWER: Y) 6

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is NOT true? W) Electrons, protons, and neutrons obey the Pauli exclusion principle X) The Pauli exclusion principle applies to all fermions Y) All fermions have a spin of 1/2 Z) Electrons, protons, and neutrons obey Fermi-Dirac distribution

ANSWER: Y) ALL FERMIONS HAVE A SPIN OF 1/2

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A spinning skater draws her arms in closer to her body to rotate faster. Which of the following conservation principles is being applied? W) Rotational kinetic energy X) Torque Y) Angular momentum Z) Energy

ANSWER: Y) ANGULAR MOMENTUM

Multiple Choice: The area under the curve of a velocity versus time graph represents: W) acceleration X) velocity Y) displacement Z) position

ANSWER: Y) DISPLACEMENT

[Bonus] Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements is NOT correct: W) percent elongation compared to the known value for a material is sometimes used to detect impurities in metal X) the modulus of elasticity for a material is derived from its stress-strain curve Y) ductile materials usually fail with little or no plastic deformation Z) a steel sample that is loaded beyond its elastic limit will not return to its original shape when the load is removed

ANSWER: Y) DUCTILE MATERIALS USUALLY FAIL WITH LITTLE OR NO PLASTIC DEFORMATION

TOSS-UP16) Physics - Multiple Choice By which of the following decay modes does a proton and an electron turn into a neutron and emit an electron neutrino? W) Beta minus decay X) Beta plus decay Y) Electron capture decay Z) Bound-state decay

ANSWER: Y) ELECTRON CAPTURE DECAY

PHYSICS Multiple Choice An unpowered open truck is coasting horizontally with a constant velocity along a frictionless track underneath a grain bin when grain falls vertically into the truck, partly filling it as it moves along. Which of the following will happen to the horizontal momentum of the truck with the accumulating grain? W) It will decrease X) It will increase Y) It will stay the same Z) It will first increase and then decrease

ANSWER: Y) IT WILL STAY THE SAME

Multiple Choice: The amplitude of a sound wave most closely relates to its: W) frequency X) wavelength Y) loudness Z) overtones

ANSWER: Y) LOUDNESS

TOSS-UP18) Physics - Multiple Choice If a nonzero net torque is applied from an external source onto a frictionless rotating device, which of the following statements is NOT true? W) The rotational velocity at some time t can be equal to zero after the torque begins. X) The final total rotational energy of the system can be greater than the total work done by the net torque. Y) The total momentum of the device is constant before and after the torque is applied. Z) Any gravitational potential energy gained by the device due to rotation is lost upon completion of a full revolution.

ANSWER: Y) THE TOTAL MOMENTUM OF THE DEVICE IS CONSTANT BEFORE AND AFTER THE TORQUE IS APPLIED

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A distant planet has a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance due to tidal influences from its nearby host star. If this planet's sidereal day is 50 Earth days, how long, respectively, in Earth days, are its year and its solar day?

ANSWER: YEAR=75, SOLAR DAY=150

TOSS-UP6) Physics - Multiple Choice Photons and gluons are classified as which of the following types of particles? W) Lepton X) Hadron Y) Meson Z) Boson

ANSWER: Z) BOSON

Multiple Choice Often some of the strongest spectral lines in cold interstellar gas are produced by: W) neutral lithium X) ionized iron Y) carbon and iron Z) calcium and sodium

ANSWER: Z) CALCIUM AND SODIUM

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is the SI unit for the product of newtons and meters: W) henry X) watt Y) erg Z) joule

ANSWER: Z) JOULE

BONUS 13) Physics - Multiple Choice An electromagnetic wave that has a wavelength of 10 meters would be best classified as is in which of the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum? W) Microwave X) Ultraviolet Y) Visible Z) Radio

ANSWER: Z) RADIO

Bonus: What quantity is defined as the ratio of the charge on an electric component to the electric potential applied across it?

CAPACITANCE

PHYSICS Short Answer: In triboelectric charging, when one object loses electrons, the object that accepts the charges acquires the same number of charges that the other object has lost. What law most directly governs this equal exchange?

CONSERVATION OF CHARGE

Interference patterns in light-based experiments arise due to what reaction of waves to the confinement of their pathways?

DIFFRACTION

Bonus: What technique uses Bragg's law to identify and characterize crystal structures?

DIFFRACTION (ACCEPT: X-RAY DIFFRACTION, XRD, X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: What is the most common name for the Law or principal dictating that the amount of a substance that is released or deposited from an electrode is directly proportional to the amount of electric current passing through the circuit?

FARADAY'S FIRST LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS (ACCEPT: FARADAY'S FIRST LAW or FARADAY'S LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: What are the frequencies of the first and second overtones, respectively, for a string vibrating at a fundamental frequency of 440 hertz?

FIRST = 880; SECOND = 1320

PHYSICS Short Answer Although in many respects difficult to define, what term is MOST often described as a push or a pull that can cause an object to accelerate?

FORCE

Bonus: If a helicopter loses engine power at a sufficient height and speed, it is able to autorotate to the ground, extracting energy from the air and, sometimes, landing safely. In this case, gravitational potential energyis converted into what type of energy?

MECHANICAL (ACCEPT: KINETIC, ROTATIONAL, ROTATIONAL KINETIC; DO NOT ACCEPT: POTENTIAL)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Name all of the following 4 sub-atomic particles that are never found in isolation: electrons; protons; quarks; positrons

QUARKS

Bonus: Generally, every time energy is converted from one form to another, there is less energy available to do useful work. What is the name of the law that states this?

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

What general term refers to lighting that uses LEDs as sources of illumination rather than electrical filaments, plasma, or gas?

SOLID-STATE LIGHTING (ACCEPT: SSL)

PHYSICS Short Answer: As opposed to spontaneous emission, what is the type of emission, first theorized by Albert Einstein, where a photon interacts with an atom's electron which, when it returns to a ground state, emits a coherent photon?

STIMULATED EMISSION (ACCEPT: STIMULATED)

What particular type of Raman scattering occurs when the emitted photon is of higher wavelength than the incident one?

STOKES

What is the arc length, in miles, traveled by a rocket along a circular path whose angle measures0.2 radians with a radius of 80 miles? W) 16 X) 40 Y) 80 Z) 400

W) 16

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice If you were using a 50-millimeter camera lens and changed the lens aperture from 8.0 to 5.6, about how much LESS light would the lens be allowing to pass through it: W) 60% less X) 50% less Y) 35% less Z) 22% less

X) 50% LESS

Which of the following circuit elements resists instantaneous changes in the voltage applied to it? W) Inductor X) Capacitor Y) Resistor Z) Transformer

X) CAPACITOR

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following MOST directly determines the permittivity of a material: W) ability of the material to magnetize X) electrical susceptibility Y) electrical insulation capacity Z) electrical conductivity

X) ELECTRICAL SUSCEPTIBILITY

Which of the following is NOT responsible for the failure of a pendulum to reach the height from which it was released as time progresses? W) Friction X) Gravity Y) Air resistance Z) Damping

X) GRAVITY

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST explains how a radium isotope with a half-life of about 1,600 years can be found in the crust of the Earth that was formed millions of years ago: W) its decay is slowed by the pressure of the Earth X) the radium is replenished by decay of longer lived radioactive elements Y) the radium was replenished by meteors and asteroids over the millennia Z) the radium is recycled from the Earth's core where magnetic fields slow the decay

X) THE RADIUM IS REPLENISHED BY DECAY OF LONGER LIVED RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS

Which of the following isotopes is fissile? W) Thorium-232 X) Uranium-233 Y) Uranium-238 Z) Plutonium-238

X) URANIUM-233

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following is the part of an electric motor that functions as an electromagnet: W) ballast X) relay Y) armature Z) brushes

Y) ARMATURE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following did J. J. Thompson use that primarily led him to conclude that electrons were basic particles of atoms and carried electric charge: W) a compass and batteries X) a solenoid Y) cathode ray tubes Z) electromagnets

Y) CATHODE RAY TUBES

Bonus: An elevator is moving downward with decreasing speed. What are the directions of its velocity and acceleration? W) Both are upward X) Both are downward Y) Velocity is upwardand acceleration is downward Z) Velocity is downwardand acceleration is upward

Z) VELOCITY IS DOWNWARDAND ACCELERATION IS UPWARD

PHYSICS Short Answer: How many neutrons does the most common isotope of hydrogen have?

ZERO

Multiple Choice Which of the following could most practically be used as a detector for the automatic door opening system you find at your local grocery store: W) infrared camera system X) ultrasonic motion detector Y) radar system Z) optical camera system

`ANSWER: Y) RADAR SYSTEM

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: A 10-kilogram hay bale is raised to 5 meters above a barn floor and is then lowered to 4 meters below the floor. Relative to its starting position on the floor, what is the final gravitational potential energy of the bale, in joules, if g is rounded to the first decimal place?

-392 (must give negative value) (ACCEPT: 392 JOULES LESS)

In volts per meter, what is the electric field at the center of a hollow metallic sphere with a radius of 10 centimeters when the center of the sphere is 3 meters from a particle with a charge of 5 coulombs?

0

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Consider an astronaut on the Moon and g is exactly 1/6th of g on Earth. If he threw an object vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 1.6 meters per second, how many meters up would it be after 1 second, rounding your answer to the first decimal place?

0.8

Bonus:Identify all of the following four particles that obey Bose-Einstein statistics: 1) Super-cooled helium atoms; 2) Beta particles; 3) Gamma rays; 4) Neutrons.

1 AND 3

On a spring break trip, Sarah and her 3 friends run out of gas while driving to Florida. The nearest gas station is 1.1 kilometers away. If they apply a constant cumulative force of 1200 newtons to the car, how much work will they do, in joules, by pushing the car to the gas station?

1,320,000

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the spin of the muon, in quantum units?

1/2

PHYSICS Short Answer In one cycle of alternating current, 180º is given to the point at what fractional amount of the way through the cycle?

1/2

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer How many kilojoules of thermal energy, rounded to the first decimal place, must be lost from a 250-gram block of Teflon with a specific heat of 1 kilojoule per kilogram kelvin, to lower the block's temperature from 125º C to 75º C?

12.5 (ACCEPT: -12.5)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: Give by name or number all of the following 4 choices that would be considered units of electrical power: 1) ampere volt; 2) joules per second; 3) watts; 4) coulombs

1; 2; 3

PHYSICS Short Answer By words or numbers, identify all of the following 4 choices that MUST be true for 2 objects in thermal equilibrium: 1) they both must radiate no energy in any direction 2) they must be at the same temperature 3) they both must have the same thermal expansion coefficients 4) they must have the same internal energy

2

PHYSICS Short Answer: In the electrolysis of water, if the production of each molecule of oxygen requires 4 units of electricity, each hydrogen molecule will require how many units of electricity?

2

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: Consider an organ pipe open at both ends. For a standing wave in the pipe, what is the wavelength of the fundamental tone, in terms of the pipe's length?

2 (ACCEPT: 2 PIPE LENGTHS)

PHYSICS Short Answer: By what factor will the gravitational attraction between two masses be multiplied, if the distance between their centers of mass remains the same, but the mass of one doubles?

2 TIMES (ACCEPT: 2 or DOUBLES)

Identify all of the following four forces that are real in inertial reference frames: 1) Centrifugal; 2) Centripetal; 3) Lorentz; 4) Coriolis.

2, 3 (ACCEPT: CENTRIPETAL, LORENTZ)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Rounded to the nearest hundred joules, how much work is done in pulling a sled across a pond for 3 meters with 100 newtons of force, with a rope that makes a 45º angle with the pond?

200

Two resistors in parallel have an equivalent resistance of 6 ohms. One of the resistors has a resistance of 8 ohms. What is the resistance, in ohms, of the second resistor?

24

A ball is thrown at a 30 degree angle with respect to the horizontal at a speed of 60 meters per second. At what time, to the nearest whole second, does the ball reach the highest point in its trajectory?

3

PHYSICS Short Answer: Given that the speed of sound at 0ºC at sea level in dry air is 331 meters per second, what is the speed of sound through dry air at sea level, giving your answer in proper SI units rounded to the nearest whole number, if the temperature of the air is 12°C?

338 METERS PER SECOND (must give units)

To three significant figures, at what temperature, in kelvins, does pure water boil at sea level?

373

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: Consider a planet where g equals 5.0 meters per second squared. Ignoring friction, if an object started from rest, how far would it fall vertically off a cliff in 4.0 seconds, giving your answer in standard SI units?

40 METERS (must give units)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: If 200 coulombs pass through a wire in 0.5 seconds, what is the average current, in amps, passing through the wire?

400

Bonus: An alpha particle of velocity 600 kilometers per second is fired directly at a helium-4 nucleus at rest. The two collide completely elastically. What is the final velocity, in kilometers per second, of the target helium nucleus?

600

Bonus: To the nearest microfarad, what is the capacitance of a standard parallel plate capacitor with plate separation of 1 micronand plate area of 1 meter squared?

9

Bonus: In the BCS theory of superconductivity, the correlation between two electrons leads to a reduction in electron scattering that forms the basis of superconductivity. What is the name of this group of electrons?

A COOPER PAIR

Very heavy nuclei tend to decay to stability by the emission of a lightnucleus with two neutrons and two protons. What type of decay is this?

ALPHA

PHYSICS Short Answer Uranium-238 and plutonium-239, primarily decay by what mode?

ALPHA (ACCEPT: ALPHA EMISSION or ALPHA DECAY)

PHYSICS Short Answer: What are the two forms of electrical current?

ALTERNATING AND DIRECT CURRENT (ACCEPT: AC AND DC)

What is the unit for electric current equal to 1 coulomb per second?

AMPERE (ACCEPT: AMP)

PHYSICS Short Answer What property of a wave is generally said to increase during constructive interference?

AMPLITUDE

BONUS-Multiple Choice Which of the following is the most dense at standard temperature and pressure: W) 10 kilograms of pure water X) 10 kilograms of tungsten Y) 2 kilograms of silver Z) 1 kilogram of mercury

ANSWER: X) 10 KILOGRAMS OF TUNGSTEN (Solution: W = 19.3 g/cc, Hg = 13.5 g/cc, Ag = 10.5 g/cc, H2O = 1.0 g/cc)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A 9-volt battery costs $1.49 and will run a portable DVD player for 6 hours, supplying 25 milliamperes of current. What is the cost per kilowatt hour of the battery's energy to the nearest $100?

ANSWER: $1100

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A swimming pool water pump draws about 4.2 amperes when connected to 240 volts. If energy costs 10 cents per kilowatt hour, what is the bill to the nearest cent for running the pump continuously for 1 day?

ANSWER: $2.42 (ACCEPT: 242 CENTS)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer Consider the set of quantum numbers, -1, 0, and 1. Which one or ones could be found in a hydrogen atom wave function in which the principle quantum number is equal to 2 and the orbital or angular momentum quantum number is equal to 1?

ANSWER: -1, 0, 1

BONUS2) Physics - Short Answer Consider the set of quantum numbers, -1, 0, and 1. Which one or ones could be found in a hydrogen atom wave function in which the principle quantum number is equal to 2 and the orbital or angular momentum quantum number is equal to 1?

ANSWER: -1, 0, 1

BONUS 17) PHYSICS Short Answer When turned on, a ceiling fan reaches 100 revolutions per minute in 30 seconds. When turned off, it coasts to a stop in 60 seconds. What is the ratio of the average angular acceleration in the first 30 seconds after it was turned on to that observed after it was turned off?

ANSWER: -2 (ACCEPT: -2 TO 1)

BONUS16) Physics - Short Answer A particle's position is given by the function f(t) = (-t³ + 3t) meters, where t is in seconds. What are the particle's position, in meters, and velocity, in meters per second, respectively, at t = 2 seconds?

ANSWER: -2 AND -9 (ACCEPT: -2 METERS AND -9 METERS PER SECOND - IN ANY ORDER)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A 10-kilogram hay bale is raised to 5 meters above a barn floor and is then lowered to 4 meters below the floor. Relative to its starting position on the floor, what is the final gravitational potential energy of the bale, in joules, if g is rounded to the first decimal place?

ANSWER: -392 (must give negative value) (ACCEPT: 392 JOULES LESS) (Solution: E = mgΔh = 10kg × 9.8 × (-4) = -392 joules)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A one-dimensional electrical potential has the form V(x) = 4x^2 - x. What is the electrical field associated with this potential in terms of x?

ANSWER: -8x + 1 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 8x - 1)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer An object with a mass of 1 gram is whirled in a horizontal circle with a radius of 0.5 meters at a constant speed of 2 meters per second. What is the work done on the object, in joules, during one revolution?

ANSWER: 0

BONUS4) Physics - Short Answer A ball of mass M and speed V collides with a ball of mass 2M moving toward the first ball with a speed o f ½ V. If the two balls stick together, what will their speed after the collision be?

ANSWER: 0

BONUS 17) PHYSICS Short Answer When subjected to a potential difference of 100 volts, a parallelplate capacitor builds up a charge on one plate of 0.2 coulombs. Providing your answer to the nearest thousandth, what is this capacitor's capacitance in farads?

ANSWER: 0.002

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Given a DC circuit with a voltage source delivering 20 volts and a circuit resistance of 5 kiloohms, what is the value of the current in amperes?

ANSWER: 0.004

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer If an earplug decreases the sound level of sound waves by 20 decibels, providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest hundredth, what is the ratio of the final intensity of the waves to their initial intensity?

ANSWER: 0.01

BONUS 24) PHYSICS Short Answer If a wave has a frequency of 50 hertz, what is its period, in seconds?

ANSWER: 0.02 SECONDS (Solution: period = 1 / f)

BONUS 9) PHYSICS Short Answer The sound source of a ship's sonar system operates at a frequency 22 kilohertz. The speed of sound in water is 1482 meters per second. Providing your answer to the nearest hundredth, what is the wavelength of the waves in meters emitted by the source?

ANSWER: 0.07

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Providing your answer to the nearest hundredth, what is the moment of inertia in kilogram meters squared of a solid sphere with a mass of 2.5 kilograms and a radius of 30 centimeters?

ANSWER: 0.09

BONUS17) Physics - Short Answer The Young's modulus for bone is 9 x 10⁹ newtons per meters squared. What is the percent change in length of a tibia with a cross sectional area of 6 centimeters squared, if it experiences a compressive force of 5.4 x 10³ newtons?

ANSWER: 0.1%

PHYSICS Short Answer A 9 volt DC power supply is connected to a 10 henry inductor and a 30 ohm resistor in series. Providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth, after the circuit has been connected for a very long time, how much current in amperes flows through the circuit?

ANSWER: 0.3

[bonus] Short Answer If a mandolin string is tuned to 880 hertz and is 28-centimeters long, what is the wavelength, in meters rounded to the second decimal place, of the sound wave produced by this string, assuming that the instrument is at 20ºC and that the speed of sound is 343 meters/second?

ANSWER: 0.39 (Solution: wavelength = v/f = 343/880 = 0.389)

BONUS 6) Physics - Short Answer A spring with spring constant k = 200 newtons per meter with a 0.5 kilogram mass attached is released from rest at 0.02 meters from its equilibrium point. What is the magnitude, in meters per second, of the maximum velocity attained by the mass?

ANSWER: 0.4

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A horizontal force of 200 newtons is used to push a 50 kilogram box 10 meters across a floor at constant speed. Given 9.8 meters per second squared as g and providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest hundredth, what is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the floor?

ANSWER: 0.41

BONUS 3) PHYSICS Short Answer What is the average force in newtons exerted on a 25 gram egg by a bed sheet if the egg hits the sheet at 4 meters per second and takes 0.2 seconds to stop, given acceleration due to gravity as 10 meters per second squared?

ANSWER: 0.5

BONUS 8) PHYSICS Short Answer Taking the acceleration due to gravity to be 10 meters per second squared, what kinetic coefficient of friction will exert a force of 20 newtons on a 4 kilogram object as it moves over a horizontal surface?

ANSWER: 0.5

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Giving your answer in kilometers per hour per second, what is the average acceleration of a truck traveling on a straight road from 10 kilometers per hour to 50 kilometers per hour in 1 minute and 20 seconds:

ANSWER: 0.5 (Solution: 40/80 = 0.5 km/hr/sec)

Short Answer Billy drops his teddy bear out of the car window 2 meters from the ground while his father is driving down Main Street at 20 meters per second. In seconds to the first decimal place, how long does it take for the bear to hit the ground, assuming air resistance is neglected?

ANSWER: 0.6

[BONUS] Short Answer: What is the wavelength, in meters, of a sound wave that has a frequency of 600 hertz and a speed in a certain medium of 360 meters per second?

ANSWER: 0.6 (Solution: wavelength = speed/f = 360/600 = 0.6 meters)

Short Answer If a rock is spun on a sling with a frequency of 100 revolutions per minute, what is the rock's period, in seconds?

ANSWER: 0.6 (Solution: T = 1/f = 0.6 sec)

Short Answer A boy gets a sled for his birthday in July. He exerts a 50-newton horizontal force as he pulls the 80-newton sled across the cement driveway at a constant speed. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction, to the second decimal place, between the driveway and the metal blades of the sled?

ANSWER: 0.63 (Solution: µk = Ff/FN = 50N/80N = 0.625)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A block of wood, when floating in water, displaces 300 cubic centimeters of water. When completely submerged, the block displaces 400 cubic centimeters of water. What is the specific gravity of the block?

ANSWER: 0.75

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Consider an astronaut on the Moon and g is exactly 1/6th of g on Earth. If he threw an object vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 1.6 meters per second, how many meters up would it be after 1 second, rounding your answer to the first decimal place?

ANSWER: 0.8

PHYSICS Short Answer In your interferometry [in-ter-fuh-ROM-i-try] experiment, you measure a minimum intensity of 1 watt per meter squared and a maximum intensity of 19 watts per meter squared. What is the visibility of your fringes?

ANSWER: 0.9

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A meter stick is held by a low-friction support on a stand. A single weight and an air-filled balloon hang from the left side of the meter stick; a weight hangs from the right side of the meter stick. The fulcrum is adjusted so that the system is balanced and level. If the string holding the balloon is burned so as to exert no torque when the string breaks, identify by number what will happen when the string breaks: 1) the right side of the meter stick will go down; 2) the left side of the meter stick will go down; or 3) the meter stick will remain balanced.

ANSWER: 1

TOSS-UP 12) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following three particles that would be deflected while traveling in a magnetic field: 1) Positron; 2) Neutrino; 3) Neutron.

ANSWER: 1

TOSS-UP16) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following three types of collisions that conserve kinetic energy: 1) Elastic collision; 2) Partial inelastic collision; 3) Completely inelastic collision.

ANSWER: 1

BONUS Physics - Short Answer Indicate what Gaussian surface would most simplify the calculation of the flux of the electric field for each of the following three configurations: 1) Point charge; 2) Infinitely long line of uniform charge; 3) Infinitely large sheet of uniform charge

ANSWER: 1 - SPHERE, 2 - CYLINDER, 3 - CYLINDER or PILLBOX

BONUS19) Physics - Short Answer Indicate what Gaussian surface would most simplify the calculation of the flux of the electric field for each of the following three configurations: 1) Point charge; 2) Infinitely long line of uniform charge; 3) Infinitely large sheet of uniform charge

ANSWER: 1 - SPHERE, 2 - CYLINDER, 3 - CYLINDER or PILLBOX

BONUS18) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding charged coupled devices: 1) Charged coupled devices can often be found in cameras; 2) Charged coupled devicesoperate via the photoelectric effect; 3) Pixels in charged coupled devices are made of metal conductors

ANSWER: 1 AND 2

BONUS Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following 4 heat engine cycles which use internal combustion: 1) Diesel; 2) Carnot; 3) Otto; 4) Rankine.

ANSWER: 1 AND 3

BONUS13) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following 4 heat engine cycles which use internal combustion: 1) Diesel; 2) Carnot; 3) Otto; 4) Rankine.

ANSWER: 1 AND 3

PHYSICS Short Answer Providing your answer in scientific notation with one significant digit, what is the value of 1 erg in joules?

ANSWER: 1 X 10^-7

(General Science) [BONUS] Short Answer: Giving your answer in proper scientific notation, convert 100 millimeters into kilometers:

ANSWER: 1 x 10^4 (DO NOT ACCEPT 10^4)

BONUS10) Physics- Short Answer Identify all of the following 3 statements that are true of equipotential surfaces: 1) Field lines and equipotential surfaces are always mutually perpendicular; 2) When all charges are at rest, the surface of a conductor is always an equipotential surface; 3) The work done to move a charge from any point on an equipotential surface to any other point on the equipotential surface is zero.

ANSWER: 1, 2, 3

BONUS 2) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following four reference frames that can be considered approximately intertial: 1) A stationary book; 2) A car coasting along at a steady speed; 3) A sky diver at terminal velocity; 4) A rocket taking off.

ANSWER: 1, 2, AND 3

BONUS Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements that are true of Carnot engines: 1) Carnot's Theorem limits the efficiency of engines to less than that of a Carnot engine; 2) The Carnot cycle consists of only reversible steps; 3) The concept of entropy arose from the limits stated by the Carnot cycle.

ANSWER: 1, 2, AND 3

BONUS19) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding pendulums: 1) Changing the length of the string affects the period; 2) For small swings, pendulums can be approximated as simple harmonic oscillators; 3) Pendulums were used as the first evidence regarding the rotation of the Earth that didn't require celestial observations

ANSWER: 1, 2, AND 3

BONUS4) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding electric motors: 1) Back EMF in a motor arises because of Lenz's law; 2) Commutators periodically reverse the direction of current in an electric motor; 3) In an electromechanical machine, the armature generates the E M F.

ANSWER: 1, 2, AND 3

BONUS8) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements that are true of Carnot engines: 1) Carnot's Theorem limits the efficiency of engines to less than that of a Carnot engine; 2) The Carnot cycle consists of only reversible steps; 3) The concept of entropy arose from the limits stated by the Carnot cycle.

ANSWER: 1, 2, AND 3

Physics - Multiple Choice Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding RLC circuits: 1) A series RLC circuit consists of an inductor, a capacitor, and a resistor connected in series; 2) The resonant frequency is defined as the frequency at which input impedance is at a minimum; 3) RLC circuits can be found in wireless radio receivers.

ANSWER: 1, 2, AND 3

Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following three quantities that are quantized: 1) Atoms of H2O in a beaker; 2) Frequencies of light emitted by an excited atom; 3) Charge stored on a parallel-plate capacitor.

ANSWER: 1, 2, AND 3

TOSS-UP19) Physics- Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements that explain why the actual acceleration due to gravity at any point on the Earth's surface would be different from the value calculated for that point via Newton's Law of Gravitation: 1) The Earth's mass is not uniformly distributed; 2) The Earth is not perfectly spherical; 3) The Earth is rotating.

ANSWER: 1, 2, AND 3

TOSS-UP8) Physics - Multiple Choice Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding RLC circuits: 1) A series RLC circuit consists of an inductor, a capacitor, and a resistor connected in series; 2) The resonant frequency is defined as the frequency at which input impedance is at a minimum; 3) RLC circuits can be found in wireless radio receivers.

ANSWER: 1, 2, AND 3

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer In 1955, a soldier's parachute failed to deploy, causing him to fall 1200 feet from the plane to the ground. However, he managed to land in a snow bank, surviving the fall and suffering only minor injuries. Assuming the paratrooper weighed 100 kilograms, that he had reached terminal velocity of approximately 50 meters per second, and that the snow exerts an average force of 120,000 newtons, what minimum depth of snow, in meters to one decimal place, was necessary to stop him?

ANSWER: 1.0

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A mass is spun horizontally at the end of a string. If its speed is changed so that the centripetal force is doubled, in simplest decimal form to the nearest tenth, what is the ratio of final speed to initial speed?

ANSWER: 1.4

[bonus] Short Answer A hunter uses a 30-gram arrow that is fired by a bowstring at a velocity of 56 meters per second. What is the impulse on the arrow, to the second decimal place in kilogram meters per second?

ANSWER: 1.68 (Solution: FΔt = mΔV = mV2 - mV1 = m(V2 - 0) = (0.030kg)(56m/s) = 1.68kg.m/s)

BONUS 23) PHYSICS Short Answer A parachutist lands on the ground at a speed of 6 meters per second. Providing your answer to the nearest tenth and given acceleration due to gravity as 10 meters per second squared, what is the height in meters from which a free-falling object would have to fall to reach the same speed?

ANSWER: 1.8

PHYSICS Short Answer Two charges, initially 2.0 centimeters apart, experience a repulsive force of 1.0 newtons. Providing your answer as a fraction in simplest form, when the charges are moved to 8.0 centimeters apart, what force in newtons exists between them?

ANSWER: 1/16

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer For a perfectly spherical planet of uniform density, the gravitational acceleration at a point half way to the surface from its center will be what fraction of the gravitational acceleration at the surface?

ANSWER: 1/2

BONUS 22) PHYSICS Short Answer A pole vaulter wishes to clear a bar 5 meters above her center of mass. Given an ideal pole and launch, assuming her mass is uniformly distributed, and given 10 meters per second squared as the acceleration due to gravity, how fast must she run in meters per second?

ANSWER: 10

BONUS 8) PHYSICS Short Answer A potential of 10 volts is applied to a parallel plate capacitor with capacitance of 1 microfarad and a plate separation of 10 micrometers. What is the electrical force in newtons between the plates?

ANSWER: 10

BONUS20) Physics - Short Answer A supercomputer sends information throughout its parts using light pulses in optical fibers. If the CPU needs to obtain information from the memory in 2.5 nanoseconds and it takes the memory 0.5 nanoseconds to process and fetch the request, assuming that the refractive index for the optical fibers is 3.0, what is the maximum distance, in centimeters, the CPU can be from the memory unit?

ANSWER: 10

TOSS-UP1) Physics- Short Answer A difference of 10 decibels corresponds to what ratio of sound intensities?

ANSWER: 10 (ACCEPT: 10:1)

[Bonus] Short Answer: What is the resistance, in ohms, for an electric stove that draws 24 amps on a 240-volt circuit?

ANSWER: 10 (Solution: I = V/R; R = V/I; R = 240/24 = 10 ohms)

BONUS 23) PHYSICS Short Answer What is the efficiency of the body when a cyclist expends 1000 watts of power to deliver mechanical energy to the bicycle at a rate of 100 watts?

ANSWER: 10%

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer The coefficient of kinetic friction between a car's tires and a flat road is 0.8. The car is travelling at 40 meters per second when the driver slams on the brakes, causing the tires to lock. Assuming the acceleration due to gravity is 10 meters per second squared, how far will the car travel in meters after the driver hits the brakes?

ANSWER: 100

BONUS 17) PHYSICS Short Answer A wave with a frequency of 40 hertz has a wavelength of 2.5 meters. What is the phase velocity in meters per second?

ANSWER: 100

BONUS 19) PHYSICS Short Answer The coefficient of kinetic friction between a car's tires and a flat road is 0.8. The car is travelling at 40 meters per second when the driver slams on the brakes, causing the tires to lock. Assuming the acceleration due to gravity is 10 meters per second squared, how far will the car travel in meters after the driver hits the brakes?

ANSWER: 100

BONUS21) Physics - Short Answer The plunger of a water-filled hypodermic syringe is pushed in at a constant speed of 1 millimeter per second. If the diameter of the syringe's needle is one tenth that of the barrel, how fast, in millimeters per second, does water shoot out of the needle?

ANSWER: 100

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the ideal mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle, if the diameter of the wheel is 500 centimeters and the radius of the axle is 2.5 centimeters?

ANSWER: 100 (Solution: mechanical advantage, radius of wheel/radius of axle = 250 cm/2.5 cm = 100)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Once a rocket's fuel runs out, it coasts upwards for another 50 kilometers before falling back to Earth. Given g as 10 meters per second squared, what was the rocket's vertical velocity in meters per second the moment the fuel ran out?

ANSWER: 1000

(General Science) [bonus] Short Answer What is the decimal number 84 in binary?

ANSWER: 1010100 (must read as: one-zero-one-zero-one-zero-zero)

BONUS 9) PHYSICS Short Answer Forty-five joules of energy are added to a quantity of ideal gas, and the gas expands and does 34 joules of work. What is the change in internal energy of the gas, in joules?

ANSWER: 11

BONUS Physics - Short Answer What fraction of the speed of light must a person drive in order that incoming 450 terahertz red light would appear to be 540 terahertz green light?

ANSWER: 11/61

BONUS2) Physics - Short Answer A circular coil consisting of 100 loops has a cross-sectional area of 0.005 meters squared and a resistance of 3 ohms. If a time-varying magnetic field B is oriented parallel to the axis of the coil, what is the magnitude of the rate of change of B that induces a 2.0 ampere current along the wire?

ANSWER: 12

Short Answer What is the resulting electrical potential, in volts, when a charge of 12 coulombs is applied to a 1 farad capacitor?

ANSWER: 12

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer How many kilojoules of thermal energy, rounded to the first decimal place, must be lost from a 250-gram block of Teflon with a specific heat of 1 kilojoule per kilogram kelvin, to lower the block's temperature from 125º C to 75º C?

ANSWER: 12.5 (ACCEPT: -12.5) (Solution: (1000 J/kg.K)(0.25 Kg)(-50K) = -12,500 joules = -12.5 kJ)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer If a radio station broadcasts with a wavelength of 2.5 meters, what is the frequency of the radio station in megahertz, given the speed of light as 3 X 10⁸ meters per second?

ANSWER: 120

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A 2 kilogram ball experiences a force according to the relation 𝐹 = 6𝑡2, where F is the force in newtons and t is the time in seconds. Assuming that the ball started from rest, how fast in meters per second is the ball moving after experiencing this force for 5 seconds?

ANSWER: 125

[Bonus] Short Answer: Relative to the floor, what is the gravitational potential energy, in joules, of a 25-newton bag of beans on a shelf 5 meters above the floor?

ANSWER: 125 (Solution: PE = 25 N × 5 m = 125 J)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the minimum current in amperes a circuit breaker fuse must be able to handle in order to run a 1450 watt refrigerator hooked up to a 110 volt kitchen circuit, assuming fuses are only available in whole number increments?

ANSWER: 14

BONUS23) Physics - Short Answer A skateboarder is travelling down a quarter-circle curved ramp, where the whole circle has a perimeter of 20π meters. Ignoring the spinning of the skateboard's wheels, what is the skateboarder's speed, in meters per second and to the nearest whole number, at the bottom of the ramp?

ANSWER: 14

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Rounded to the nearest thousand, how many joules of work are done in pulling a wagon with a force of 2000 newtons over a horizontal surface of 10 meters, with a chain that makes a 45º angle with the surface?

ANSWER: 14,000

[bonus] Short Answer Rounded to the nearest thousand, how many joules of work are done in pulling a wagon with a force of 2000 newtons over a horizontal surface of 10 meters, with a chain that makes a 45º angle with the surface?

ANSWER: 14,000 (Solution: w = F × d × cos angle = 2000N × 10 m × 0.7071 = 14,142)

BONUS 1) PHYSICS Short Answer An emergency floodlight draws 1 ampere from its battery pack. How many coulombs will flow through the light in 4 hours?

ANSWER: 14,400

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer An emergency floodlight draws 1 ampere from its battery pack. How many coulombs will flow through the light in 4 hours?

ANSWER: 14,400

[BONUS] Short Answer: What is the current, in amperes, for a 3600-watt electric conveyor operating on a 240-volt power source?

ANSWER: 15 (Solution: current = watts/volts; 3600/240 = 15 amperes)

BONUS 18) PHYSICS Short Answer For an electric saw that draws 8 amps on a 120 volt line, what is the resistance of the saw?

ANSWER: 15 OHMS (Solution: I = V/R, R = V/I, R = 120/8 =15)

[bonus] Short Answer Michael, who has a mass of 100 kilograms, tries to ski jump with a velocity of 15 meters per second. What is Michael's momentum, in proper SI units, as he leaves the ski jump?

ANSWER: 1500 KILOGRAM METERS PER SECOND (Solution: momentum = mv = (100kg)(15 m/s) = 1500 kg.m/s)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A model truck with a mass of 1.0 kilogram is accelerated by an electric motor from rest to 0.8 meters per second in 20 milliseconds. What is the average power, in watts, delivered by the motor during this time?

ANSWER: 16

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the maximum number of 100-watt light bulbs that can run on a 110-volt residential circuit protected by a 15-amp fuse without blowing the fuse?

ANSWER: 16 (Solution: 100W/110 = 0.9 amps; 15 amp fuse/0.9 amp = 16.7 or 16 bulbs)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer If we could capture one second of the total energy output of the Sun, store it, and use it with just 20% efficiency, how long, in years and to two significant digits, would this energy last based upon current global energy consumption? Assume the current global energy consumed per year is about 500,000,000 terajoules and the current luminosity of the Sun is 4 x 10^26 watts.

ANSWER: 160,000

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A 2 kilogram object experiences a force with respect to time according to the relation F = 4t newtons from time t = 0 seconds to time t = 3 seconds. What is the impulse that the object experiences in kilogram meters per second during these three seconds?

ANSWER: 18

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the resistance, giving your answer in standard SI units, of an electric device operating on a 9-volt battery that requires 0.05 amps to run?

ANSWER: 180 OHMS (Solution: R = V/I = 9/0.05 = 180 ohms)

BONUS12) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following 3 statements that are true of magnetism: 1) When magnetic field lines are far apart, the field magnitude is large; 2) One tesla is equal to one newton per ampere-meter; 3) A straight segment of a conductor carrying current I in a uniform magnetic field B experiences a force F that is parallel to B.

ANSWER: 2

BONUS13) PHYSICS - Short Answer An 80 kilogram hockey player is skating towards the blue line at a speed of 4.5 meters/second. He briefly looks away and accidently collides with a 100 kilogram teammate head on who was standing in place. At what speed, in meters per second, do the two players slide across the ice if they get tangled up with each other after the collision?

ANSWER: 2

BONUS23) Physics - Short Answer A 2.5 Volt battery and a 1.5 Volt battery, each with an internal resistance of 1 Ohm, are connected in parallel such that their positive terminals are connected by a wire and their negative terminals are connected by a wire. What is the terminal voltage of the 1.5 Volt battery?

ANSWER: 2

PHYSICS Short Answer By words or numbers, identify all of the following 4 choices that MUST be true for 2 objects in thermal equilibrium: 1) they both must radiate no energy in any direction 2) they must be at the same temperature 3) they both must have the same thermal expansion coefficients 4) they must have the same internal energy

ANSWER: 2

PHYSICS Short Answer In order to play a low C followed by a high C, one octave up, on a violin string, the violinist must increase the frequency of the string by what factor?

ANSWER: 2

TOSS-UP21) Physics- Short Answer Identify all of the following three observations that implied that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation: 1) Michelson-Morley experiment; 2) Faraday effect; 3) Davisson-Germer experiment.

ANSWER: 2

TOSS-UP4) Physics - Short Answer A certain planet has four times the mass of Earth, but the acceleration due to gravity on the planet's surface is the same as that of Earth. What is the ratio of the planet's radius to the Earth's radius?

ANSWER: 2 (ACCEPT: 2:1)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Which of the following three choices has the longest period: 1) a pendulum [PEN-juh-luhm] on Earth with a cord length of 3 meters, 2) a pendulum on the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is roughly 1.6 meters per second squared, with a cord length of 1 meter, or 3) a pendulum on Jupiter, where acceleration due to gravity is 26 meters per second squared, with a cord length of 10 meters?

ANSWER: 2 (ACCEPT: PENDULUM ON THE MOON)

BONUS7) Physics - Short Answer A generator making alternating current has a peak voltage of 40 volts and a peak current of 2.5 amperes. To the nearest whole number, what are the root mean square quantities of the current and voltage?

ANSWER: 2 AMPERES, 28 VOLTS

BONUS21) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following 3 statements that are true of polarization: 1) The transmitted intensity of the electromagnetic wave is inversely proportional to the square of the electric field; 2) The Brewster angle is the angle of incidence at which the reflected ray is 100% polarized along a plane parallel to the reflecting surface; 3) If a substance can rotate the plane of polarization, it is said to be optically active.

ANSWER: 2 AND 3

TOSS-UP10) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following three statements that are true regarding electromagnetism: 1) Dipoles experience a net force in a uniform electric field; 2) At a distance infinity, dipoles are equivalent to a neutral particle; 3) Dipoles experience a net force in a nonuniform electric field.

ANSWER: 2 AND 3

PHYSICS Short Answer By what factor will the gravitational attraction between two masses be multiplied, if the distance between their centers of mass remains the same, but the mass of one doubles?

ANSWER: 2 TIMES (ACCEPT: 2 or DOUBLES)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Given h = 6.6 x 10^-34 joule seconds and providing your answer in scientific notation to one significant figure, what is the energy of a photon in joules with a wavelength of 0.1 micrometers?

ANSWER: 2 x 10^-18

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Given that the elementary charge is 1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs and providing your answer in scientific notation to one significant digit, how many excess electrons would be present in an object with a net negative charge of 2.5 coulombs?

ANSWER: 2 x 10^19

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer By number, identify all of the following four groups of physical quantities that have the same units: 1) electric flux, electric field, and electric dipole moment; 2) heat, potential energy, and work; 3) pressure, stress, and Young's modulus; 4) electromotive force, potential difference, and electric voltage.

ANSWER: 2, 3, AND 4

Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following 4 charge distributions in which the electric field magnitude is equal to zero at the given point: 1) Any point above an infinite sheet of charge with uniform charge per unit area; 2) Inside a cylinder, when the cylinder is infinitely conducting with a radius R and charge per unit length lambda; 3) A point which is a distance R from an infinite wire, with charge per unit length lambda; 4) A point inside a conducting sphere of radius R, with charge q on the surface.

ANSWER: 2, 4

TOSS-UP23) Physics- Short Answer Identify all of the following 4 charge distributions in which the electric field magnitude is equal to zero at the given point: 1) Any point above an infinite sheet of charge with uniform charge per unit area; 2) Inside a cylinder, when the cylinder is infinitely conducting with a radius R and charge per unit length lambda; 3) A point which is a distance R from an infinite wire, with charge per unit length lambda; 4) A point inside a conducting sphere of radius R, with charge q on the surface.

ANSWER: 2, 4

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer You are in a spaceship and you bounce a ball off of a wall and catch it. The time between the instant you throw the ball and when it returns is 1.5 seconds. Another spaceship is travelling at a speed 4/5 the speed of light relative to your ship. From the frame of reference of the other ship, providing your answer to the nearest tenth, how long does it take in seconds for you to throw and catch the ball?

ANSWER: 2.5

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A rod of length 1 meter and mass 2 kilograms is pivoted perpendicularly to its length and through its center of mass. If two point masses, each with a mass of 1 kilogram, are attached to each end of the rod, what is the total moment of inertia in kilogram meters squared of this collection of objects?

ANSWER: 2/3

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A capacitor has a very large capacitance of 10 farads and is charged by placing a potential difference of 2 volts between its plates. How much energy in joules is stored in the capacitor?

ANSWER: 20

BONUS17) Physics - Short Answer An Olympic diver with mass 60 kilograms dives off of a 5 meter board and has a kinetic energy of 12,000 joules just prior to hitting the pool. What is the speed in meters per second of the diver entering the water?

ANSWER: 20

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the angular velocity, in radians per second, of a wheel with a radius of 250 centimeters and a surface velocity of 50 meters per second?

ANSWER: 20 (Solution: Τ = v/r = 50m/s/2.5m = 20 rad/s)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What current, in amperes, is carried in a lightning stroke that lasts 0.5 seconds and transfers 100 coulombs of charge?

ANSWER: 200

[bonus] Short Answer How many turns are in the secondary coil of a transformer that has a primary coil with 20,000 turns and is designed to step down 12,000 volts AC to 120 volts AC?

ANSWER: 200 (Solution: 12,000/120 = 20,000/x; x = 200)

Short Answer Giving your answer in hertz, what is the lowest frequency possible for a string that is 90-centimeters long and whose wave speed is 360 meters per second?

ANSWER: 200 (Solution: f = v/ λ; = 360/1.8m = 200)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Rounded to the nearest hundred joules, how much work is done in pulling a sled across a pond for 3 meters with 100 newtons of force, with a rope that makes a 45º angle with the pond?

ANSWER: 200 (Solution: w = F × d × cos angle = 100N × 3 m × 0.7071 = 212.13)

[bonus] Short Answer A 300-newton box is placed on an inclined plane that makes a 45º angle with the horizontal. Find the component of the box's weight parallel to the plane's surface, in newtons to the nearest whole number:

ANSWER: 212 (ACCEPT: 213) (Solution: F = (300N)sin 45º = 300N × 0.707 = 212.1N)

TOSS-UP2) Physics - Short Answer What is the equivalent capacitance in microfarads of four capacitors C1= 3 microfarads, C2= 5 microfarads, C3= 6 microfarads, and C4= 8 microfarads that are connected in parallel?

ANSWER: 22

[Bonus] Short Answer: If a 5,000-pound elephant is on one end of a plank at a distance of 5 feet from the pivot point and a 200-pound man is on the other end at a distance of 15 feet from the pivot, what will the available torque be, in foot-pounds, at the pivot while the plank is in motion?

ANSWER: 22,000 (Solution: (5000 lbs × 5ft) - (200 lbs × 15 ft) = 25,000 - 3000 = 22,000 ft lbs)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Rounding g to the first decimal place, how many newtons are required to keep a 120-kilogram sled moving at a constant velocity across a pond if there is a frictional coefficient of 0.20 between the sled and the pond's surface? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.

ANSWER: 235 (Solution: 0.2 × 120 kg × 9.8m/s^2 = 235.2 N)

BONUS8) Physics - Short Answer A 2 kilogram box is sliding across a frictionless surface at 4 meters per second to the north. A 6 newton force directed to the south acts on the box for 2 seconds. What is the final speed, in meters per second, and direction of the box?

ANSWER: 2; SOUTH

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A projectile is launched with a speed of 10 meters per second from the top of a 30 meter tall cliff at an angle of 30° above the horizontal. Assuming that g is 10 meters per second squared, how many seconds after launch will it take this particle to strike the ground at the bottom of the cliff?

ANSWER: 3

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer An object with a moment of inertia of 2 kilogram meters squared about its axis of rotation makes 6 revolutions per minute. A second stationary object is now gently placed on the first so that the combined moment of inertia about the spin axis is 4 kilogram meters squared. What is the spin rate in revolutions per minute of the composite object?

ANSWER: 3

Short Answer What is the underwater pressure in atmospheres in a fresh water lake at a depth of 20 meters?

ANSWER: 3

[bonus] Short Answer The cosmic background radiation discovered by Penzias and Wilson closely matches the radiation from a black body with what temperature Kelvin, to the nearest whole number?

ANSWER: 3

[BONUS] Short Answer: Tim hears water dripping from a faucet while trying to take a nap. If he counts 20 drops in one minute, what is the period of the drops, in seconds?

ANSWER: 3 (Solution: t = 60s/20drops = 3 sec)

[Bonus] Short Answer: If Jim expends 200 watts of power to vertically lift a 200-newton rock 3 meters high, how many seconds did it take him to lift the boulder?

ANSWER: 3 (Solution: power = work/time = force × distance/s 200W = 200N × 3/x; x = 3s)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer By words or numbers, name all of the following 4 choices that are TRUE for an object moving at a constant speed: 1) it must have a constant velocity 2) it must be constantly moving in the same direction 3) it can be accelerating 4) it must have a constant weight

ANSWER: 3) IT CAN BE ACCELERATING

[BONUS] Short Answer: What is the specific gravity, to the first decimal place, of a cubic foot of metal that has a density of 188 pounds per cubic foot if water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot?

ANSWER: 3.0 (Solution: 188/62.4 = 3.01)

BONUS 21) PHYSICS Short Answer A rock is tied to the end of a 1 meter long string and spun in a vertical circle. Providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest hundredth, what is the minimum speed in meters per second it can travel and just get around the top, given acceleration due to gravity as 10 meters per second squared?

ANSWER: 3.16

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Given c as 3 X 10⁸ meters per second, what is the wavelength in meters to the nearest tenth of a radio wave with a frequency of 94.7 megahertz?

ANSWER: 3.2

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A child is playing on a straight metal slide which is at 45° to the level ground. The child slides down the slide in twice the time it would take if the slide was completely frictionless. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction of the slide?

ANSWER: 3/4 (ACCEPT: 0.75)

PHYSICS Short Answer Two electromagnetic waves are incident upon a gerbil. They are identical and coherent except for a phase difference of 60 degrees. If the intensity of each wave in isolation is 10 watts per meter squared, what is the intensity of light in watts per square meter experienced by the gerbil?

ANSWER: 30

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A 600-newton worker is standing 1.00 meters from the left end of a 200-newton scaffold that is 3.00 meters long and supported by cables at each end. What is the tension in newtons in the right-hand cable?

ANSWER: 300

PHYSICS Short Answer A worker pushes a crate across the floor with a force of 50 newtons for a distance of 10 meters. If a frictional force of 20 newtons acts on the crate, what is the net work, in joules, done on the crate?

ANSWER: 300

PHYSICS Short Answer A current of 4 milliamperes flows when a resistor is connected across a 12-volt battery. What is the resistance of this resistor in ohms?

ANSWER: 3000

BONUS 15) PHYSICS Short Answer In one cycle, a heat engine exhausts 3000 joules of heat while performing 1500 joules of work. What is its percentage of efficiency to the tenths place?

ANSWER: 33.3%

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Given that the speed of sound at 0ºC at sea level in dry air is 331 meters per second, what is the speed of sound through dry air at sea level, giving your answer in proper SI units rounded to the nearest whole number, if the temperature of the air is 12°C?

ANSWER: 338 METERS PER SECOND (must give units) (Solution: 0.6 × 12 + 331 = 338.2 m/s)

BONUS6) Physics - Short Answer Four 3-o hm resistors are connected to a 9-v olt battery. Three of the resistors are connected in series, while the fourth is connected parallel to the other three. How many cumulative watts of power are dissipated by the four resistors at a given instant?

ANSWER: 36

PHYSICS Short Answer A ball is dropped from rest at a height of 60 meters above the ground. If the potential energy is zero at the ground, then at what height in meters is the potential energy 60% of its initial potential energy?

ANSWER: 36

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer How many joules of energy are used by an electrical appliance operating on 8 amps of current flowing through a 20-ohm resistance circuit for 5 minutes?

ANSWER: 384,000 (Solution: E = I²R × T = (8A)² × 20 ohms × 300 s = 384,000 joules)

BONUS 16) PHYSICS Short Answer If a spaceship moving at relativistic speed v appears to be shortened to 4/5 its original length, what is its speed as a fraction of the speed of light, c, in lowest terms?

ANSWER: 3c/5 OR (3/5)c

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer An 80 kilogram person dives horizontally off a 100 kilogram rowboat. If the diver's speed after leaving the rowboat is 5 meters per second, what is the speed in meters per second of the rowboat?

ANSWER: 4

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer When connected to a 5-volt battery, how many 5 microfarad capacitors must be connected in parallel in order to store a charge of 100 microcoulombs?

ANSWER: 4

BONUS 9) PHYSICS Short Answer An ideal gas is enclosed within a container with a movable piston as the lid. The gas is initially at a pressure of 3 atmospheres and occupies a volume of 2 liters. The piston is lowered so that the gas now occupies 1.5 liters at a pressure of P. If the process was carried out slowly, maintaining constant temperature in contact with a suitable reservoir, what is P in atmospheres?

ANSWER: 4

PHYSICS Short Answer Using 9.8 meters per second squared for g and providing your answer to the nearest kilojoule, what is the gravitational potential energy of a 33 kilogram cart halfway down a 25-meter high slope that is 60 meters long?

ANSWER: 4

Short Answer How many 20-ohm resistors connected in parallel will produce 5 ohms of equivalent resistance?

ANSWER: 4

Short Answer: At normal operating speed for a motor vehicle, how many times as much kinetic energy does a car have if its velocity is doubled?

ANSWER: 4 TIMES

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Consider a satellite that is a uniform sphere rotating about its axis. What is its moment of inertia, giving your answer in scientific notation and in kilogram meters squared, if it has a mass of 10,000 kilograms and a diameter of 200 meters?

ANSWER: 4 × 10⁷ (Solution: I = (2/5)(10,000 Kg)(100m)² = 40,000,000 kg.m² )

TOSS-UP7) Physics- Short Answer Rank the masses of the following 4 particles in increasing order: 1) alpha particle; 2) proton; 3) neutron; 4) electron.

ANSWER: 4, 2, 3, 1

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A solid conducting sphere with a radius of 5 centimeters has a charge of 5 microcoulombs. Given Coulomb's constant as 9.0 × 10⁹ newton meters squared per coulomb squared, what is the magnitude of the electric field in newtons per coulomb at a distance of 5 centimeters from the surface of the sphere?

ANSWER: 4,500,000

BONUS1) Physics - Short Answer A battery produces an electrical current of 100 milliamps when connected to a circuit with a resistance of 60 Ohms. The battery is then connected to a 250 millifarad capacitor. How many joules of energy are stored by the capacitor?

ANSWER: 4.5

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Rounded to the first decimal place, how many kilowatt-hours of energy are used if 10 amps flows for one day though a circuit with a resistance of 2 ohms?

ANSWER: 4.8 (Solution: E = Wt = (10A)2 × 2 ohms × 24 hr = 4.8 kilowatt-hours)

[bonus] Short Answer Giving your answer in proper scientific notation to the first decimal place, how many joules of work are required to move a charge of +60 microcoulombs through a potential difference of 8 volts?

ANSWER: 4.8 × 10⁻⁴ (Solution: (60 × 10⁻⁶ )(8.0 J/C) = 4.8 × 10⁻⁴ J)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer If the intensity of a sound is 10,000 times as loud as another sound, by how many decibels do the two sounds differ?

ANSWER: 40

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Consider a planet where g equals 5.0 meters per second squared. Ignoring friction, if an object started from rest, how far would it fall vertically off a cliff in 4.0 seconds, giving your answer in standard SI units?

ANSWER: 40 METERS (must give units) (Solution: d = ½ × at² = ½ × 5× 4² = 40 meters)

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the efficiency of a Carnot heat engine in which 500 joules of heat enters from the hot reservoir and 300 joules exits into the cold reservoir?

ANSWER: 40%

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the efficiency of an ideal Carnot engine operating between temperature reservoirs of 27º Celsius and 227º Celsius?

ANSWER: 40%

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer If 200 coulombs pass through a wire in 0.5 seconds, what is the average current, in amps, passing through the wire?

ANSWER: 400

[Bonus] Short Answer If g = 9.8 meters per second squared, to the first decimal place and in newtons, how many newtons of force are required to keep a 500 kilogram slab of granite moving across a horizontal surface at constant speed if there is a kinetic frictional coefficient of 0.10 between the surface and the slab?

ANSWER: 490 (Solution: 0.1 × 500kg × 9.8m/s2 = 490N)

BONUS13) Physics - Short AnswerAn ideal refrigerator absorbs heat at -23° Celsius and exhausts it at 27° Celsius. Find its coefficient of performance to the nearest integer.

ANSWER: 5

BONUS7) Physics - Short Answer A 6 kilogram box slides from rest down a frictionless ramp with an incline of 30 degrees. If the box descends a vertical height 1.20 meters to reach the bottom, to the nearest meter per second, what is the speed of the box at the bottom of the ramp?

ANSWER: 5

PHYSICS Short Answer A 2 kilogram box is pushed starting from rest along a horizontal surface with a force of 10 newtons. If the frictional force is 4 newtons, how long in seconds will it take the box to reach a speed of 15 meters per second?

ANSWER: 5

Short Answer: What is the mass, in kilograms, of a 5-kilogram rock on a planet with a gravitational acceleration one-half that of the Earth's?

ANSWER: 5

BONUS 8) Physics - Short Answer A figure skater is holding his hands outstretched as he spins at 180 rotations per minute. If his hands are 180 centimeters apart, what is the speed in meters per second of his hands in terms ofπ?

ANSWER: 5.4π (ACCEPT: 27/5π)

Short Answer What is the acceleration, in meters per second squared, of a 10-kilogram snow sled that is on a frictionless horizontal surface if a horizontal force of 500 newtons is applied to it?

ANSWER: 50 (Solution: A = F/M; A = 500/10; A = 50 m/sec² )

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Debbie pushes a 10-kilogram box of books with a horizontal force of 500 newtons. What is the acceleration of the box, giving your answer in standard SI units, if friction is neglected?

ANSWER: 50 METERS PER SECOND SQUARED (ACCEPT: 50 METERS PER SECOND PER SECOND) (Solution: A = F/M; A = 500/10; A = 50m/sec^2 )

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Relative to the ground, how many joules of potential energy does a 1000 newton boulder have at the top of a 5 meter ledge, relative to the bottom of the ledge and given g as 10 meters per second squared?

ANSWER: 5000

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Assuming that the speed of sound in air is 343 meters per second and providing your answer to the nearest integer, what is the fundamental frequency in hertz produced by a pipe with a length of 3 meters that is open at both ends?

ANSWER: 57

[bonus] Short Answer It is now January and there is snow! The coefficient of friction is now 0.10. If a person weighing 500 newtons sits on the 80-newton sled, what horizontal force, in newtons, is needed to pull the sled across the snow at constant speed?

ANSWER: 58 (Solution: at constant speed applied force = friction force. Ff = µFN = (0.10)(80N + 500N) = 58N)

BONUS 9) PHYSICS Short Answer Given acceleration due to gravity as 9.8 meters per second squared, how much horizontal force, to the nearest newton, is required to keep a 30 kilogram block moving at constant speed across a horizontal surface, with a frictional coefficient of 0.20 between the floor and the block?

ANSWER: 59

PHYSICS Short Answer You are traveling down a level highway in your car with mass 1000 kilograms at 30 meters per second when you see a deer and hit the brakes. How much time, in seconds, would it take to stop fully if the applied braking force is 5000 newtons?

ANSWER: 6

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer If the speed of sound in a certain medium is 360 meters per second, what is the wavelength, in meters, of a sound-wave that has a frequency of 60 hertz?

ANSWER: 6 (Solution: wavelength = speed/f; = 360/60 = 6 meters)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Charged particles in a uniform magnetic field will undergo circular motion with a period of T = 2πm/(qB). The magnetic field of the Earth is roughly 10^-4 tesla, assuming it is uniform. Given the mass of a proton to be 1.6 x 10^-27 kilograms and its electric charge to be 1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs, providing your answer in scientific notation to one significant figure, what period in seconds would you measure for a proton?

ANSWER: 6 x 10^-4

[bonus] Short Answer Green light has a wavelength of 500 nanometers. What is its associated frequency, in hertz?

ANSWER: 6 × 10¹⁴

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Assuming the universal gravitational constant is 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ newton-meters squared per kilogram squared, what is the gravitational attraction, in newtons, between two, 10-kilogram perfectly uniform spheres separated by a center-to-center distance of 10 meters?

ANSWER: 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ (Solution: F = [(6.67 × 10⁻¹¹)(10)(10)]/10² = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ NEWTONS)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A container contains 3 moles of helium. The volume remains constant after 2 moles of gas are added and the temperature is halved. Providing your answer as a fraction, what is the ratio of the initial gas pressure to the final gas pressure?

ANSWER: 6/5

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A typical incandescent light bulb wastes 90% of its power as heat. Ignoring the contribution of the walls and any furniture, if you left a 100 watt incandescent bulb on in a 5 by 5 by 5 meter room for 100,000 seconds, how much would the temperature of the air in the room increase, in degrees Celsius? Assume, for simplicity, that the room is a closed thermodynamic system, the heat capacity of air is 1 joule per gram per degree, and the mass density of air in the room is 1.2 kilograms per cubic meter.

ANSWER: 60

BONUS12) Physics - Short Answer On a large violin with strings that have a length of 0.5 meters between fixed points, a string has a linear mass density of 40 grams per meter and a fundamental frequency of 20 hertz. Calculate the frequency, in hertz, and wavelength, in centimeters rounded to the nearest integer, of the second overtone.

ANSWER: 60 (FREQUENCY), 33 (WAVELENGTH)

BONUS 3) PHYSICS Short Answer A 9 volt battery is composed of six 1.5 volt cells, which are connected in series. Each cell has an internal resistance of 0.2 ohms. Providing your answer to the nearest tenth, what is the maximum current in amperes that can be obtained from such a battery?

ANSWER: 7.5

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A 10 ohm resistor, a 20 ohm resistor, and a 30 ohm resistor are connected in series to a 12 volt battery. How much energy in joules is dissipated in heat through the 30 ohm resistor in 60 seconds?

ANSWER: 72

BONUS 25) PHYSICS Short Answer A 10 ohm resistor, a 20 ohm resistor, and a 30 ohm resistor are connected in series to a 12 volt battery. How much energy in joules is dissipated in heat through the 30 ohm resistor in 60 seconds?

ANSWER: 72

PHYSICS Short Answer Sue and Ben are 5 and 10 meters, respectively, away from a balloon when it pops loudly. Sue's sound pressure meter recorded a level of 80 decibels. What did Ben's identical meter record in decibels to the nearest decibel?

ANSWER: 74

TOSS-UP8) Physics - Short Answer What is the resistance, in ohms, of a resistor that has a 20 milliampere current when connected across the terminals of a 1.5 volt battery?

ANSWER: 75

[BONUS] Short Answer: How many kilometers will a mosquito travel in 9.5 hours if it moves in a straight path with an average speed of 8 kilometers per hour?

ANSWER: 76 (Solution: 8km/h × 9.5 h = 76 km)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Using g rounded to the first decimal place, how much does an 80-kilogram person weigh on Earth, giving your answer in proper SI units?

ANSWER: 784 NEWTONS (must give units)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Two satellites are orbiting in circular orbits of radii r1 and r2 around ya planet, where r1 = 4r2. What is the ratio of their periods of revolutions T1/T2?

ANSWER: 8

[bonus] Short Answer What is the resonant frequency, in hertz to the nearest whole number, of a three-component series circuit that has a 2 henry inductor, a 2 microfarad capacitor, and a 2 ohm resister?

ANSWER: 80

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A rocket sled can accelerate to 40 meters per second in 0.05 seconds. What force, in newtons, would a 100 kilogram test dummy on the rocket sled experience from this motion?

ANSWER: 80,000

[bonus] Short Answer Assuming g = 10 meters per second squared, how many total newtons of thrust are needed to accelerate a 5,000-kilogram rocket vertically at 6 meters per second squared?

ANSWER: 80,000 (Solution: F = ma = (5000 × 6) = 30,000N + w = mg = 5000 × 10 = 50,000N; 30,000N + 50,000N = 80,000N)

PHYSICS Short Answer The sound level of a normal conversation is measured at 65 decibels. If the intensity of the sound waves in the conversation was multiplied by a factor of 100 as people began to yell, what would the new sound level measure in decibels?

ANSWER: 85

PHYSICS Short Answer The pressure of an ideal gas is kept constant while the volume of the gas is increased from 2 cubic meters to 6 cubic meters. If the initial temperature is 17° Celsius, find the final temperature in Kelvin to the nearest integer.

ANSWER: 870

TOSS-UP 6) Physics - Short Answer How much energy, in joules, does a circuit containing a 1.5 volt battery and a 2 ohm resistor dissipate over 8 seconds?

ANSWER: 9

PHYSICS Short Answer If a satellite moving in a circular orbit is raised to another circular orbit 3-times as far from the Earth's center and where the kinetic energy of the satellite is 3-times less, by what factor does the centripetal force on the satellite decrease?

ANSWER: 9 (Solution: F = mv^2 /R, numerator times 1/3, denominator times 3; or use Newton's law of universal gravitation, F proportional to 1/R^2)

BONUS 1) PHYSICS Short Answer What is the centripetal force, in Newtons, that is required to cause a 10 kilogram body to move at 3 meters per second in uniform circular motion with a radius of 10 meters

ANSWER: 9 NEWTONS (Solution: CF = m v 2 / r = 10 x 32 / 10 = 9 )

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A parallel plate capacitor has an area of 2 square meters and plate separation of 1 millimeter. If the electric field between the plates is 10 volts per meter, and given 9 x 10^-12 coulombs squared over newtons meter squared as ε0 [epsilon naught], providing your answer in scientific notation with one significant figure, what is the energy in joules stored by the capacitor?

ANSWER: 9 x 10^-13

[bonus] Short Answer The specific heat of a certain metal is 0.750 joules per gram kelvin. How much heat, in joules to the nearest whole number, will it take to increase the temperature of 0.50 kilograms of the metal from 25ºC to 50ºC?

ANSWER: 9,375 (Solution: ΔH = (0.75 J/g·K)(500g)(25K) = 9,375J)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A projectile is fired from a gun at an angle of 45° with respect to the horizontal. Given 9.8 meters per second squared as the acceleration due to gravity, and neglecting air resistance, what are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the projectile when it reaches its maximum height?

ANSWER: 9.8 METERS PER SECOND SQUARED, DOWNWARD (ACCEPT: -9.8 METERS PER SECOND SQUARED)

PHYSICS Short Answer When an object with a volume of 10 cubic meters is completely submerged in water, given that acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 meters per second squared, what is the buoyant force on the object in newtons if the density of water is 1000 kilograms per cubic meter?

ANSWER: 98,000

PHYSICS Short Answer A bicycle wheel undergoes constant angular acceleration for time t. Identify all of the following three choices at which the average acceleration equals the instantaneous acceleration: 1) 0.5t, 2) 0.67t, 3) 0.707t.

ANSWER: ALL (ACCEPT 1, 2, 3)

BONUS 21) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following four statements that are true of the Standard Model of particle physics: 1) Color confinement results in quarks being perpetually bound to one another; 2) Leptons can be considered fermions; 3) Quarks have ½ spin; 4) Pions and kaons are classified as mesons.

ANSWER: ALL OF THEM

BONUS20) Physics - Short Answer A loop conductor lies partially in a magnetic field. Identify all of the following three changes to this system with a conductor and a magnetic field that would produce a change in the magnetic flux of the system: 1) Increase the strength of the magnetic field; 2) Rotate the conductor, changing the angle between it and the magnetic field; 3) Increase the area of the conductor that is in the field.

ANSWER: ALL OF THEM

TOSS-UP10) Physics - Short Answer A neutron, an electron, a proton, and an alpha particle are all traveling at the same speed. Which of these particles has the shortest de Broglie wavelength?

ANSWER: ALPHA PARTICLE

TOSS-UP23) Physics- Short Answer What particles did Rutherford fire at gold foil in order to discover the nuclear model of the atom?

ANSWER: ALPHA PARTICLES

TOSS UP-Short Answer ;What is the unit for electric current equal to 1 coulomb per second?

ANSWER: AMPERE (ACCEPT: AMP)

PHYSICS Short Answer What property of a sound wave is most commonly associated with loudness?

ANSWER: AMPLITUDE

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer In neutron decay, a neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and what else?

ANSWER: AN ELECTRON ANTI-NEUTRINO (DO NOT ACCEPT: NEUTRINO, ELECTRON NEUTRINO, OR ANTI-NEUTRINO)

PHYSICS Short Answer Which Greek scientist discovered that, when an object is immersed in a fluid, there is a buoyant force acting upward on the object equal to the weight of the displaced fluid?

ANSWER: ARCHIMEDES

TOSS-UP 10) PHYSICS Short Answer What is the most common term for a change in velocity divided by the time it takes to make the change?

ANSWER: AVERAGE ACCELERATION

PHYSICS Short Answer By name or number, which of the following three choices are possible constituents of cold dark matter: 1) axions, 2) photinos, 3) quark nuggets?

ANSWER: AXIONS, PHOTINOS, AND QUARK NUGGETS (ACCEPT: 1, 2, AND 3 OR ALL)

Physics - Short Answer What equation explains why the pressure in a pipe decreases as the velocity of the fluid flowing through it increases?

ANSWER: BERNOULLI'S EQUATION

TOSS-UP17) Physics- Short Answer What is the law that describes the relationship between the magnetic field contribution and its source current element?

ANSWER: BIOT-SAVART LAW

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the electric charge and mass of the carrier particle for the electromagnetic force?

ANSWER: BOTH ARE ZERO

TOSS-UP12) Physics - Short Answer What law of physics can be used to calculate the coherent and incoherent scattering angles in an x-ray crystallography experiment?

ANSWER: BRAGG'S LAW

TOSS-UP10) Physics - Short Answer What type of radiation, also known as braking radiation, is emitted whenever a charged particle is deflected by another charged particle?

ANSWER: BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION

PHYSICS Short Answer What was the electrolyte used in the first voltaic piles built by Volta?

ANSWER: BRINE (ACCEPT: SALT WATER)

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the MOST common name for the electrical device often made of two parallel conducting plates separated by a paper insulator all rolled into a cylinder to function in storing electrical energy?

ANSWER: CAPACITOR

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer In electrochemical cells, what is the most common term for the electrode that acts as the negative electrode?

ANSWER: CATHODE

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the MOST common term for the inwardly directed force exerted on an object to keep the object moving in a circle?

ANSWER: CENTRIPETAL (ACCEPT: CENTRIPETAL FORCE)

BONUS 23) PHYSICS Short Answer When a charged particle moves in a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in that medium, what kind of radiation do the atoms in the medium emit?

ANSWER: CHERENKOV

TOSS-UP7) Physics- Short Answer If a particle's position is defined by the functions x = cos (t) and y = sin (t), what conic section describes the overall shape of the particle's path?

ANSWER: CIRCLE

BONUS1) Physics - Short Answer A charged particle is moving in the x-direction when a uniform magnetic field is applied in the y-direction. What shape will the path traced out by the particle's motion be?

ANSWER: CIRCLE (DO NOT ACCEPT: HELICAL)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the name of the instrument invented by Charles Wilson and used in the early 1900's in many experiments to show the tracks of charged particles passing through a chamber?

ANSWER: CLOUD CHAMBER (ACCEPT: WILSON CLOUD CHAMBER)

PHYSICS Short Answer In triboelectric charging, when one object loses electrons, the object that accepts the charges acquires the same number of charges that the other object has lost. What law most directly governs this equal exchange?

ANSWER: CONSERVATION OF CHARGE

TOSS-UP23) Physics- Short Answer What interpretation of quantum mechanics states that quantum mechanics does not provide objective descriptions, but instead probabilities of observing specific quantum phenomena?

ANSWER: COPENHAGEN INTERPRETATION

BONUS Physics - Short Answer Studies of neutral kaon oscillations resulted in the discovery of what symmetry violation in particle physics?

ANSWER: CP VIOLATION

TOSS-UP13) Physics- Short Answer What type of early particle accelerator, invented in the 1930s, consists of an evacuated chamber inside of a uniform magnetic field in which particles orbit circularly in and out of D-shaped conductors?

ANSWER: CYCLOTRON

TOSS-UP18) Physics - Short Answer What is the name of the force that accounts for the deflection of a moving object due to the Earth's rotation?

ANSWER: Coriolis

BONUS8) Physics - Short Answer What substance, first postulated by Fritz Zwicky, is thought to be responsible for aberrations between theorized and observed orbital velocities of galaxies?

ANSWER: DARK MATTER

BONUS10) Physics - Short Answer What is the name of the experiment conducted in the early 1900's, in which electrons were directed at a crystal and then scattered by it, leading to the determination of the wavelength, which agreed with the de Broglie formula?

ANSWER: DAVISSON GERMER EXPERIMENT

BONUS Physics - Short Answer When a superconductor is exhibiting the Meissner effect, it is said to perfectly exhibit what property?

ANSWER: DIAMAGNETISM

BONUS23) Physics - Short Answer When a superconductor is exhibiting the Meissner effect, it is said to perfectly exhibit what property?

ANSWER: DIAMAGNETISM

BONUS 15) PHYSICS Short Answer Coulomb's law states that an electric force between two charges is inversely proportional to the square of what quantity?

ANSWER: DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM (ACCEPT: THEIR SEPARATION, RADIAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM)

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the general term for the process of making different types of semiconductors by adding slight amounts of impurities into the silicon matrix?

ANSWER: DOPING

TOSS-UP10) Physics - Short Answer For a Ferris wheel that rotates clockwise, what are the directions of the centripetal acceleration and the linear velocity of a cart at the top of the Ferris wheel?

ANSWER: DOWN AND RIGHT

BONUS17) Physics - Short Answer The daylight color of the sky is most directly caused by which type of scattering?

ANSWER: ELASTIC (ACCEPT: RAYLEIGH)

PHYSICS Short Answer Which of the 4 basic forces of the universe is most directly related to the ability of various metals to be hammered and formed into various shapes?

ANSWER: ELECTROMAGNETIC (FORCE)

PHYSICS Short Answer What particle of an atom is most directly responsible for the emission of light when an atom is excited by electromagnetic radiation?

ANSWER: ELECTRON

PHYSICS Short Answer What type of antineutrino [an-tee-noo-TREE-noh] is produced in beta decay?

ANSWER: ELECTRON ANTINEUTRINO

TOSS-UP19) Physics- Short Answer What subatomic particle was discovered by J.J. Thomson in a series of experiments involving cathode rays?

ANSWER: Electrons

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the SI unit of capacitance equal to one coulomb per volt?

ANSWER: FARAD

BONUS10) Physics - Short Answer The reason you are safe in your car during a lightning storm is because the body of the car forms an enclosure that blocks external electric fields. What is the name used to describe this type of enclosure?

ANSWER: FARADAY CAGE (DO NOT ACCEPT: SHIELDING)

PHYSICS Short Answer What constant is given as the amount of electric charge per mole of electrons?

ANSWER: FARADAY CONSTANT (ACCEPT: FARADAY)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the most common name for the Law or principal dictating that the amount of a substance that is released or deposited from an electrode is directly proportional to the amount of electric current passing through the circuit?

ANSWER: FARADAY'S FIRST LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS (ACCEPT: FARADAY'S FIRST LAW or FARADAY'S LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What are the SI units for permittivity?

ANSWER: FARADS PER METER

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What are the SI units for permittivity?

ANSWER: FARADS PER METER

(General Science) Short Answer: What technology used to transmit digital information specifically takes advantage of the property of light called total internal reflection?

ANSWER: FIBER OPTICS

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What are the frequencies of the first and second overtones, respectively, for a string vibrating at a fundamental frequency of 440 hertz?

ANSWER: FIRST = 880; SECOND = 1320

PHYSICS Short Answer Although in many respects difficult to define, what term is MOST often described as a push or a pull that can cause an object to accelerate?

ANSWER: FORCE

TOSS-UP 13) Physics - Short Answer The equations x-prime = x - vt and t-prime = t represent what mathematical conversion, used between two reference frames traveling at speeds much less than the speed of light?

ANSWER: GALILEAN TRANSFORMATION

Physics - Short Answer What law of electromagnetism states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the total electric charge inside the surface divided by the permittivity of free space?

ANSWER: GAUSS'S LAW (ACCEPT: GAUSS'S)

Physics - Short Answer The precession of Mercury's orbit, which cannot be explained via a classical approach, is explained by what theory or principle?

ANSWER: GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY (ACCEPT: GENERAL RELATIVITY)

TOSS-UP13) Physics- Short Answer The precession of Mercury's orbit, which cannot be explained via a classical approach, is explained by what theory or principle?

ANSWER: GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY (ACCEPT: GENERAL RELATIVITY)

PHYSICS Short Answer What subatomic particle is considered the messenger of the strong force?

ANSWER: GLUON

PHYSICS Short Answer What type of particle mediates the strong nuclear force?

ANSWER: GLUON

PHYSICS Short Answer The two leaves of an electroscope repel each other and stand out at an angle. What force balances the electrical force so the leaves don't stand out farther?

ANSWER: GRAVITY

PHYSICS Short Answer A white-colored object illuminated by a green light will appear as what color to the human eye?

ANSWER: GREEN

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the SI unit of inductance?

ANSWER: HENRY

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the most common name for the field, which is believed to act somewhat like a fluid that fills space and endows quarks with mass?

ANSWER: HIGGS FIELD (ACCEPT: HIGGS)

TOSS-UP17) Physics- Short Answer The statement that all points on a wave front will serve as point sources for secondary waves is based on what principle or theory?

ANSWER: HUYGENS' PRINCIPLE (ACCEPT: HUYGENS-FRESNEL)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Order the following 3 isotopes from the one with the LOWEST nuclear binding energy to the HIGHEST: iron-58; hydrogen-2; oxygen-16

ANSWER: HYDROGEN-2; OXYGEN-16; IRON-58

TOSS-UP 2) PHYSICS Short Answer What is the common name for the instrument consisting of a weighted glass tube or bulb which, when floated in a liquid, indicates the liquid's relative density?

ANSWER: HYDROMETER

Short Answer The lens-maker's equation relates the focal length of a glass lens to the radii of curvature of the lens's two surfaces and what other property of the lens?

ANSWER: INDEX OF REFRACTION (ACCEPT: REFRACTIVE INDEX)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the BEST term for the tendency of any mass at rest to remain at rest?

ANSWER: INERTIA

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the most common term used to describe the velocity of an object at any one discrete moment along its path?

ANSWER: INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the most common name for the pattern of light and dark lines produced when coherent light is passed through two horizontal slits in a thin opaque sheet, causing superposition of waves projected on a wall?

ANSWER: INTERFERENCE PATTERN (ACCEPT: INTERFERENCE)

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the mathematical relationship between the period of a wave and the frequency of a wave?

ANSWER: INVERSE (ACCEPT: INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL)

PHYSICS Short Answer By name or number, identify how antimatter interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter: 1) it is attracted, 2) it is repelled, or 3) there is no interaction.

ANSWER: IT IS ATTRACTED (ACCEPT: 1)

BONUS6) Physics - Short Answer What type of circuit, containing both an inductor and capacitor, is characterized by oscillating current and charge?

ANSWER: LC CIRCUIT (ACCEPT: RESONANT CIRCUIT, TUNED CIRCUIT, TANK CIRCUIT)

PHYSICS Short Answer In the radioactive decay scheme of uranium, what is the final stable element produced?

ANSWER: LEAD

TOSS-UP20) Physics - Short Answer Name the phenomenon in which a liquid, in near contact with a mass significantly hotter than the liquid's boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer keeping that liquid from boiling rapidly?

ANSWER: LEIDENFROST EFFECT

TOSS-UP1) Physics- Short Answer According to the Standard Model of Particle Physics, what group of particlesincludes electrons and neutrinos?

ANSWER: LEPTONS (ALSO ACCEPT: FERMIONS)

PHYSICS Short Answer What two word phrase describes an electromagnetic wave in which the electric field lies in a single plane along the direction of propagation?

ANSWER: LINEARLY POLARIZED

PHYSICS Short Answer What force does a charged particle moving through a magnetic field experience that is perpendicular to the direction the particle is traveling?

ANSWER: LORENTZ (ACCEPT: MAGNETIC FORCE)

Short Answer: What are typically given as the two parameters of a velocity vector?

ANSWER: MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION (ACCEPT: SPEED FOR MAGNITUDE)

PHYSICS Short Answer What physical property of neutrinos, which was confirmed in the past decade, contradicts earlier assumptions that neutrinos travel at the speed of light?

ANSWER: MASS (ACCEPT: NEUTRINOS HAVE MASS)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer When a material transitions into a superconducting state, it actively excludes magnetic fields from its interior. What is the name of this electromagnetic phenomenon?

ANSWER: MEISSNER EFFECT

(General Science) Short Answer: In the mks system, what are the 3 fundamental units?

ANSWER: METERS; KILOGRAMS; SECONDS

TOSS-UP4) Physics - Short Answer What experiment famously used interferometry to search for differences in the speed of light as the earth travelled around the sun?

ANSWER: MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT

BONUS6) Physics - Short Answer What classic experiment used a squeeze-bulb atomizer to spray a mist of charged oil droplets between parallel plate electrodes?

ANSWER: MILLIKAN OIL-DROP EXPERIMENT (ACCEPT: OIL DROP EXPERIMENT)

[BONUS] What is the most common term in physics for the product of mass times velocity?

ANSWER: MOMENTUM

[bonus] Short Answer Order the following 3 locations from the SLOWEST to the FASTEST for objects accelerating because of gravity: Mount Everest; North Pole; New York City

ANSWER: MOUNT EVEREST; NEW YORK CITY; NORTH POLE

Short Answer What specific type of semiconductor is produced by adding phosphorus to silicon?

ANSWER: N-TYPE

BONUS 1) Physics - Short Answer What particle was first proposed by Wolfgang Pauli as a means to resolve the apparent violation of the law of conservation of energy in beta decay?

ANSWER: NEUTRINOS

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer How many neutrons and how many protons are present in a single oxygen-15 nucleus, respectively?

ANSWER: NEUTRONS = 7; PROTONS = 8

PHYSICS Short Answer What specific law of motion most directly implies that every action has an equal and opposite reaction?

ANSWER: NEWTON'S THIRD LAW (ACCEPT: THIRD LAW)

TOSS-UP17) Physics- Short Answer What theorem states that the only properties a black hole possesses are charge, angular momentum, and mass?

ANSWER: NO-HAIR THEOREM

BONUS12) Physics - Short Answer Identify all of the following three changes that would increase the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor: 1) Increasing the distance between the plates; 2) Decreasing the area of the plates; 3) Changing to a dielectric with a lower permittivity.

ANSWER: NONE OF THEM

Short Answer: Giving your answer as north, south, east, or west relative to a point on the Equator, in what direction is the Earth's angular velocity as it rotates daily about its axis?

ANSWER: NORTH (Solution: fingers of right hand go towards east (direction of Earth's rotation) and thumb goes north)

PHYSICS Short Answer Two charges, Q and -Q, are placed at x = -3 and x = +1 on the xaxis. Where on the x-axis between +Q and -Q can another charge be placed so that it experiences no net force?

ANSWER: NOWHERE, DOES NOT EXIST

Physics - Short Answer In an optical microscope, lenses of plastic and glass direct and focus the light. What is the name of the distance between the specimen being viewed and the front lens of the objective?

ANSWER: OBJECTIVE WORKING DISTANCE (ACCEPT: WORKING DISTANCE.)

Short Answer: What is the SI unit given to a volt per ampere?

ANSWER: OHM

TOSS-UP 22) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer If you cut a Mobius Strip in half down the center of the strip, how many pieces do you end up with?

ANSWER: ONE

BONUS Physics - Short Answer What scientist's name is given to the number that is used to characterize whether a flow is laminar or turbulent?

ANSWER: OSBORNE REYNOLDS (ACCEPT: REYNOLDS)

TOSS-UP21) Physics- Short Answer What quantum mechanical principle states that no two identical fermions can possess the same quantum numbers simultaneously?

ANSWER: PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

BONUS 25) PHYSICS Short Answer That no two electrons in an atom can have an identical set of quantum numbers is best known as what principle?

ANSWER: PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE (ACCEPT: EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

TOSS-UP13) Physics- Short Answer In the excitation of metal ions by light, light of a high enough frequency can cause the excited electrons to be ejected from the metal. What is the name of this effect?

ANSWER: PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

TOSS-UP7) Physics- Short Answer The Heisenberg Uncertainty principle states that the product of the standard deviation of position and the standard deviation of momentum must be less than one half of the reduced form of what constant?

ANSWER: PLANCK'S CONSTANT

PHYSICS Short Answer Schrödinger's equation is a fundamental part of what scientific theory?

ANSWER: QUANTUM MECHANICS (ACCEPT: QUANTUM MECHANICAL THEORY, QUANTUM THEORY, QUANTUM PHYSICS; DO NOT ACCEPT: WAVE MECHANICS)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Name all of the following 4 sub-atomic particles that are never found in isolation: electrons; protons; quarks; positrons

ANSWER: QUARKS

PHYSICS Short Answer Name all of the following 3 sub-atomic particles that interact with all 4 of the fundamental forces: electron; quarks; neutrino

ANSWER: QUARKS

PHYSICS Short Answer Radon is primarily produced naturally on Earth most directly from the decay of what element?

ANSWER: RADIUM

TOSS-UP12) Physics - Short Answer The decay of radium directly results in the production of what noble element?

ANSWER: RADON

BONUS Physics - Short Answer What type of spectroscopy relies on the inelastic scattering of monochromatic light in order to gather information about the vibrational modes of a system?

ANSWER: RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

PHYSICS Short Answer According to one of the most common color triangles, if blue and green are primary colors, what is the third primary color?

ANSWER: RED

Short Answer: Which one of the following 5 colors of light has the LEAST angle of refraction in normal glass: blue; green; orange; yellow; red

ANSWER: RED

TOSS-UP 25) PHYSICS Short Answer According to the typical color triangle, what are the three primary colors of light?

ANSWER: RED, GREEN, AND BLUE

Short Answer: Stories have been told about opera singers breaking crystal glass by singing a certain tone loud enough. What is the most common term for the property that would account for this happening?

ANSWER: RESONANCE

TOSS-UP1) Physics- Short Answer What physical phenomenon is exploited when tuning the frequency of a radio antenna in order to amplify reception of the signal and is characterized by the tendency of a system to oscillate with greater amplitude at certain frequencies than others?

ANSWER: RESONANCE

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the name of the universal constant that relates atomic spectra of elements to that of hydrogen?

ANSWER: RYDBERG CONSTANT (ACCEPT: RYDBERG)

[Bonus] Short Answer: For a standing wave on a guitar string, the first overtone represents what harmonic?

ANSWER: SECOND

TOSS-UP6) Physics - Short Answer What is the general shape of a wave generated by an object undergoing simple harmonic oscillation?

ANSWER: SINUSOID (ACCEPT: SINUSOIDAL, SINE)

BONUS21) Physics- Short Answer How many total degrees of freedom does a diatomic gas have?

ANSWER: SIX

PHYSICS Short Answer What law describes the relationship between the direction of incident and refracted light rays?

ANSWER: SNELL'S LAW

PHYSICS Short Answer Jan is riding her bike northward on Main Street at 20 kilometers per hour and applies her brakes. In what direction would a physicist MOST likely record her acceleration?

ANSWER: SOUTH

Physics - Short Answer What is the quantum mechanical property of electrons that causes a beam of silver atoms to split into two distinct beams as it passes through a magnetic field gradient?

ANSWER: SPIN (ACCEPT: ms OR "m sub s")

BONUS Physics - Short Answer Consider the following dispersion relation: omega = 2k^2 - 9k + 6. At what two wavenumbers, k, are the group and phase velocity equal?

ANSWER: SQUARE ROOT OF 3 and NEGATIVE SQUARE ROOT OF 3 (ACCEPT: PLUS OR MINUS SQUARE ROOT OF 3)

TOSS-UP 16) COMPUTER SCIENCE Short Answer What does the acronym SRAM stand for?

ANSWER: STATIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

PHYSICS Short Answer As opposed to spontaneous emission, what is the type of emission, first theorized by Albert Einstein, where a photon interacts with an atom's electron which, when it returns to a ground state, emits a coherent photon?

ANSWER: STIMULATED EMISSION (ACCEPT: STIMULATED)

[bonus] (General Science) Short Answer What engineering term is MOST commonly used to describe why a shaft with a radius at a transition in diameter is stronger than the same shaft with an abrupt transition in diameter?

ANSWER: STRESS CONCENTRATION (ACCEPT: STRESS CONCENTRATION AT THE CHANGE IN DIAMETER) (DO NOT ACCEPT: STRESS)

BONUS16) Physics - Short Answer In Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, he could not understand why the positive charges in a dense nucleus would not repel each other. Which force was later found to be holding the nucleus together?

ANSWER: STRONG FORCE (ACCEPT: STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE)

BONUS10) Physics - Short Answer When ultrarelativistic charged particles are accelerated radially, such as those in the Crab nebula, what specific type of radiation is emitted?

ANSWER: SYNCHROTRON RADIATION

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Until the Large Hadron Collider came on-line at CERN, what accelerator was generally believed to be the only one energetic enough to produce top quarks?

ANSWER: TEVATRON (ACCEPT: FERMILAB ACCELERATOR)

BONUS 15) PHYSICS Short Answer A person who weighs 200 pounds on Earth, where acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 meters per second squared, is standing in a circular rotating space station in outer space, with a tangential speed of 300 meters per second. If the radius of the station is 9184 meters, what will the person weigh in the space station?

ANSWER: THE SAME (ACCEPT: 200 POUNDS)

PHYSICS Short Answer A lunar vehicle on Earth moves at 10 kilometers per hour. When it travels at the same speed on the Moon, what is its momentum in comparison to its momentum on Earth, assuming that the Moon's gravitational force is one fifth that of Earth's?

ANSWER: THE SAME (ACCEPT: EQUAL)

PHYSICS Short Answer A 1 nanocoulomb charge is held 1 meter above an infinite sheet with a surface charge density of 1 nanocoulomb per meter squared. If the charge is moved to 2 meters from the sheet, then by what factor does the electric force on the charge change?

ANSWER: THERE IS NO CHANGE IN THE ELECTRIC FORCE (ACCEPT: 0)

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the MOST common term for the type of energy that is most directly related to the energy of atoms, molecules and other small particles that are in random motion within a system?

ANSWER: THERMAL

TOSS-UP6) Physics - Short Answer What scientist disproved the corpuscular theory of light with his 1801 double-slit experiment, lending credence to the wave model of light?

ANSWER: THOMAS YOUNG

TOSS-UP10) Physics - Short Answer What type of scattering generally involves the elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free charged particle and generally occurs as long as the incident photon energy is much less than the mass energy of the particle?

ANSWER: THOMSON SCATTERING

PHYSICS Short Answer Three masses are arranged at the vertices of an equilateral triangle and are connected by springs along the edges of the equilateral triangle. How many normal modes for vibration does this mass-spring system have?

ANSWER: THREE

PHYSICS Short Answer What was the most sensitive device Coulomb used to measure the electric forces between pith balls?

ANSWER: TORSION BALANCE

BONUS 5) PHYSICS Short Answer What is the name of the phenomenon that explains why the surface of water might look like a mirror when viewed from underwater?

ANSWER: TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION (ACCEPT: REFRACTION PAST THE CRITICAL ANGLE)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Name all of the following 4 choices that would typically be considered to supply electromotive force: transformers; generators; batteries; conductors

ANSWER: TRANSFORMERS; GENERATORS; BATTERIES (ACCEPT: ALL BUT CONDUCTORS)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What famous nuclear reaction bypasses the "mass 8 gap" in stellar burning and proceeds mainly through the Hoyle state in carbon-12?

ANSWER: TRIPLE-ALPHA PROCESS

PHYSICS Short Answer An alpha particle consists of what types and numbers of subatomic particles?

ANSWER: TWO PROTONS AND TWO NEUTRONS

PHYSICS Short Answer According to the Standard Model, protons and neutrons are made of quarks. What are the quark constituents of protons?

ANSWER: TWO UPS AND ONE DOWN

PHYSICS Short Answer What are the units of the dielectric constant?

ANSWER: UNIT-LESS (ACCEPT: HAS NO UNIT)

BONUS 2) PHYSICS Short Answer According to conventional nomenclature of nuclear science, what case and letter is used to symbolize mass number?

ANSWER: UPPER CASE A

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Name all of the following 4 isotopes that release energy if they undergo fission: helium-4; hydrogen-2; uranium-235; iron-56

ANSWER: URANIUM-235

TOSS-UP 6) Physics - Short Answer The electric potential at a point due to a unit positive charge is found to be V. If the distance between the charge and the point is quadrupled, what is the new value of the electric potential?

ANSWER: V/4

[bonus] Short Answer Order the following 4 substances from the one with the LOWEST dielectric constant to the HIGHEST at 20ºC: mica; paraffin; vacuum; pure water

ANSWER: VACUUM; PARAFFIN; MICA; PURE WATER (Solution: vacuum = 1.00; paraffin = 2.2; mica = 7.0; water = 80.0)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer In beta minus decay of a neutron into a proton, electron, and an antineutrino, what massive particle is emitted by the neutron that decays into the electron and the antineutrino?

ANSWER: W MINUS BOSON

BONUS18) Physics - Short Answer In beta minus decay of a neutron into a proton, electron, and an antineutrino, what massive particle is emitted by the neutron that decays into the electron and the antineutrino?

ANSWER: W MINUS BOSON

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Three unequal forces act on an object. If the forces have magnitudes of 30 newtons, 50 newtons, and 70 newtons, what is the minimum net force in newtons that can act on this object? W) 0 X) 10 Y) 50 Z) 90

ANSWER: W) 0

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A 20 kilogram mass is suspended from the end of a spring with a spring constant of 5 newtons per meter. If the mass is displaced 10 centimeters from equilibrium, what is the maximum speed of the mass in meters per second? W) 0.05 X) 0.25 Y) 0.5 Z) 2

ANSWER: W) 0.05

PHYSICS Multiple Choice If two inductance coils of inductance L are connected in parallel, but are well separated, the equivalent inductance of the system is which of the following? W) 0.5L X) L Y) 2L Z) L²

ANSWER: W) 0.5L

Multiple Choice If 1000 pounds is applied to a spring with spring constant of 100 pounds per inch on top of a hydraulic piston, how many pounds of force is transferred to the piston: W) 1,000 X) 900 Y) 100 Z) zero

ANSWER: W) 1,000

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Given R = 1.097 × 10^7 inverse meters, which of the following represents the wavelength of the longest wavelength Lyman line of the hydrogen spectrum in meters and the region of the electromagnetic spectrum in which it lies? W) 1.22 × 10-^7 ; ultraviolet X) 1.22 × 10^-7 ; visible Y) 1.22 × 10^-6 ; infrared Z) 1.22 × 10^-6 ; visible

ANSWER: W) 1.22 × 10^-7 ; ULTRAVIOLET

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A light wave travels a distance of 3 × 10^-7 meters in a medium of refractive index n ≈ 1.5. How much time does this trip take? W) 1.5 × 10^-6 nanoseconds X) 4.5 × 10^-6 nanoseconds Y) 1.5 × 10^-6 seconds Z) 4.5 × 10^-6 seconds

ANSWER: W) 1.5 × 10-6 NANOSECONDS

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Epsilon naught, εo, and mu naught, µo, are permittivity and permeability constants of free space, respectively. The speed of light is found in terms of these constants as which of the following? W) 1/(εoµo)^(1/2) [1 over the square root of the quantity epsilon naught mu naught] X) (εoµo)^(1/2) [the square root of the quantity epsilon naught mu naught] Y) µo/4𝜋𝜋0 [the fraction with numerator mu naught and denominator 4 pi epsilon naught] Z) εo/µo [epsilon naught over mu naught]

ANSWER: W) 1/(εoµo)^(1/2)

Physics - Multiple Choice According to the equipartition theorem, by what factor of the Boltzmann constant does each translational degree of freedom of an ideal gas contribute to the heat capacity? W) 1/2 X) 1 Y) 2 ) 3

ANSWER: W) 1/2

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following best estimates the momentum carried by an electromagnetic wave with energy of 30 joules? W) 10^-7 X) 10^-5 Y) 3 x 10^-7 Z) 9 x 10^-5

ANSWER: W) 10^-7

BONUS4) Physics - Multiple Choice You are standing along the principal axis of a large concave mirror, staring at the vertex 30 feet away. The image point of the mirror is 20 feet in front of you. If you are six feet tall, how tall, in feet, is your image in the mirror? W) 2 X) 4 Y) 9 Z) 18

ANSWER: W) 2

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A solid sphere of uniform density rolls down an incline without slipping. At the bottom of the incline, what fraction of the kinetic energy of the sphere is rotational kinetic energy? W) 2/7 X) 5/7 Y) 1/2 Z) 7/10

ANSWER: W) 2/7

Physics - Multiple Choice A disc originally at rest moves through 6 radians as it undergoes a constant angular acceleration about its central axis. If the time taken to accelerate is 2 seconds, what is the magnitude of the acceleration in radians per square second? W) 3 X) 6 Y) 9 Z) 12

ANSWER: W) 3

PHYSICS Multiple Choice The single electron in the ground state of hydrogen is bound to the proton by 13.6 electron volts. If it is excited to the n = 2 state, by which of the following energies, in electron volts, is it now bound? W) 3.4 X) 6.8 Y) 13.6 Z) 54.4

ANSWER: W) 3.4

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A 100 meter spaceship moves past you with speed √3𝑐/2. At what length in meters do you measure the spaceship? W) 50 X) 50 √3 Y) 100 Z) 200

ANSWER: W) 50

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A 500 kilogram roller coaster car rounds the top of a hill with a radius of 25 meters at a speed of 15 meters per second. Given that the acceleration due to gravity is 10 meters per second squared, what is the normal force in newtons on the car at this point? W) 500 X) 4500 Y) 5000 Z) 5500

ANSWER: W) 500

(General Science) Multiple Choice: Which of the following numbers has 6 significant figures: W) 55.0000 X) 555,000 Y) 0.00500 Z) 0.55000

ANSWER: W) 55.0000

Multiple Choice A field emission microscope requires which of the following: W) a conductor with a very fine point X) high energy alpha particles Y) a light source with a wavelength shorter that the smallest observable feature size Z) a low amplitude, time-varying magnetic field

ANSWER: W) A CONDUCTOR WITH A VERY FINE POINT

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A field emission microscope requires which of the following? W) A conductor with a very fine point X) High energy alpha particles Y) A light source with a wavelength shorter that the smallest observable feature size Z) A low amplitude, time-varying magnetic field

ANSWER: W) A CONDUCTOR WITH A VERY FINE POINT

Multiple Choice: The slope of a velocity versus time graph represents: W) acceleration X) velocity Y) position Z) displacement

ANSWER: W) ACCELERATION

TOSS-UP 8) COMPUTER SCIENCE Multiple Choice A Java stock ticker that runs within the user's Web browser is an example of: W) an applet X) liteware Y) firmware Z) a taskbar

ANSWER: W) AN APPLET

BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice Which of the following medical applications makes use of x-rays? W) Computed Tomography X) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Y) Positron Emission Tomography Z) Ultrasound

ANSWER: W) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

BONUS12) Physics - Multiple Choice Which of the following medical applications makes use of x-rays? W) Computed Tomography X) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Y) Positron Emission Tomography Z) Ultrasound

ANSWER: W) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A constant force acting on a body experiencing no change in its environment will give the body: W) constant acceleration X) constant speed Y) constant velocity Z) zero acceleration

ANSWER: W) CONSTANT ACCELERATION

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following experimental approaches was used by scientists to discover that the atomic nucleus held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge: W) directing alpha particles at thin metal strips X) finding the amount of magnetic deflection in cathode rays within a well-evacuated tube Y) exposing photographic film to certain radium salts Z) using a crude cyclotron to disintegrate large nuclei

ANSWER: W) DIRECTING ALPHA PARTICLES AT THIN METAL STRIPS

Multiple Choice: A circuit with 2 different resistors wired in series will have a total resistance that is: W) equal to the sum of the two resistances X) less than either resistance Y) equal to that of the greater resistance Z) equal to that of the lesser resistance

ANSWER: W) EQUAL TO THE SUM OF THE TWO RESISTANCES

[BONUS] Multiple Choice: Ignoring air resistance, wind velocity, and the rotation of the Earth, if a projectile is fired directly upwards, the horizontal component of the projectile's velocity: W) is zero X) remains a non zero constant Y) continuously increases Z) continuously decreases

ANSWER: W) IS ZERO

BONUS 17) PHYSICS Multiple Choice Stress-strain curves show how real materials respond to forces that are applied to them. Materials such as steel have a region of elasticity where they approximate an ideal spring and a region where they start to deform plastically. Where the materials are acting like an ideal spring, how do we find their Young's modulus? W) It is the slope of the stress-strain curve X) It is the integral of the curve in the elastic region Y) It is the y-intercept of the stress-strain curve Z) It is the second derivative of the curve just after transition into the region of plastic deformation

ANSWER: W) IT IS THE SLOPE OF THE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice On a sunny clear day, the sky seems to be bluer directly overhead than it does toward the horizon. Which of the following is the reason? W) Light from the Sun undergoes more scattering with distance X) The atmosphere has higher density at the zenith versus closer to the Earth's surface Y) There is more oxygen in the air closer to the Earth's surface than high in the atmosphere Z) The upper atmosphere is colder than the Earth's surface

ANSWER: W) LIGHT FROM THE SUN UNDERGOES MORE SCATTERING WITH DISTANCE

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is the most common term for the general type of wave that results from the vibration of a physical medium: W) mechanical X) electromagnetic Y) perfect Z) pulsed

ANSWER: W) MECHANICAL

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following are the most important calibration references that Celsius used to devise his temperature scale: W) melting point and boiling point of water X) ice-point and freeze-thaw point of water Y) specific gravity of water Z) boiling point and steam point of water

ANSWER: W) MELTING POINT AND BOILING POINT OF WATER

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice If a beam of white light passes through a prism, which of the following colors color will emerge on the other side at the lowest angle with respect to the incident beam: W) orange X) indigo Y) green Z) blue

ANSWER: W) ORANGE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes spin quantum numbers: W) orientation of intrinsic angular momenta of electrons X) centripetal accelerations of atoms Y) angular momenta of only hadrons Z) centripetal acceleration of electrons

ANSWER: W) ORIENTATION OF INTRINSIC ANGULAR MOMENTA OF ELECTRONS

(General Science) Multiple Choice: Suppose you measured the voltage of a fully-charged 12-volt battery and you get 3 identical results of 10.45 volts. Which of the following BEST describes your data: W) precise but not accurate X) accurate but not precise Y) both accurate and precise Z) neither accurate nor precise

ANSWER: W) PRECISE BUT NOT ACCURATE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice White light is incident on a diffraction grating. Which of the following colors will be diffracted through the largest angle? W) Red X) Yellow Y) Blue Z) Green

ANSWER: W) RED

Multiple Choice Which of the following is the strongest spectral line in the visible region of the hydrogen spectrum: W) red Balmer line X) orange Lyman line Y) green Paschen line Z) blue Brackett line

ANSWER: W) RED BALMER LINE

BONUS 9) PHYSICS Multiple Choice An electroscope is negatively charged, with the leaves at an angle of about 45°. When a negatively charged rod is slowly brought near the plate of the electroscope, the leaves do which of the following? W) Repel X) Attract Y) Repel then attract Z) Fall to zero then repel

ANSWER: W) REPEL

TOSS-UP20) Physics - Multiple Choice You have just crystallized a new compound. You shine light through it and observe the internal reflection as the light attempts to pass into the air on the opposite side of the crystal. You measure the critical angle of the crystal to be 45 degrees. Taking the index of refraction of air to be 1, what is the index of refraction of the crystal? W) Square root of 2 X) ½ times square root of 2 Y) 2 Z) 2 times square root of 2

ANSWER: W) SQUARE ROOT OF 2

PHYSICS Multiple Choice The Meissner effect is most directly associated with which of the following: W) superconductors X) rare earth magnets Y) very strong electromagnets Z) Tesla coils

ANSWER: W) SUPERCONDUCTORS

Multiple Choice Resonance in a musical instrument is MOST directly exemplified by: W) sympathetic harmonic vibration X) destructive interference Y) dissonance in the standing wave Z) diffraction

ANSWER: W) SYMPATHETIC HARMONIC VIBRATION

[bonus] Multiple Choice Elastic deformation is BEST described as: W) the linear portion of a stress/strain curve X) the ultimate strength of a material Y) 0.02% elongation Z) permanent deformation

ANSWER: W) THE LINEAR PORTION OF A STRESS/STRAIN CURVE

[Bonus] Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions must be true for Hooke's law to apply: W) the spring must be within its proportional elastic limit X) the spring must me made of cold formed steel coils Y) the deflection of the spring must be less than one tenth the spring's free length Z) the carbon content of the metal must be over 0.023 percent

ANSWER: W) THE SPRING MUST BE WITHIN ITS PROPORTIONAL ELASTIC LIMIT

Multiple Choice Thomas Young's double slit experiments give the most direct and strongest support for which of the following: W) the wave nature of light X) the constancy of the speed of light Y) the existence of the photon Z) the particle nature of light

ANSWER: W) THE WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes why arches and domes are more stable than flat roofed structures? W) They transmit compressive forces along their length to the ground, uniformly bearing the load of gravity upon the structure X) Each section is under great tension, using the stronger dimension of the components Y) Torsional resistance to sideways swaying ensures that such structures are stable, even in high winds Z) The surface tension of the arched shape allows the building components to be hollowed out, saving weight

ANSWER: W) THEY TRANSMIT COMPRESSIVE FORCES ALONG THEIR LENGTH TO THE GROUND, UNIFORMLY BEARING THE LOAD OF GRAVITY UPON THE STRUCTURE

Multiple Choice In response to the development of incandescent lights, gas lights were vastly improved by soaking the mantles in what substance to help convert heat and UV energy into visible light: W) thorium oxide X) titanium dioxide Y) uranium oxide Z) tungsten

ANSWER: W) THORIUM OXIDE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes the most common functions for which most transistors are used: W) to switch on and off or amplify electronic signals X) to allow electric current to pass in only one direction while increasing or decreasing the voltage Y) to store electrical energy Z) to regulate the frequency of electrical sine waves

ANSWER: W) TO SWITCH ON AND OFF OR AMPLIFY ELECTRONIC SIGNALS

Multiple Choice Which of the following is generally NOT true regarding diffraction of light: W) when white light is passed through a diffraction grating, shorter wavelengths are diffracted the most X) diffraction is wavelength dependent Y) if laser light is passed through a diffraction grating it will produce an interference pattern as a series of dots on a screen Z) white light passing through a diffraction grating is spread into a rainbow of colors

ANSWER: W) WHEN WHITE LIGHT IS PASSED THROUGH A DIFFRACTION GRATING, SHORTER WAVELENGTHS ARE DIFFRACTED THE MOST

PHYSICS Multiple Choice If object A and object B are in thermal equilibrium, and object B and object C are in thermal equilibrium, then object A and object C are also in thermal equilibrium. This situation is an example of what law of thermodynamics? W) Zeroth X) First Y) Second Z) Third

ANSWER: W) ZEROTH

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A massless, rigid, insulating rod of length R is attached at one end to a wall by a hinge so that it is free to swing vertically. The other end of the rod is attached to a sphere of mass m with charge -Q. If the rod and sphere are released in a horizontal position, which of the following electric fields is required to maintain the horizontal position of the rod? W) mg/Q, down X) mg/Q, up Y) mgQ/R, down Z) mgR/Q, up

ANSWER: W) mg/Q, DOWN

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Order the following 4 choices from the one with the LOWEST temperature to the one with the HIGHEST temperature: copper freezes; water boils; solar corona; lead melts

ANSWER: WATER BOILS; LEAD MELTS; COPPER FREEZES; SOLAR CORONA

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer According to the Standard Model of Particle Physics, through what force would the top quark decay?

ANSWER: WEAK FORCE (ACCEPT: WEAK or WEAK INTERACTION)

Short Answer: What color of light is produced when equal intensities of cyan light and red light are combined?

ANSWER: WHITE (Solution: adding a primary color to the proper secondary color (called complementary colors) will give white light; complementary color pairs are one primary color and one secondary color, e.g. blue and yellow, red and cyan, or green and magenta.)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer What particles are thought to interact with standard particles via a force similar in strength to the weak force and are among the leading candidates for the composition of dark matter?

ANSWER: WIMPS (ACCEPT: WEAKLY INTERACTING MASSIVE PARTICLES)

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the phrase that refers to the energy required by an incident photon to cause the photoelectric effect?

ANSWER: WORK FUNCTION

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A sports car driver slams the brakes and the car slows from 90 miles per hour to a complete stop in 4 seconds. In terms of g, which of the following is closest to the car's acceleration? W) -0.5 g X) -g Y) -2g Z) -5g

ANSWER: X) -g

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A source travelling towards us at (3/5)c emits photons in a direction perpendicular to its velocity. If the source emits photons with energy of 0.5 electron volts in its own rest frame, which of the following energies, in electron volts, do the photons have in our rest frame? W) 0.3 X) 0.4 Y) 0.5 Z) 0.6

ANSWER: X) 0.4

BONUS 17) PHYSICS Multiple Choice A starship is heading towards Earth at 0.7c. To begin slowing down, it enables a forward thruster that emits fuel at 0.8c in the direction of Earth. Relative to Earth, which of the following is the approximate speed of the fuel? W) 0.8c X) 0.96c Y) 0.99c Z) 1.5c

ANSWER: X) 0.96c

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A square loop of wire with a resistance of 2 ohms and a side length of 2 meters has a magnetic field of 5 teslas passing straight through it. If the field is uniformly reduced to zero in 10 seconds, what is the magnitude of the current generated in the loop in amperes? W) 0.5 X) 1 Y) 2 Z) 4

ANSWER: X) 1

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Assuming a metabolic rate of 500 watts, how much energy in joules is transformed by a 70 kilogram person while exercising for 1 hour? W) 1500 X) 1.8 million Y) 5 .4 million Z) 6.3 trillion

ANSWER: X) 1.8 MILLION

[bonus] Multiple Choice What is the speed of light in meters per second for monochromatic light of 780 nanometers in glass with a refractive index of 1.55: W) 1.5 × 10⁸ X) 1.9 × 10⁸ Y) 4.65 × 10⁷ Z) 4.65 × 10⁸

ANSWER: X) 1.9 × 10⁸ (Solution: 3.00 × 10⁸ /1.55 = 1.9 × 10⁸ )

Multiple Choice Two-thirds of the charge is removed from a capacitor without changing its capacitance. The stored energy in the capacitor is now what multiple of the original: W) 1/3rd X) 1/9th Y) 3 Z) 9

ANSWER: X) 1/9th

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A 100 watt current of heat flows via conduction between two stable temperature reservoirs through a material of length 5 centimeters and cross-sectional area 0.5 square meters. If the length of material is extended to 1 meter and the cross-sectional area increased to 1 square meter, what is the new heat current in watts? W) 5 X) 10 Y) 20 Z) 50

ANSWER: X) 10

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Two balls are dropped one second apart from a tall building. Given g as 10 meters per second squared and neglecting air resistance, what is the approximate distance in meters between the two balls three seconds after the first ball is dropped? W) 20 X) 25 Y) 45 Z) Depends on the masses

ANSWER: X) 25

BONUS10) Physics - Multiple Choice A 75 gram piece of copper is heated to 315 degrees Celsius and dropped into a beaker containing 220 milliliters of water that is at an initial temperature of 18 degrees Celsius. Which of the following temperatures, in degrees Celsius, is closest to the point at which the system is at equilibrium? W) 5 X) 25 Y) 60 Z) 115

ANSWER: X) 25

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is nearest escape velocity on the surface of the Earth, in miles per hour? W) 1000 X) 25,000 Y) 66,000 Z) 670 million

ANSWER: X) 25,000

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Two objects with masses m1 and m2 are hanging vertically by different springs of spring constants k1 and k2. If m1 = 3m2 and k1= 2k2, what is the ratio x1/x2 of their stretches? W) 2/3 X) 3/2 Y) 4 Z) 6

ANSWER: X) 3/2

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice The rotor of a helicopter blade turns at an angular speed of 5 revolutions per second, which is approximately which of the following in radians per second? W) 22 X) 31 Y) 35 Z) 40

ANSWER: X) 31

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A motor has a DC resistance of 5 ohms. The motor operates on 220 volt AC, and when running at full speed, it generates a back electromotive force of 200 volts. What is the current, in amperes, drawn when the motor operates at top speed? W) 0.4 X) 4 Y) 40 Z) 44

ANSWER: X) 4

[BONUS] Multiple Choice: In a gearing arrangement where a 10-tooth pinion drives a 40-tooth gear, what is the gear ratio: W) 1 to 4 X) 4 to 1 Y) 1 to 10 Z) 40 to 1

ANSWER: X) 4 TO 1

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice If you were using a 50-millimeter camera lens and changed the lens aperture from 8.0 to 5.6, about how much LESS light would the lens be allowing to pass through it: W) 60% less X) 50% less Y) 35% less Z) 22% less

ANSWER: X) 50% LESS (Solution: 5.6/8.0 = 0.70; (0.70)2 = 0.49 ~ 50%)

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Assuming the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10^-23 joules per Kelvin, what is the average translational kinetic energy in joules of molecules of an ideal gas at 127o Celsius? W) 2.6 ×10^-21 X) 8.28 × 10^-21 Y) 2.6 ×10^-22 Z) 8.28 ×10^22

ANSWER: X) 8.28 ×10^-21

[bonus] Multiple Choice The radar system associated with the automatic doors at a local grocery store uses 10.5 gigahertz radiation. If the door is to open for a person walking towards it at 1 meter per second, which Doppler shift must the radar system be able to detect: W) a red shift of 2 hertz X) a blue shift of 35 hertz Y) a red shift of 160 hertz Z) a blue shift of 1.8 hertz

ANSWER: X) A BLUE SHIFT OF 35 HERTZ

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following would a Leyden jar most likely be considered: W) an electroscope X) a capacitor Y) a resistor Z) a Tesla cage

ANSWER: X) A CAPACITOR

PHYSICS Multiple Choice During positron emission, which of the following most likely occurs: W) a proton changes to an electron X) a proton changes to a neutron Y) a neutron changes to an electron Z) a neutron changes to a proton

ANSWER: X) A PROTON CHANGES TO A NEUTRON

Multiple Choice In the ray approximation in optics, which of the following is NOT true for a converging lens: W) a ray parallel to the optical axis passes through the focus X) a ray passing through the center of the lens is bent parallel to the optical axis Y) an object at infinity is imaged at the focus Z) a ray passing through the focus is bent parallel to the optical axis

ANSWER: X) A RAY PASSING THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE LENS IS BENT PARALLEL TO THE OPTICAL AXIS

TOSS-UP4) Physics - Multiple Choice You have three equivalent resistors with which to make a circuit. Which of the following combinations would have the least total resistance? W) All three resistors in series X) All three resistors in parallel Y) Two resistors in series to each other and in parallel with the third Z) Two resistors in parallel to each other and in series with the third

ANSWER: X) ALL THREE RESISTORS IN PARALLEL

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Four particles are moving from north to south through a region with magnetic field directed from west to east. Which of the following particles bends downward? W) Alpha X) Beta Y) Neutron Z) Graviton

ANSWER: X) BETA

[bonus] Multiple Choice A protanomalous person has decreased sensitivity of the red cones in his or her eyes. Which of the following color pairs will this person have difficulty distinguishing between: W) red and green X) blue and purple Y) yellow and turquoise Z) dark navy blue and black

ANSWER: X) BLUE AND PURPLE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Fluid pressure is caused by which of the following? W) Gravitational interactions among atoms and molecules of the fluid X) Collisions of fast moving atoms and molecules of the fluid Y) Strong nuclear force among nucleons Z) Weak forces among particles

ANSWER: X) COLLISIONS OF FAST MOVING ATOMS AND MOLECULES OF THE FLUID

Multiple Choice: In an application where ductility is required, which of the following materials would be your BEST choice: W) grey cast iron X) copper Y) granite Z) 1040 steel

ANSWER: X) COPPER

BONUS 10) PHYSICS Multiple Choice How would one compute the change in centripetal force if an object moving with uniform circular motion triples its radius while maintaining the same kinetic energy: W) multiplying by 3 X) dividing by 3 Y) multiplying by 9 Z) dividing by 9

ANSWER: X) DIVIDING BY 3 (Solution: F=mv2 /R; conservation of energy => v constant)

BONUS2) Physics - Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is true regarding entropy? W) The first law of thermodynamics defines entropy X) Entropy is a function of state and obeys Hess's Law Y) Completely reversible processes increase entropy Z) Entropy can only be defined macroscopically

ANSWER: X) ENTROPY IS A FUNCTION OF STATE AND OBEYS HESS'S L AW

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following light movement directions is NOT able to produce total reflection from a surface perpendicular to a light beam? W) From water to air X) From air to water Y) From glass to air Z) From oil to air

ANSWER: X) FROM AIR TO WATER

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes the Balmer series: W) a series of quantum numbers indicating certain energy levels X) hydrogen atom spectral line emission Y) a sequence of elements that are produced chronologically in supernovae Z) the energy spectrum of the early universe

ANSWER: X) HYDROGEN ATOM SPECTRAL LINE EMISSION

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is TRUE of a sound wave traveling in dry air at STP at a constant velocity: W) if frequency increases, wavelength increases X) if frequency increases, wavelength decreases Y) if frequency decreases, wavelength decreases Z) if frequency increases, wavelength stays the same

ANSWER: X) IF FREQUENCY INCREASES, WAVELENGTH DECREASES

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A simple pendulum is pulled back to a large angle less than 90°, so that the small angle approximation is no longer valid for this situation. Which of the following statements is true about the period of oscillation of the pendulum? W) It is independent of the amplitude X) It is larger than the small angle approximation Y) It is smaller than the small angle approximation Z) It depends on the square root of the amplitude

ANSWER: X) IT IS LARGER THAN THE SMALL ANGLE APPROXIMATION

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following conditions is necessary and sufficient for an object in equilibrium? W) It is at rest X) It is moving with constant velocity Y) It is either moving with constant velocity or with constant acceleration Z) It is moving with constant acceleration

ANSWER: X) IT IS MOVING WITH CONSTANT VELOCITY

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A small rubber duck is held underwater at a depth of 10 meters, then released. When the duck reaches a depth of 5 meters, how much has the buoyant force on the duck changed? W) It has decreased by half X) It is unchanged Y) It has doubled Z) It has quadrupled

ANSWER: X) IT IS UNCHANGED

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A nubbin-on-a-spring keeps a door from hitting the wall. If the nubbin is flicked, such that the nubbin passes its rest point more than once before coming to rest, which of the following is true? W) It is undamped X) It is underdamped Y) It is criticially damped Z) It is overdamped

ANSWER: X) IT IS UNDERDAMPED

PHYSICS Multiple Choice If an ideal gas performs work on its surroundings, then which of the following must be true? W) Its pressure increases X) Its volume increases Y) Its temperature increases Z) Its internal energy decreases

ANSWER: X) ITS VOLUME INCREASES

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Mary and Joe are on a merry-go-round. Mary is seated near the center of rotation and Joe is on the outer edge. Which of the following BEST describes their motion: W) Mary has a greater acceleration than Joe X) Joe has a greater acceleration than Mary Y) neither Mary nor Joe are accelerating Z) both Mary and Joe have the same acceleration

ANSWER: X) JOE HAS A GREATER ACCELERATION THAN MARY

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes Fermat's principle: W) light disperses in a specific medium depending on the medium's refractive index X) light follows the path of least time between two points Y) the angle of incidence can be greater than the angle of reflection Z) light always travels in the same medium at the same speed

ANSWER: X) LIGHT FOLLOWS THE PATH OF LEAST TIME BETWEEN TWO POINTS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Consider an electric charge moving through a magnetic field. A force acts on the charge perpendicular to the direction of the charge's motion and direction of the magnetic field. Which of the following is the MOST common name for this force: W) B field X) Lorentz force Y) electrodynamic force Z) Faraday force

ANSWER: X) LORENTZ FORCE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice According to Maxwell's equations, which of the following does NOT exist? W) Infinitely separated charges X) Magnetic monopoles Y) Magnetically contained plasma Z) Superconductivity

ANSWER: X) MAGNETIC MONOPOLES

BONUS 23) PHYSICS Multiple Choice There is an electrostatic force of attraction between any two of three metal spheres P, Q, and R. Which of the following is a possible combination for the charges on P, Q, and R? W) P: positive, Q: negative, R: positive X) P: positive, Q: negative, R: neutral Y) P: positive, Q: positive, R: positive Z) P: neutral, Q: positive, R: neutral

ANSWER: X) P: POSITIVE, Q: NEGATIVE, R: NEUTRAL

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes how Thomas Young produced sufficiently coherent separate light sources in order to produce interference patterns: W) passing coherent light through 2 closely spaced holes in the same opaque screen X) passing incoherent light 1st through an opaque screen with a single hole, and then through a 2nd opaque screen with 2 holes Y) passing polarized light through 2 holes in a single opaque screen Z) passing laser light through 2 holes in a single opaque screen

ANSWER: X) PASSING INCOHERENT LIGHT 1st THROUGH AN OPAQUE SCREEN WITH A SINGLE HOLE, AND THEN THROUGH A 2nd OPAQUE SCREEN WITH 2 HOLES

[BONUS] Multiple Choice: Which of the following is LEAST accurate: W) alpha particles are the same as helium nuclei X) polarization of light supports the particle behavior of light Y) a photon is a particle of light Z) light slows down when it moves from a vacuum into glass

ANSWER: X) POLARIZATION OF LIGHT SUPPORTS THE PARTICLE BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT

1) PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is the magnitude of the focal length of a spherically curved convex mirror in air, where R stands for the radius of curvature: W) R divided by 1.22 X) R divided by 2 Y) R divided by 1.5 Z) R times 4

ANSWER: X) R DIVIDED BY 2

Multiple Choice Which of the following is the magnitude of the focal length of a spherically curved convex mirror in air, where R stands for the radius of curvature: W) R divided by 1.22 X) R divided by 2 Y) R divided by 1.5 Z) R times 4

ANSWER: X) R DIVIDED BY 2

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is the magnitude of the focal length of a spherically curved convex mirror in air, where R stands for the radius of curvature: W) R divided by 1.22 X) R divided by 2 Y) R divided by 1.5 Z) R times 4

ANSWER: X) R DIVIDED BY 2

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes the Lorentz Contraction: W) reduction in the mass of a body as it approaches the speed of light X) reduction in the length of a body along the direction of motion as it approaches the speed of light Y) loss of kinetic energy when any object slows Z) loss of potential energy when any body emits electromagnetic radiation

ANSWER: X) REDUCTION IN THE LENGTH OF A BODY ALONG THE DIRECTION OF MOTION AS IT APPROACHES THE SPEED OF LIGHT

TOSS-UP2) Physics - Multiple Choice In order for a process to have no change in entropy, which of the following properties must it possess? W) Spontaneous X) Reversible Y) Endothermic Z) Exothermic

ANSWER: X) REVERSIBLE

TOSS-UP COMPUTER SCIENCE Multiple Choice; Software that is often distributed free of charge and usually intended for sale after a trial period is called: W) freeware X) shareware Y) open source Z) public-domain

ANSWER: X) SHAREWARE

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is true for a cyclist applying her brakes while traveling west on a straight path? W) Her acceleration is zero X) She accelerates to the east Y) She accelerates to the west Z) She accelerates both to the east and the west

ANSWER: X) SHE ACCELERATES TO THE EAST

TOSS-UP18) PHYSICS - Multiple Choice Which of the following components of a car provides the best example of a damped oscillator? W) Brakes X) Shock absorbers Y) Rack-and-pinion steering column Z) Differential

ANSWER: X) SHOCK ABSORBERS

TOSS-UP 9) PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following moves in the form of a longitudinal compression wave: W) ocean wave X) sound wave Y) light wave Z) electromagnetic wave

ANSWER: X) SOUND WAVE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice In Galileo's experiments on balls rolling down an inclined plane, he had originally hypothesized: W) that all objects have inertia X) that all balls underwent uniform acceleration Y) the 2nd law of motion Z) the 3rd law of motion

ANSWER: X) THAT ALL BALLS UNDERWENT UNIFORM ACCELERATION

PHYSICS Multiple Choice In a series-connected string of holiday lights, which of the following is most likely to occur if one bulb gets shorted without breaking the filament? W) All other bulbs will go out X) The current in the string will increase Y) The current in the string will decrease Z) The current in the string will remain unchanged

ANSWER: X) THE CURRENT IN THE STRING WILL INCREASE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST explains why gravitational acceleration on Earth varies from one place to another: W) the Sun's gravitational pull varies irregularly X) the Earth is not a uniform sphere Y) the Moon and the Sun exert a complex combination of gravitational pulls on the Earth Z) the changing angular momentum of the Earth varies during its yearly orbit

ANSWER: X) THE EARTH IS NOT A UNIFORM SPHERE

TOSS-UP21) Physics- Multiple Choice Which of the following statements most accurately describes Einstein's first postulate of special relativity? W) The speed of light in a vacuum is the same in all inertial reference frames X) The laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames Y) It is impossible for an observer to travel at the speed of light in a vacuum Z) An observer cannot discern between inertial acceleration and acceleration due to gravity

ANSWER: X) THE LAWS OF PHYSICS ARE THE SAME IN ALL INERTIAL REFERENCE FRAMES

TOSS-UP12) Physics - Multiple Choice The electromotive force is defined as: W) The maximum electric potential energy stored within a battery X) The maximum potential difference between the terminals of a battery Y) The force that accelerates electrons through a wire when a battery is connected to it Z) The maximum capacitance between the terminals of a battery

ANSWER: X) THE MAXIMUM POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TERMINALS OF A BATTERY

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is probably the most significant limitation for PET scans being used in remote rural hospital sites: W) lack of properly trained personnel X) the proximity to production facilities for short-lived radioisotopes Y) the high level of radiation requiring special training and increased radiation risk Z) difficulty in PET radiotracers binding to receptors when imaging certain human tissues

ANSWER: X) THE PROXIMITY TO PRODUCTION FACILITIES FOR SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPES

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST explains how a radium isotope with a half-life of about 1,600 years can be found in the crust of the Earth that was formed millions of years ago: W) its decay is slowed by the pressure of the Earth X) the radium is replenished by decay of longer lived radioactive elements Y) the radium was replenished by meteors and asteroids over the millennia Z) the radium is recycled from the Earth's core where magnetic fields slow the decay

ANSWER: X) THE RADIUM IS REPLENISHED BY DECAY OF LONGER LIVED RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS

TOSS-UP20) Physics - Multiple Choice A positively-charged tabletop may be approximated as an infinite plane producing a uniform electric field. A positively-charged metal sphere levitates motionlessly above the surface of the table. While keeping the rest of the system unchanged, which of the following parameters maybe varied without changing the cancelation of gravity by the electrostatic repulsion? W) The mass of the sphere X) The radius of the sphere Y) The charge of the sphere Z) The strength of the electric field produced by the table

ANSWER: X) THE RADIUS OF THE SPHERE

Physics - Multiple Choice When Faraday was investigating the conductive properties of gases, he sealed metal electrodes into a glass tube and attached an electrostatic generator. When he started the generator, he noticed a purple glow. The purple color was dependant on which of the following? W) The conductivity of the gas in the tube X) The type of gas in the tube Y) The type of metal used for the electrodes Z) The amount of energy given to the electrodes

ANSWER: X) THE TYPE OF GAS IN THE TUBE

TOSS-UP19) Physics- Multiple Choice When Faraday was investigating the conductive properties of gases, he sealed metal electrodes into a glass tube and attached an electrostatic generator. When he started the generator, he noticed a purple glow. The purple color was dependant on which of the following? W) The conductivity of the gas in the tube X) The type of gas in the tube Y) The type of metal used for the electrodes Z) The amount of energy given to the electrodes

ANSWER: X) THE TYPE OF GAS IN THE TUBE

BONUS 12) Physics - Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding a wheel rolling along a surface? W) If the wheel is rolling smoothly, the only friction acting on it is static friction X) When rolling down a ramp, the force of static friction on the wheel is directed down the ramp Y) When rolling on a flat surface, the force of static friction on the wheel is directed in the opposite direction as the motion of the wheel Z) For a wheel rolling down a ramp, the normal force is perpendicular to the ramp

ANSWER: X) WHEN ROLLING DOWN A RAMP, THE FORCE OF STATIC FRICTION ON THE WHEEL IS DIRECTED DOWN THE RAMP

BONUS 3) PHYSICS Multiple Choice Changing which of the following will NOT result in a change in the voltage induced in a rotating wire coil? W) Rate of rotation X) Wire resistance Y) Number of coil loops Z) Average loop area

ANSWER: X) WIRE RESISTANCE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A ball is thrown vertically upward. Assuming that up is positive, which of the following pairs best describes its velocity and acceleration, respectively, at its highest point? W) Negative, negative X) Zero, negative Y) Negative, zero Z) Zero, zero

ANSWER: X) ZERO, NEGATIVE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A wheel with moment of inertia m is mounted horizontally to a frictionless axle. At time t = 0 the initial angular speed is ω. A constant torque Q is applied to the wheel, bringing it to a stop in time t. Which of the following is the average power required to dissipate the wheel's energy in this time? W) mω/2t X) mω²/2t Y) mω/t Z) mω/Q

ANSWER: X) mω²/2t

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Order the following 3 choices from the MOST penetrating through a thin sheet of cardboard to the LEAST: beta rays; alpha rays; x-rays

ANSWER: X-RAYS; BETA RAYS; ALPHA RAYS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice What is the speed of a particle that has a Lorentz factor of 3.0? W) 2𝑐√3 X) (3𝑐√2)/2 Y) (2𝑐 √2)/3 Z) (𝑐√2 )⁄3

ANSWER: Y) (2𝑐√2)/3

[bonus] Multiple Choice If a sound is emitted in dry air at 27ºC and takes 5 seconds to reach a person, how far away, in meters, from the sound source is the person: W) 1,655 X) 1,682 Y) 1,736 Z) 1,873

ANSWER: Y) 1,736

(general Science) [bonus] Multiple Choice The length of the longest side of a U.S. dollar bill is about how many nanometers in length: W) 70 million X) 1.10 × 10⁶ Y) 1.55 × 10⁸ Z) 600 million

ANSWER: Y) 1.55 × 10⁸

BONUS 23) PHYSICS Multiple Choice The period of a mass bouncing on a spring is measured in the reference frame of an observer as T. If the system were instead moving past the observer with a velocity of 0.8c, which of the following is closest to the period she would observe? W) 0.44T X) 0.6T Y) 1.7T Z) 1.9T

ANSWER: Y) 1.7T

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A transformer has a primary coil with 10 loops and a secondary coil with 100 loops. If the primary coil is supplied with a household voltage of 100 volts and current of 10 amperes, what is the maximum voltage, in volts, across an open circuit produced in the secondary circuit? W) 10 X) 100 Y) 1000 Z) 10,000

ANSWER: Y) 1000

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A proton initially at rest is accelerated through a potential difference of 1 megavolt. What is its final kinetic energy in electronvolts? W) 10^3 X) 1.6 × 10^6 Y) 10^6 Z) 1.6 × 10^6

ANSWER: Y) 10^6

PHYSICS Multiple Choice The electron transitions responsible for the generation of light have durations on the order of 10⁻⁸ seconds. Which of the following best represents the natural linewidth in hertz of the resulting visible light? W) 10⁻⁸ X) 3 Y) 10⁸ Z) 10¹⁶

ANSWER: Y) 10⁸

TOSS-UP8) Physics - Multiple Choice The half-life of substance X is 45 years and decomposes to substance Y. A sample from substance Z was taken which contained 1.5% of X and 13.5% of Y by mass. If substance Y is not normally found in substance Z, which of the following is the best estimate of the age, in years, of substance Z? W) 45 X) 100 Y) 140 Z) 270

ANSWER: Y) 140

PHYSICS Multiple Choice If the proper energy of 15 grams of matter is 1.35 x 10^n joules, what is the value of n? W) 9 X) 12 Y) 15 Z) 18

ANSWER: Y) 15

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A boat's velocity has a northward velocity component of 15 kilometers per hour and an eastward component of 10 kilometers per hour. Which of the following BEST represents the direction of the boat's motion: W) 35 kilometers per hour northeast X) 35 kilometers per hour southwest Y) 18 kilometers per hour northeast Z) 12 kilometers per hour northeast

ANSWER: Y) 18 KILOMETERS PER HOUR NORTHEAST

Multiple Choice What percent of energy in our Universe is believed to consist of dark matter and normal matter: W) 4.4% X) 16% Y) 27% Z) 73%

ANSWER: Y) 27%

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Work W is done to extend a spring beyond its natural length by a small distance x. Assuming a spring constant of 1, which of the following is the magnitude of the maximum force done by the person stretching the spring? W) x X) x/2W Y) 2W/x Z) 2W/x²

ANSWER: Y) 2W/x

PHYSICS Multiple Choice If the tension in a stretched string is multiplied by a factor of 9, the speed of the transverse wave is multiplied by what factor? W) 1/9 X) 1/3 Y) 3 Z) 9

ANSWER: Y) 3

BONUS 22) PHYSICS Multiple Choice Planets A and B are in circular orbits about the same star. Planet A's orbital radius is three times as large as Planet B's. Which of the following is the ratio of Planet A's orbital period to Planet B's? W) √3 X) √3/2 Y) 3^(3/2) [three to the power of the quantity three over two] Z) 3^(2/3) [three to the power of the quantity two over three]

ANSWER: Y) 3^(3/2)

Multiple Choice In a compound gearing arrangement where a 40-tooth gear drives an 80-tooth gear which is directly connected to a 50-tooth gear that drives a 100-tooth gear, the total reduction is a factor of: W) 2 X) 2.5 Y) 4 Z) 5

ANSWER: Y) 4

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A 3 kilogram mass, a 4 kilogram mass, and a 5 kilogram mass are placed in a line at positions of 3 meters, 4 meters, and 5 meters, respectively, from the origin. Which of the following is nearest the location of the center of mass of this set of masses in meters from the origin? W) 0.24 X) 1.00 Y) 4.17 Z) 12.0

ANSWER: Y) 4.17

TOSS-UP 25) PHYSICS Multiple Choice A 3 kilogram mass, a 4 kilogram mass, and a 5 kilogram mass are placed in a line at positions of 3 meters, 4 meters, and 5 meters, respectively, from the origin. Which of the following is nearest the location of the center of mass of this set of masses in meters from the origin? W) 0.24 X) 1.00 Y) 4.17 Z) 12.0

ANSWER: Y) 4.17

TOSS-UP10) Physics - Multiple Choice A family sits on an 8 meter long see-saw. The daughter, massing 20 kilograms, sits at the left end of the see-saw, and the father, massing 80 kilograms, sits at the middle of the right portion of the see-saw. Where must the mother, massing 60 kilograms, sit in order to make the see-saw in static equilibrium and level with the ground? W) 1 meter left of the pivot X) 1 meter right of the pivot Y) 4/3 meter left of the pivot Z) 4/3 meter right of the pivot

ANSWER: Y) 4/3 METER LEFT OF THE PIVOT

BONUS 11) PHYSICS Multiple Choice A small object is 10 centimeters in front of a plane mirror. Standing 20 centimeters behind the object, 30 centimeters from the mirror, at what distance in centimeters must you focus your eyes to see the object's mirror image clearly? W) 20 X) 30 Y) 40 Z) 50

ANSWER: Y) 40

Physics - Multiple Choice Taking the acceleration due to gravity to be 10 meters per second squared, how much power, in watts, is required to lift a 2 kilogram mass at a constant speed of 2 meters per second? W) 2 X) 4 Y) 40 Z) 80

ANSWER: Y) 40

Multiple Choice: Neglecting air resistance, at what angle above the horizontal would you aim your garden hose nozzle to obtain the greatest horizontal distance if the nozzle is at ground level: W) 0º X) 30º Y) 45º Z) 60º

ANSWER: Y) 45º

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Bats find their prey in the dark via echolocation [ek-oh-loh-KAYshuhn]. Given that the speed of sound is 300 meters per second, if a bat emits a chirp at a frequency of 66 kilohertz, what is the smallest size of insect in millimeters it is able to detect? W) 0.2 X) 1 Y) 5 Z) 16

ANSWER: Y) 5

[BONUS] Multiple Choice: In a tug-of-war, each person on a team pulls with an average force of 500 newtons. What is the tension in the center of the rope if there are 10-man teams on each side: W) 0 newtons X) 2,500 newtons Y) 5,000 newtons Z) 10,000 newtons

ANSWER: Y) 5,000 NEWTONS

[Bonus] Multiple Choice: In a tug-of-war, each person on a team pulls with an average force of 500 newtons. What is the tension in the center of the rope if there are 10-man teams on each side: W) 0 newtons X) 2,500 newtons Y) 5,000 newtons Z) 10,000 newtons

ANSWER: Y) 5,000 NEWTONS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A 2 kilogram piece of clay is moving with a velocity of 4 meters per second to the north when it collides perfectly inelastically with another 2 kilogram piece of clay that is moving with a speed of 3 meters per second to the east. Which of the following is nearest the angle in degrees that the combined clay's velocity will make with the east after the collision? W) 30° X) 37° Y) 53° Z) 60°

ANSWER: Y) 53°

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Neglecting the effect of air resistance, a stone dropped off of a 197-meter high building lands on the ground at which of the following approximate times in seconds? W) 3 X) 4 Y) 6 Z) 18

ANSWER: Y) 6

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Two spheres, each with a charge of 3 microcoulombs, are separated by 9 meters. Given that k = 9 x 10^9 meters per farad, how much electric potential energy in joules is stored in this combination of charges? W) 9 x 10^-6 X) 1 x 10^-3 Y) 9 x 10^-3 Z) 9 x 10^9

ANSWER: Y) 9 x 10^-3

PHYSICS Multiple Choice As the result of a collision with another particle, a charged particle ends up with its velocity vector completely parallel to a uniform magnetic field. Which of the following best describes the subsequent path of the particle? W) A circular arc X) A spiral Y) A straight line Z) A cycloid

ANSWER: Y) A STRAIGHT LINE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following wave types does not exhibit polarization? W) Gravitational X) X-ray Y) Acoustic Z) Visible light

ANSWER: Y) ACOUSTIC

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes why the optical spectrum of an atom exists as discrete lines and not as a continuous spectrum: W) atoms have electrons with unit charge X) all atoms when excited emit light Y) all energy levels of atoms are quantized Z) all electrons have spin

ANSWER: Y) ALL ENERGY LEVELS OF ATOMS ARE QUANTIZED

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is the part of an electric motor that functions as an electromagnet: W) ballast X) relay Y) armature Z) brushes

ANSWER: Y) ARMATURE

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Jay walks to his car and drives to the store. The trip takes 20 minutes. Jay figures how far he traveled on foot and by car and divides the distance by how long the trip took. Which of the following BEST describes what Jay has computed: W) total velocity X) average acceleration Y) average speed Z) instantaneous velocity

ANSWER: Y) AVERAGE SPEED

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A person spearfishing from the shore sees a fish located 3 meters from the shore at an approximate depth of 1 meter. To spear the fish, the person should aim in which of the following directions? W) Directly at the fish's image X) Above the fish's image Y) Below the fish's image Z) Behind the fish's image

ANSWER: Y) BELOW THE FISH'S IMAGE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following did J. J. Thompson use that primarily led him to conclude that electrons were basic particles of atoms and carried electric charge: W) a compass and batteries X) a solenoid Y) cathode ray tubes Z) electromagnets

ANSWER: Y) CATHODE RAY TUBES

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the concept upon which Kirchhoff's current law or first law is based: W) charges come in unit dimensions X) all charges flow from the negative to the positive Y) charge can neither be created nor destroyed Z) what goes up must come down

ANSWER: Y) CHARGE CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED

Multiple Choice Kirchhoff's First Rule, often called the node or junction rule, is a restatement of which of the following fundamental principles: W) conservation of energy X) conservation of mass Y) conservation of charge Z) conservation of momentum

ANSWER: Y) CONSERVATION OF CHARGE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following products has the same units as power? W) Work and time X) Force and distance Y) Force and velocity Z) Force and acceleration

ANSWER: Y) FORCE AND VELOCITY

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Two identically sized conducting spheres, A, with a charge of +3.2 x 10⁻¹⁹ coulombs, and B, with a charge of -6.4 x 10⁻¹⁹ coulombs, are allowed to touch. While they are touching, sphere A does which of the following? W) Gains three protons X) Loses three protons Y) Gains three electrons Z) Gains four electrons

ANSWER: Y) GAINS THREE ELECTRONS

BONUS 3) PHYSICS Multiple Choice If magnetic monopoles exist, which of the following Maxwell's equations would be changed? W) Gauss's law for magnetism only X) Gauss's law for magnetism and Ampere's law Y) Gauss's law for magnetism and Faraday's law Z) Gauss's law for magnetism, Ampere's law, and Faraday's law

ANSWER: Y) GAUSS'S LAW FOR MAGNETISM AND FARADAY'S LAW

BONUS12) Physics - Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true regarding electric fields? W) The strength of an electric field associated with a point charge varies with the inverse square of distance. X) The strength of an electric field associated with a dipole varies with the inverse cube of distance Y) If a point charge is placed inside a hollow, uncharged, conducting shell, there will be no net electric field outside of the shell Z) The electric field inside of a hollow, uncharged conductor is always zero

ANSWER: Y) IF A POINT CHARGE IS PLACED INSIDE A HOLLOW, UNCHARGED CONDUCTING SHELL, THERE WILL BE NO NET ELECTRIC FIELD OUTSIDE OF THE SHELL

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Pascal's law governs the actions of forces in which of the following? W) Gases X) Solids Y) Incompressible fluids Z) A vacuum

ANSWER: Y) INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following will double the power dissipated by a resistor? W) Doubling the voltage across the resistor X) Decreasing the voltage to one half of the original value Y) Increasing the voltage by a factor of the square root of 2 Z) Decreasing the voltage by a factor of the square root of 2

ANSWER: Y) INCREASING THE VOLTAGE BY A FACTOR OF THE SQUARE ROOT OF 2

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A wire of radius A carries a uniform current I. The total magnetic energy per unit length contained within the wire is which of the following? W) Proportional to A2 X) Proportional to A Y) Independent of A Z) Zero

ANSWER: Y) INDEPENDENT OF A

PHYSICS Multiple Choice The acceleration of an object that is in free fall in a vacuum is which of the following? W) Proportional to the mass of the object X) Proportional to the inverse of the mass of the object Y) Independent of the mass of the object Z) Equal to the product of force and mass

ANSWER: Y) INDEPENDENT OF THE MASS OF THE OBJECT

TOSS-UP12) Physics - Multiple Choice In which of the following ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum are the Paschen series hydrogen lines found? W) Ultraviolet X) Visible Y) Infrared Z) X-Ray

ANSWER: Y) INFRARED

PHYSICS Multiple Choice To early astrophysical researchers, the Sun was originally found to emit about one-third of the expected amount of neutrinos. Which of the following BEST explains why: W) about 66% of the neutrinos were deflected by the Earth's magnetic field X) two-thirds of the neutrinos were too energetic to be detected Y) neutrinos were changing flavor on their way to Earth Z) original estimations of the numbers emitted by the Sun were incorrect

ANSWER: Y) NEUTRINOS WERE CHANGING FLAVOR ON THEIR WAY TO EARTH

TOSS-UP16) Physics - Multiple Choice When doing mass spectrometry, one will notice that atoms of the same element will have slightly different charge-to-mass ratios. Which of the following particles is responsible for this difference? W) Proton X) Electron Y) Neutron Z) Meson

ANSWER: Y) NEUTRON

TOSS-UP21) Physics- Multiple Choice Which of the following subatomic particles will NOT be noticeably deflected when traveling perpendicular to an external magnetic field? W) Proton X) Electron Y) Neutron Z) Positron

ANSWER: Y) NEUTRON

BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice Which of the following is the sole variable that must be equal among different photons in order for electromagnetic radiation to be considered coherent? W) Frequency X) Direction Y) Phase Z) Polarization

ANSWER: Y) PHASE

BONUS6) Physics - Multiple Choice Which of the following is the sole variable that must be equal among different photons in order for electromagnetic radiation to be considered coherent? W) Frequency X) Direction Y) Phase Z) Polarization

ANSWER: Y) PHASE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following cells cannot be recharged? W) Dry X) Wet Y) Primary Z) Secondary

ANSWER: Y) PRIMARY

[bonus] Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true according to the Standard Model of Particle Physics: W) quarks carry color charge X) hadrons are color-neutral particles Y) quarks can be isolated from their hadrons Z) the carrier particle for the electromagnetic interaction has zero charge

ANSWER: Y) QUARKS CAN BE ISOLATED FROM THEIR HADRONS

BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice Which of the following types of magnetometers needs to be cooled to very low temperatures due to reliance on the Josephson effect? W) Overhauser X) SERF [surf] Y) SQUID [squid] Z) Fluxgate

ANSWER: Y) SQUID

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Upon which of the following does the mass of a body MOST directly depend: W) its magnetic properties X) how much volume it has Y) the amount of matter it contains Z) its location

ANSWER: Y) THE AMOUNT OF MATTER IT CONTAINS

BONUS12) Physics - Multiple Choice An object sits in front of a spherical mirror with a focal length of 20 centimeters. The image produced by the mirror is upright and has a height one-third that of the original object. Which of the following is true? W) The image is real and the mirror is convex X) The image is real and the mirror is concave Y) The image is virtual and the mirror is convex Z) The image is virtual and the mirror is concave

ANSWER: Y) THE IMAGE IS VIRTUAL AND THE MIRROR IS CONVEX

Multiple Choice Huygen's principle can be used to most directly derive which of the following: W) the speed of light X) the law of diffraction Y) the laws of reflection and refraction Z) Fermat's Principle

ANSWER: Y) THE LAWS OF REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

BONUS Physics - Multiple Choice Two loudspeakers, A and B, are placed 4 meters apart and facing each other. The loudspeakers produce sound at 171 hertz in phase with one another. A microphone is moved with varying speed along a straight line that joins A and B. Which of the following statements is true? W) The microphone detects sound with no amplitude fluctuations as it moves X) The microphone detects sound with amplitude fluctuations that increase as its speed decreases Y) The microphone detects sound with amplitude fluctuations that increase as its speed increases Z) The microphone detects no sound

ANSWER: Y) THE MICROPHONE DETECTS SOUND WITH AMPLITUDE FLUCTUATIONS THAT INCREASE AS ITS SPEED INCREASES

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Under which of the following conditions is the momentum of a system unchanged? W) The system is undergoing acceleration X) The system is acted upon by multiple forces Y) The net external forces are zero Z) The net internal forces are zero

ANSWER: Y) THE NET EXTERNAL FORCES ARE ZERO

PHYSICS Multiple Choice An object of mass m sits on a flat table. The Earth pulls on the object with force mg. Which of the following is the corresponding reaction force? W) The table pushing down on the floor with force mg X) The object pushing down on the table with force mg Y) The object pulling upward on the Earth with force mg Z) The table pushing up on the object with force mg

ANSWER: Y) THE OBJECT PULLING UPWARD ON THE EARTH WITH FORCE mg

Physics - Multiple Choice If a nonzero net torque is applied from an external source onto a frictionless rotating device, which of the following statements is NOT true? W) The rotational velocity at some time t can be equal to zero after the torque begins. X) The final total rotational energy of the system can be greater than the total work done by the net torque. Y) The total momentum of the device is constant before and after the torque is applied. Z) Any gravitational potential energy gained by the device due to rotation is lost upon completion of a full revolution.

ANSWER: Y) THE TOTAL MOMENTUM OF THE DEVICE IS CONSTANT BEFORE AND AFTER THE TORQUE IS APPLIED.

Multiple Choice: Which of the following have largely replaced vacuum tubes that were used in electronics of the mid to later 20th century: W) capacitors X) transformers Y) transistors Z) amplifiers

ANSWER: Y) TRANSISTORS

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A high energy photon near a nucleus can produce an electronpositron pair. What is the minimum energy a photon must have for this to happen? W) Half of the proper energy of the electron X) The proper energy of the electron Y) Two times the proper energy of the electron Z) Ten times the proper energy of the electron

ANSWER: Y) TWO TIMES THE PROPER ENERGY OF THE ELECTRON

PHYSICS Multiple Choice The messenger particles of weak interaction are which of the following? W) Z bosons only X) W+ and W- bosons only Y) Z, W+ , and Wbosons Z) Virtual photons

ANSWER: Y) Z, W+ , AND WBOSONS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is closest to the radius of a hydrogen nucleus: W) 1 micrometer X) 1 angstrom Y) 1 picometer Z) 1 femtometer

ANSWER: Z) 1 FEMTOMETER

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice What is the image position in centimeters of a narrow object placed 100 centimeters from a 50 centimeter focal length lens? W) 20 X) 25 Y) 50 Z) 100

ANSWER: Z) 100

Physics - Multiple Choice A 60-kilogram man holding a 20-kilogram box rides on a skateboard at a speed of positive 7 meters per second. He throws the box behind him, giving it a velocity of negative 5 meters per second, with respect to the ground. What is his velocity, in meters per second, after throwing the object? W) 8 X) 9 Y) 10 Z) 11

ANSWER: Z) 11

PHYSICS Multiple Choice An Atwood's machine is built with a massless and frictionless pulley with a mass of 1 kilogram on one side and a mass of 4 kilograms on the other side. Assuming that the acceleration due to gravity is 10 meters per second squared, which is the speed of the masses in meters per second three seconds after being released? W) 5 X) 6 Y) 15 Z) 18

ANSWER: Z) 18

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Tripling the power output from a speaker emitting a single tone will result in an increase in sound intensity in decibels that is closest to which of the following? W) 0.3 X) 2 Y) 4 Z) 5

ANSWER: Z) 5

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes one of Maxwell's equations that is a mathematical conceptualization of Faraday's law: W) a magnetic B-field is a solenoid vector field X) an EMF induced in a conductor opposes that motion Y) induced currents are caused by the magnetic field and in opposition to the opposed flux Z) a time-varying B-field produces an E-field

ANSWER: Z) A TIME-VARYING B-FIELD PRODUCES AN E-FIELD

[Bonus] Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true: W) electrical utilities deliver electricity over long distances at high voltages to reduce power loss X) in typical modern vacuum tubes, the cathode supplies the electrons Y) Faraday's law of induction is a general guide for induction of EMF with a magnetic field Z) a typical voltmeter can be used to reliably test how much life is left in a double-A battery

ANSWER: Z) A TYPICAL VOLTMETER CAN BE USED TO RELIABLY TEST HOW MUCH LIFE IS LEFT IN A DOUBLE-A BATTERY

TOSS-UP 12) Physics - Multiple Choice What is the name of the principle that states that an object, partly or completely, submerged in a fluid will experience a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid the object displaces? W) Newton X) Bernoulli Y) Pascal Z) Archimedes

ANSWER: Z) ARCHIMEDES

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes how and why electrical resistance is related to temperature: W) as temperature increases, resistance decreases because electrons move faster X) as temperature increases, resistance decreases because electrons are lost from the conductor Y) as temperature increases, resistance increases because protons move faster Z) as temperature increases, resistance increases because atoms vibrate more, increasing electron scattering

ANSWER: Z) AS TEMPERATURE INCREASES, RESISTANCE INCREASES BECAUSE ATOMS VIBRATE MORE, INCREASING ELECTRON SCATTERING

BONUS 16) COMPUTER SCIENCE Multiple Choice What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the binary number 1011 (read as: one, zero, one, one)? W) 7 X) 8 Y) A Z) B

ANSWER: Z) B

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following principles of fluid dynamics does an airplane use to create an upward force? W) Archimedes' X) Pascal's Y) Venturi's Z) Bernoulli's

ANSWER: Z) BERNOULLI'S

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following colors of light has the greatest angle of refraction in normal glass: W) yellow X) green Y) orange Z) blue

ANSWER: Z) BLUE

Physics - Multiple Choice Photons and gluons are classified as which of the following types of particles? W) Lepton X) Hadron Y) Meson Z) Boson

ANSWER: Z) BOSON

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Two cars of unequal mass crash and stick together in a head on collision. Which of the following statements is true? W) The car with the larger mass experiences the larger magnitude impulse X) The car with the smaller mass experiences the larger magnitude impulse Y) Both cars experience the same magnitude impulse in the same direction Z) Both cars experience the same magnitude impulse in opposite directions

ANSWER: Z) BOTH CARS EXPERIENCE THE SAME MAGNITUDE IMPULSE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A rock is thrown vertically upwards with speed v from the edge of a cliff. At the same moment, a second rock is thrown vertically downwards with the same initial speed v. Neglecting air resistance, which of the following statements is true? W) The rock that was thrown upwards reaches the bottom of the cliff with a higher velocity X) The rock that was thrown downwards reaches the bottom of the cliff with a higher velocity Y) Both rocks reach the bottom of the cliff with the same velocity at the same time Z) Both rocks reach the bottom of the cliff with the same velocity but at different times

ANSWER: Z) BOTH ROCKS REACH THE BOTTOM OF THE CLIFF WITH THE SAME VELOCITY BUT AT DIFFERENT TIMES

[Bonus] Multiple Choice When utilizing dissimilar metals in a device that operates over a large temperature range, which of the following factors is most important to consider in determining internal stresses: W) ductility X) hardenability Y) conductivity Z) coefficients of thermal expansion

ANSWER: Z) COEFFICIENTS OF THERMAL EXPANSION

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following will INCREASE the current from a solar panel? W) Using a lead acid cell in series with the solar cells X) Using a wet cell in series with the solar cells Y) Connecting the solar cells in series Z) Connecting the solar cells in parallel

ANSWER: Z) CONNECTING THE SOLAR CELLS IN PARALLEL

BONUS 6) Physics - Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is not true regarding light? W) The energy of light increases as frequency increases X) Refraction occurs when a beam of light travels between mediums with different indices of refraction Y) Light can be thought of as a self-propagating electromagnetic wave Z) Diffraction arises due to the wave-like properties of light, but interference is due to the particle-like properties of light

ANSWER: Z) DIFFRACTION ARISES DUE TO THE WAVE-LIKE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT, BUT INTERFERENCE IS DUE TO THE PARTICLE-LIKE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following most commonly functions to limit current to one direction: W) capacitor X) transformer Y) resistor Z) diode

ANSWER: Z) DIODE

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following occurs when a glass tube is rubbed with a silk cloth: W) protons are transferred from the silk to the glass tube X) protons are transferred from the glass tube to the silk Y) electrons are transferred from the silk to the glass tube Z) electrons are transferred from the glass tube to the silk

ANSWER: Z) ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM THE GLASS TUBE TO THE SILK

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is true when light enters a denser medium and is refracted? W) Wavelength remains unchanged X) Wave speed increases Y) Wavelength increases Z) Frequency remains unchanged

ANSWER: Z) FREQUENCY REMAINS UNCHANGED

Physics - Multiple Choice If all of the following objects are of equal mass and equal radius, which will have the greatest rotational inertia? W) Solid cylinder about central axis X) Solid sphere about any diameter Y) Thin spherical shell about any diameter Z) Hoop about a central axis

ANSWER: Z) HOOP ABOUT A CENTRAL AXIS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Martin is swinging a yo-yo in a large room with a circular motion perpendicular to a level floor. If the yo-yo breaks away from its string at the top of the yo-yo's circular path, in what direction will the yo-yo initially move: W) at an angle between horizontal and vertical X) straight up, toward the ceiling Y) straight down, to the floor Z) horizontally, tangent to its original circular path

ANSWER: Z) HORIZONTALLY, TANGENT TO ITS ORIGINAL CIRCULAR PATH

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of the Hall effect: W) it can be used to measure the strength of a magnetic field X) it is a consequence of a current carrying wire in a magnetic field Y) it was one of the first direct indications that negative charges are what move in conductors Z) it cannot distinguish between positive and negative particles

ANSWER: Z) IT CANNOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PARTICLES

PHYSICS Multiple Choice As an object falls to the Earth with air resistance present, what happens to the acceleration of the object? W) It remains a constant 9.8 meters per second squared X) It increases from 0 to 9.8 meters per second squared Y) It remains at a constant 0 meters per second squared Z) It decreases from 9.8 to 0 meters per second squared

ANSWER: Z) IT DECREASES FROM 9.8 TO 0 METERS PER SECOND SQUARED

BONUS 23) PHYSICS Multiple Choice A current-carrying wire changes diameter from larger to smaller gauge. In which of the following locations would the current be greater? W) Larger section X) Smaller section Y) At the location where the wire changes diameter Z) It would be the same at all points

ANSWER: Z) IT WOULD BE THE SAME AT ALL POINTS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is a consequence of Gauss's law for magnetism? W) A changing magnetic flux through a loop creates an electric current around the loop X) Charges must be moving to produce magnetic fields Y) A time-varying electric flux acts as a current and produces a magnetic field Z) Magnetic monopoles do not exist

ANSWER: Z) MAGNETIC MONOPOLES DO NOT EXIST

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a composite material: W) bone X) plywood Y) wood Z) mild steel

ANSWER: Z) MILD STEEL

Multiple Choice In using a frequency of light that causes the photoelectric effect, which of the following will occur when there is an increase in the intensity of the incident light beam on a metal surface: W) the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons will increase exponentially X) the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons will increase linearly Y) it will increase the work function Z) more electrons will be ejected from the metal

ANSWER: Z) MORE ELECTRONS WILL BE EJECTED FROM THE METAL

Multiple Choice Astrophysicists, when referring to interstellar gases, typically use the Roman numeral I to indicate that an atom is: W) singly ionized X) doubly ionized Y) contains one proton Z) neutral

ANSWER: Z) NEUTRAL

[BONUS] Multiple Choice: Under which of the following conditions is the average velocity equal to the average of an object's initial and final velocity: W) always X) never Y) only when the acceleration changes Z) only when the acceleration is constant

ANSWER: Z) ONLY WHEN THE ACCELERATION IS CONSTANT

Multiple Choice: For a given time interval, when is the average velocity of an object equal to the instantaneous velocity for every time in the interval: W) never X) always Y) only when the velocity is changing at a constant rate Z) only when the velocity is constant

ANSWER: Z) ONLY WHEN THE VELOCITY IS CONSTANT

Multiple Choice: For a given time interval, when is the average velocity of an object equal to the instantaneous velocity for every time in the interval: W) never X) always Y) only when the velocity is changing at a constant rate Z) only when the velocity is constant

ANSWER: Z) ONLY WHEN THE VELOCITY IS CONSTANT

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the direction of the force on an electron moving through a magnetic field: W) opposite to the direction of the velocity X) the same direction as the velocity Y) the same direction as the magnetic field Z) perpendicular to the magnetic field

ANSWER: Z) PERPENDICULAR TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD

TOSS-UP6) Physics - Multiple Choice After combing your hair, the comb becomes electrically charged. You then use the comb to pick up electrically neutral bits of paper, without making contact between the comb and the paper. What process allowed you to pick up the paper bits? W) Conduction X) Insulation Y) Magnetization Z) Polarization

ANSWER: Z) POLARIZATION

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice The majority of helium originating in the dust cloud that formed the Earth has since evaporated into space. Most present-day terrestrially available helium comes from which of the following? W) Nuclear fusion reactors X) A by-product of nuclear fission Y) Harvested from the ionosphere Z) Radioactive decay of heavier elements

ANSWER: Z) RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF HEAVIER ELEMENTS

[Bonus] Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true: W) the magnetic field associated with the current on a straight long wire is inversely proportional to the distance from the wire X) Kirchhoff's first rule has to do with the accounting of total charges entering and leaving a junction per unit time Y) superconducting quantum interference devices, or SQUID's, are based on the Josephson Effect Z) resistance and voltage are the two most common parameters used to characterize a resistor

ANSWER: Z) RESISTANCE AND VOLTAGE ARE THE TWO MOST COMMON PARAMETERS USED TO CHARACTERIZE A RESISTOR

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is the device in a galvanic cell that completes the electric circuit by connecting the two sides of the cell with an inert electrolyte: W) electrolytic reservoir X) cathode Y) conducting wire Z) salt bridge

ANSWER: Z) SALT BRIDGE

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is the MOST reliable measure of the remaining percentage of stored energy in a lead acid battery: W) pH of the electrolyte X) voltage remaining in the battery as measured on a voltmeter Y) amount of oxygen gas released Z) specific gravity of the electrolyte

ANSWER: Z) SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE ELECTROLYTE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is the correct relationship of half-life T1/2 and mean life 𝜏 [tau] of an unstable particle, if λ [lambda] is the decay constant? W) T1/2 = λ/𝜏 [Half-life equals lambda over tau] X) T1/2 = 𝜏/λ [Half-life equals tau over lambda] Y) T1/2 = 𝜏 log2 (e) [Half-life equals tau log base 2 of e] Z) T1/2 = 𝜏 ln (2) [Half-life equals tau natural log of 2]

ANSWER: Z) T1/2 = 𝜏 ln (2)

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Two balls are thrown perfectly horizontally off a cliff on Mars, where the acceleration due to gravity is 3.7 meters per second squared. If ball 1 lands 30 meters further than ball 2, which of the following statements is correct about their initial velocities? W) The velocity of ball 1 is 30 meters per second greater than the velocity of ball 2 X) The velocity of ball 2 is 30 meters per second greater than the velocity of ball 1 Y) The velocity of ball 1 is 30 times larger than the velocity of ball 2 Z) The exact relationship cannot be determined without knowing the height of the cliff

ANSWER: Z) THE EXACT RELATIONSHIP CANNOT BE DETERMINED WITHOUT KNOWING THE HEIGHT OF THE CLIFF

[Bonus] Multiple Choice If the atomic mass of carbon-12 is exactly 12 atomic mass units, why is the atomic mass of carbon not exactly 12 when listed on the Periodic Table: W) the mass deficit X) neutrons are not the same mass as protons Y) it adds the mass of the electrons Z) the presence in nature of about 1.1% carbon-13

ANSWER: Z) THE PRESENCE IN NATURE OF ABOUT 1.1% CARBON-13

Multiple Choice The index of refraction for a medium is: W) the ratio of the angles of refraction of red light and blue light in the medium X) the angle of refraction for monochromatic light in the medium Y) the ratio of the speed of light in the medium to the speed of light in a vacuum Z) the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium

ANSWER: Z) THE RATIO OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN A VACUUM TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN THE MEDIUM

PHYSICS Multiple Choice When a resistor, inductor, and capacitor are connected in series to an AC generator, the current through the capacitor must be in phase with the voltage across which of the following? W) The capacitor X) The inductor Y) The entire circuit Z) The resistor

ANSWER: Z) THE RESISTOR

Multiple Choice Which of the following is the BEST expression of the speed of sound waves in various media: W) the product of the elastic property times the inertial property X) the value of the inertial property divided by the elastic property Y) the value of the elastic property divided by the inertial property Z) the square root of the elastic property divided by the inertial property

ANSWER: Z) THE SQUARE ROOT OF THE ELASTIC PROPERTY DIVIDED BY THE INERTIAL PROPERTY

Multiple Choice: If a car is going around a corner, which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship among the speeds of the wheels on the car: W) the wheels all rotate at the same speed X) the wheels on the inside of the corner rotate faster because they have less distance to travel Y) the wheels on the inside of the corner rotate faster because they have more distance to travel Z) the wheels on the outside of the corner rotate faster because they have more distance to travel

ANSWER: Z) THE WHEELS ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE CORNER ROTATE FASTER BECAUSE THEY HAVE MORE DISTANCE TO TRAVEL

[Bonus] Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT true of uranium: W) it is very dense X) all isotopes are radioactive Y) uranium is sometimes used in counterweights in yacht keels Z) there are only 3 isotopes of uranium

ANSWER: Z) THERE ARE ONLY 3 ISOTOPES OF URANIUM

PHYSICS Multiple Choice If a light ray passes from air (n = 1.00) to acetone (n = 1.36), what is the critical angle? W) 47° X) 67° Y) 87° Z) There is no total internal reflection

ANSWER: Z) THERE IS NO TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

BONUS 3) PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following types of thermometer is based on the difference in the voltage induced by a temperature gradient in two metals? W) Beckman X) Silicon band gap Y) Thermistor Z) Thermocouple

ANSWER: Z) THERMOCOUPLE

Multiple Choice The process in which an atom reradiates a photon after interacting with an incident photon of the same energy is called: W) Rayleigh scattering X) the Cherenkov effect Y) Bragg's Law Z) Thomson scattering

ANSWER: Z) THOMSON SCATTERING

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes how the most accurate value for the gravitational constant has been determined: W) through theoretical calculations from General Relativity X) through theoretical calculations using the masses and motions of certain celestial bodies Y) through theoretical calculations from quantum electrodynamics Z) through experimentation

ANSWER: Z) THROUGH EXPERIMENTATION

BONUS10) PHYSICS - Multiple Choice A spherical grain of sand falls into a pool. As the grain falls through the water, its terminal velocity is independent of which of the following? W) The temperature of the water X) The radius of the grain Y) The density of the grain Z) The height above the pool from which it fell

ANSWER: Z) The height above the pool from which it fell

Multiple Choice: Which of the following colors of light would give the highest resolving power of a compound light microscope: W) infrared X) orange Y) green Z) ultraviolet

ANSWER: Z) ULTRAVIOLET

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer A solid conducting sphere with a radius of 2 centimeters has a charge of 8 microcoulombs. Concentric with the solid sphere is a hollow conducting spherical shell with an inner radius of 4 centimeters, outer radius of 5 centimeters, and charge of -4 microcoulombs. Find the magnitude of the electric field in newtons per coulomb at a radius of 4.5 centimeters.

ANSWER: ZERO

BONUS7) Physics - Short Answer A closed cube with a height of 20 centimeters is immersed in a uniform electric field of 18 volts per meter. What is the electric flux through the cube?

ANSWER: ZERO

TOSS-UP 2) Physics - Short Answer Two point charges, Q1 and Q2, that have charges of +8 nanocoulombs and -8 nanocoulombs, respectively, are placed at two vertices of an equilateral triangle. If a third charge, Q3, of +3 nanocoulombs is placed at the third vertex, what is the potential energy associated with Q3?

ANSWER: ZERO

BONUS 16) PHYSICS Short Answer Two asteroids that are 10,000 kilometers apart attract each other with a gravitational force of F. If the two asteroids move further away from each other to a distance of 20,000 kilometers apart, what will the gravitational force be in terms of F?

ANSWER: ¼ F (ACCEPT: 0.25F)

PHYSICS Short Answer In one cycle of alternating current, 180º is given to the point at what fractional amount of the way through the cycle?

ANSWER: ½

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the spin of the muon, in quantum units?

ANSWER: ½ (Solution: muons are fermions which have a spin of ½)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer A block starts slipping on a track set at exactly 30 degrees to the horizontal. What is the coefficient of static friction between the block and track?

ANSWER: √3/3 [SQUARE ROOT OF 3 OVER 3]

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: What is the MOST common term for the inwardly directed force exerted on an object to keep the object moving in a circle?

CENTRIPETAL (ACCEPT: CENTRIPETAL FORCE)

What is the name given to light produced when a charged particle passes through a material at a speed faster than the phase velocity of light in that material?

CHERENKOV RADIATION(ACCEPT: VALIVOV-CHERENKOV RADIATION)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer What is the name of the instrument invented by Charles Wilson and used in the early 1900's in many experiments to show the tracks of charged particles passing through a chamber?

CLOUD CHAMBER (ACCEPT: WILSON CLOUD CHAMBER)

PHYSICS Short Answer: What is the general term for the process of making different types of semiconductors by adding slight amounts of impurities into the silicon matrix?

DOPING

In the excitation of an atom by light, what specific particle is responsible for the absorption of the photon?

ELECTRON

PHYSICS Short Answer: What particle of an atom is most directly responsible for the emission of light when an atom is excited by electromagnetic radiation?

ELECTRON

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Name all the leptons that are produced during beta minus decay?

ELECTRONS AND ANTINEUTRINOS (ACCEPT: ELECTRON ANTINEUTRINO FOR NEUTRINO)

PHYSICS Short Answer If a car is accelerating along a road, the force acting on the car that causes it to move forward is the reaction force from the car pushing on the ground. What is this reaction force due to?

FRICTION BETWEEN THE TIRE AND THE GROUND (ACCEPT: FRICTION)

Bonus: What is the most malleable element at STP?

GOLD

PHYSICS Short Answer A white-colored object illuminated by a green light will appear as what color to the human eye?

GREEN

What particle, recently confirmed to exist at the Large Hadron Collider, is postulated by electroweak theory to explain the origin of mass?

HIGGS BOSON

PHYSICS Short Answer What boson is the only particle predicted by the Standard Model of Particle Physics that had not yet been observed as of June 2008?

HIGGS BOSON (ACCEPT: HIGGS)

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the most common name for the field, which is believed to act somewhat like a fluid that fills space and endows quarks with mass?

HIGGS FIELD (ACCEPT: HIGGS)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Order the following 3 isotopes from the one with the LOWEST nuclear binding energy to the HIGHEST: iron-58; hydrogen-2; oxygen-16

HYDROGEN-2; OXYGEN-16; IRON-58

Bonus: What term describes the balance between gravitational force and the outward gaspressure in a stable star?

HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM (ACCEPT: GRAVITATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM)

Short Answer Turbulent flow is more likely to occur under conditions where Reynolds numbers are high. Under these conditions, what forces are dominant in the system's fluid?

INERTIAL

PHYSICS Short Answer Name all of the following 3 sub-atomic particles that interact with all 4 of the fundamental forces: electron; quarks; neutrino

QUARKS

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: Which of the following are transmitted by electromagnetic waves: 1) radio, 2) television, 3) Rayleigh, or 4) P-waves?

RADIO, TELEVISION (ACCEPT: 1, 2)

PHYSICS Short Answer: Radon is primarily produced naturally on Earth most directly from the decay of what element?

RADIUM

Bonus: What criterion states that two objects are resolvable if the angular separation betweenthemis enough such that the first diffraction maxima of one object coincides with the minima of the other?

RAYLEIGH CRITERION

PHYSICS Short Answer :According to one of the most common color triangles, if blue and green are primary colors, what is the third primary color?

RED

What is the name for the change in the direction of propagation of light when it passes from one transparent material to another?

REFRACTION

PHYSICS Short Answer: Jan is riding her bike northward on Main Street at 20 kilometers per hour and applies her brakes. In what direction would a physicist MOST likely record her acceleration?

SOUTH

What principle states that the net response at a given point caused by two waves is the sum of the responses that those waves would have caused individually?

SUPERPOSITION

A pilot is in a recoverable spin with her engine turned off, and with the plane's nose directed toward the Earth's center. What term describes the limit of her rate of descent?

TERMINAL VELOCITY (ACCEPT: TERMINAL SPEED)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Until the Large Hadron Collider came on-line at CERN, what accelerator was generally believed to be the only one energetic enough to produce top quarks?

TEVATRON (ACCEPT: FERMILAB ACCELERATOR)

PHYSICS Short Answer: What is the MOST common term for the type of energy that is most directly related to the energy of atoms, molecules and other small particles that are in random motion within a system?

THERMAL

A helicopter uses a main rotor as propulsion and control, but requires a tail rotor to counteract torque. The balance of forces resulting from this configuration is represented best by which of Newton's laws?

THIRD (ACCEPT: FOR EVERY ACTION, THERE IS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION)

PHYSICS Short Answer What was the most sensitive device Coulomb used to measure the electric forces between pith balls?

TORSION BALANCE

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: Name all of the following 4 choices that would typically be considered to supply electromotive force: transformers; generators; batteries; conductors

TRANSFORMERS; GENERATORS; BATTERIES (ACCEPT: ALL BUT CONDUCTORS)

TOSS-UP 19) PHYSICS Multiple Choice A 500 kilogram roller coaster car rounds the top of a hill with a radius of 25 meters at a speed of 15 meters per second. Given that the acceleration due to gravity is 10 meters per second squared, what is the normal force in newtons on the car at this point? W) 500 X) 4500 Y) 5000 Z) 5500

W) 500

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following experimental approaches was used by scientists to discover that the atomic nucleus held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge: W) directing alpha particles at thin metal strips X) finding the amount of magnetic deflection in cathode rays within a well-evacuated tube Y) exposing photographic film to certain radium salts Z) using a crude cyclotron to disintegrate large nuclei

W) DIRECTING ALPHA PARTICLES AT THIN METAL STRIPS

Which of the following does NOT describe the strong force? W) It is mediated by the W boson X) It is responsible for holding together the nucleus Y) It is carried by gluons Z) It is described with quantum chromodynamics

W) IT IS MEDIATED BY THE W BOSON

Bonus: Given that it relates the energy of a photon to its frequency, what are the SI units of Planck's constant? W) Joule seconds X) Watts Y) Newton meters Z) Watts per second

W) JOULE SECONDS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following is the most common instrument used for measuring gas pressure: W) manometer X) anemometer Y) tensitometer Z) flow-meter

W) MANOMETER

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following are the most important calibration references that Celsius used to devise his temperature scale: W) melting point and boiling point of water X) ice-point and freeze-thaw point of water Y) specific gravity of water Z) boiling point and steam point of water

W) MELTING POINT AND BOILING POINT OF WATER

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice: If a beam of white light passes through a prism, which of the following colors color will emerge on the other side at the lowest angle with respect to the incident beam: W) orange X) indigo Y) green Z) blue

W) ORANGE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes spin quantum numbers: W) orientation of intrinsic angular momenta of electrons X) centripetal accelerations of atoms Y) angular momenta of only hadrons Z) centripetal acceleration of electrons

W) ORIENTATION OF INTRINSIC ANGULAR MOMENTA OF ELECTRONS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following choices is NOT an example of a rigid body? W) Slinky X) Wheel Y) Pool ball Z) CD

W) SLINKY

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: The Meissner effect is most directly associated with which of the following: W) superconductors X) rare earth magnets Y) very strong electromagnets Z) Tesla coils

W) SUPERCONDUCTORS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following BEST describes the most common functions for which most transistors are used: W) to switch on and off or amplify electronic signals X) to allow electric current to pass in only one direction while increasing or decreasing the voltage Y) to store electrical energy Z) to regulate the frequency of electrical sine waves

W) TO SWITCH ON AND OFF OR AMPLIFY ELECTRONIC SIGNALS

Which of the following types of electromagnetic energy has the shortest wavelengths? W) X-rays X) AM radio Y) Infrared Z) Visible

W) X-RAYS

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: Order the following 4 choices from the one with the LOWEST temperature to the one with the HIGHEST temperature: copper freezes; water boils; solar corona; lead melts

WATER BOILS; LEAD MELTS; COPPER FREEZES; SOLAR CORONA

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer According to the Standard Model of Particle Physics, through what force would the top quark decay?

WEAK FORCE (ACCEPT: WEAK or WEAK INTERACTION)

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following would a Leyden jar most likely be considered: W) an electroscope X) a capacitor Y) a resistor Z) a Tesla cage

X) A CAPACITOR

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: During positron emission, which of the following most likely occurs: W) a proton changes to an electron X) a proton changes to a neutron Y) a neutron changes to an electron Z) a neutron changes to a proton

X) A PROTON CHANGES TO A NEUTRON

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes the Balmer series: W) a series of quantum numbers indicating certain energy levels X) hydrogen atom spectral line emission Y) a sequence of elements that are produced chronologically in supernovae Z) the energy spectrum of the early universe

X) HYDROGEN ATOM SPECTRAL LINE EMISSION

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Consider an electric charge moving through a magnetic field. A force acts on the charge perpendicular to the direction of the charge's motion and direction of the magnetic field. Which of the following is the MOST common name for this force: W) B field X) Lorentz force Y) electrodynamic force Z) Faraday force

X) LORENTZ FORCE

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes how Thomas Young produced sufficiently coherent separate light sources in order to produce interference patterns: W) passing coherent light through 2 closely spaced holes in the same opaque screen X) passing incoherent light 1st through an opaque screen with a single hole, and then through a 2nd opaque screen with 2 holes Y) passing polarized light through 2 holes in a single opaque screen Z) passing laser light through 2 holes in a single opaque screen

X) PASSING INCOHERENT LIGHT 1st THROUGH AN OPAQUE SCREEN WITH A SINGLE HOLE, AND THEN THROUGH A 2nd OPAQUE SCREEN WITH 2 HOLES

Which of the following constants is fundamentally related tothe speed of light? W) Gravitation constant X) Permeability of free space Y) Planck constant Z) Boltzmannconstant

X) PERMEABILITY OF FREE SPACE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following is the magnitude of the focal length of a spherically curved convex mirror in air, where R stands for the radius of curvature: W) R divided by 1.22 X) R divided by 2 Y) R divided by 1.5 Z) R times 4

X) R DIVIDED BY 2

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following BEST describes the Lorentz Contraction: W) reduction in the mass of a body as it approaches the speed of light X) reduction in the length of a body along the direction of motion as it approaches the speed of light Y) loss of kinetic energy when any object slows Z) loss of potential energy when any body emits electromagnetic radiation

X) REDUCTION IN THE LENGTH OF A BODY ALONG THE DIRECTION OF MOTION AS IT APPROACHES THE SPEED OF LIGHT

Bonus: What is the SI derived unit for electrical conductance? W) Henry X) Siemens Y) Weber Z) Tesla

X) SIEMENS

Light traveling in a vacuum hits a refractive material at an angle of 60 degrees from the normal. If it travels through the material at an angle of 30 degrees from the normal, which of the following is the refractive index of the material? W) Square root of 3 divided by 2 X) Square root of 3 Y) 2 Z) 2 times the square root of 2

X) SQUARE ROOT OF 3

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following BEST explains why gravitational acceleration on Earth varies from one place to another: W) the Sun's gravitational pull varies irregularly X) the Earth is not a uniform sphere Y) the Moon and the Sun exert a complex combination of gravitational pulls on the Earth Z) the changing angular momentum of the Earth varies during its yearly orbit

X) THE EARTH IS NOT A UNIFORM SPHERE

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is probably the most significant limitation for PET scans being used in remote rural hospital sites: W) lack of properly trained personnel X) the proximity to production facilities for short-lived radioisotopes Y) the high level of radiation requiring special training and increased radiation risk Z) difficulty in PET radiotracers binding to receptors when imaging certain human tissues

X) THE PROXIMITY TO PRODUCTION FACILITIES FOR SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPES

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Order the following 3 choices from the MOST penetrating through a thin sheet of cardboard to the LEAST: beta rays; alpha rays; x-rays

X-RAYS; BETA RAYS; ALPHA RAYS

Bonus: What is an object's average angular acceleration, in degrees per secondper second, if it transited 72degrees withan initial angular velocity of 8 degrees per second and a final angular velocity of 10 degrees per second? W) 1/12 X) 1/6 Y) 1/4 Z) 1/3

Y) 1/4

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: A boat's velocity has a northward velocity component of 15 kilometers per hour and an eastward component of 10 kilometers per hour. Which of the following BEST represents the direction of the boat's motion: W) 35 kilometers per hour northeast X) 35 kilometers per hour southwest Y) 18 kilometers per hour northeast Z) 12 kilometers per hour northeast

Y) 18 KILOMETERS PER HOUR NORTHEAST

Which of the following is the equivalent resistance, in ohms, of a circuit in whicha 5 ohm resistor is connected in series to two 4 ohm resistors which are connected in parallel? W) 10/7 X) 40/13 Y) 7 Z) 13

Y) 7

A student at the edge of a merry-go-round travels along an arc of length 6.28 meters as the ride completes a pi/4 angular rotation. To the nearest meter, what is the radius of the ride? W) 2 X) 4 Y) 8 Z) 16

Y) 8

In millimeters, what must the focal length of the objective lens of a telescope be in order to produce a magnification of 300 when used with a 3-millimeter eye piece? W) 100 X) 300 Y) 900 Z) 1200

Y) 900

Bonus: Ignoring temperature changes, how much of a pressure increase, in pascals, does a diver feel at 100 meters below the surface of a fresh-water lake? W) 9,800 X) 98,000 Y) 980,000 Z) 9,800,000

Y) 980,000

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes why the optical spectrum of an atom exists as discrete lines and not as a continuous spectrum: W) atoms have electrons with unit charge X) all atoms when excited emit light Y) all energy levels of atoms are quantized Z) all electrons have spin

Y) ALL ENERGY LEVELS OF ATOMS ARE QUANTIZED

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Jay walks to his car and drives to the store. The trip takes 20 minutes. Jay figures how far he traveled on foot and by car and divides the distance by how long the trip took. Which of the following BEST describes what Jay has computed: W) total velocity X) average acceleration Y) average speed Z) instantaneous velocity

Y) AVERAGE SPEED

Bonus: Which of the following bodies has the largest escape speed? W) Earth's moon X) Europa Y) Ganymede [GAN-ih-meed] Z) Pluto

Y) GANYMEDE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice To early astrophysical researchers, the Sun was originally found to emit about one-third of the expected amount of neutrinos. Which of the following BEST explains why: W) about 66% of the neutrinos were deflected by the Earth's magnetic field X) two-thirds of the neutrinos were too energetic to be detected Y) neutrinos were changing flavor on their way to Earth Z) original estimations of the numbers emitted by the Sun were incorrect

Y) NEUTRINOS WERE CHANGING FLAVOR ON THEIR WAY TO EARTH

What elementary particle is the carrier of the electromagnetic force? W) Electron X) Gluon Y) Photon Z) Neutrino

Y) PHOTON

Bonus: Which of the following dictates that the maximum percentage of power that can be extracted from a p-n junction solar cell is 33.7%? W) Biot Savart's Law X) Ampere's Law Y) Shockley -Queisser [KYE-zur] Limit Z) Betz's Law

Y) SHOCKLEY-QUEISSER LIMIT

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A child learns that mixing approximately equal amounts of the paint colors orange and green produces brown. This is an example of: W) additive color mixing X) summative color generation Y) subtractive color synthesis Z) neutral coloration ANSWER:

Y) SUBTRACTIVE COLOR SYNTHESIS

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice: A child learns that mixing approximately equal amounts of the paint colors orange and green produces brown. This is an example of: W) additive color mixing X) summative color generation Y) subtractive color synthesis Z) neutral coloration

Y) SUBTRACTIVE COLOR SYNTHESIS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following has the lowest refractive index at STP: W) diamond X) water Y) dry air Z) a perfect vacuum

Z) A PERFECT VACUUM

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes one of Maxwell's equations that is a mathematical conceptualization of Faraday's law: W) a magnetic B-field is a solenoid vector field X) an EMF induced in a conductor opposes that motion Y) induced currents are caused by the magnetic field and in opposition to the opposed flux Z) a time-varying B-field produces an E-field

Z) A TIME-VARYING B-FIELD PRODUCES AN E-FIELD

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following BEST describes how and why electrical resistance is related to temperature: W) as temperature increases, resistance decreases because electrons move faster X) as temperature increases, resistance decreases because electrons are lost from the conductor Y) as temperature increases, resistance increases because protons move faster Z) as temperature increases, resistance increases because atoms vibrate more, increasing electron scattering

Z) AS TEMPERATURE INCREASES, RESISTANCE INCREASES BECAUSE ATOMS VIBRATE MORE, INCREASING ELECTRON SCATTERING

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following colors of light has the greatest angle of refraction in normal glass: W) yellow X) green Y) orange Z) blue

Z) BLUE

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following most commonly functions to limit current to one direction: W) capacitor X) transformer Y) resistor Z) diode

Z) DIODE

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following occurs when a glass tube is rubbed with a silk cloth: W) protons are transferred from the silk to the glass tube X) protons are transferred from the glass tube to the silk Y) electrons are transferred from the silk to the glass tube Z) electrons are transferred from the glass tube to the silk

Z) ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM THE GLASS TUBE TO THE SILK

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of the Hall effect: W) it can be used to measure the strength of a magnetic field X) it is a consequence of a current carrying wire in a magnetic field Y) it was one of the first direct indications that negative charges are what move in conductors Z) it cannot distinguish between positive and negative particles

Z) IT CANNOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PARTICLES

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following is the most common method of producing alternating current? W) Circuits varying from parallel to series X) Switches automatically turning on and off Y) Turbines rotating backwards and forwards Z) Magnets spinning in a coil of wire

Z) MAGNETS SPINNING IN A COIL OF WIRE

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the direction of the force on an electron moving through a magnetic field: W) opposite to the direction of the velocity X) the same direction as the velocity Y) the same direction as the magnetic field Z) perpendicular to the magnetic field

Z) PERPENDICULAR TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following is the device in a galvanic cell that completes the electric circuit by connecting the two sides of the cell with an inert electrolyte: W) electrolytic reservoir X) cathode Y) conducting wire Z) salt bridge

Z) SALT BRIDGE

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following is the MOST reliable measure of the remaining percentage of stored energy in a lead acid battery: W) pH of the electrolyte X) voltage remaining in the battery as measured on a voltmeter Y) amount of oxygen gas released Z) specific gravity of the electrolyte

Z) SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE ELECTROLYTE

Which of the following leptons has the largest mass? W) Electron neutrino X) Muon Y) Muon neutrino Z) Tauon

Z) TAUON

A rock on the end of a string is being swung in a circle above a child's head. The string breaks. Neglecting gravity, in what direction does the acceleration of the rock now point? W) Tangent to the circle X) Inwards towards the center of the circle Y) Outwards away from the center of the circle Z) The acceleration is now zero

Z) THE ACCELERATION IS NOW ZERO

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes how one would compute the speed for a sound wave through a liquid: W) the square of the density of liquid divided by its bulk modulus X) the square of the bulk modulus of the liquid divided by its density Y) the square root of the density of liquid divided by its bulk modulus Z) the square root of the bulk modulus of the liquid divided by its density

Z) THE SQUARE ROOT OF THE BULK MODULUS OF THE LIQUID DIVIDED BY ITS DENSITY

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes how the most accurate value for the gravitational constant has been determined: W) through theoretical calculations from General Relativity X) through theoretical calculations using the masses and motions of certain celestial bodies Y) through theoretical calculations from quantum electrodynamics Z) through experimentation

Z) THROUGH EXPERIMENTATION

PHYSICS Short Answer: The nucleus of what element is the same as an alpha particle?

HELIUM

Bonus: What is the term forthe useful work that can be obtainable from a closed system at constant temperature?

HELMHOLTZ FREE ENERGY

An infinite number of 1-ohm resistors are connected in parallel so that there is one on the first branch, two in series on the second branch, three in series on the third, and so on. What is the overall resistance, in ohms, of this circuit?W) 0 X) 2 Y) π Z) Natural log of 2

W) 0

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the ideal mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle, if the diameter of the wheel is 500 centimeters and the radius of the axle is 2.5 centimeters?

100

Bonus: If objects A and B have masses of 10 kilograms and 20 kilograms, respectively, and object A is traveling at 50 meters per second in the positive x direction while object B is traveling at 30 meters per second in the negative x direction, what is the linear momentum of the resultant system in kilogram-meters per second after a perfectly inelastic collision?

100 IN THE NEGATIVE X DIRECTION (ACCEPT: -100; -100 IN THE POSITIVE X DIRECTION)

Bonus: A model train is towing 3 rail cars full of marbles, with a total kinetic energy of 100 joules. If the locomotive detaches the rail cars, the total mass of the train is reduced by 50%. If the locomotive then suddenly doubles its speed, what will be its resulting kinetic energy, in joules?

200

A block rests upon an incline of an unknown angle. If the coefficient of static friction between the block and the incline is one-third times the square root of 3, and the block is just barely held by friction, what is the angle of the inclineto the horizontal,to the nearest degree?

30

A Carnot engine operates between a hot temperature of 527 degrees Celsius and a cold temperature of 127 degrees Celsius. What is its efficiency?

50% (ACCEPT: 0.5, 1/2)

In a several step production process, the efficiency of Stage 1 is 45 percent, the efficiency of Stage 2 is 85 percent, and the efficiency of Stage 3 is 15 percent. To the nearest whole number percent, what is the overall efficiency of process?

6

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Assuming the universal gravitational constant is 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ newton-meters squared per kilogram squared, what is the gravitational attraction, in newtons, between two, 10-kilogram perfectly uniform spheres separated by a center-to-center distance of 10 meters?

6.67 × 10⁻¹¹

Carbon-10 has a half-life of approximately 19 seconds. Approximately how long, in seconds, will it take for a sample of carbon-10 to decay to one-sixteenth of its original size?

76

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: Using g rounded to the first decimal place, how much does an 80-kilogram person weigh on Earth, giving your answer in proper SI units?

784 NEWTONS (must give units)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer How many nanometers are in an angstrom?

ANSWER: 0.1 (ACCEPT: ONE-TENTH)

Short Answer How many times as intense is 60 decibels than 30 decibels?

ANSWER: 1,000

TOSS-UP 18) PHYSICS Short Answer When mixing equal proportions of green and red light, what color light is produced?

ANSWER: YELLOW

Bonus: What state of matter, consisting of bosons cooled to nearly absolute zero, allows for the macroscopic observation of quantum phenomena?

BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

PHYSICS Short Answer: What was the electrolyte used in the first voltaic piles built by Volta?

BRINE (ACCEPT: SALT WATER)

PHYSICS Short Answer: What is the MOST common name for the electrical device often made of two parallel conducting plates separated by a paper insulator all rolled into a cylinder to function in storing electrical energy?

CAPACITOR

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: In electrochemical cells, what is the most common term for the electrode that acts as the negative electrode?

CATHODE

PHYSICS Short Answer: Which of the 4 basic forces of the universe is most directly related to the ability of various metals to be hammered and formed into various shapes?

ELECTROMAGNETIC (FORCE)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: What lepton was the first to be discovered?

ELECTRON

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: What is the most common name for the pattern of light and dark lines produced when coherent light is passed through two horizontal slits in a thin opaque sheet, causing superposition of waves projected on a wall?

INTERFERENCE PATTERN (ACCEPT: INTERFERENCE)

PHYSICS Short Answer What physical property of neutrinos, which was confirmed in the past decade, contradicts earlier assumptions that neutrinos travel at the speed of light?

MASS (ACCEPT: NEUTRINOS HAVE MASS)

What electronic measuring instrument may be used as an ohmmeter, ammeter, or voltmeter?

MULTIMETER

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: What specific type of semiconductor is produced by doping silicon with arsenic?

N-TYPE

PHYSICS Short Answer During beta minus decay, what nucleon type is reduced by one?

NEUTRON

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer: How many neutrons and how many protons are present in a single oxygen-15 nucleus, respectively?

NEUTRONS = 7; PROTONS = 8

PHYSICS Short Answer: What specific law of motion most directly implies that every action has an equal and opposite reaction?

NEWTON'S THIRD LAW (ACCEPT: THIRD LAW)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer Through what two particles is most of the energy released by a star like our Sun?

PHOTONS AND NEUTRINOS

Fiber optic cables have revolutionized the information age with the ability to transfer data at much higher rates than conventional electric cables. Fiber optic cables work because of total internal reflection, which results from a difference in what optical property between the cable and surrounding medium?

REFRACTIVE INDEX (ACCEPT: INDEX OF REFRACTION; DO NOT ACCEPT: SPEED OF LIGHT)

PHYSICS Short Answer What is the name of the universal constant that relates atomic spectra of elements to that of hydrogen?

RYDBERG CONSTANT (ACCEPT: RYDBERG)

PHYSICS Multiple Choice: Which of the following is closest to the radius of a hydrogen nucleus: W) 1 micrometer X) 1 angstrom Y) 1 picometer Z) 1 femtometer

Z) 1 FEMTOMETER

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A spaceship going away from you at a speed 0.2c sends an electromagnetic signal to you. What is the speed at which the signal approaches? W) 0.2 c X) 0.8 c Y) c Z) 1.2 c

ANSWER: Y) c

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A box slides with friction up a ramp, comes to rest briefly, and then slides back down. Which of the following statements about this motion is true? W) The magnitude of the acceleration of the box at any point sliding up the ramp is greater than the magnitude of the acceleration at the same point down the ramp X) The magnitude of the acceleration of the box at any point sliding down the ramp is greater than the magnitude of the acceleration at the same point up the ramp Y) The magnitude of the acceleration of the box at any point sliding up the ramp is the same as the magnitude of the acceleration of the box at the same point down the ramp and is non-zero Z) The magnitude of the acceleration of the box at any point sliding up the ramp is the same as the magnitude of the acceleration of the box at the same point down the ramp and is zero

ANSWER: W) THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ACCELERATION OF THE BOX AT ANY POINT SLIDING UP THE RAMP IS GREATER THAN THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ACCELERATION AT THE SAME POINT DOWN THE RAMP

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Free neutrons decay to protons, electrons, and antineutrinos. What fundamental force is responsible for this decay? W) Weak nuclear X) Strong nuclear Y) Electromagnetic Z) Gravitational

ANSWER: W) WEAK NUCLEAR

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Two satellites of masses m1 and m2, where m1 = 4m2, are deployed in circular orbits of the same radius in the gravitational field of Earth. What is the ratio of their linear speeds v1/v2? W) 1/4 X) 1 Y) 2 Z) 4

ANSWER: X) 1

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice Assuming that 1 atmosphere = 1.01 × 10⁵ pascals and the density of water is 1000 kilograms per cubic meter, at what depth of water will the absolute pressure be10.8 times the atmospheric pressure? W) 10.1 meters X) 101 meters Y) 1,010 meters Z) 10.1 kilometers

ANSWER: X) 101 METERS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A particle is constrained to move in one dimension according to the relation x = 3t³ [x equals 3 t cubed], where x is the position from the origin in meters and t is time in seconds. What is the acceleration in meters per second squared of the particle at t = 7 seconds? W) 18 X) 126 Y) 441 Z) 1029

ANSWER: X) 126

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A box is sitting on a ramp with a coefficient of static friction of 0.7. Which of the following is closest to the smallest ramp angle for which the box will begin to slide down the ramp? W) 30° X) 35° Y) 45° Z) 60°

ANSWER: X) 35°

BONUS 8) PHYSICS Multiple Choice A circuit consists of 5 capacitors of 5 microfarads each and a voltage source of 20 volts. If the capacitors are connected in series, what is the potential difference across each of them? W) 4 microvolts X) 4 volts Y) 10 volts Z) 20 volts

ANSWER: X) 4 VOLTS

PHYSICS Multiple Choice If the viscous force acting on an object moving through a liquid or gas is modeled as F = -bv, where F is the resistive force, v is the velocity, and b is a constant, which of the following types of equation will need to be solved in order to determine the acceleration as a function of time? W) Transcendental X) Differential Y) Hyperbolic Z) Logarithmic

ANSWER: X) DIFFERENTIAL

PHYSICS Multiple Choice In order to see a full height image of your body, the vertical size of a mirror should be at least which of the following? W) One-fourth of your height X) Half of your height Y) Your height Z) Twice your height

ANSWER: X) HALF OF YOUR HEIGHT

PHYSICS Multiple Choice One hundred resistors have minimum, mean, and maximum values of 110 ohms, 150 ohms, and 300 ohms, respectively. If all 100 resistors are connected in parallel, which of the following ranges could contain the equivalent resistance? W) The provided information is insufficient to answer the question X) Less than 110 ohms Y) More than 110 ohms but less than 300 ohms Z) More than 300 ohms

ANSWER: X) LESS THAN 110 OHMS

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice The orbit of Mercury has a semi major axis of 0.4 AU and an eccentricity of 0.2. At which of the following distances from the Sun in AU will Mercury move the slowest? W) 0.3 X) 0.4 Y) 0.5 Z) 0.8

ANSWER: Y) 0.5

PHYSICS Multiple Choice You are at a party where the sound level is 70 decibels. Someone turns up the radio and the sound level suddenly increases to 100 decibels. By what factor has the sound intensity been multiplied? W) 30 X) 100 Y) 1000 Z) 10,000

ANSWER: Y) 1000

PHYSICS Multiple Choice The triple point of water is nearest which of the following temperatures? W) 273° Fahrenheit X) 273° Celsius Y) 273 Kelvin Z) 0 Kelvin

ANSWER: Y) 273 KELVIN

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A slingshot stretched by a distance x gives a pebble speed v. What is the speed of the same pebble if a slingshot, obeying Hooke's law, is stretched by a distance 2x? W) v/2 X) v Y) 2v Z) 4v

ANSWER: Y) 2v

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice A wireless router transmits an 802.11a Wi-Fi radio signal at 5 megahertz with a speed up to 54 megabits of data per second. What is the wavelength of the router's signal in meters? W) 10 X) 15 Y) 60 Z) 150

ANSWER: Y) 60

PHYSICS Multiple Choice What is the main difference between transverse and longitudinal waves? W) Wavelength X) Frequency Y) Direction of the medium displacement with respect to the direction of wave propagation Z) Phase difference

ANSWER: Y) DIRECTION OF THE MEDIUM DISPLACEMENT WITH RESPECT TO THE DIRECTION OF WAVE PROPAGATION

PHYSICS Multiple Choice A projectile is launched tangentially to the Earth's surface with a speed such that it will neither collide with the Earth nor escape its gravity. Ignoring air resistance, this projectile's trajectory will have what shape? W) Parabolic X) Circular Y) Elliptical Z) Hyperbolic

ANSWER: Y) ELLIPTICAL

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following represents one advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet? W) It does not require a power source X) It does not have magnetic polarity Y) It can be turned on and off by switching current on and off Z) It can readily be found in nature

ANSWER: Y) IT CAN BE TURNED ON AND OFF BY SWITCHING CURRENT ON AND OFF

PHYSICS Multiple Choice Which of the following quantities has an inverse-cubic relationship with distance? W) The magnitude of the gravitational force between two point masses X) The electric potential energy for a point charge Y) The magnetic field strength at an axial point from the center of a current loop Z) The speed of a satellite in circular orbit around the Earth

ANSWER: Y) THE MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH AT AN AXIAL POINT FROM THE CENTER OF A CURRENT LOOP