Second Botany Quiz

History of cultivation Taro

- One of the oldest plants to be cultivated - Evidence of it from 10,000-7,000 years ago - Used to be 300 varieties of taro in Hawaii but now only 87

The Functions of leaves

- Photosynthesis - Gas exchange - Manage water loss visa traspiration and evaporation *Many specialized functions - Storage - Protection - Climbing

Beta Vulgaris- Sugar beet (Chenopodiaceae)

- Roots have been selected for high concentrations of sugar - 40% of worlds sugar comes from beats - They are the most wildly produced in Europe and near really left Europe. - In a war in 1800, British blockaded French ports. This stopped the flow of sugar from tropical sugarcane plantations. Napoleon Bonaparte instructed French scientists to find a substitute for sugar cane. This is when crystalized sugar came along from beets.

Angiosperms flowering plants

- Seeds are born inside fruits - 300,000 plus species - Asteraceae, orchidaceae, Fabaceae, rubiaceae, poaceae

Saffron in food

-$5000 per Kg -Crocin in saffron gives dishes a yellow gold hue - Metallic honey aroma with Hay-like sweet taste

The importance of an herbarium

-Can tell us new species that need to be studied - Border control can tell if the plant coming in could be invasive - Herbariums can help forensic scientists identify specimens - They can be used to predict the future - They can record traditional medical uses - They can help log changes due to climate change -

How to estimate age and identity of preserved materials?

-Charred seed, preserved fruits, microscopic remains such as plant fibers, pollen, crystals (phytoliths) -Coprolites- fossilized fecal materials- seed and pollen intact -Middens, dumpsites from human encampments -Grinding stones, sickles,

Root Function

1. Anchorage 2. Absorption 3. Conduction 4. Storage

The centers of origin assumptions- Nikolai I. Vavilov

1. Areas where wild relatives are still around 2. Areas with large amounts of variation in crop plants i.e. an apple is likely to have come from and area where there is a large variety of apple varieties found. Nikolai came up with 8 centers of domestication/origin- 6 in the old world and 2 in

Why switch to agriculture?

1. Discovery or sudden insight - Weeds growing next to middens - The agricultural revolution 2. A gradual transition by hunter gathers that incorporated farming practices when needed 3. Climate change, megafauna extinction

Indestructible materials are good indicators of past

1. Fibers (are long and narrow)/Sclereids (Star Shape)- Ligin 2. Pollen- exine (The outer pollen wall)

Plant families with edible leaves

1. Lamiaceae (mint family) lots of members with edible leaves 2. Asteraceae (sunflower family) dandelion produces edible leaves 3. Brassicaceae family with broccoli, cabbage, brussel sprouts ect.

4 types of fruit types talked about

1. Simple fruits (fruits developed from one ovary and 1 flower) a. Fleshy at maturity- Like a grape b. Dry indehiscent (means does not break open at maturity) at maturity- like grains c. Dry and dehiscent at maturity- star fruit 2. Multiple Fruits (fruits from several ovaries of one flower)- Pineapple 3. Aggregate Fruits (Fruits from several ovaries are partially fused. They are all fertilized from one flower)- Blackberry 4. Accessory (Fruits with non ovarian tissues)- Strawberry, cashew apple, rose hip

Theories on the origins of agriculture beginning

1. The dump heap hypothesis- that if you dump your garbage somewhere these plants will grow 2. Neolithic Revolution- Kind of eureka moment when people transitioned into agriculture

The history of chia

1. Was and important crop for the aztecs 2. When the Spanish came they ban the growing of chia and made them grow cereal grains

Folklore

A ginsing fairy flooded her palace to bath in Chnagbai moutain and is surrounded by Fusong Forest. She was punished by her father and made a mortal. A plague was released upon the people so the fairy planted ginsing all around in the forest to help people get better.

-------Start of Accessory Fruit- Pome

A pome is an inferior ovary with a hypanthium around it. Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tubes

A bulb is

A tiny stem that is covered by fleshy leaf bases.

Nuts- also dry indehiscent at maturity

Acorns, Hazelnut, chestnuts, beachnuts are all nuts. The entire ovary wall is hard. The entire mesocarp, endocarp, and pericarp is hard, not jut one. Walnuts, almonds, and pistachios are not real nuts

Alkaloids are often used to make medicine

Alkaloids are often made as insect defense. Tropical forests contain many more insects than anywhere in the world. That means there are many more alkaloids to be discovered for use as medicine.

Medical uses of betle

Although it has health risks as well because it has an addictive properties

Durian can kill you

Apparently about 10 people die a year when a durian hits them in the head

Saphron, Cardamom, and vanilla

Are the most expensive spices in order.

Lauraceae family

Avacodoes, bay leaf, and -----

Aggregate fruits- develops from a single flower with many separate carpels- Rubos family.

Blackberry, raspberry- could even argue they are an aggregate of drupelets

North America natives that were grown previously

Blueberrys, craneberries, and sunflowers

Edible flower buds

Broccoli, cauliflower, clove buds

zizerberaceae which has edible capsules?

Cardamom

Cashews and waste

Cashew apples only last 24 hours after picked. If the nut is removed then the apples only last 6 hours therefore they last a very short time.

Rosacea Family

Cherry, nectarine, almond, rose, strawberry, Apple

Other plants in the solanaceae family

Chili pepers, eggplant (Domesticated in south Asia probably India), Tobacco, tomatoes, potatoes (modified underground stem), Datura (poisonous but has lots of alkaloids). All of these besides eggplant are probably domesticated in the Americas

Solanaceae family

Chili peppers, mandrake, eggplant, potatoes, gogi berries, tobaco. Which is the only one documented domestication outside of the Americas? Eggplant was domesticated in India.

Food plants found by Spaniards from the Amazon

Coco, Food of the gods, chilies, cassava.

Jackfruit-artocarpus heterophyllus (Moraceae)

Comes fro india and sri lanka. Also called Chakka

Star anise in magnolia family Schisandraceae (illiacia verum)

Comes from southeastern china and nam

Ginseng relatives

Common Ivy and Dwarf umbrella tree, devils club, and wyisis sperila (used to flavor root beer)

What has the schizocarp fruit type- Apiaceae (carrot family)---COME back to

Cumin, fennel, coriander

What is a figs multi fruit called?

Cyconium

Far East (Spirit cave, Thailand and yellow and yangtze river valleys, China)

Domesticated Rice, foxtail millet, broomcorn, millet, rape, hemp, soybean, and tea. These last a long time preserved

Pecan labeled parts

Drupaceous nut

Simple Fruits- Fleshy at maturity

Drupe- mesocarp is thick and fleshy and the endocarp is a hard pit, one seed. Ex: Almond and pestacheo Berry- Mesocarp and endocarp form a single fleshy interior, several seeds; entire ovary wall (pericarp) fleshy. *Area where seeds attach is called the Placenta

Achenes

Dry fruits that contain a single seed. They do not naturally break open (e.g: sunflower seeds)

Fruit type- Capsule

Durian is a capsule. Brazil nut is also a capsule. A capsule is a fruit that when mature open up to release seeds. They normally have more than two carpels.

Jackfruit is a

Each individual flower with an ovary. The have been breed to have a fleshy aril. They are a multifruit

Secondary growth.....

FILL IN

Legumes are the fruit of what family

Fabaceae (The lagume family)

Ray flowerets are either

Female or no sex. There are never male parts on them. They are imperfect. Disk flowers are perfect and complete meaning they have male reproductive parts.

Cashew alcohol

Feni is an alcohol made from cashew. It is said to have a strong fruity flavor.

Feni

Feni is the raw alcohol made with the cashew apple. The juice extract is called Niro. The juice is poured into a special clay jug and distilled. This then makes uirock

Folklore

First myth- There was a mortal youth that was a love of hermes called Crocus. Hermes was throwing a disk and hit crocus in the head fatally wounding her so he turned her into a flower with 3 drops of blood. Second myth- There was a saffron war during the black plague because it was believed to help.F

Cowcow

Fruit type pepo- like Berry

Domesticated Plants are

Genetically distinct from ancestors because they have been shaped by artificial selection over many generations. They cannot go back to wild state because they have lost evolutionary advantages in the wild

Chili Peppers- Capsicum species (Solanaceae)

Genus has 5 species that range from central america to south america. Seeds found from 7000 years ago in New Mexico

-------------Here after ginseng

Ginseng (Araliaceae) Ivy family. Comes from Shangdang China

Saffron crocus (crocus sativus)- Iridaceae family

Has a corm. It comes from Greece

----------Star anise talk after this

Has simple follicle fruit. It opens on one side.

Mark j.

He learned from Richard Evan Schultes

In Eastern North America

Hordeum pusillum (Poaceae) Polygonum erectum (polygonaceae) Phalaris caroliniana (Poaceae) zizania sp. (Poaceae)- Wild rice

Complete vs. incomplete flowers

If a flower has sepals, petals, pis- tils, and stamens, it is a complete flower.

Avacodoes are considered berries why?

If you break the pit open it does not have a seed in it. Is it a hard endocarp? No. This is not a drope because there is no seed in the pit. The pit is a seed. Avacodo comes from central America

Clove buds are often used for mouth problems

If you put a clove buds in your mouth near the ache it will numb the mouth. Plus, they have strong antimicrobial properties.

Religious uses of Saffron

In Hinduism saffron paste is used to annoint virtually all deities of the hindu pantheon - Used in many tilak and bindi pastes - Color is religiously significant *In Buddhism the monks used saffron to dye robes. They probably used turmeric first then started using saffron and now stopped because it is so expensive.

Fruit type- Follicle

Is a dried fruit that opens up when it is mature. It is like a legume it has got one carpel inside. The only difference is the follicle only opens on one side of the ovary unlike a legume. This is a simple fruit that is dehesant

Arya veda

Is a type of traditional Indian healing in which western drugs are never used. This is balancing ones chakras (doshas). There is no irreversible side effects with Arya veda like w/ western medicine.

Drupaceous nut

Is between a drupe and a nut

Acer saccharum (sapindaceae)

Is the sugar maple tree which is often tapped to make maple syrup. The tap goes into the xylem because the sap is used as a antifreeze to keep the tree from freezing. The sap flows out right after the winter ends and spring starts. This is because the excess sap that was stored in the roots is being sent to the new buds for growth. This is when you must tap the tree

What happens when it remove bark in a ring of a tree?

It breaks the phloem then the sugars cannot get to the roots and the plant dies.

A corm is a solid stem not like a bulb

It is a solid underground stem which has cormlets that surround the comb. If you remove a cormlet you can plant it. No leaves going around it

Nelumbo nucifera- Sacred lotus (Nelumbonaceae)

It is from eastern Asia

Cashew oil health benefits

It is really good for your heart. It is also known to slow down infections and slow balding.

Why arils may be found more in the tropics?

It is thought having these fleshy fruits may be a response to have large mammals and fruit bats that feed on fruit

Peanuts (Arachis hypogea) are seeds of a legume. They are also dicots

It is thought that herbivory pressure may have caused peanuts to grow underneath the ground

The Hawaiian ancestors call Taro Kalo and the folk lore goes like

Kalo is the eldest sibling of the native Hawaiian people. The original Hawaiians brought it with them on their voyage

Betel leaf relatives

Kava, Black pepper, cubeb, Mexican pepperleaf

Nodes

Leaves are attached to nodes. One or more leaves occur at each node

Stolons vs rhizomes

MISSED

Chili peppers have evolved to be eaten by one type of animal- birds.

Mammals can taste the capsaicin present and will not eat it

Pappus

Modified sepals of a sunflower family

The eyes of a potato are the nodes

Much of solanaceae plants are poisonous except the edible portions. The majority of the potato plant are poisonous except tubers

The cultural significance of Jackfruit

National fruit of bangladesh and sri lanka. Dye is obtained from wood to dye monk robes.

Betel leaf- Piper betle (Piperaceae) The pepper family

Native to central and eastern malaysia

Durian family Malvaceae (includes- Chocolate, okra, hybicus, cotton, cola nut, Baobab trees )

Native to malaysia. Durian has a simple leaf type that are alternating.

Regions for important plants

Near East- Wheat, Barley Far East- Rice Papua New Guinea Highlands- Banana, Taro, sugar cane Mesoamerica- Corn South America- Potato, root crops

Division of labor

Often the women do all the cooking and gathering while the men do all the hunting

Special berries

Pepo- A berry that has a really thick rine. Cucurbitaceae Hesperidium- Leathery rine with oil gland in the pits. Rutaceae family

Pimenta, Chili pepper, and black pepper

Pimenta and chili pepper are in the same family solanaceae but black pepper is in piperaceae

Poi comes from Taro

Poi is made from cooked Taro that is mashed. Then water is added to stretch it. It lasts a long time so it is good for long trips

What fruits have arils?

Pomegranate, passion fruit, luchee, longans, rambutans, mangosteen.

Lots of edible plants are associated with areas they are not natively from

Potatoes are associated with Ireland Tomatoes are with Italy Chili pepper and India Pineapple and Hawaii Coffee and South America Black Tea and Britain ***However, none of these are native to these areas

Primary food crops? Secondary Crops?

Primary food crops- Major starch crops: wheat, rice, corn, potatoes, bananas, cassava Secondary Crops- Sugar cane, sugar beats, soybeans, barley, sorghum, coconuts, bananas, palm oil

Meristem

Primary tissues that increase height

cork cambium produces

Produces cork (bark) which is dead cells. It basically replaces the epidermis from when it is young because as it gets older it must protect the inside.

Medicinal asteraceae

Purple cone flower used to build up immunity over time

What species are in the Chenopodiaceae?

Quinoa, spinach, (She did not say what else)

Apios americana- Fabaceae Family (Legume family)

Really important tuber in food in North America previously

Sapindaceae- Useful members

Robutons, Lychees, maples used to make syrup

The fruit of a rose is not a rose hip but an achene (1 seeded dry incandescent fruit)

Rose hips are fleshy hypanthium

What other useful plant tissue results from secondary growth?

Secondary xylem- Wood. Wood is dead xylem tissue

history of Quinoa

Showed up about 5000 years ago with the Incas in the Andes mountains. They called it "mother of all grains". Quinoa was almost lost because of Spanish conquest. Pizzaro was the leader and they got ride of all stuff that had cultural significance to the natives, but some Quinoa survived high in the mountains which was later discovered later.

Entree

Someone who's going to smooth the way, introduce you, and allow you to enter. You should have one of these if you are going to go to remote tribes not just jump in.

New World (highlands of Mexico and Peru)

Squash, corn, chili, amaranth, avocado, gourds, beans, white and sweet potatoes, tomatoes, peanuts, guava. Mexican squash dated back 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. Farming appeared in the Americas a the same time as the far East

Carbon dating is used for plants

Stuff can be dated from 5000-50,000 years. AMS- Accelerated Mass Spectrometry can be used for more accuracy

Edible Asteraceae

Sunflower seeds (sunflower ovary), taragon,

Eastern North America (Eastern Us, Canada)

Sunflower, Marsh elder, wild gourd, goosefoot. These domestication's flourished for about 2000 years until the arrive of corn because corn gave way more calories for the effort

Asteraceae domesticated in North America

Sunflowers and

Teosinte is the ancestor of Maize

Teosinte did not have large harvestable ovaries like maize does now.

Sacred lotus folk lore

The hindu religion associates the flowers with the creation mythology and the unfolding petals are considered symbolic of fertility, beauty, and prosperity.

Aesculus californica- Sapindaceae

The natives in California would crush this one they got a few fish in a pool to shock them. Then the fish would start floating. It is a drought decidous plant which is very rare for california

What are all the ovaries sitting on before harvest?

The receptical is where the ovaries of blackberries and raspberries attach to the plant. When you pull the berry the ovaries slide off the receptical and leave that hole in the center

The folklore Quinoa

The star came down to earth and then had to leave so a boy followed her on his trusted condor. She feed him the grain of the gods which was Quinoa.

The apical meristem

The tip of the plant. Prodocues tissues that grow into mature stem and leaf tissue

Flannel Bush (Fremontodendron californicum) Malvaceae family

The young shoots from these plants are used to make twin by the natives

Bedrock Mortars

These are all over in California. They are round holes made by natives to grind up foods like acorn meal.

Philaries

These are modified leaves that go around the receptical

Bulb vs. bulblets

They are different from corms. MISSED PART GO BACK

Soapberries- They are not really a nut nor a berry

They are useable as soap

Cashew family is Anacardiaceae

They bear fruits that are drupes and often produce urushiol. It includes the pistachio, mango Brazilian pepper tree, poison ivy, sumac, smoke tree, marula, yellow mombin, Peruvian pepper

Folklore of cashews

They listened to what life was like outside there fruit. They wished they could be outside to see the world around them and a fairy heard them and granted their wish, but after being out and seeing the world they wished to be back inside their fruit.

Yoko is a vine that indigenous people use

They mix it with cold water in the morning. They then puke and for seven hours they are extremely energetic and not hungry.

The harvesting of cashews is often bad for the pickers

This is because they have urushiol on the outer skin so the workers are often not given proper safety gear and are exposed to the oil.

Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae)

This is the most important tropical root crop. They must be cooked to get ride of hydrogen cyanide

Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae)

This made the top ten globally important food crops. Thought to be domesticated in Papua New Guinea

Jackfruit is caulilorous

This means plants flower and fruit from their main stems (woody trunks rather than new growth)

Ovary of a legume

This one is superior ovary because the sepals if the legume was picked up would be below the ovary. All legumes are superior

The green outer tissue is not necessarily ovarian tissue.

To be a drupe this outer skin has to be all ovarian tissue. To be a nut none of it can be ovarian tissue. If some is ovarian tissue and some is not it is a drupecous nut

All complete flowers are perfect but not all perfect flowers are complete? True or false

True

Edible roots

Turnips, carrots, radishes which are all taproots which store starch

Motadies

Used to grind up food by natives

Parts of Asteraceae flower

What is the advantage of having open disk florets while the rest are unopened disk florets? They can be pollinated for longer and each of the little ovules can be pollinated by a different flower therefore there can be very high genetic diversity.

How did chilis get to be called peppers

When Christopher Columbus and his crew reached the Caribbean, they were the first Europeans to encounter Capsicum, calling them "peppers" because they, like black pepper of the genus Piper known in Europe, have a spicy, hot taste unlike other foods.

What does a full rice look like?

White rice is only endosperm. A full rice contains starch, protein, and fiber

The starts of agriculture

Yanz china had rice and tea, the fertile cresent, The eastern north America domesticated animals, south America

The head of a cabbage is a giant

apical meristem

If the ovary is at the bottom is is called an

epiginas flower

Link to explanation of all fruit

https://faculty.weber.edu/sharley/2104/SexualReproduction.html

Mark Plotkin [Schulte's student]

https://www.amazonteam.org/ *This guy is amazing to listen to

Mongongo nut

is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae. Mongongo nuts are a staple diet in some areas, most notably among the San people. The nuts store well, and remain edible for much of the year. Alternatively, nuts are collected from elephant dung; the hard nuts survive intact through the digestive process after the elephant has consumed and digested them.

Rasas

literally means "juice, essence or taste". ... It refers to the emotional flavors/essence crafted into the work. These tastes are used to balance doshas

Multiple fruits

mulberry, figs, and pineapple

Fruits

ovaries of flowers

If it is a stalk for many flowers it is called a ------ not a petiole

peduncle

Bitter melon and curry leaves are used medical

to help with diabetes