Science Analytics Exam 2 Quizzes

Which of the following best describes the range of human perception of sound? a. Humans can hear an enormously dynamic range of sound. b. Human can hear only a narrow auditory spectrum. c. Humans can easily hear multiple sounds at once without one masking the other. d. Humans cannot hear; we only perceive that we hear.

Correct a. Humans can hear an enormously dynamic range of sound.

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what? a. Reinforcer devaluation effect b. Renewal effect c. Law of effect d. Preparedness

Correct a. Reinforcer devaluation effect

To understand how the mind processes information below the line of conscious experience researchers sometimes present information and then use ___________ before having participants make a decision. a. a distractor task b. a mere exposure task c. a priming task d. unconscious thought cannot be measured

Correct a. a distractor task

In Bandura's famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that: a. children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable b. children who observed the aggressive models were more aggressive than the other children. c. that observation had no impact on behavior d. the aggressive models instructed the children how to hit and kick

Correct a. children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable

The most direct physical correlate of loudness is sound intensity (or sound pressure) measured close to the __________. a. eardrum b. ossicles c. basilar membrane d. semicircular canals

Correct a. eardrum

Jeromy is trying to figure out how he is going to install a new faucet on his sink because the old holes do not fit the new fixture. He gives up on the problem for a while, and while sending an email an hour later a simple solution suddenly comes to him. This momentary realization of a creative solution is called a(n) ________ experience. a. eureka b. applied c. heuristic d. latent

Correct a. eureka

David loves the song "Just Give Me A Reason" by Pink because of the part in the song where she sings in a really high pitch voice. As a psychology student, you tell David that Pink singing really high is an increase in the ________ of her voice. a. frequency b. timbre c. decibel d. amplitude

Correct a. frequency

Mary Claire was witness to a robbery. The police would like her to identify the robber. Instead of bringing suspects in and having Mary Claire look at them through a one-way mirror, the police have her flip through a selection of photographs of faces, also known as a ___________. a. photo spread b. schema c. mock witness profile d. foil

Correct a. photo spread

During her study of sensation and perception, Wilma notices that one of her classmates is wearing many earrings from her earlobe to the top of her ear. She begins to wonder if having such jewelry attached to one's ________ would cause any significant disruption in their ability to hear sounds. a. pinna b. tympanic membrane c. malleus d. septum

Correct a. pinna

The first stop in the cortex to begin the "reconstruction" process of turning neural signals into interpretive information occurs in the _____________, also known as V1. a. primary visual cortex b. major occipital lobe c. chief reflexive cortex d. main computational cortex

Correct a. primary visual cortex

Every neuron in your brain does not respond to every stimulus you encounter. There is a specific area, called the ________, which is the portion of the world to which a neuron will respond if an appropriate stimulus is presented. a. receptive field b. proximal region c. zone of aggregation d. unimodal sector

Correct a. receptive field

If you walked through the dormitory and heard someone playing a guitar you would recognize the sound as distinct from that made by a violin or piano. This is because of differences in: a. timbre b. loudness c. pitch d. duration

Correct a. timbre

In a study by Dijksterhuis students were asked to write short essays about what it would be liked to be a college professor. According to what we know about priming which of the following is the most likely result of this activity? a. Students will contrast their own intelligence with that of professors and will underperform on later tests of knowledge. b. Students will feel smart and will over perform on later tests of knowledge. c. There will be no effect. d. Other people will perceive students as being smarter than they really are.

Correct b. Students will feel smart and will over perform on later tests of knowledge.

In Pavlov's experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell, generally? a. discriminative. b. conditioned. c. unconditioned. d. neutral.

Correct b. conditioned.

The tendency to develop a more positive attitude toward a stimulus after repeated instances of brief encounters with it is called the ________ effect. a. Primack b. mere-exposure c. situational interaction d. acute attitude

Correct b. mere-exposure

When light hits the photoreceptors in our eyes it is converted into neural signals through a photochemical reaction known as what? a. photosynthesis b. photoactivation c. photoconversion d. photoreconstruction

Correct b. photoactivation

The vestibular system is primarily responsible for ____________. a. encoding and processing faces; problems would make it difficult to recognize friends b. processing location and motion; problems would make it difficult to balance c. transforming chemical smells into electrical signals; problems would make it difficult to smell d. sending pain and temperature signals from the skin to the brain; problems would make it difficult to feel pain

Correct b. processing location and motion; problems would make it difficult to balance

About 1 in 200 people experiences a blending of senses such as perceiving a number of letter as a color (e.g. "1" is seen as red). This is called: a. symbology b. synesthesia c. sensory deprivation d. neural blending

Correct b. synesthesia

The idea that mental processes such as decision making cannot take place outside of conscious awareness is known as: a. dual processing b. the Cartesian catastrophe c. unconscious thought d. decision making theory

Correct b. the Cartesian catastrophe

If you hear a song on the radio every hour and find that, over time, you begin to like it and sing along with it this is an example of: a. the repetition bias b. the mere exposure effect c. habituation d. dualism

Correct b. the mere exposure effect

Which theory supports the notion that when you stare at a blue dot on a piece of paper and then look at a while wall right after, that you see the after-image of the dot, but in yellow? a. the trichromatic theory of color vision b. the opponent-process theory of color vision c. the frequency theory of color vision d. the gate control theory of color vision

Correct b. the opponent-process theory of color vision

When you go to a concert, you tend to hear all of the instruments playing at one time and perceive them as a combined whole. However, there are many different stimuli happening at once. Guitars, keyboards, drums, and singers are all being received at once. Each of these is a _________ of the larger perceptual whole. a. singular script b. unimodal component c. monodimensional stimulus d. homomorphic phoneme

Correct b. unimodal component

Neuroscientists get excited about watching the brain functions of musicians because? a. Musicians use different parts of their brain to complete tasks b. Musicians use more of their brain to complete tasks c. Musicians use more parts of their brain simultaneously to complete tasks d. Musicians use their brains surprisingly when completing tasks

Correct c. Musicians use more parts of their brain simultaneously to complete tasks

Which of the following best explains the fact that Marcus doesn't need additional sensory information when listening to a friend speak to him while they are in a quiet library? a. Superadditive effect of multisensory integration b. Multimodal perception c. Principle of inverse effectiveness d. Superior Temporal Sulcus

Correct c. Principle of inverse effectiveness

Three years ago, Nasim ate a burger and was violently sick a few hours afterwards. Even though it was the only time up to that point that he had had this reaction to burgers, he cannot even look at a burger without feeling sick. Why is his conditioned taste aversion puzzling from the perspective of the general principles of classical conditioning? a. Burgers are not ecologically relevant stimuli, and so should not elicit such strong responses. b. The interval between Nasim eating the burger and him being sick was not long enough to result in classical conditioning. c. The association that Nasim made between eating the burger and feeling sick required only a single US-CS pairing. d. Nasim had enjoyed many burgers in the past, and so this conditioning should not have occurred.

Correct c. The association that Nasim made between eating the burger and feeling sick required only a single US-CS pairing.

Long ago Socrates wrote about a state of "a lack of self-control" that was known as: a. eudaimonia b. arête c. akrasia d. Odysseus

Correct c. akrasia

The technical definition of a reinforcer is: a. a stimulus that increases the likelihood of good behaviors b. any consequence of a behavior that decreases the likelihood that it will be performed again. c. any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again d. any consequence that follows a behavior

Correct c. any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again

When you are at a coffee shop and hear the clink of dishes, the patter of conversation, and the rush of traffic outside this is an example of: a. masking b. timbre c. auditory scene analysis d. reverberation

Correct c. auditory scene analysis

Many people believe that vision is largely a matter of the eyes and brain receiving amounts of light. In fact, _________ is far more important to vision. a. masking b. adaptation c. contrast d. the retina

Correct c. contrast

There is a small areas of Amit's brain where the neurons are stimulated by both visual and auditory input. This area "lights up" when he sees something or when he hears something. This area would be called a(n) ________. a. sensory chiasm b. multisensory input area c. crossmodal receptive field d. superior colliculus

Correct c. crossmodal receptive field

To generate a structural image of the human brain, researchers typically use: a. positron emission tomography (PET) b. electromyogram (EMG) c. magnetic resonance image (MRI) d. electroencephalogram (EEG)

Correct c. magnetic resonance image (MRI)

If Jack confiscates his son Joshua's video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua's behavior? a. negative reinforcement. b. positive reinforcement. c. negative punishment. d. passive aggressive behavior.

Correct c. negative punishment.

Studies of people from a wide range of cultures shows that which of the following is true with regards to the perception of color? a. because people share the same physiological organs for vision we all perceive color in the same way b. people from different cultures actually have different physiology; some are more likely to have rods whereas others are more likely to have cones c. people from different cultures often perceive shades and categories of colors differently d. there are whole cultures that have been found to be color blind.

Correct c. people from different cultures often perceive shades and categories of colors differently

Whenever Kim raises her voice at the end of the sentence it indicates that she is asking a question. With regards to hearing this is known as: a. loudness b. timbre c. pitch d. harmonic complexity

Correct c. pitch

Awareness of experience, such as the taste of a glass of wine, must be "prepared" somewhere inside an individual. In an old experiment on conscious thought Watt asked participants to create word associations. He found: a. that people were better at creating creative associations if they had time to consciously think b. that people were better at creating creative associations if they had no time to consciously think c. that people could not report at all on their conscious experience of making associations d. that people could only report on their conscious experience of making associations

Correct c. that people could not report at all on their conscious experience of making associations

Which of the following statements is true about taste? a. Tastants are pleasant stimuli and odorants are unpleasant stimuli b. The back of the tongue contains receptors for bitter taste so that we can spit out potentially poisonous food c. Taste is a "contact" sense while smell is a "chemical sense" d. All areas of the tongue contain taste receptor cells that are capable of responding to every taste

Correct d. All areas of the tongue contain taste receptor cells that are capable of responding to every taste

The bridge between the two brain hemispheres is called? a. Corpum callum b. Coopco coolism c. Capum cullim d. Corpus callosum

Correct d. Corpus callosum

In an early test of conscious action researchers had people move their fingers. Using EEG technologies the researchers discovered that: a. People could not move their fingers if they did not consciously think about it. b. People moved their fingers even if they were presented with a distracting stimulus. c. Conscious action preceded preparation by almost a full second. d. Unconscious preparation preceded action by almost a full second.

Correct d. Unconscious preparation preceded action by almost a full second.

Charlie works for a moving company. He can easily tell the difference in weight between two small boxes but cannot detect any difference at all between the weight of the washing machine and the weight of the dryer. This is an example of ____________. a. Just Noticeable Differences b. Top-down processing c. Bottom-up processing d. Weber's Law

Correct d. Weber's Law

Where are sound vibrations turned into neural signals for processing in the brain? a. ossicles (bones in the middle ear) b. eardrum c. middle ear d. cochlea

Correct d. cochlea

Due to the range of sound intensity we can perceive, we use a logarithmic scale to describe the sound pressure or intensity of auditory stimuli, also known as what? a. hertz (Hz) b. kilohertz (kHz) c. sound intensity level (SIL) d. decibels (dB)

Correct d. decibels (dB)

To image electrical activity of neurons firing in the brain researchers use _________ which attaches electrodes to the outside of a person's head. a. positron emission tomography (PET) b. electromyography (EMG) c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d. electroencephalogram (EEG)

Correct d. electroencephalogram (EEG)

When you are having a conversation with another person, it is far easier to hear what they say when you are looking at their face and mouth while they are speaking. When you cannot see their mouth, hearing their words may be more difficult .This demonstrates ________ phenomena. a. unimodal b. spatial c. crossmodal d. multimodal

Correct d. multimodal

The ________ is the visible, bumpy portion of the ear. It is useful for helping to locate sounds. a. tympanic membrane b. cochlea c. ear drum d. pinna

Correct d. pinna

Scientists still face a big, but fascinating, challenge in the future of vision research. One area where more research is needed is better understanding that the function of vision is not just to perceive but the ability to _________. a. sense b. think c. remember d. predict

Correct d. predict

The superhero "NightHawk" has excellent night vision but poor vision in the daytime. One reason for "NightHawk's" ability is due to a large number of __________. a. kryptonite b. photoreceptors c. cones d. rods

Correct d. rods

Which of the following is an advantage of binocular vision? a. the ability to see in color b. the ability to see in four dimensions c. the ability to see movement d. the ability to estimate the distance of objects

Correct d. the ability to estimate the distance of objects

Homo habilis, a human ancestor who lived approximately _______ years ago, had a brain volume of about 650 cubic centimeters. By comparison, modern human being has a brain volume of about 1400 cubic centimeters. a. 2 million b. 2 thousand c. 200 million d. 2 billion

Correcta. 2 million

Stimulus-control techniques have gained popularity in laboratory research. Now, scientists interested in perception have studied "higher" cognitive processes in pigeons such as whether or not they know how to categorize. This higher cognitive process can also be described as which of the following? a. Ability to sort or arrange different items into classes b. Ability to recognize new stimulus items c. Ability to self-regulate responses to gain higher rewards d. Ability to perceive different colors and shapes

Correcta. Ability to sort or arrange different items into classes

Which of the following questions might be the most effective for examining the phenomenon of false memory? a. Asking a participant where on the Pepsi machine they saw the button to select a can of Sprite (which is actually a Coke product, not a Pepsi product). b. Showing a participant a video of a professional football game and then asking how many cheerleaders were seen on the sidelines. c. Asking participants to read a story and then giving them a quiz about the story after they have watched a news program on television. d. Asking participants to undergo hypnosis and then quizzing them on their family members while they are in a hypnotic trance.

Correcta. Asking a participant where on the Pepsi machine they saw the button to select a can of Sprite (which is actually a Coke product, not a Pepsi product).

_________ is a process that occurs after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces. a. Consolidation b. Inferences c. Recoding d. Retrieval

Correcta. Consolidation

__________ rules refer to culturally sanctioned regulations about what emotions are appropriate to show in a given situation. a. Display b. Hedonic c. Contextual d. Affective

Correcta. Display

Which of the following is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning? a. In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary. b. In classical conditioning, the behavior it voluntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is involuntary. c. In classical conditioning, the behavior is an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning the behavior is not an indicator of learning. d. In classical conditioning, the behavior is not an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning, it is an indicator of learning.

Correcta. In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary.

In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct? a. In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses. b. In operant conditioning, the outcome does not depend on the organism's response, whereas in classical conditioning, whether the US is present does depend on the organism's response. c. In operant conditioning, the likelihood of the response leading to the outcome is certain, whereas in classical conditioning, the likelihood of the US eliciting the UR is uncertain. d. In operant conditioning, the behaviors are elicited by the stimulus, whereas in classical conditioning, the behaviors are emitted by the organism.

Correcta. In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses.

Learning a musical instrument teaches your brain how to create, ______ and retrieve memories more effectively? a. Store b. Find c. AStoreMake d. Erase

Correcta. Store

Temperamental factors have a more powerful influence on ____________ a. actual affect b. ideal affect c. individualism d. collectivism

Correcta. actual affect

Simon's rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a plastic bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the bag he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night Simon when Simon is eating chips the rabbit hears the sound of the bag and runs to his cage door. The sound of the bag is the: a. conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. unconditioned response

Correcta. conditioned stimulus

According to the affect valuation theory, __________ factors shape how a person ideally wants to feel, while __________ factors shape how a person actually feels. a. cultural; temperamental b. dispositional; situational c. situational; temperamental d. cultural; dispositional

Correcta. cultural; temperamental

It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can: a. enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness b. result in a much shorter interview for the witness c. result in less trauma for the witness d. enhance quality but not quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness

Correcta. enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness

A(n) _________ memory is a memory of an event that never actually occurred. It is implanted by experimental manipulation or other means. a. false b. iconic c. eidetic d. repressed

Correcta. false

Which of the following emotions would combine high arousal (HA) and unpleasant (N) dimensions? a. hostile b. astonished c. sluggish d. unhappy

Correcta. hostile

Some might say that women have a preference for taller men. Their preference for tall males puts pressure on mate selection. As a consequence, the evolution of mate qualities changes because of women's preference and the average height of males has increased with time. While this is not scientifically proven, what concept would this be an example of if it were true? a. intersexual selection b. intrasexual competition c. intersexual competition d. intrasexual selection

Correcta. intersexual selection

A __________ involves giving a selection of normally small pictures of faces to eyewitnesses for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator. a. photo spread b. laboratory study c. police lineup d. in-vivo identification task

Correcta. photo spread

A(n) __________ is a memory template that is formed through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events. a. schema b. script c. heuristic d. bias

Correcta. schema

When Janet feels the wind blowing on her face this is an example of ________. a. sensation b. perception c. transduction d. signal threshold

Correcta. sensation

There are two large classes of adaptations. These are ___________. a. survival and reproduction b. courting and mating c. offense and defense d. social and genetic

Correcta. survival and reproduction

Which of the following is NOT an example bias from the error management theory (EMT)? a. textual cover bias b. sexual overperception bias c. visual descent illusion d. auditory looming bias

Correcta. textual cover bias

Markita is sitting in the first row of a baseball game, when a foul ball comes streaking at her head. She barely has time to move out of the way, and narrowly avoids getting hit. Which part of her nervous system will go into overdrive and mobilize her energy resources in the face of this near disaster? a. the sympathetic nervous system b. the rostral nervous system c. the caudal nervous system d. the parasympathetic nervous system

Correcta. the sympathetic nervous system

The primary function of an axon is a. to conduct electrical signals that help cells communicate b. to block pain by releasing dopamine c. to store memories d. to protect the brain from damage

Correcta. to conduct electrical signals that help cells communicate

In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn: a. to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet b. to quit pressing a lever when reinforced with a food pellet c. rats were unable to learn new behaviors. d. rat's behavior varied over several days.

Correcta. to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

The "law of effect" states: a. Behaviors that lead to positive states will not occur in an artificial cage environment. b. Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated. c. Any behavior that leads to a negative state is likely to be repeated. d. The effect of a behavior has little or no relationship to the behavior itself.

Correctb. Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated.

Learning a musical instrument engages which different areas of the brain at the same time? a. Visual, motor and cerebral cortices b. Auditory, motor and visual cortices c. Motor, cerebral and auditory cortices d. Cerebral, motor and fine motor cortices

Correctb. Auditory, motor and visual cortices

"Feelings" is a general term used to describe a wide range of states that include emotions, moods, and traits. These states are similar in the fact that they involve changes in subjective experience, physiological responding, and behavior in response to a meaningful event. What are the differences between these states of emotions, moods, and traits? a. Emotions may last for days, whereas moods typically occur on the order of seconds, and traits are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations. b. Emotions typically occur on the order of seconds, whereas moods may last for days, and traits are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations. c. Emotions are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations, and moods typically occur on the order of seconds, whereas traits may last for days. d. Emotions typically occur on the order of seconds, moods are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations, and traits may last for days.

Correctb. Emotions typically occur on the order of seconds, whereas moods may last for days, and traits are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations.

Dr. Loftus has used a false feedback manipulation to persuade subjects to falsely remember having a variety of childhood experiences. Which of the following best describes this experimental technique? a. Participants are asked to describe a childhood experience. Researchers then tell them they are mistaken and tell them the "correct story" which the researchers know through contacting the participants' parents before the study began. b. Participants are deceived to believe a computer system has analyzed questionnaires they previously completed and concluded they had particular experiences years earlier. c. Participants are shown doctored photographs of themselves doing a randomized set of activities and are asked to remember their experience of the activities. d. Participants are given an example childhood story and asked to relate their own experiences to the story, thereby blurring the lines between their own memories and the example story.

Correctb. Participants are deceived to believe a computer system has analyzed questionnaires they previously completed and concluded they had particular experiences years earlier.

Jenny's lips and fingertips are far more sensitive than her shoulders and ankles. This is an example of the way that her cortex is organized in a _______________. a. Primary Somatosensory Cortex b. Somatotopic Map c. Sensitivity Grid d. Nociception Grid

Correctb. Somatotopic Map

Which of the following accurately reflects the influence of group discussion on recall accuracy? a. When groups discuss an event, it improves individual recall accuracy. b. When groups discuss an event, it reduces individual recall accuracy. c. When groups discuss an event, it has no effect on individual recall accuracy. d. When groups discuss an event, it only improves recall accuracy if the discussion is moderated by an expert.

Correctb. When groups discuss an event, it reduces individual recall accuracy.

The peripheral nervous system affects __________ while the central nervous system is associated with _______________. a. conscious thought; unconscious desires b. breathing; memory c. dreams; daydreams d. they are simply two names for the same system

Correctb. breathing; memory

The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as a "chemical sense" because __________. a. chemicals often have a strong, noticeable smell b. chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals c. electrical stimuli are transformed into chemical signals d. smells are processed in the chemical cortex

Correctb. chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals

According to research evidence, __________ is the most persuasive form of evidence presented in court. a. DNA evidence confirming guilt b. eyewitness testimony c. DNA evidence confirming innocence d. police records of a criminal history

Correctb. eyewitness testimony

The ________ of the brain houses the motor cortex and areas responsible for judgment, decisions and planning. a. occipital lobe b. frontal lobe c. temporal lobe d. parietal lobe

Correctb. frontal lobe

The Broca's area, named after neuroscientist Pierre Paul Broca, is associated with: a. taste b. language production c. recognizing faces d. synesthesia

Correctb. language production

Imagine that you are trying to teach your friend a new language. In order to make sure they are learning the vocabulary, you have them write down, from memory, every word they can think of that has to do with clothes (i.e., you have them write down words like dress, pants, shoes, shorts, t-shirt, etc.). This type of memory performance is referred to as: a. cue overload b. production test c. recall test d. mnemonic performance

Correctb. production test

When Chloe was trying to learn about the stages of memory, she used a personal example to help her transform the information as it was given into something that made sense to her. This process is known as what? a. retrieval b. recoding c. distinctiveness d. mnemonics

Correctb. recoding

The human eye contains more _______ than ________ photoreceptors. a. cones / rods b. rods / cones c. retinal/optical d. optical/retinal

Correctb. rods / cones

According to the module, if you are European American, what is the biggest contributor to life satisfaction? a. relationship harmony b. self-esteem c. conformity to emotional norms d. physical health

Correctb. self-esteem

Marsha was talking to Conrad being very friendly. Marsha was smiling and touching Conrad on the arm when she laughed. Due to the ______________ bias, Conrad interpreted these unclear cues as sexual interest from Marsha. a. physical contact b. sexual overperception c. auditory looming d. textual cover

Correctb. sexual overperception

Of the following terms that could be used to describe a person's emotions, which would not support the universalist perspective that people tend to have the same feelings across different cultures? a. natural b. situational c. physiological d. instinctual

Correctb. situational

When using imaging techniques to study the brain researchers often have to weigh a trade-off between : a. electrical and temporal resolution b. temporal and spatial resolution c. magnetic resonance and temporal resonance d. the likelihood of harm and the likelihood of a significant result

Correctb. temporal and spatial resolution

The precentral gyrus is associated with waving, throwing, and grasping. Because of this it is also known as: a. the "kinetic" area of the brain b. the "primary motor cortex" c. the "arm of the brain" d. the "arm-hand axis"

Correctb. the "primary motor cortex"

What happens when information from separate sensory modalities comes from within overlapping receptive fields? a. one field will dominate and mute the other, so only one of the sensory modalities is experienced b. the brain treats that information as having come from the same exact location c. the brain will recognize the difference in the source of the stimuli and will perceive that difference d. there will be a temporary neural conflict that leads to "sensory blindness" of those stimuli

Correctb. the brain treats that information as having come from the same exact location

Ronald is in a car accident and he strikes his head on the steering wheel of his vehicle. In the hospital the physicians are studying an x-ray of his head, and in the picture they can see his thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral hemispheres. What part of his brain is visible in this picture? a. the midbrain b. the forebrain c. the hindbrain d. the brainstem

Correctb. the forebrain

The peripheral nervous system is made up of two branches, which include: a. the brain and spinal cord b. the somatic and autonomic nervous systems c. the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves d. the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Correctb. the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Hearing occurs, in part, when sound waves reach the "eardrum" or ________. a. pinna b. tympanic membrane c. cochlea d. ossicles

Correctb. tympanic membrane

Levi met a cute girl on the street. The girl gave Levi her number and Levi is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down when he finds a paper and pencil. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number? a. semantic memory b. working memory c. episodic memory d. collective memory

Correctb. working memory

Although the brain is about ______ of a human's body weight it consumes about ______ of all calories we consume. a. 1%; 99% b. 99%; 1% c. 2%; 20% d. 20%; 2%

Correctc. 2%; 20%

In an important study of the process by which consciousness occurs, Kornhuber and Deecke (1965) used electroencephalography to show that the first sign of unconscious preparation for an action occurred approximately ________ before conscious awareness took place. a. 2 seconds b. .001 to .005 seconds c. 800 milliseconds d. 5 to 7 seconds

Correctc. 800 milliseconds

Today in class, your professor handed back your tests and to your excitement, you earned a perfect score! Unfortunately, your best friend, who is also in the class, failed the exam. If you are from ______, you are more likely to also feel a degree of worry over your best friend's failed test. a. North America b. Europe c. East Asia d. South America

Correctc. East Asia

Which of the following might be an evolutionary explanation of why humor exists in humans? a. Survival advantage: funny people are more likely to make dangerous enemies laugh. b. Genetic randomness: humor is example of a non-adaptive trait that exists by chance. c. Sexual selection: potential mates would likely be attracted to humor. d. Evolutionary theorists have no explanation for why humor exists.

Correctc. Sexual selection: potential mates would likely be attracted to humor.

Andre grew up in New Orleans and was present when Hurricane Katrina occurred. His family, his community, and Andre share a ________ memory of this event. a. working b. short-term c. collective d. semantic

Correctc. collective

Your drive to school each day is pretty standard - you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, you are sitting at a red light when you witness a high speed car chase - complete with cops, a helicopter, and news vans. Even years later, you can recall lots of details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to school? a. retroactive interference b. proactive interference c. distinctiveness d. Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect

Correctc. distinctiveness

Lonnie needs to make a long business trip back to of Minnesota but is uncertain of when to leave. According to the weather report, there is a big storm starting that he may encounter. The cost of deciding to leave later will make him late for his meeting but the cost to leave too early might put him in a car accident on the slippery roads. Which theory would predict that because of evolution, Lonnie would choose the less costly or dangerous option and leave later in the day to avoid the storm? a. evolution strategy theory b. psychological adaptation theory c. error management theory d. safety asymmetry theory

Correctc. error management theory

Imagine a person has the ability to pull a lever that will direct a speeding train onto one of two tracks. Unfortunately, their best friend is tied to one of the tracks and their sibling is tied to the other. Which of the following would best explain people's widespread desire to choose to save a sibling? a. in-group favoritism b. the family effect c. inclusive fitness d. adaptation

Correctc. inclusive fitness

The ______________ self is prevalent in many collectivistic, East Asian contexts where the goal is to suppress personal preferences and desires, and to adjust to others. In other words, people with this type of self, view themselves as connected to others. a. connectivist b. group c. interdependent d. independent

Correctc. interdependent

The principle of _________ suggests that when individual sensory components are weak, the potential for multisensory enhancement is very large, and when individual sensory components are strong the potential for multisensory enhancements is relatively small. a. opposing perceptual causality b. negative correlations c. inverse effectiveness d. flipped synesthesia

Correctc. inverse effectiveness

To generate a structural image of the human brain, researchers typically use: a. positron emission tomography (PET) b. electromyogram (EMG) c. magnetic resonance image (MRI) d. electroencephalogram (EEG)

Correctc. magnetic resonance image (MRI)

The way that simultaneous stimulation of more than one sense effects a person's perception is called ________ perception. a. integrated b. multi-pathway c. multimodal d. unimodal

Correctc. multimodal

While survival is important, it is only important if it contributes to reproductive success. These differences in heritable attributes are also known as _____________. a. evolution b. adaptation c. natural selection d. sexual selection

Correctc. natural selection

The chemical signals that travel from one neuron to another, enabling them to communicate with one another, are called: a. dendrites b. lobes c. neurotransmitters d. synapses

Correctc. neurotransmitters

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in: a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. observational learning d. occasion setting

Correctc. observational learning

If you see a bird flying toward you this information is most likely processed in the: a. avian lobe b. temporal lobe c. occipital lobe d. limbic system

Correctc. occipital lobe

Bryan is chatting with a friend and tells the friend that the capital of China is Beijing, but in the past had been called Peking. His friend remarks that this is fascinating, and asks when Bryan learned that. Bryan thinks for a moment and then says, "I don't really know." The information about Beijing/Peking was likely retrieved from Bryan's: a. implicit memory b. episodic memory c. semantic memory d. procedural memory

Correctc. semantic memory

Every time you eat cotton candy, you are reminded of the time you went to a carnival with your best friend and ate cotton candy until you were sick. In this scenario, the cotton candy represents: a. the memory trace b. cue overload c. the retrieval cue d. the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect

Correctc. the retrieval cue

Baby Lilah is laying in her crib when she hears the dog bark in the other room. She immediately moves her eyes toward the sound and turns her head in that direction. Which part of the brain is most involved in this orienting response? a. the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis b. the substantia nigra c. the superior colliculus d. the central sulcus

Correctc. the superior colliculus

Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called? a. operant conditioning b. vicarious conditioning c. vicarious reinforcement d. vicarious punishment

Correctc. vicarious reinforcement

When Marissa went skiing for the first time she felt confident she could handle the slow of the medium difficulty runs. When she rode the chair to the top, however, the slope appeared much steeper and she became worried. This is an example of: a. survival of the fittest b. over-perception c. visual descent illusion d. the Darwin Effect

Correctc. visual descent illusion

According to eyewitness testimony research, which of the following increases the likelihood of identification errors? a. when perpetrators wear dark and loose clothing b. when perpetrators are of average height and weight c. when eye-witnesses are asked to identify a perpetrator from a race other than their own d. when eye-witnesses are asked to give their statement verbally instead of in writing

Correctc. when eye-witnesses are asked to identify a perpetrator from a race other than their own

Executive function is a series of interlinked tasks that includes planning, strategizing, and attention to ________. a. Habits b. Facts c. Features d. Detail

Correctd. Detail

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding a difference between the neurons of humans and other animals? a. Human neurons have longer axons than animal neurons and they are, in some cases, covered with myelin. b. Human neurons release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons while animal neurons do not. c. Human neurons experience by action potentials and resting potentials while animal neurons only experience action potentials. d. Human neurons have dendrites with many more points, branches, and spines than animal neurons.

Correctd. Human neurons have dendrites with many more points, branches, and spines than animal neurons.

You may have heard about different types of brain cells, including gray matter and white matter. What is the feature that distinguishes white matter? a. Its cells traverse the corpus callosum. b. It is part of the sympathetic nervous system. c. It is the only kind of cell that can communicate from the brain to the spinal cord. d. It has myelinated axons.

Correctd. It has myelinated axons.

Studies of emotional responding tend to focus on three facets of emotional response. Which of the following includes one example of each of those three facets? a. Physiological: how fast one's heart beats; Experiential: whether one reports feeling happy; Social perception: whether one's friend reports the person is happy b. Physiological (nervous system): how much a person is sweating; Physiological (neural): the brain activity of the frontal lobe; Physiological (circulatory)how fast one's heart beats c. Physiological: the brain activity of the frontal lobe; Emotion display: whether one is smiling; Behavioral: whether one is sitting close to a happy object d. Physiological: how fast one's heart beats; Experiential: whether one reports feeling happy; Behavioral emotion display: whether one is smiling

Correctd. Physiological: how fast one's heart beats; Experiential: whether one reports feeling happy; Behavioral emotion display: whether one is smiling

The day Kim is in Nairobi she notices the honking, engine sounds, yelling, and other street noises. By the second day, however, she no longer notices these. Which of the following is the best explanation? a. Partial Hearing Loss b. Tympanic Synthesis c. "3-D" Hearing d. Sensory Adaptation

Correctd. Sensory Adaptation

Researchers have found that men generally are more likely than women to be willing to consent to sex with strangers and to require less emotional investment for sex to occur. From an evolutionary perspective this is likely because: a. Men's fantasies about sexual partners have a powerful effect on their desires. b. Men are less likely than women to be capable of empathy. c. Women are more likely to want short-term relationships. d. The investment cost of a pregnancy is much higher for a woman than a man.

Correctd. The investment cost of a pregnancy is much higher for a woman than a man.

Regions in the brain that receive input from many unimodal sensory areas are called multisensory ________ zones. a. work b. integrative c. clustering d. convergence

Correctd. convergence

To image electrical activity of neurons firing in the brain researchers use _________ which attaches electrodes to the outside of a person's head. a. positron emission tomography (PET) b. electromyography (EMG) c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d. electroencephalogram (EEG)

Correctd. electroencephalogram (EEG)

Which of the following describes a situation where a person goes beyond available evidence to form a conclusion that is likely to be true? For example, Romeo might infer from his smart older sister that when she said, "I finished the test" that meant that she passed the test. a. engaging in incorrect encoding b. succumbing to social influence c. having selective attention d. making a pragmatic inference

Correctd. making a pragmatic inference

The nerves that are responsible for converting tactile stimuli into electrical signals that the brain can understand are called __________ receptors. a. somatosensory b. auditory c. somatotopic d. mechano

Correctd. mechano

Which of the following concepts explains why you taste a meal as a combination of ingredients all being experienced at once rather than tasting each ingredient in a "one-at-a-time" fashion? a. polymorphic integration b. multidimensional perception c. heterogustatory input d. multisensory enhancement

Correctd. multisensory enhancement

Cues that work best to evoke retrieval are those that recreate the event or name to be remembered and sometimes the target itself. However, sometimes these cues do not work and people are unsuccessful in identifying the correct answer. For example, if I am trying to cue someone to think of their home-phone, I might give the cue "phone". However, this could also prompt the individual to recall words like work-phone or cell-phone, thus failing to recall home-phone. Which phenomenon describes this failure? a. misinformation of cues b. false storage of information c. false consolidation processes d. recognition failure of recallable words

Correctd. recognition failure of recallable words

The function of the myelin sheath is to: a. slow the transmission of action potentials b. protect the cell from blood borne poisons c. provide nutrients to the cell d. speed up the transmission of action potentials along the axon

Correctd. speed up the transmission of action potentials along the axon

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates: a. operant conditioning b. incremental learning c. stimulus generalization d. taste aversion

Correctd. taste aversion