Science test 3

Family planning means enabling people to

Decide in advance how many children they should have

Birth rate would tend to decrease with a

Decrease in infant mortality rate

The stratified horizontal layers of soils are called soil _________.

Horizons

What are two common diseases that result from protein deficiencies?

Marasmus and kwashiorkor

The zero population growth rate is slightly over two children per couple because

Some children die and some couples do not have children

Which of the following best accounts for the large increase in population since the 1800?

Steady increase in number of people capable of reproducing

Which of the following is the BEST way to ensure soil health?

Strip farming and leaving residues on fields after harvest

Which of the following alternative methods is NOT helpful in reducing your exposure to pesticides?

Use only natural chemicals as pesticides

The three crops that humans rely on for the majority of nutrients and calories are

Wheat, rice, and maize

Integrated pest management utilizes

an ecologically-based approach to pest management.

Increases in maize and soy production have led to _________.

an increased consumption of meat.

Vitamin A deficiencies

can cause blindness.

What are the three dominant food crops in the United States (select all that apply)?

corn, soy, wheat

Examples of ways that pesticide use can be reduced include

crop rotation and biological control

In _______ countries, population growth rates are low, but the number of resources used per person is extremely high.

developed

Unlike other food pyramids that represent a healthy diet, the Harvard food pyramid emphasizes a ________ and values______ over _________________

foundation of exercise: whole grains: white bread and starches.

One of the ways society has been able to increase food production and feed our growing population is by developing breeds of plants known as "high responders." As indicated in the graph, a high responder produces _______ under optimum conditions of _________. However, famers who can't afford the higher costs of high responders may get better results with __________

greater yields: water and fertilizers; traditional values of

Pesticide resistance ...

has arisen in hundreds of species

Pesticide resistance ...

has arisen in hundreds of species.

Increases growth rate

high infant mortality, rural, few educational opportunities for women, low quality of healthcare, no social security, contraception not available, low age to marry

New revisions in the food pyramid recommend

increasing consumption of nuts, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Anemia is a common disease resulting from a shortage of dietary

iron

When compared to sand and gravel, small soil particles (clay and silt) have ______ pore space.

less

decreases growth rate

low infant mortality, many educational opportunities for women. urban, high quality of healthcare, social security, contraception available, high age to marry, legislating number of children

Genetic modification refers to the process of

moving genes from one type of organism to another.

Which of the following is NOT a component of soil texture?

organics

The most common dietary problem in rich countries is

overeating

Which of the following are the two traits most commonly targeted for enhancement in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (select all that apply)?

pet resistance, herbicide resistance

Food security refers to

the ability to obtain sufficient food on a day-to-day basis.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are characterized by all of the following except

they degrade quickly in the environment.

Which of the following population characteristics is generally associated with developing countries?

urban and high child mortality,

Place the descriptive labels on the various erosion pictures that it best fits.

w/ water: Sheet & Rill erosion w/o water: gullying and water caused erosion desert: desertification and wind caused erosion

Obesity affects primarily

wealthy, developed nations.

The green revolution centered on the development of which of the following?

High-yield breeds of food crops.

Inorganic pesticides are generally

Highly toxic and remain in the soil for a long time

T or F: A substantial portion of pesticides used do not reach their intended target pests.

True

T or F: As compared to China, India's population control programs have not been as successful as China's.

True

T or F: Chronically undernourished people's diets do not provide 2,200 kcal per day on a long-term basis.

True

T or F: People inadequately fed are especially vulnerable to death from disease.

True

ever largerworsens To increase yields, farmers use toxic pesticides to kill pests that ruin crops. However, some of these toxic chemicals _______ the food we eat, and also end up in our ______. The use of pesticides over time has caused pests to evolve and become resistant to the chemicals, causing farmers to apply _______ quantities on their crops, which ______ the environmental side-effects.

1. Form residue on 2. water supplies 3. even larger 4. worsens

T or F: Some plants make natural pesticides and insect repellants.

True

Match the various "organic" food labels with their legal definition, according to U.S. Department of Agriculture.

1. 100% organic: Products must be produced without hormones, antibiotics, pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, or genetic modification. 2. Organic: Products must have at least 95 percent of the ingredients organic. 3. Made with organic ingredients : Products must contain at least 70 percent organic contents. 4. Individually listed organic ingredients: Products containing less than 70 percent organic ingredients.

To increase yields, farmers use toxic pesticides to kill pests that ruin crops. However, some of these toxic chemicals _________ the food we eat, and also end up in our ________ The use of pesticides over time has caused pests to evolve and become resistant to the chemicals, causing farmers to apply _________ quantities on their crops, which _________ the environmental side-effects.

1. Form residue on 2. water supplies 3. even larger 4. worsens

Worldwide, traditional, and native varieties of food crops have __________ since the introduction of green revolution varieties.

Been widely replaced by new varieties

Place the correct label on the various soil horizons.

1. O Surface littler 2. A Topsoil 3. E Zone of leaching 4. B Subsoil 5. C Regolith 6. Bedrock

Label the stages of the Demographic Transitions Model and the major trend lines that define the different stages of development.

1. Pre-modern 2. Urbanizing / Industrializing 3. Mature / Industrial 4. Post - Industrial 5. Crude birth rate 6. Total Population 7. Crude death rate

1. Total number of children born to the average woman 2. Births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration 3. Number of children born in a year per thousand persons

1. Total Fertility rate 2. Zero population growth (ZPG) 3. Crude birth rate

1. Low resistance to disease and infection; potentially permanent mental and/or physical disabilities 2. Blindness, goiter, neurological defects 3.Diabetes, heart attack, osteoarthritis

1. protein deficiency 2. vitamin / mineral deficiency 3. obesity

The doubling time for a population with an annual percentage growth rate of 7.0% is

10 years

The world human population reached about 1 billion in _________ and passed ____________ in 2011.

1800 : 7 billion

According to the rule of 70, which growth rate would have the human population doubling in 35 years?

2%

The average fertility rate for the entire world is approximately

2.6

If fishing demands continue at the current rate, by which year will the world's major fisheries collapse?

2050

What percentage of processed food in the U.S. contains a GMO ingredient?

60%

Which of the following usually has the MOST intensive use of pesticides?

A golf course

Which of the following factors does not usually affect the crude death rates of a population?

All of these affect crude death rates

"Birth dearths" can be a problem because they cause

All of these are correct

In terms of agriculture, pesticides have led to _____ for consumers.

All of these are correct

Mineral particles in the soil are derived from

All of these are correct

Which of the following can drive up food costs?

All of these can cause increases in the price of food

Which of the following has been used historically to reduce agricultural pests?

All of these methods have been used as pest control

You were in a discussion with a classmate who complained that immigrants were taking away jobs and abusing social services. In response, another classmate who is a proponent of the open door policy explained that immigrants can actually be a bonus to a country. Someone supporting an open door policy would NOT use which of the following statements?

All of these would probably be used by someone supporting an open door policy

Which of the following is NOT a correct match?

B Horizon: Parent Material

Soil organisms usually stay __________ the soil.

Close to the surface of

Most of the livestock grown in North America are

Confined in CAFOs.

Which of the following would have nearly zero topsoil?

Deserts

Historically, up until the middle ages, populations were mostly limited by:

Disease, famine and war

T or F: One of the ecological benefits associated with aquaculture is the organic material generated from the aquaculture tanks. The nutrients increase the health and productivity of the surrounding natural ecosystem.

False

T or F: The Harvard food pyramid recommends 6-11 servings of bread, rice, cereal, and pasta.

False

T or F: The world population began growing rapidly during the Middle Ages.

False

People can suffer malnourishment if they consume large amounts of ______ instead of _______.

Fat and sugar; vitamins and protein

Most humans rely on just a few of the world's animal and plant species for food because only a few

Food types are what we are accustomed to eating.

Pesticide resistance occurs when a population of pests

Genetically changes (through natural selection) and is no longer affected by the chemicals

Drag the property to the type of agriculture that it best describes.

Green Revolution: High input of fertilizer, needs increased irrigation, produces higher yield Sustainable Agriculture: Little to no pesticide use, likely to use cover crops, less likely to use GMOs

In developing countries, the farm workers who account for the majority of illness and death from the most toxic agricultural chemicals are usually the workers who

Handpick fruits and vegetables

Pronatalist pressures are influences that lead people to

Have more children

The demographic transition refers to a country's change from

High birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

High responder crops of the green revolution produce tremendous yields

In response to fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation.

Which of the following characteristics typically leads to INCREASES in total fertility rates; mark all that apply.

Infant mortality rates are high, Country lacks social security, Rural communities

In developed countries, the most recent increases in agricultural productivity have come from

Irrigation, increased fertilization, and new crop varieties

Human population levels from the time of the Agricultural Revolution to the present depict a ______- shaped curve.

J

Ninety percent of the world's population growth in the next century is expected to occur in

Less-developed countries

The average age that a newborn can expect to attain in a given society is referred to as

Life expectancy

The efficiency of irrigation water use is ______ in most countries. One of the reasons for this is ______.

Low; evaporative losses from unprotected water channeling

People who subsist on starchy foods, such as cassava, potatoes, and white rice

Often receive insufficient protein

Which of the following statements is false?

Organic agriculture depletes the soil of nutrients more rapidly than conventional agriculture, because there are no fertilizer applications to replenish the soil

The population theory held by Thomas Malthus was that the human population would:

Outstrip its resources, then suffer starvation and misery

Crude birth rates are measured in terms of the number of children born

Per 1,000 people each year

Demography is the science that describes

Population changes and characteristics

Technological optimists argue that technological advances have:

Proved Malthus wrong in his predictions of famine and disaster

Label the type of population growth you would expect to see in each country.

Rapid growing: Pointy Stable: curvy Declining: hump

Proponents of social justice believe that environmental and social problems will decrease if

Resources are distributed fairly

The parent material layer of a soil is composed of weathered ______.

Rock fragments

Natural organic pesticides are NOT

Safe for all animals