Science of Nutrition Chapter 1: Linking food, Function, and Health

What are some of the main functions of vitamins in the body?

- Vitamins are used for tissue growth and maintenance, immune system function, and energy utilization - Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K;

Carbohydrates

A compound made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, is derived from plants, and provides energy.

Subclinical deficiency

A deficiency in its early stages where it can not easily be detected or symptoms are few or unobserved

Secondary deficiency

A deficiency that occurs when a person can not absorb enough of a nutrient from the body or can not use the nutrient efficiently.

Primary deficiency

A deficiency that occurs when not enough nutrient is present in a diet.

An organic compound is...? a. a substance or nutrient that contains carbon. b. any substance found in living organisms. c. a compound that contains oxygen atoms. d. found only in foods grown under special conditions. e. superior.

A) A substance or nutrient that contains carbon

Which components of the DRI identify the qualities of various nutrients a person requires to optimize health, prevent deficiency diseases, and avoid consuming too much of any nutrient. A) EAR, RDA, AI, and UL B) RDA, EER, and AMDR C) AI, UL, and EER D) EER and AMDR

A) EAR, RDA, AI, and UL Explanation: The EAR, RDA, AI and UL identify the quantities of various nutrients a person requires to optimize health, prevent deficiency diseases, and avoid consuming too much of any nutrient. The EER and AMDR provide guidance to determine what intake of energy nutrients may reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

Which of the following is NOT one of the six classes of nutrients? a. Fiber b. Protein b. Minerals d. Vitamins

A) Fiber

Which of the following would most likely lead to a primary nutrient deficiency? a. inadequate nutrient intake b. reduced nutrient absorption c. increased nutrient excretion d. increased nutrient destruction

A) Inadequate nutrient intake

Which of the following best describes a college-educated nutrition and food specialist who is qualified to make evaluations of the nutritional health of people? a. Registered dietitian b. Licensed nutritionist c. Master of nutrient utilization d. Doctor of food and nutritional science

A) Registered Dietitian

The Dietary Reference Intakes may be used to: a. treat people with diet-related disorders. b. assess adequacy of all required nutrients. c. plan and evaluate diets for healthy people. d. assess adequacy of only vitamins and minerals.

A) Treat people with diet-related disorders

Which component of the DRI reflects the requirement of a nutrient for 50 percent of healthy Americans and Canadians in a specific life stage and gender? A) UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level) B) EAR (Estimated Average Requirement) C) AI (Adequate Intake) D) RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)

B) EAR (Estimated Average Requirement) Explanation: The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR is a daily nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half of the healthy individuals in a life stage and gender group. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) provides the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all healthy individuals (97 to 98 percent) in a particular life stage and gender group. Adequate Intake (AI) is a recommended intake value based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group or groups of healthy people that are assumed to be adequate. The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) represents the highest level of daily nutrient intake that likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in the general population.

Historical information, physical examination, laboratory tests, and anthropometric measures are: a. steps in the scientific method. b. methods used in nutrition assessment. c. procedures used to determine nutrient content of diet. d. obsolete procedures used by nutritionists years ago.

B) Methods used in nutrition assessment.

What is the kilocalorie value of a meal supplying 110 g of carbohydrate, 25 g of protein, 20 g of fat, and 5 g of alcohol? a. 160 b. 345 c. 560 d. 755

D) 755

Which of the following is a characteristic of an essential nutrient? a. cannot be found in food b. cannot be degraded by the body c. cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body d. cannot be used to synthesize other compounds in the body

D) Cannot be used to synthesize other compounds in the body

A nutrient needed by the body that must be supplies by foods is termed a(n): a. neutraceutical. b. metabolic unit. c. organic nutrient. d. essential nutrient.

D) Essential Nutrient

Inorganic

Does not contain carbon or hydrogen

When was Beriberi discovered?

Early 1900's

When was Pellagra discovered

Early 1900's

What are some lifestyle choices that impact risk for malnutrition?

Eating too much or too little, having a very restrictive diet, not having a varied diet, exercising too much or too little.

Minerals

Naturally occurring inorganic substances that are not changed by natural or body processes including digestion.

Pellagra is deficient in what nutrient?

Niacin

Which science studies food?

Nutrition

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that are not soluble in water, but are in fat. Including vitamins A,D, E, and K.

Water Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that are soluble in water. Including vitamins C and the B vitamins.

Pellagra is found in what fruit?

brewer's yeast

Adequate nutrient intake in a healthy diet can reduce your risk for what types of diseases?

chronic

In the United States, we are facing alarming increases in the number of citizens with obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure, and cancer. What are the two main factors that individuals can control that could reverse this trend?

diet and exercise

The two goals of Healthy People 2020 are to_________and____________

increase quality and years of healthy life and eliminate health disparities

What was the focus of early research in nutrition?

nutritional deficiencies

What was the goal of early nutritional science?

prevent deficiency diseases

Lipids

A diverse group of organic substances that are insoluble in water. They include triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

Define Wellness

A multidimensional process, one that includes physical, emotional, social, occupational, and spiritual health

Malnutrition

A nutritional status that is out of balance, an individual is either getting too much or not enough of a certain nutrient or energy over a significant period of time.

What is a nutritionist?

A nutritionist is not a title but simply someone who thinks they know something about nutrition.

Registered Dietitian (RD)

A professional designation that requires a minimum of a bachelors degree in nutrition, completion of a supervised clinical experience, a passing grade on a national examination, and maintenance of registration with the academy of nutrition and dietetics. RDs are qualified to work in a variety of settings.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)

A range on intakes for a particular energy source that is associated with reduced risk on chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients.

What is the difference between a licensed nutritionist and a registered dietitian?

A registered dietitian has a bachelors degree while a licensed nutritionist is licensed in a particular state and may not have a degree in nutrition.

Define Nutrition

A science that studies food and how food nourishes our body and influence our health - It identifies the processes by which we consume, digest, metabolize, and store the nutrients in foods and how these nutrients affect our body. - Nutrition also involves studying the factors that influence our eating patterns, making recommendations about the amount we should eat of each type of food, maintaining food safety, and addressing issues related to the production of food and the global food supply

Theory

A scientific consensus based on data drawn from repeated experiments as to why a phenomenon occurs

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI):

A set of nutritional reference values for the US and Canada that applies to healthy people

Undernutrition

A situation in which too little energy or too little nutrients are consumed over time causing significant weight loss or nutrient deficient diseases.

Overnutrition

A situation in which too much energy or too much nutrients are consumed over time causing conditions such as obesity, heart disease, or nutrient toxicity syndrome

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

A survey conducted by the national center for health statistics and the CDC. This survey tracks the nutrient and food consumption of Americans.

Covert symptom

A symptom that is hidden from a client and required lab tests or other invasive testing to discover

ADA

American Dietetic Association

Hypothesis

An educated guess as to why a phenomenon occurs

The final step includes_______________ and____________ of the data that supports or refutes the hypothesis.

Analyze and interpret

Macronutrients

Body requires in large amounts to support normal function and health. {Carbs, lipids, proteins}

List the water soluble vitamins

C and all of the B vitamins

In the scientific method, a tentative solution to a problem is called the: a. theory. b. prediction. c. hypothesis. d. correlation.

C) Hypothesis

The Average number of calories needed each day to maintain current body weight is called the ____________. A) AI (Adequate Intake) B) AMDR (Average Macronutrient Distribution Range) C) EER (Estimated Energy Requirement) D) UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level)

C) The EER (Estimated Energy Requirement) Explanation: The EER reflects the average calorie intake predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult. This recommendation takes into account age, gender, weight, height and level of physical activity.

What is the leading federal agency in the United States that protects the health and safety of people?

CDC

Which nutrient is our primary source of energy?

Carbohydrates

Nutrients

Chemicals found in foods that are critical for growth and developement

Scurvy is found in what fruit?

Citrus Fruit

Organic

Contains the elements carbon and hydrogen

Abnormal functions inside the body, what is this called?

Covert symptoms

Discuss factors that have a direct impact on a person's actual daily nutrient intake requirements.

Deficiency, disease, activity level, pregnancy etc...

The third step in the scientific method is to design and conduct an experiment. List at least 2 key elements in a well designed experiment

Design and conduct an experiment.

Define Chronic Diseases

Diseases that come on slowly and can persist for years, often despite treatment - Chronic diseases of particular interest to nutrition researchers include obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and various cancers.

Calorie

Either of two units of heat energy

Trace Minerals

Essential mineral nutrients, found in human body in small amounts, sometimes called microminerals

Where is it possible to have nutrient deficiency diseases today?

Everywhere but they are more common in less developed countries.

True or False? DRI, a set of guidelines for nutrient intake standards, stands for Daily Required Intakes

False Explanation: DRI stands for "Dietary Reference Intakes," An umbrella term for a set of guidelines for dietary standards that were developed by the United States and Canada in 1997.

Which of these two groups of vitamins can be stored in the body?

Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the body.

Which nutrient group is our secondary source of energy?

Fats

DRIs are dietary standards for__________people; they do not apply to people with______or_______deficiencies.

Healthy, Diseases, nutrients

The first step in the scientific method is the_______________or a description of a phenomenon.

Hypothesis

What are minerals?

Inorganic substances used by the body to promote normal function and health.

Why is alcohol not considered an essential nutrient for good health?

It does not support the regulation of body functions nor does it aid in the building or repairing or tissues

Proteins

Large complex molecules made up of amino acids, and found as essential components to all living cells.

What is the difference between major minerals and trace minerals?

Major minerals need to be consumed in amounts greater than 100 mg and stored at greater than 5 g and trace need less

Vitamins

Micro nutrients that contain carbon and assist us in regulating our bodies processes. Classified as water soluble or fat soluble.

When was Scurvy discovered?

Mid 1700's

What is the main difference between vitamins and minerals?

Minerals are inorganic and are not changed or destroyed by heat or light

Major Minerals

Minerals we need to consume in at least 100 mg per day and that need to be stored as 5 g in our bodies.

Name the world's leading medical research center.

NIH

What are some possible causes of nutrient deficiency diseases?

Not getting enough of certain food groups or having diseases that prevent the absorption of nutrients, also poor nutrition

Micronutrients

Nutrients needed in relatively small amounts to support normal health and body functions. Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients.

Which science studies how food influences our health?

Nutrition

Which science studies how food nourishes our bodies?

Nutrition

What information needs to be obtained before providing dietary recommendations to a client and what are some assessment tools that are used in determining malnutrition?

Nutritional status, physical exams, health history questionnaires, and diet history

Would you guess that you need more organic nutrients or more inorganic nutrients in a healthy diet? Explain.

Organic because that includes lipids, carbs, proteins and vitamins which all provide energy and a means for your body to build and repair tissue

What are vitamins?

Organic compounds that are required in small amounts and are necessary to regulate life processes.

Physical (outward) signs and symptoms, what is this called?

Overt Symptoms

What are the four wellness factors and their descriptions?

Physical - nutrition and physical activity spiritual- spiritual values and beliefs emotional- positive feelings about oneself and one's life social- family, community, and social environment

What happens to the body when nutrient deficiency occurs?

Primary deficiency caused by inadequate diet or Secondary deficiency caused by problem inside the body

Which nutrient group can be used for energy under extreme conditions, but is more commonly used for growth and repair of body tissues?

Proteins

Define Food

Refers to the plants and animals we consume. It contains the energy and nutrients our body needs to maintain life and support growth and health.

Declining nutrient stores, what is this called?

Subclinical

ASCN

The American Society for Clinical Nutrition

Kilocalorie

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius.

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR):

The average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half of the healthy individuals in a particular life stage or gender group.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

The average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy individual.

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

The average nutrient daily intake level that meets the nutrient requirements of 97%- 98% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular life stage or gender group

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

The leading federal agency in the united states that protects the health and safety of people. Its mission is to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability.

Define Healthy People 2020

The national health promotion and disease prevention plan of the United States

Adequate Intake (AI)

The recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)

The worlds largest telephone survey that tracks lifestyle behaviors that increase our risk for chronic disease.

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

The worlds leading medical research center and the focal point for medical research in the US

The next step is an educated guess to explain why the phenomenon occurs which is called the

Theory

What are Lipids?

They are fats

Overt symptom

They are out in the open and easy to observe. Can be assessed by a physical examination and anthrometric measures

Beriberi is deficient in what nutrient?

Thiamin

What are organic nutrients?

Those that contain carbon

What are inorganic nutrients?

Those that do not contain carbon

Scurvy is Deficient in what nutrient?

Vitamin C

List the fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Beriberi is found in what fruit?

whole grain breads