Science 5
Proterozoic
2.5 billion to 543 million years ago stable continents oxygen builds up in atmosphere eukaryotic cells first seen
End Triassic
200 MYA rifting of the earth; global warming 52% of marine species lost
Mesozoic
248 to 65 million years ago dinosaurs, birds, and modern plants flourished ends with mass extinction that kills all dinosaurs
Permian-Triassic
251 MYA asteroid hitting Earth; massive volcanism; loss of oxygen in the seas; climatic change 90-95% of all species; 70% of land organisms; up to 96% of marine organisms were all lost
Archean
3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago toxic atmosphere first bacterial fossils
Late Devonian
364 MYA asteroid hitting Earth; sea level changes; climatic change; growth of land forests 70-80% of all animal species lost
Hadean
4.5 to 3.8 billion years ago formation of the solar system no Earth rocks date back to this era only meteorites date to this time
Ordovician-Silurian
440 MYA climatic cooling; major glaciation; sea level drop 60% of marine life lost
Phanerozoic
543 million years ago to present life moves from oceans to land evolution and extinction of dinosaurs evolution of mammals
Paleozoic
543 to 248 million years ago Cambrian explosion - life becomes very diverse most major types of animals evolve, including fish, amphibians, and reptiles ends with mass extinction - kills almost 90% of all marine life
Cretaceous-Tertiary
65 MYA asteroid hitting Earth; volcanism 80% of all species, including all flightless dinosaurs lost
Cenozoic
65 million years to the present current era sometimes called "Age of Mammals" dominated by mammals, birds, insects, and flowering plants
Cornelius sees a landform with almost vertical layers of sedimentary rocks. Which of the following statements is most likely true?
A geologic event shifted the rocks.
big bang
A tiny, dense, hot fireball exploded and expanded. Matter began to form and clump together creating galaxies. The universe continues to expand.
primordial helium
A very early, ancient form of helium was discovered. Scientists think it is one of the first elements formed after the big bang.
Step 6
After billions of years, the nuclear energy runs out and the star dies, occasionally as a supernova.
Pangaea
All lands
law of universal gravitation
All objects produce gravity. As the mass of an object increases, its gravitational force increases. If the distance between objects increases, the gravitational attraction between them decreases.
Panthalassa
All seas
Step 1
An enormous cloud of gas and dust, called a nebula, condenses into smaller regions of matter.
equal areas law
An imaginary line joining a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal amounts of time. This means that a planet travels faster when it is nearer the Sun and more slowly when it is further from the Sun.
Which of the following statements is true?
Animal waste is a source of biomass.
? covers ocean floor
Basalt
Which of the following rocks would most likely be formed from an erupting volcano?
Basalt
How are precious metals similar to gems?
Both are rare and durable.
How are coal and oil similar?
Both coal and oil must be mined from underground.
? way a mineral breaks under stress
Cleavage
? least reliable property for identification
Color
Pink quartz and smoky quartz are different colors. They will both have the same ?.
Color streak
Dwayne has a green mineral. It most likely contains ?.
Copper
Which of the following is the largest disadvantage of hydropower?
Dams negatively impact the environment.
3rd law of motion (law of action-reaction)
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
? intrusive igneous rock
Formed below the surface
? extrusive igneous rock
Formed on the surface
How are gems different from regular minerals?
Gems are rarer than regular minerals.
? used for building
Granite
The rock beneath the continents is made of ?.
Granite
? measured using the Mohs scale
Hardness
Which of the following statements is true?
Hydropower is the most-commonly used renewable energy source in the United States.
Which of the following statements is true?
Hydropower plants can negatively affect the fish population in an ecosystem.
Which of the following statements is true?
Hydropower uses the kinetic energy of water to generate electricity.
1st law of motion (law of inertia)
If an object is still, it remains still unless acted upon by a force. If an object is moving, it remains moving in a straight line unless impacted by an outside force. The more massive an object is, the more inertia it has.
Jess scratches an unknown mineral with topaz, which has a Mohs hardness of 8. Topaz leaves a scratch on the unknown mineral. The unknown mineral ?.
Is softer than topaz Is softer than diamond
Salt crystals look like tiny cubes. Salt is part of the ? crystal system.
Isometric
Even though natural gas is the cleanest of the fossil fuels, which of the following are problems with natural gas? Select all that apply.
It is dangerous if directly inhaled Still adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere Can have gas leaks which are a safety hazard because it is colorless and odorless
? way light reflects from a mineral
Luster
Which of the following statements is true?
Many household products are made using oil and natural gas.
Which of the following statements is true?
Minerals can be elements or compounds.
The soft-tissue lining of oysters and clams creates pearls. Is a pearl a mineral?
No, because it is an organic substance.
law of superposition
Oldest rock layers are at the bottom and newer layers of rock form on top of the older layers.
Brian stresses a mineral. It breaks cleanly and evenly, leaving a smooth surface. The cleavage can be described as ?.
Perfect
harmonic law
Planets closer to the Sun orbit it in shorter time periods than planets farther from the Sun.
Which of the following statements is true?
Rocks that solidify at high temperatures have high levels of iron (Fe).
Siltstone is made mostly of ?.
Silt
Which of the following statements is true?
Stalagmites and stalactites are examples of chemical sedimentary rock.
? reveals true, natural color of a mineral
Streak
Step 2
The cloud collapses under the force of its own gravitational attraction. The force of an exploding supernova often triggers the collapse.
redshift
The color of distant stars and galaxies are shifting to the red end of the visible color spectrum, indicating the universe is expanding. Just like sound waves, light travels as waves. And, according to the Doppler effect, a shortening of wavelengths (sound or light) indicates that the source is approaching, and a lengthening of wavelengths indicates that the source is moving away. A redshift is toward longer wavelengths.
Step 3
The condensed material begins to combine and form a center core, called a protostar.
2nd law of motion (law of acceleration)
The larger the mass of an object is, the less a force will accelerate the object. If a larger force is applied to an object, a faster acceleration will result.
law of ellipses
The orbits of planets are elliptical. The Sun is one of two focal points that the planets orbit.
Step 4
The protostar continues to build and heat. Other gas and matter in the nebular cloud begin to rotate around the protostar, forming a flattened disk.
Which of the following statements is true?
The rock cycle is powered by the movement of tectonic plates.
steady state
There was no explosion. The universe has and always will be at a steady state. As the universe expands, more matter is created to continuously make the universe steady and uniform.
cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation
This is believed to be an energy imprint left over from the big bang.
syncline
U-shaped, downward fold in rock
What do you use to correctly identify a mineral?
Use at least 5 different properties to ensure the correct identification
Step 5
When the core gets hot enough, nuclear fusion begins—the official beginning of a star's life.
Which of the following is the largest disadvantage of wind power?
Wind machines only generate electricity when wind is blowing.
oscillating universe
With every big bang, there comes a big crunch. The universe is a never-ending cycle of expansion and contraction.
inflation
Within milliseconds after the big bang, the universe expanded or inflated so rapidly that the universe is now flat and uniform.
eukaryotic
a cell that has complex internal structures, such as a nucleus; e.g., plant and animal cells
Doppler effect
a change in the frequency of sound or light waves that can determine distance
food web
a diagram that shows the connections among food chains in an ecosystem
index fossil
a fossil that is widespread geographically but only occurs in one layer or a small number of layers of rock
batholith
a large mass of hardened igneous rock beneath all layers of sedimentary rock
galaxy
a large scale collection of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity
graben
a lower block of rock between two normal faults
hydrologic cycle
a natural and continuous cycle of Earth that recycles and distributes Earth's water; often called the water cycle
nuclear fusion
a nuclear reaction where nuclei combine and release intense energy
differentiation
a process creating different layered compositions of a planet
monocline
a ramp-like fold between flat rock layers at different elevations
geologist
a scientist who studies topics related to the structure and composition of the earth
protostar
a star in its first stage of development
guyot
a volcanic island under sea that has been cut off by wave erosion
viscosity
ability of a substance to resist flowing
renewable
able to be recycled or replenished in a short period of time
topographic map
also known as a contour map; shows shape, steepness, and height of ground features by using contour lines
supernova
an explosion of a star that emits large amounts of matter and energy.
redshift
an increase of wavelength of radiation emitted by a celestial body
clast
an individual particle or grain in sedimentary rock
strombolian eruption
an intermittent explosive volcanic eruption
Darby finds a rock in her backyard. It has large crystals. She has found ?.
an intrusive igneous rock
seamount
an underwater volcano
horst
an uplifted block of rock between two normal faults
law of faunal and floral succession
animals and plant fossils occur in consistent sequences through time, generally changing from simpler to more complex
law of superposition
any undisturbed sequence of layered rocks has the oldest rock on the bottom and newest rock on the top
anticline
arch-shaped, upward fold in rock
visible color spectrum
array of colors visible to the naked eye
Which of the following rocks would most likely be found on the ocean floor?
basalt
Minerals must ?.
be inorganic be made naturally have a crystalline structure have a homogeneous composition
Step 1
biomass is burned
hanging wall
block of rock above the slant of a fault
footwall
block of rock below the slant of a fault
isometric
blocks or cubes (example: salt)
degradation
breaking-down process that changes the minerals in rock
Renewable energy sources _____.
can be replenished
Nonrenewable energy sources _____.
can eventually be used up
When burned, coal releases _____.
carbon dioxide sulfur nitrogen oxide
found in caves
carbonates
Color is?.
caused by the chemicals in a mineral
The rock cycle _____.
changes and recycles Earth's rocks
hydrothermal metamorphism
changes in rocks caused by chemicals in hot water; occurs at low temperature and low pressure
contact metamorphism
changes in rocks caused by magma seeping into crustal rock; occurs at high temperature and low pressure
regional metamorphism
changes in rocks caused by tectonic plates pushing together; occurs at low to high temperatures and medium pressure
dynamic metamorphism
changes in rocks caused by tectonic plates rubbing sideways against one another; occurs at low to high temperatures and high pressure
Stalactites and stalagmites are examples of _____.
chemical sedimentary rock
mineral crystals
chemical sedimentary rock
evaporite
chemical sedimentary rock formed when minerals are left behind by evaporated water
stalagmite
chemical sedimentary rock growing from the floor of a cave
stalactite
chemical sedimentary rock hanging from the ceiling of a cave
The types of clastic sedimentary rock are based on _____.
clast size
weathered rock particles
clastic sedimentary rock
scarp
cliff-like landform created by a normal fault
nebula
cloud of dust and gas
About half of the electricity in the United States comes from burning _____.
coal
The single biggest source of the electricity in the United States comes from burning _____.
coal
Which of the following is the most-polluting energy source?
coal
electricity
coal
methane
compound of carbon and hydrogen (CH4)
Gerta finds a sedimentary rock with large clasts cemented together. Each clast is larger than 2 mm. Gerta has found ?.
conglomerate
magma heats preexisting rock
contact
An unknown igneous rock has very small crystals. The rock _____.
cooled quickly
The mineral crystals in obsidian are too small to see without a microscope. This is because it ?.
cooled very quickly
radiometric dating
dating a rock or mineral by measuring the proportions of an original radioactive material and its decay products
Gneiss is a foliated metamorphic rock. It was formed from _____.
directed pressure
sediment
dirt, pieces of rock, and the remains of living things at the bottom of oceans, seas, and lakes
The San Andreas Fault, which runs through California, is two plates sliding sideways past one another. Which type of metamorphism is most likely to occur along the fault line?
dynamic
extreme pressure deforms preexisting rock
dynamic
turbine
engine with large blades
volcanic neck
eroded volcanic feature that formed from magma cooling in the central vent of a volcano
Sometimes, water evaporates and leaves minerals behind. These rocks are called ?.
evaporites
normal fault
fault that occurs when two tectonic plates are moving apart from each other; the hanging wall drops relative to the footwall
strike-slip fault
fault that occurs when two tectonic plates are sliding sideways against each other in opposite directions
reverse fault
fault that occurs when two tectonic plates collide; the hanging wall rises relative to the footwall
triclinic
flat with sharp edges, but do not have any right angles (example: feldspar)
A metamorphic rock forms from directed pressure. The rock is _____.
foliated
Extrusive igneous rocks ?.
form on the surface cool quickly have small mineral crystals
Inorganic
formed from non-living materials
inorganic
formed from non-living materials
Intrusive
forming inside, under Earth's crust
intrusive
forming inside, under Earth's crust
Extrusive
forming outside, on the surface of Earth's crust
extrusive
forming outside, on the surface of Earth's crust
Granite is _____.
found in continental crust
tetragonal
four-sided prisms and double pyramids (example: zircon)
uniformitarianism
geological principle that Earth's processes act in the same manner today as they always have throughout Earth's history
ellipse
geometric shape resembling a flattened circle that has two focal points
Choose the sources of heat which create metamorphic rocks.
geothermal gradien intrusive magma
What are some of the harmful effects of producing and using fossil fuels?
habitat destruction air pollution add to greenhouse effect water pollution
Talc ?.
has a Mohs hardness of 1
Emily finds a rock with crystals 2 cm large. Her rock ?.
has a coarse texture
Homogeneous
having a uniform structure or composition
homogeneous
having a uniform structure or composition
sill
horizontal intrusion of magma between rock layers
Cleavage
how a crystal breaks or splits when stressed
Luster
how a mineral appears to reflect light
luster
how a mineral appears to reflect light
The most widely used renewable energy source is _____.
hydropower
law of cross-cutting (or intrusive) relationships
in a sequence of layered rocks, the crosscut, or intrusive feature, is younger than the layers it intercedes
core
innermost layer of the earth; divided into an inner and outer core
tiltmeter
instrument used to measure ground swelling
correlation spectrometer
instrument used to measure volcanic gases
seismograph
instrument used to record and measure vibrations from earthquakes or earth tremors
laccolith
intrusive rock that pushes its way between sedimentary strata in the shape of a dome
Contact metamorphism _____.
is caused by high temperatures
Metamorphic rock _____.
is formed from heat and pressure
Coal _____.
is formed from plant remains
Oil _____.
is made from buried remains of plants and animals
Natural gas _____.
is mostly methane
slow cooling
large crystals
foliation
layers or bands found in metamorphic rock
contact line
light, thin line that separates rock units or types on a geologic map
Which of the following rocks forms from shells and calcium carbonate?
limestone
Which of the following rocks would most likely contain a fossil?
limestone
marble
limestone
food chain
line of plants and animals that shows the order in which organisms are eaten
contour lines
lines of equal elevation that display height, shape, and steepness of ground features
The solidification of sediment into rock is called _____.
lithification
The amount of sunlight that reaches the earth's surface depends on _____.
location time of day time of year weather
climate
long-term weather patterns of a particular area
eon
longest interval of geologic time
Organic sedimentary rocks are _____.
made from the remains of living organisms
rhyolitic magma
magma that has a high viscosity and high silica and gas content; eruption tends to be very explosive
basaltic magma
magma that has low viscosity and low silica and gas content; eruption is non-explosive
andesitic magma
magma that is a mix of basaltic and rhyolitic; eruption may or may not be explosive
era
major divisions of geologic time within each eon; identified by major changes in the fossil record
period
major divisions of geologic time within each era; identified by changes in the fossil record
Panthalassa
meaning "all seas"; name of the single, large ocean that surrounded Pangaea
magnitude
measure of the total amount of energy released during an earthquake
Basalt is pushed into the crust by subduction. It will most likely become _____.
metamorphic rock
mantle
middle layer of the earth; composed of an upper and lower mantle
Ore
mineral from which valuable material is extracted
Magma
molten rock beneath Earth's crust
magma
molten rock beneath Earth's crust
Lava
molten rock on Earth's surface
lava
molten rock on Earth's surface
Wind machines use the power of _____.
moving air
tectonic cycle
natural and continuous cycle of Earth that recycles Earth's lithospheric plates
rock cycle
natural and continuous cycle of Earth that recycles Earth's minerals
Which of the following is the least-polluting, nonrenewable energy source?
natural gas
heating homes
natural gas
moment magnitude scale
newer magnitude scale that measures the amount of moved (displaced) rock along a fault to determine the strength of an earthquake
Hawaiian eruption
non-explosive or very mild volcanic eruption
gasoline
oil
biomass
organic material made from plants and animals
remains of dead creatures
organic sedimentary rock
contain oxygen
oxides
metamorphosis
physical, chemical, or structural change
relative time
placing events in chronological order without reference to their ages measured in years
Biomass includes _____.
plants animals animal waste paper trash
Which of the following recyclable objects takes the greatest amount of time to decompose?
plastic water bottle
Gem
precious, rare, or valuable mineral
lithification
pressure and chemical processes that transform sediments into rock
primordial
primitive; in its earliest form
photosynthesis
process by which green plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and energy from the Sun into sugars
seafloor spreading
process by which the Earth's lithospheric plates pull apart from each other, creating gaps that are filled with magma from the asthenosphere
convection
process of heat transfer by the circulation or movement of a gas, liquid, or plastic material
accretion
process of steady growth of an object by a steady accumulation of material
relative dating
process to determine the general time sequence of historic events, rock strata, and fossils
caused by pressure from a large-scale geological event
regional
kinetic
related to or possessing motion
Burning biomass _____.
releases fewer toxins than coal
cosmic microwave background radiation
remaining heat or energy left over by the big bang
uplift
rise of one part of Earth's crust above another
quartzite
sandstone
Richter scale
scale of magnitude based on the size of seismic waves produced by an earthquake
Mercalli intensity scale
scale that measures the effects or severity of an earthquake
law of original lateral continuity
sediment deposited into water will keep spreading laterally—from side to side—in a horizontal and continuous sheet
law of original horizontality
sediment deposited into water will settle at the bottom in flat, horizontal layers
Granite is uplifted by the movement of tectonic plates. It will most likely become _____.
sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock can change into _____.
sedimentary rock metamorphic rock magma
Metamorphic rock can form from _____.
sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous
fold axis
semi-dark line that indicates the ridge of a fold on a geologic map
slate
shale
monoclinic
short and stubby, but the sides tilt at each end, like a skewed tetragonal crystal (example: gypsum)
orthorhombic
short, stubby crystals with all sides unequal (example: topaz)
geologic map
shows locations and types of rocks and other features, like faults and folds
largest class
silicates
cyanobacteria
simple photosynthetic bacteria; evidence indicates they are among the earliest forms of life
subduction
sinking of one tectonic plate beneath another
hexagonal
six-sided prisms (example: beryl)
Which of the following rocks would most likely be used for roof shingles?
slate
fast cooling
small crystals
regolith
small pieces of broken down, weathered rock
The faster an igneous rock cools, the ? the crystal size.
smaller
Mineral
solid, inorganic substance with a crystalline structure
mineral
solid, inorganic substance with a crystalline structure
radioactive decay
spontaneous disintegration of the atoms of certain isotopes into new isotopes
cosmological principle
states that the universe looks the same at any location, but can change over time
paleontology
study of fossils
stratigraphy
study of rock layers and the processes that form them
contain sulfur
sulfides
Pangaea
supercontinent which connected the landmasses of the southern and northern hemispheres
hachure marks
teeth-like marks on contour lines that indicate a depression or sunken area
contour interval
the distance between contour lines of elevation
cryosphere
the frozen water or ice system of a planet
atmosphere
the gaseous layer of a planet usually retained by its gravity
atmosphere
the gaseous layer of a planet, usually retained by its gravity
In subduction, _____.
the less dense plate slides over the denser plate
stellar evolution
the life cycle of a star
biosphere
the living organisms of Earth
plinian eruption
the most powerful, explosive type of volcanic eruption
crust
the outermost layer that forms the surface of the earth; upper part of the lithosphere
mass extinction
the process in which huge numbers of species die out suddenly
lithosphere
the solid, crustal layer of Earth
thermodynamics
the study of energy and its transformations.
biosphere
the system of Earth by which living organisms exist
inertia
the tendency of an object to remain in its current state; if it is at rest to remain at rest, and if it's in motion, to remain in motion
plate tectonics
the theory that the lithosphere is broken into pieces that float on the asthenosphere
Streak
the true color of a mineral in powdered form
hydrosphere
the water system of the earth; includes solid, gas, and liquid water
nebular theory
theory about the origin of the solar system that suggests our Sun and planets formed from a cloud of dust and gas
steady state theory
theory about the origin of the universe that suggests the universe has and will continue to be at a steady, continuous state
oscillating universe theory
theory about the origin of the universe that suggests the universe is a never-ending cycle of expansion and contraction
continental drift
theory proposed by Alfred Wegener that the continents once formed a single supercontinent that broke up and drifted apart
big bang theory
theory that suggests the origin of the universe started with a "bang" and expansion of a very hot, dense, compact fireball
inflation theory
theory that upholds the big bang theory, but suggests there was an extremely rapid expansion or inflation milliseconds after the big bang
outgassing
to lose gasses into the atmosphere
Feldspar has a flat, crystal shape with sharp edges and no right angles. Feldspar is part of the ?.
triclinic crystal system
equilibrium
two opposing forces in balance, where two opposite events are occurring at equal rates
nonrenewable
unable to be recycled or replenished in a short period of time
Metamorphic rocks that foliate are created by
unequal pressure
hydropower
use of water to generate electricity
Marble is _____.
used for statues
Sedimentary rock ?.
usually forms horizontal layers
dike
vertical intrusion of magma between rock layers
pyroclastic flow
volcanic flow that contains a high concentration of gases, ash, and small rocks
cinder cone volcano
volcano formed of volcanic rock and ash; erodes quickly
shield volcano
volcano that has tall, broad slopes; formed by repeated, gradual lava flows
composite volcano
volcano that is tall and steep; formed of lava and volcanic debris
sediment
weathered rock, bone fragments, soil, and other particles carried by wind, water, and ice
