Science of Sustainability Exam 1

(3/20)^2 + (4/20)^2 + (13/20)^2 = 0.485 >>> 1/0.485 = 2.06 is the frequency of the G allele

examine the number of individuals with each of the following three genotypes. what is the frequency of the G allele? GG-3, Gg-4, gg-13

divide each of the species numbers (n) by the total (N) and then square the resulting value. Once that is complete for each species, add all those values together to get D

how do you calculate simpson index (D)?

government sets an overall maximum amount for allowable emissions that can be bought, sold, traded, or banked. emitters must hold allowances for every ton of greenhouse gas they emit. companies may buy and sell allowances, and this market establishes an emissions price. in the 1990s, the US government required coal-fired power plants to install pollution-control devices to reduce emissions

how does the "cap and trade" system work to regulate coal emissions?

the five agents of evolutionary change are mutation, non-random mating, gene flow, finite population size (genetic drift), and natural selection. the factor that is associated with small population size is genetic drift

there are five agents of evolutionary change. which factor is associated with small population size (founder effect / genetic bottlenecks)?

environment, economy, equity

what are the 3 pillars of sustainability?

species richness and species evenness

what are the two main factors that measure biodiversity?

pollution, invasive species, disruption of ecosystem processes

what are three factors that contribute to habitat loss?

birth, death, immigration, emigration

what four factors influence population dynamics?

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

what is the definition of sustainability we are using in class?

peer review

when a scientific paper is submitted to an academic journal, it is examined by experts who recommend whether the research is suitable for publication. this process is known as:

phase change

when matter changes from one state to another, without changing its chem composition, this is known as:

directional selection

which mode of natural selection is depicted below (two normal curves overlapping)?

all of the above

which of the following is an example of matter - a piece of wood, water, carbon dioxide, or all of the above

true (allopatric speciation occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another)

T or F: allopatric speciation occurs when a population becomes separated by a physical barrier (mountain range)

true (the pH of orange juice is 3.9, acidic)

T or F: orange juice would have a pH value of less than 7

carbon emissions

ecological footprints convert human consumption patterns into land use area. citizens of high income countries have lager ecological footprints than other countries. which factor is the biggest contributor to this difference?

ocean acidity does not lead to bleaching

a scientist hypothesizes that increases in ocean acidity leads to bleaching. what would the null hypothesis be?

hours of sleep

a scientists studies the relationship between students' test scores and how many hours of sleep they had the night before the exam. in this study, what would be the dependent variable?

those that are restricted to a geographical area and do not occur naturally in any other part of the world

biodiversity hotspots are characterized by high rates of endemism. what is an endemic species?

long-term negative externalities ultimately destroy resource availability

briefly summarize the concept of "tragedy of the commons"

severe greenhouse emissions along with the health and safety of the coal miners

coal is cheap and inexpensive energy option. name two negative externalities of coal production that is not accounted for in the market value of coal

the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation

define carrying capacity

alleles

different forms of the same gene are known as:

the r strategist is smaller in size and shows early maturity and shorter lifespan

different species have different biotic potentials. name two ways that r strategists differ from k strategists

anthropocentrism, ecocentrism, biocentrism

put the following in order from narrowest ethical boundaries to broadest ethical boundaries - biocentrism, anthropocentrism, ecocentrism

(1) individuals of a species are not identical (2) traits are passed from generation to generation (3) more offspring are born than can survive (4) only the survivors of the competition for resources will reproduce

state darwin's 4 postulates of evolution by natural selection