SC.912.L.14.52 Immune System

The p53 gene codes for the p53 protein that locates DNA errors for cellular repair. The diagram below shows the relationship among possible environmental influences, the p53 gene, and cancer. Which of the following statements best describes the relationships among possible environmental influences, the p53 gene, and cancer? A. Environmental influences can lead to mutations in the p53 gene, which can cause certain cancers. B. Increased levels of p53 protein, rather than environmental influences, can cause certain cancers. C. Mutations in the p53 gene increase environmental influences that can cause certain cancers. D. Genes such as p53 are less casual than environmental influences in stimulating certain cancers.

A. Environmental influences can lead to mutations in the p53 gene, which can cause certain cancers.Environmental factors such as pollution, radiation from the sun and public health concerns can lead to changes or mutations in a person's DNA, which can lead to cancers

What is immunity? A. The body's ability to produce cells that inactivate foreign cells or substances. B. The body's ability to regulate homeostasis through feedback loops. C. The body's ability to produce the "fight or flight" response. D. The body's ability to use the endocrine system to fight disease.

A. The body's ability to produce cells that inactivate foreign cells or substances.The immune system produces specific and non-specific responses to pathogens, and foreign cells and substances. This process helps maintain homeostasis in individuals.

An activity that occurs in the human body is shown below. This activity helps to do which of the following? A. provide protection against pathogens B. produce antibiotics to control disease C. eliminate harmful gene alterations D. regulate production of ATP by the cell

A. provide protection against pathogensThe antibodies pictured here are recognizing antigens on a foreign cell to mark it for destruction. In this way, the body is able to protect itself against dangerous invaders.

Which of the following describes a way that a person's health can be affected by heredity? A. A person with a family history of obesity is more likely to catch a common cold. B. A person with a family history of high blood pressure is more likely to have heart disease. C. A person with a family history of obesity is less likely to enroll in a weight loss plan. D. A person with a family history of cancer is less likely to be screened for cancer.

B. A person with a family history of high blood pressure is more likely to have heart disease.Family history can affect a person's health in some areas by making them more likely to contract certain diseases. The genes that code for some diseases are hereditary, and can be passed from generation to generation

What is the term for a strong response to a harmless antigen in the environment? A. cell-mediated immunity B. an allergy C. inflammatory response D. an autoimmune disease

B. an allergyReactions to allergens release histamines which cause non-specific responses such as inflammation.

Many species of bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics because antibiotics have been so widely used. Now, bacteria that used to be killed by antibiotics are more difficult to treat. What is the best way to proceed in dealing with this public health problem? A. Antibiotics should no longer be used. B. Antibiotics should be made available to anyone without a prescription. C. Antibiotics should only be prescribed to people with bacterial infections. D. Anti-viral medications should now be used instead of antibiotics.

C. Antibiotics should only be prescribed to people with bacterial infections.Antibiotics are only useful against bacterial infections. When antibiotics are prescribed to individuals that do not have a bacterial infection, any bacteria they may have in their body can become resistant to the antibiotic and the resistant bacteria can multiply.

After an initial infection, B-cells recognize the measles virus. How is this helpful in human immune response? A. The B-cells use this recognition to defend the body against other pathogens, such as bacteria. B. The B-cells more quickly recognize and respond to any other virus that invades the body. C. The B-cells produce antibodies more quickly if the measles virus is encountered again. D. The B-cells transfer this recognition to T-cells, which will then devour the viruses.

C. The B-cells produce antibodies more quickly if the measles virus is encountered again.After an initial infection with a virus, B cells are able to recognize the virus and produce antibodies against it the second time. The person's reaction to the virus will be lessened.

Although vaccines cannot be used to treat a person who is sick, they can help to prevent infections. Vaccinations tell the body to create "memory cells", which will function later to create antibodies against certain pathogens. When a person is vaccinated, what are they injected with? A. antibodies to a disease bacterium B. live, inactive viruses C. weakened viruses or antigens from the virus D. blood from a person who has had the disease

C. weakened viruses or antigens from the virusVaccinations contain antigens or weakened viruses from specific infections. The viruses are too weak to cause illness in the patient, but strong enough to allow the body's immune system to create B cells against the virus. These "memory cells" are stored in the body until the person is exposed to the virus at which point, they will create antibodies against the virus.

How do human diseases caused by bacteria and diseases caused by viruses react to antibiotics? A. Neither responds to antibiotics. B. Both respond to antibiotics. C. Viral diseases respond to antibiotics; bacterial diseases do not. D. Bacterial diseases respond to antibiotics; viral diseases do not.

D. Bacterial diseases respond to antibiotics; viral diseases do not.There is no known treatment for viral infections. The best defense against a pathogenic virus is a vaccination, which prevents infection if given before exposure to the virus.

White blood cells are an important part of the human immune response. Two types of white blood cells, neutrophils and macrophages, act as phagocytes. Phagocytes perform which of the following functions in the human body? A. They produce antibodies. B. They bind to antigens and develop into plasma cells. C. They form a barrier against pathogens. D. They engulf and destroy bacteria.

D. They engulf and destroy bacteria. Phagocytes are whole cells that capture invading cells or pieces of cells by surrounding and engulfing them. Once the invading cell is inside the phagocyte it is killed by enzymes.

What is the body's first line of defense against infection by foreign organisms? A. antibodies B. lymph nodes C. white blood cells D. the skin

D. the skinThe skin is the first line of defense against foreign organisms. It acts as a non-specific barrier to water and air-borne infectious agents.