Sea transport

Motorways of the sea

- Floating infrastructures that move goods by sea from one member state to another. - aim at substituting motorways of land to avoid congestioned land corridors, give access o countries seperated from EU mainland and enable better integration of waterborne transport with surface modes - A network of ports and intermodal services, which are able to offer a door-to-door transport through their corrct integration in the intermodal chains for a particular zone of the EU - Mainly aim to develop intermodal maritime-based logistics chains in Europe

Three types of cargo imported and exported in Sweden also favor the use of RoRo services:

- Heavy automobile industry, manufacturers of paper and paper products, electric equipment industries as well as imports of food and drinks are some of the major shippers in the swedish RoRo shipping market

Europes seaborne trade

- a coastline in excess of 67 000 kms - 60-70% of its industrial and production centres located within 150-200 km of the coast - such conditions provide SSS with a geographical advantage over other modes of transport

Maritime segments: Liner shipping

- containerised cargo - palletised cargo - refrigerated cargo

Different types of vessels

- containership -dry bulk carrier - crude oil tanker - LNG carrier - RoRo vessel

Commodities shipped by sea

- energy trades - oil etc - metal industry trades - iron, steel etc - agricultural and forestry trades - sugar, forest etc. - other cargoes - cement etc.

Deep-sea shipping

- inter-regional transport - high-volume cargos - heavy traffic on the routes between the major industrial regions - services ranking from low-cost bulk transport to fast regular liner services

Practical implications

- intermodal integration between different traffic modes can enhance the transport system efficiency, recude lead times, emisstions and generate additional revenues for all the collaboratig parties - importance of co-operation and shared planning among stakeholders - need for a different managment approach and culture that rely on carriers shippers relationsships and are based on the complementary of different transport modes operations - efficient port operations - low port cost, short times in ports, simplification of administration and documentation procedures - are vital for the establishment of succesful intermodal maritime services

Port of Gothenburg

- largest port in Sweden - 80 RoRo ship departures each week to a range of destinations in the UK and on the european continent - three RoRo terminals specialising in european traffic - the RoRo terminals are also linked to the rail system with tracks running directly to the quayside - around 70 trains arrive and depart from the port each day

Maritime segments: Bulk shipping

- liquid bulk (crude oil, oil products) - dry bulk ( iron ore, grain, coal, phosphates, bauxite)

Maritime segments: Specialised shipping

- motor vehicles - forest products - refrigerated goods - liquid gas - chemical parcels

RoRo shipping

- represents a maritime segment that could easily form part of an intermodal transport system, as cargo does not need to be transhiped in ports, it is rolled to and from sea on its own wheels - this characteristic of RoRo enhances its potential for a modal shift in Europe, as it implies low logistics costs and fast cargo handling -MoS

Flag of convenience

- terms and conditions depend on the policy of the country concerned - Incentives: - taxation: no taxes on profits (only tonnage tax) - crewing: international recruitment of crew - company law: freedom over corporate activities (limited liability, no requirement for auditing accounts) - However, most open registers enforce legalisation regarding the operational and environmental safety och ships - must be acceptable in ports - must be acceptable to bankers lending against a mortage

Swedish forest industry

- third largest exporter of wood and paper products - strongly export-oriented - 80% of the forest products are exported - swedens largest purchaser of transport services - a small number of large companies (eg. SCA, stora enso, holmen and billerudkorsnäs) that have developed their own intermodal transport systems that combine railways, RoRo and road transport

SECU rail system

- trains owned and operated by the state owned rail operator Green cargo - stora enso has certain control of the 190 wagons deployed in its sytem and takes care of rail operations to the port - the close cooperation with the shipper enables the efficient handling of cargo flows at the port - while transshipment of cargo from rail ro RoRo vessels is operationally efficient, the cost of port operations is extremely high, accounting for 60% of the company's total shipment cost - the use of SECU's enables Stora enso to transport its cargo efficiently from the mills, reducing the need for warehouses

Short sea shipping

- transport within regions, short distances - often distributes cargos delivered to regional centres by deep-sea services -port-to-port service - frequent port visits - smaller versions of deep-sea vessels - requires great organisational skills - in direct competition with land-based transport

Deep sea - in competition with air freight

- vialbe for high-volume commodities - competes with liner services for premium cargo - 0,4% of the volume of inter-regional cargoes - option of very fast, but high.cost transport

Shipping industry

Complex - conditions which govern its operations in one sector dont necessarily apply to another - sometimes be better if regarded as a group of related industries - main asset: ships - vary widely in size and type - provide the whole range of services for a variety of goods - over shorter and longer distances Shipping is the life blood of the global economy (>90% of global trade in volume) World GPD and sea trade are alika

Flag states

Every merchant ship must be registered to a particular country - flag state - ship integration is the process of documenting a ship's given nationality The nationality of a ship allows it to travel internationally - the "passport" of the ship The flag state has primary legal responsibility for the ship, in terms of regulating safety, labor lawas and on cemmerical matters Different requirements for registration among countries

Types of registers

National International Open (flag of convenience)

Ship registers

Once registered the ship must comply with the laws of the flag state 1. tax, company law and financial law: subject to country's commerical laws (liability to pay tax, employment of staff) 2. compliance with maritime safety conventions 3. crewing and terms of employment

EU objective: shift from road to sea

The green transportation of goods - development of intermodal supply chains and - further use of environmental friendly and energy efficient transport modes Maritime transport offers significant env. advantage - transfers more than 90% of the global trade in volume while emitting around 2,2 % of the total global greenhouse gas emissions The integration of shipping into green supply chains represents a big challenge for the transport industry