Section 3

Min Distance between consecutive interesections

125' is the min. distance between intersection for safety reasons.

LID - Small-scale Controls

Mimics natural hydrology and processes.

Galvanized metal hardware

Note that it tends to rust under seaside conditions and would not be used in that area.

Flood Plan, 100 Year

A 100-year floodplan is composed of a channel, floodway, and flood fringe.

Transitional Space

Another name for a "space of movement"

Minimum Cross-Slope for a Bike Path

2% is considered the minimum cross-slope to provide proper drainage

Zoning Ordinance vs Comprehensive Master Plan

A Comprehensive Master Plan and a Zoning Ordinance are separate documents created by local governments to anticipate and regulate development. "A Comprehensive Master Plan offers guidance for future development, whereas the Zoning Ordinance does not" and "The Zoning Ordinance is a legally binding document used to regulate growth, whereas the Comprehensive Master Plan is not" outline the key differences between these two documents, and both of these documents can be amended as needed.

Balance

A balanced design can be achieved through the skillful manipulation of visual "weight" (e.g. symmentrical elements) and scale.

Landscape Urbanism

A field of theory in which the design of the landscape, not building, is used to guide development.

Early stages of design that do or do not need a survey

A flow diagram consists of a number of circles for each of the different proposed uses of a site. Each circle is laid out on a piece of paper and circles of corresponding uses are placed close to each other and connected with arrows to show the flow from one room/use to another. This is part of the early design process and helps with the overall layout of a site by distinguishing which program elements should be placed near each other. However, this step is not done to scale and not done on a survey. The site-structure diagram takes the essence of the flow diagram and begins to place the elements on a site survey in a reasonable size and shape. A conceptual plan further develops the site-structure diagram and lays out exact sizes of program elements and includes walkways and planting materials. The site analysis plan is done on a survey and is done before any design work begins.

Standard Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering, Design, and Construction Purposes (ASTM D-420)

A guide that provides the site designer with a consensus standard with which to plan and evaluate site characterizations.

Geometry Formulas: Trapezoid

A trapezoid is a shape with 4 sides and 2 of them are parallel. Perimeter = sum of the length of the 4 sides (a+b+c+d=Perimeter); Area = sum of the length of the 2 parallel sides (a+b) times height (h) divided by 2

Bogs

A type of wetland found in northern climates and are characterized by acidic soils, rich deposits of organic material such as peat and a diversity of vegetation types.

Reconnaissance

A visit to the site to see if it can support the goals of a project and includes supporting information such as historic and current aerial photos, zoning maps, road maps, soil maps, flood hazard maps, and tax assessment maps

Drainage Wind

A wind that blows from a higher elevation to a lower elevation

National Center for a Barrier Free Environment

According to the National Center for a Barrier Free Environment, landscape architects should "Provide varying degrees of access and challenges to site users" when designing outdoor recreational facilities for the general public. The range of accessibility offers a self-selecting scale of challenge and provides for a maximum range of access.

Slope (factor in creating microclimatic conditions)

All of these relationships between slope and microclimate can be a factor: Western slopes are hottest in the summer, southern slopes receive the most sun in winter months, southeastern slopes offer the most desirable microclimates, and northwestern slopes recieve cold winter winds.

Program Refinement

Allows the project team to work in tandem with the client to define the project's trajectory in detail and address any shortcomings/issues that have emerged thus far in the design process. So the proposed program, the information from the site inventory and analysis, performance targets, project goals, site issues, and client requests are all examples of things that should be taken into account during this process. The ultimate goal of program refinement is to "provide clear direction and vision as the project evolves"

Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO)

Antiquated system that is still used in many cities in the US where storm and sanitary sewers are combined. This causes tons of sewage to spill into the nation's waterways during heavy rainstorms and snowmelts

Ground/Vertical/Overhead Planes

Any design can be broken up into three different planes: ground, vertical and overhead. Each plane can perform different functions when the design is properly thought out and crafted. The ground plane can provide separation, orientation, enclosure and linkages. The vertical plane can also provide enclosure, as well as provide screening, direction, buffering and framing amongst other things.

Ecosystem (Montane Forest)

Any ecosystem found in the mointains ("mon-tane" sounds like mountain... just so you can remember easily). These ecosystems are strongly affected by climate which gets colder as elevation increased.

Geology (Hazards)

Areas prone to volcanic activity, earthquakes, landslides, etc. must be considered when developing a site. Placing a row of homes against the side of a hill known for landslides would be irresponsible. Areas like this are often mapped by governmental agencies.

Wind Rose Diagram

Because wind is highly variable in both speed and direction, it can be depicted graphically with a wind rose diagram that shows the frequency distribution of the wind direction, velocity, and duration at a specific location.

Topography (Elevation)

Changes in elevation affect both drainage patterns and visibility to and from the site. Data is shown on a topographic map as contour lines and spot elevations.

Soils

Climate, landform position, composition, as well as growth, death, and decomposition of vegetation all play a 'natural' factor in soil properties. However, sites with previous uses (industrial or commercial) may be contaminated with a variety of hazardous substances, and require an investigation of the site's subsurface conditions (making the costs to remove potentially substantial).

Community Resource Inventory

Community resource inventories map all ecological and cultural resources such as wetlands, archaeological sites, scenic views, significant wildlife habitats, forests, floodplains, farmland, aquifers and historic structures.

Sites with significant native plant and animal communities

Consideration should be given to mapping the distributions of both native and invasive exotic species. This information can be used to develop a plan to eradicate invasives and restore degraded native communities. Visiting the site will help start this mapping process, then through the use of choropleth maps, the locations of different densities of vegetation can be seen. Also studies on soils, hydrology, and even frequency of wildfires can also be mapped.

Qualitative Data

Data that approximates or characterized but does not measure the attributes, characteristics, properties, etc. of a thing.

Topography (Slope)

Differences in soil materials and weathering account for characteristic landforms or landscape 'signatures'. These landforms result from constructional process (e.g. wind or water carrying soil onto the land to build it up) and destructional processes (e.g. rain or river/ocean removing soil). These slopes will make portions of the site more or less suitable for features like roads, walkways, building, etc. The climate of the area, for example, when cold/icy would make steep slopes unsuitable for walkways. Or in hot/rainy areas, a relatively flat area will always be flooding. Development regulations might also affect what can be built on certain slopes, anything too steep can't be built on while anything too flat will have poor drainage.

Aerial Photography (Historical)

Existing aerial photography showing past conditions for a relatively low price. These can show historic structures or features (drainage patterns, sinkholes, etc.) that may be hard to see at ground level or obscured over time by vegetation, etc.

Microclimate (Challenges)

Figuring out a microclimate of a site is difficult due to a variety of sun, shade, and wind patterns. The position of the sun changes seasonally and daily from sunrise to sunset. A Shade diagram might be created that shows the shadows cast by a building at morning, noon, afternoon, and late afternoon and then shown at different times of year (the 4 seasons for example).

Focus Group (Benefits)

Focus groups are an ideal means of gathering public input and can bring people of diverse backgrounds and viewpoints together in the same room as the landscape architect. Focus group members do not need to be lay people with casual knowledge, they can be composed of a select group of experts.

Geology

For a site, the geology is concerned with the structure, composition and stability of the material beneath and at the earth's surface. A site with exposed bedrock (more expensive to remove than an equal amount of soil) might make it difficult to level for use in building. Conversely, a site where bedrock is many feet below the surface might make it difficult to build a tall building as it's footing would require a great deal of excavation. A geologic unit is a volume of rock of a specific type and age range, and this is usually what a geologic map would be based on.

Goals vs Objectives

Goals tend to be broader in scope than objectives and are best understood as being general statements of intent. Conversely, objectives are more action-oriented and can be understood as the framework through which goals are achieved.

Historic Preservation Act

If a site is privately owned, unless there is specific legislature stating otherwise, any historic elements found during site excavation can be ignored. However, if the site is even partially owned by the government, then the Historic Preservation Act states that a phase 1 archaeological analysis with test pits must be performed. If anything is found then a Phase 2 dig is required. A phase 3 dig is a full-blown excavation.

Grid Diagrams (Sections of)

In a standard grid, the top row of boxes is labeled from right-to-left with the next row going from left-to-right. The following rows repeat this right-to-left then left-to-right pattern. So a grid of 5 columns and 4 rows would have a top row numbered as 5 4 3 2 1 and the row under it would then be numbered as 6 7 8 9 10, followed by 15 14 13 12 11 and then 16 17 18 19 20

Demographics

Information based on info about the people who live in the neighborhood or the immediate vicinity of the site. This info can include things like population density, age, ethnicity, household income, household size, and household composition among other things

Brownfields

Lands or buildings that are abandoned or underutilized, and redevelopment or reuse is complicated due to the perception or presence of environmental contamination.

Site Location

Location is more than just position on a map, it refers to the project's relationship to the community. Commercial projects need visibility, site access, and traffic flow. Residential projects look at distance to schools, municipal services, distance to shopping (both needs and entertainment)

CUT AND FILL

NOTE: The below cut and fill methods are from LAGS starting on page 196. See that section for pictures/examples. Also info available at this website https://www.kublasoftware.com/how-to-calculate-cut-and-fill/

Watershed Boundaries

Occur along ridges, and water flows from these high points into valleys and other low points (like rivers).

Base Map

One of the first tasks which serves as the template for attribute mapping and analysis as well as for subsequent site planning and design drawings. The base map will typically include existing site conditions such as: Property boundaries, Public right-of-way and easements, topography, buildings, streets and utility lines (above and below ground), and adjacent property uses and owners. Then of course the plan will include minor items like a site location map, site/project info, north arrow, scale, and source data.

LID - Conservation

Preserves native trees, vegetation and soils. Maintains natural drainage patterns.

LID - Maintenance, Pollution Prevention and Education

Reduces pollutant loads and increases efficiency and longevity. Educates and involves the public.

Edges

Shorelines, Streets, and major changes in land use

Program Development

Should act as a summary of the site inventory and analysis, take into account the client's needs, function as a checklist aginst which the design proposal can be assessed and occur before any significant amount of design work has been undertaken. Basicailly it is a research and information gathering phase of the design process in which data is collected from the client, site users and other interested parties to determine project outcomes and uses. The end goal is to take into account FUTURE needs and give those preference over the needs of the present.

Movement through a space can be enhanced by

Sitting paths along desire lines and other indicators of convenience. Introducing regularity can help facilitate movement through a space but only if such regularity increases legibility of the space and thus responds to user's demands on the space itself.

Intensity or Density Measurements

The 3 most common density metrics are building height or number of stories, floor-area ratio (FAR), and Dwelling Units (DU) per net area of the lot

Zoning Overlay Districts

Special 'overlay' districts may impose additional development standards or allow greater development flexibility than local codes for the area may have. In historic districts, for example, design options are restricted to promote the preservation and restoration of buildings with historical significance. These special districts are often intended to maintain (or create) a unique sense of place.

Paths

Streets and major walkways or bike paths

ADA slopes/ramp requirements

The ADA (American Disabilities Act) dictates that handicap-accessible walkways without handrails should have a maximum cross slope of 2% and a maximum slope of 8.33%. Note that the maximum slope of the path (not its cross slope) can be up to 5% before needing to meet the requirements of a ramp according to the ADA.

Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (an example of a CZM program)

The Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program is one component of coastal management in the United States. This program requires states and territories with approved coastal zone management programs to develop and implement methods for coastal nonpoint pollution control. Techniques to limit the pollution of coastal waters have been developed by the EPA for five source categories of nonpoint pollution: agricultural runoff, urban runoff, forestry runoff, marinas, and hydro-modification.

Soil (Plasticy)

The ability of a soil to be deformed under pressure without breaking apart.

Soil (Elasticty)

The ability of a soil to return to its original shape after being subjected to a load condition.

Presenting Graphic Exhibits to the General Public (a BS LARE type question)

The best way to present information to the general public with no background in design is to show them Photographs of existing Site Condition and 3D or Photorealistic redered perspectives. They will not understand things like Conceptual Diagrams, Technical Sections, or even Rendered Plans as a plan still requires some design know-how

Ecotones

The boundaries of ecological communities. Animals may find shelter in one type of ecotone while they seek food in a different ecotone.

Visual Literacy

The capacity to graphically communicate design problems, relevant contextual information, and potential solutions

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

The idea that design or redesign of an environment to redude crime through natural, mechanical, and operational/procedural means. If certain conditions create criminal opportunities, then the reverse can be true: Certain site conditions can prevent crimes from occurring.

Infrastructure

The location of surface and subsurface utilities as well as capacity, access, and requirements for connections. Also important would be moratoriums on sanitary sewer or water connections or high connection fees. The ability to bring new utilities to the site, access to public water/sewer, and capacity of existing systems should be evaluated early. Road networks are also of concern and the ability to sustain or support new traffic loads.

Soil (Bearing Capacity)

The measure of a soil to decrease in volume under the pressure of a given weight.

Soil (Liquid Limit)

The minimum moisture content at which a soil will flow under its own weight.

Salt Marsh

The most important, productive, and diverse of most ecosystems. Situated in the interface between land and sea, and salt and freshwater ecosystems, they offer habitat and food to a wide variety of terestrial and aquatic life.

Sustainable Development

The most sustainable development is redevelopment, resue increases density and eliminates the loss of open space.

Habitat

The place where an organism lives (or the place you would go to find it)

Niche

The position or status of an organism within its community that result from its ability to adapt its behaviors. An analogy would be that while the habitat would be the organism's "address" its niche would be its "profession".

State Regulations

The power to regulate land use in the United States is granted to local governments through state-level enabling legislation allowing them to protect public health, safety, and welfare. Several states, including Maryland and New York, are attempting to direct new infrastructure investment to support higher-density development in areas that are already served by municipal infrastructure. These Smart Growth programs can reduce inefficient sprawl and facilitate the redevelopment of existing urban districts and corridors.

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

Their Green Building Rating System provides the benchmarks for the design, construction, and operation of green buildings and related site development. LEED promotes sustainability by focusing on building and site performance in 5 areas: 1. Sustainable Site Development, 2. Water Savings, 3. Energy Efficiency, 4. Materials Selection, and 5. Indoor environmental quality.

Shopping Malls (impervious pavement)

Typically malls have too much pavement which results in degraded lakes, streams, etc. This can happen when just 10% of the normally contributing watershed's surface is developed into impervious area. This can be retrofitted to allow for more tree islands and other such pervious areas

Choropleth Map (Aspect)

Typically the colder colors (darker) would be used on the northern (colder) slopes while warm (light) colors would be on the southern slopes.

Visual Preference Surveys (VPS)

Ways to solicit stakeholder opinions (often the public itself) concerning future development, redevelopment, or restoration alternatives. Examples of topics include Building scale and massing (height, width, shape), Building articulation (façade, signs, roof), Building placement (relationship to street and site entrances), Open space (lighting and landscaping), Vehicle parking (screening and relationship to street). Usually these survey's are conducted by taking 50-100 participants and show them slides of scenes for 30 seconds or less. Then have them evaluate the scene either as a 1-5 scale, or 1st choice, 2nd choice, 3rd... etc.

Soil (Well Graded)

Well graded soil is that which has an even distribution of soil particle sizes where the small particles fill the voids created by the larger grains.

Wetlands (defined by)

Wetlands are defined by their hydrology, soils, and vegetation.

Marsh

Wetlands characterized by herbaceous vegetation no taller than 6'.

Forest Habitats (Division by Roadways)

When a new road is built in a formerly forested landscape, they can be barriers to the lateral movement of ground-dwelling animals which can isolate them and doom them to extinction at a local level. While these same roadways can serve as linear conduits for pathogens and invasive exotic species. The roadway basically cuts through the middle of the habitat making the 'core' (which is normally surrounded by 'edge' habitat) split so now the 2 halves get surrounded by 'edge' and in some cases this can result in nothing left to be 'core' habitat.

Rural Homes (general things to consider)

When talking about a rural home (and not a urban home like you live in) generally they do not have access to sewers. So septic is the way they would have to go and sites with things like poorly draining soils would be of high concern.

Wetlands, Marshs, etc.

When these are on the plan, do everything you can do keep development away from them or from draining into them. If they are on the plan, then they are the most important concern for the site. Even if it has lots of trees you would have to remove, or other such issues, the wetlands have too many laws protecting them to make any other answer correct.

Cultural Features

Whether historical, aesthetic, legal, or economic, cultural features create opportunities and constraints for the design of sustainable and livable places. An assessment of cultural factors not only describes the site, but also analyzes its suitability for the site's intended uses.

Assessing "Fit"

While difficult to define, it is determined by how the project design and function 'fits' into local zoning, land development plans, the physical aspects of the site itself, the neighborhood, region, and finally the values and needs of the community itself.

Unified Development Codes

While zoning codes and subdivision ordinances have contributed to urban sprawl by separating residential uses from commercial, recreational, and civic uses by imposing design standards for minimum lot sizes and street dimensions that effectively mandate inefficient, low-density development... Unified development codes attempt to eliminate the arbitrary distinctions between the regulation of subdivisions and other forms of development. It achieves this by revising the code with things like: Minimizing ROW and Pavement width requirements (less impervious space), reducing building setbacks (allows housing on smaller sites), allowing required on-site open spaces to include wetlands, woodlands, etc. (allows higher densities on the site's 'net' developable area), encouraging rain gardens to help manage storm water runoff from impervious areas (reduce off-site runoff and the need for large detention ponds), Allowing smaller dwelling units with single car garages (to capture a market segment that doesn't want a large house).

Multiple-Attribute Analysis (using GIS)

With the use of digital Graphic Information System (GIS) a number of analytical functions can be used for site planning. Union is a function of analysis where areas that meet a certain attribute can be measured. Then an overlay analysis using the union function could identify all site areas that meet either one or more conditions. Intersection can be used to find where 2 or more attribute conditions overlap and are spatially coincident.

Frequency Seen map

characterizes the locations that can be seen from 2 or more viewing points on a site.

Nodes

entrances, plazas, and major walkway intersections

slope (ratio)

horizontal distance for every vertical distance, e.g. 5:1 means 5 units horizontal to every 1 unit vertical

Landmarks

unique buildings, bridges, and natural features

Typology of site selection goals and selected project outcomes

"Goals : Desired Outcomes (Examples of)

Historic Preservation Policies

"Historic preservation policies can be enacted at multiple scales of government and thus specific direction regarding historic preservation will differ across the United States. Generally speaking, however, historic preservation policies are applied to sites of considerable historical significance. For example, the National Register of Historic Places assesses sites based upon the following criteria:

Defensible Space Design (3 Aspects of)

"In general there are three aspects of defensible space design: territory, access, and surveillance.

Ways to remove chemicals in land with plants

"Phytoexraction is a form of phytoremediation that uses the plants natural ability to absorb contaminants and store them as part of their natural metabolism. Certain plants are used for certain chemicals. Over time, the plants are harvested and burned or recycled to further remove the chemicals from the land. Phytodegradation uses plants that naturally break down the chemicals they absorb and therefore do

The most difficult sites to design (another LaGro-ism)

"Sites without significant biophysical or cultural features" are the most difficult to design because "the absence of significant site features or constraints allows for much wider range of feasible options for organizing activities and structures on the site. The lack of site character also makes it more challenging to create a unique sense of place". (yeah it's a stupid college answer, but again just go with it)

Swell and Shrinkage

(Get an example in TSS page 320-28). To calculate % of swell of soil you take the weight of the undisturbed soil divided by weight of the loose earth. Take that number -1, and then multiply that answer by 100. That gives you % of Swell. To calculate % of shrinkage of soil you take the weight of the undesturbed soil divided by weight of compacted soil. Now take 1 - that number (in that order), and take that answer and multiply it by 100. That gives you % of shrinkage.

Fasciation

(aka 'cresting') is a condition of abnormal growth in vascular plants in which the growing tip becomes elongated producing flattened, or contorted tissue. E.g. a flower that normally has a single point (circular) center with petals around it would instead have a long oval or even ribbon like 'center' with a lot more petals around the now elongated center

The most important considerations when designing a noise control feature (a TSS gem)

1. Acoustic Effectiveness (things like slope or distance from source would affect it's effectiveness) 2. Cost 3. Visual Attractiveness

3 Fundamental Principles of Composition (as it relates to the design of Landscapes)

1. Balance 2. Unity 3. Emphasis

Water Bodies, Reasons for next to Development

1. Bodies of water can act as heat sinks in the winter 2. They can offer a scenic quality to a project 3. During warmer months, the water could create a temperate differential that would cool the site.

Key Elements of LID

1. Conservation 2. Small-scale Controls 3. Customized Site Design 4. Maintenance, Pollution Prevention and Education 5. Directing Runoff to Natural Areas

Urban Infill Development (General Positive Attributes)

1. Decreased traffic congestion 2. Efficient use of existing infrastructure and services 3. Revitalization of the urban core 4. Location proximate to employment and other services

Fundamental Principles of Sustainable Site Planning

1. Design with Nature 2. Design with Culture 3. Design places for people.

4 Basic Steps

1. Initiate the project, 2. Develop the projects' mission and objectives 3. Determine the project's operational and physical requirements, 4. Document and present the program to the client

Programing (4 Basic Steps)

1. Initiate the project, 2. Develop the projects' mission and objectives 3. Determine the project's operational and physical requirements, 4. Document and present the program to the client

Benefits of LID

1. Prevent degradation of water quality and natural resources. 2. Manage storm water more efficiently and cost effectively. 3. Protect groundwater and drinking water supplies. 4. To help communities grow more attractively.

Site Analysis (Main Phases of)

1. Proposal Phase - Will be what the proposal is based on and sometimes preliminary design and costs as well. As this is usually done prior to having a contract in place, it is usually performed out-of-pocket. 2. Post Contract (a.k.a. Site Characterization) - a more detailed investigation that is usually undertaken after some portion of site planning. Usually includes a geotechnical analysis of subsurface conditions (depth to bedrock, depth to groundwater, seasonal high water table, soil tests, and more recently environmental impacts).

ADA Walking Path (Max slope without being a ramp)

1:20 or 5% is the max allowed slope for any path without being a ramp. Resting spots needed (a flat section) every 200' that are 5' long (60"). This works up to a max of 1:12 or 8.33% when a full ramp is required.

ADA Running/Exercise Path (Max slope without being a ramp)

1:20 or 5% is the max allowed slope for any path without needing a resting spot. Once crossing that 5% point need a flat section every 200' that are 5' long (60"). This works up to a max of 1:12 or 8.33%. Once you hit 8.34%-10% you can only go 30' before the resting spot. Then at 10.1%-12% you can only go 10' without a resting spot.

Proper Drainage of General Sites and Sports Fields

2% is considered the minimum cross-slope to shed water and have proper drainage

Geometry Formulas: Parallelogram

4 sided shape with 2 pairs of sides that are parallel, so you can treat it LIKE a retangle, so Perimeter = 2*length of 1 side + 2+length of the other side (not parallel side but adjacent to the first) (2a+2b=Perimeter or just sum of the 4 sides); Area = like a rectangle, but it is base * height (height is NOT length of a side by rather the distance between the base and top lines)

Sanborn map

A field survey map providing detailed historical info on building heights, footprints, past and present uses, and construction materials

Form-Based Code

A form-based code is a land development regulation that fosters predictable built results and a high-quality public realm by using physical form (rather than separation of uses) as the organizing principle for the code. A form-based code is a regulation, not a mere guideline, adopted into city, town, or county law. A form-based code offers a powerful alternative to conventional zoning regulation. Form-based codes address the relationship between building facades and the public realm, the form and mass of buildings in relation to one another, and the scale and types of streets and blocks. The regulations and standards in form-based codes are presented in both words and clearly drawn diagrams and other visuals. They are keyed to a regulating plan that designates the appropriate form and scale (and therefore, character) of development, rather than only distinctions in land-use types.

Watershed

A land area that channels rainfall and snowmelt to creeks, streams, and rivers, and eventually to outflow points such as reservoirs, bays, and the ocean.

Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)

A landowner is liable for the environmental conditions on the site whether the individual or company had any knowledge or involvement in causing the condition. As an avenue of relief for buyers, the "innocent landowner" defense is available to parties that can demonstrate that prior to acquiring a property they had no knowledge of or reason to know of any adverse environmental conditions (through due diligence of site evaluation by an environmental professional to complete an investigation).

"Safety Bench" in a detention pond

A level area introduced at the middle of the pond's slope

Low Impact Design

A means to reduce impervious areas and substantially decrease the built environment's hydrologic and ecological impacts

Carrying Capacity (For a Site)

A measure of the type and intensity of development that can be supported without imposing detrimental effects on society, the economy, or the environment. E.g. When site resources are damaged by overuse, the site is said to have exceeded its carrying capacity.

Loam Soil

A mixture of soils (clay, silt, and sand) which gives the benefits of each with few of the disadvantages and is considered the ideal plant growing medium. As a general rule, there are equal parts sand and silt in a loam soil, and most souces list loam as being composed of 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay.

Level path on a slope (subjective bullshit but think about it for the actual LARE)

A path built on fill soil will never be more stable than a path built from cutting into an existing slope (yeah whatever... But answer this way come test time)

Project Development

A period of research and information gathering that the LA can utilize to gather the input of various stakeholders to determine project outcomes and uses. Through this they have the opportunity to identify and outline the personal, political, financial and social aspects of a project.

Comfortable Outdoor Space

A place with a "strong degree of spatial enclosure" will result in the most comfortable human environment.

A Framework Plan

A planning tool or document that can coordinate future growth, development and investment within a given community. Framework plans should be regarded as a catch-all term that takes a variety of considerations into account, including land use, open space, transportation/circulation, architecture, and sustainability. "A planning tool that guides future growth within a given community" also "a series of independent elements that come together within the plan structure". NOTE: Though historic demographic trends may be used in developing a framework plan, the framework plan itself would NOT directly address this content.

Chlorotic Plant

A plant that is suffering from chlorosis which is a condition typically caused by iron deficiency and is typically manifested by yellowed leaves with green veins. Overwatering and lack of aeration are typically the cause of chlorosis.

Military Crest of a hill

A point just down the hill of the actual crest of the hill so you don't expose yourself against the horizon. i.e. you have more hill behind you.

Program

A project's program should consist of a list of goals and objectives, elements to be included in the design and special requirements for the design to fulfill.

Pollarding

A pruning technique used to shape a tree or shrub into a tight form so as not to outgrow it's space.

Environmental Site Assessment (ESA)

A risk assessment used in the planning and feasibility stages of real estate development to evaluate if environmental contamination exists on a site.

Roadway comfort or 'Level of Service' (LOS)

A road with LOS A is a road with high turnover but wide street widths and comfortable for any level of driver to handle. A road with LOS D is a road that has less travel because it is uncomfortable for higher use. It has narrow widths and is better suited in an Urban location.

Assessing Prior Land Use

A site's development suitability can be affected by prior land use by increasing site preparation costs for the demolition and removal of buildings and underground structures, and potentially the remediation of the site's soils. In the 1980's the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) was created and made a 'Superfund Program' that although is meant for cleaning up contaminated brownfield sites, it has the side effect of holding property owners liable for the cleanup costs for pollution they are not responsible for or possibly even aware of. Because of this potential high cost of clean up and legal/financial risks of dealing with an old brownfield, urban development has been redirected to Greenfields which is part of the reason for our loss of these environmentally valuable spaces. It wasn't until the 1990's that a shift in public policy began to reduce financial risks and crate new incentives for the redevelopment of contaminated brownfield sites.

United States Geological Survey (USGS)

A source of topographical information provided by the government. Also includes info about regional and local site hazards such as earthquakes, landslide risks, groundwater conditions, flood risk, site geology (sinkholes, slides, faults, etc.), and even paleontological information.

Design Guidelines

A standard or expectation of design that could limit or influence site and building design must be assessed in the site inventory process. They are generally used to enhance the visual quality of business districts, major community entrances and corridors, and other public areas. They could specify building massing or facades, preferred paving materials or furnishings, or even as simple as allowed colors of paint. While they can be created for visual quality, they also may include a standardization of lighting or furniture to reduce long-term maintenance and replacement costs (a development or city can stock extras of a specific light fixture or bench so if they have to be replaced they will already have the parts)

Keys to Programming Success

A successful project programmer communicates the proposed process to all involved, does not lock in preconceived solutions, reconciles subcomponent needs with overall organizational goals and resources, and frequently tests and reviews design concepts as functional (space models are explored)

Stadia Measurement

A survey technique that uses the observed height of a 6' tall object to infer horizontal distance.

Low Impact Development (LID)

A sustainable storm water management strategy that controls water at the source - both rainfall and storm water runoff - which is known as 'source-control' technology.

Task Force

A task force is given a specific problem or assignment and they set out to answer this problem. Things like opinion poles and focus groups are for disucssing potential options and ideas but not really if something is feasible or not.

Hydrology (Time of Concentration)

A term used to refer to the amount of time needed for water to flow from the most remote point in a watershed to the watershead outlet.

Azimuth - Angle of Incidence - Albedo

All refer to measurements that relate to the sun or sky. "Azimuth" can be defined as the direction of a celestial object from the observer, expressed as the angular distance from the north or south point of the horizon to the point at which a vertical circle passing through the object intersects with the horizon. "Angle of incidence" is the angle at which a ray of light (usually the sun) hits a surface. "Albedo" is the measurement of an object's reflectivity. Specifically, it measures the fraction of solar energy reflected from a surface back into space.

Weathered Concrete

Alters the pH of soils by releasing calcium carbonate making them overly alkaline (basic or high pH). Add Sulphur to reduce the soils pH.

ASTM Phase One Environmental Site Assessment (ESA)

An ESA requires the collaboration of legal, environmental, and engineering professionals with expertise in regulatory compliance and project permitting. It summarizes the site's ownership and land use history, in addition to its current soil and groundwater conditions, and all buildings and other structures on the site are evaluated and mapped. It may also create the need for permanent deed restrictions to ensure that the contaminated areas remain sealed from infiltrating storm water.

Aerial Photogrammetry

An accurate mapping of topographic and physiographic features using low-level photography. May be hampered by vegetation that obscures the ground and can be expensive. Some municipalities have photogrammetric information available for free.

Evaluating the built environments existing character

An assessment of building character considers at least: façade height, width, and proportion; proportions of window and door openings; horizontal and vertical rhythms; material colors, shapes, and textures; roof form, signs and sidewalk coverings; setback from street

Choropleth Map (Elevation)

An effective way to visualize topographic maps, a choropleth map shows a few elevation classes (5-9) and shades them from cool colors (low elevations) to warm colors (higher elevations). An example would be to have a site that ranges from sea level to 200 feet up. A division of 25 foot intervals could be utilized to show the changes across the site and where the high and low spots are.

Development Regulation (Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND))

An example of taking a context-responsive approach to regulating land development which includes explicit criteria for determining a site's allowed capacity for new housing development. Several constraint categories, each with a different ratio, are used to compute the number of dwelling units permitted (e.g. street ROW ratio: 0.00, slopes with a gradient greater than 25% ratio: 0.25, unconstrained land 1.00).

Site Related Functional Diagram vs. Ideal Functional Diagram

An ideal functional diagram should be utilized before a site plan is created in order to work through which spaces will function well next to each other. This type of diagram only deals with connections, while a Site Related Functional Diagram deals with the scale of areas or where they will sit on a site.

View sheds

Areas visible from specific locations on the site which can be analyzed using topographic data, but really requires on-site assessments to see how the landscape and other factors affect these views.

Material with the most embodied energy (useless information)

Asphalt (I don't know, just go with it)

Natural Hazards

Atmospheric (hurricanes), hydrologic (rain and floods), geologic (volcano), and wildfire events are some of the natural hazards a site might have to deal with. In the example of hurricanes, walls, pole lights, etc. must be built to withstand various wind loads. The layout of a site adjacent to a hill or to water, while a high value site for views, could also be potentially dangerous, as such all aspects need to be reviewed.

Property Ownership

Available in publicly accessible databases and these records may include a certified survey map of the parcel boundaries, a history of land ownership, and any deed restrictions or covenants associated with the property.

Vegetation Found on an Undisturbed Site (Important Factors)

Available moisture and Temperature extremes will have the greatest impact on the type of vegetation that is found on an undisturbed site.

Soil Info Cross Sections

Avoid using sections with unstable soils. Building over Sandy Loam/Sandy Gravel and not hitting bedrock looks to be prefered over having to cut even 1 unit into bedrock to meet depth requirements.

Parcel Appraisals

Banks and other lending institutions usually require property appraisals before financing real estate purchases. Municipalities also evaluate real estate property for tax assessments. The process of real estate appraisal attempts to predict the probable selling price of a property by determining the influence of site and contextual factors on buyers' and sellers' decisions. This is done in 3 different ways: the Cost Approach, the Income Approach, and the Sales Comparison Approach. Each of these estimates property value based on the "highest and best use" of the site.

Transportation at the Regional Scale

Based on nodes within various traffic zones described by its flow (number of trips) and friction (time and cost to traverse).

Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs

Basic human needs must be satisfied before higher-level secondary and tertiary needs can be satisfied. Physical safety and security -along with food, clothing, and shelter- are the most basic needs in the hierarchy. Yet, perceptions of safety and security vary among individuals depending on age, general, health, etc. While our 5 senses inform our perceptions of our surroundings, our sense of sight is the primary way we use to perceive the built environment.

Site Assessment

Before title is transferred, a transaction screen may be performed by a site design professional. Using ASTM Guideline E-1528 is a good starting point as it is a checklist for performing a cursory site assessment. Part of this may be to request a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment which requires an environmental professional to review the possibility of site contamination. Lenders typically required a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment as a minimum acceptable level of investigation before purchase. This ESA involves no collection or testing of samples and is limited to information already available through public sources, interviews, or firsthand observation.

Public Meeting - People to Invite

Besides the normal officials (Mayor, Director of X (Parks, etc.), CIP, etc.) the public invitees would consist of people that would actually use the project. But to understand who that entails a LA needs to observe the people who use the space - Kids after/during school, elderly, farmer's market, local residents (live within walking distance) or do people mostly drive to the location, etc. Talking with these people and finding ways to interact with them in the activities they perform at the location will help to determine the needs of the design.

Solar Panel Locations

Best exposure is the Southern side. However, if the Southern side is not possible (due to client restrictions or dense tree canopy, etc.) then a Western exposure would be the next best solution (most intense sun is in the afternoon).

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

Best known for flood maps but also provides information useful for site analysis including earthquake, tornado, wind, and hail maps.

Building Codes

Building codes are concerned with the structural integrity of buildings subjected to various stresses or "loads" from occupants, seismic activity, wind and snow, and the buildings' own weight. Building codes also address other health and safety issues, including fire safety, plumbing, electrical power, sanitation, and energy efficiency.

Difficult Sites

Building on difficult sites also increases the risks of development impacts both on-site and off-site. Acquiring development permits for difficult sites is complicated, therefore, by the potential impacts of the construction process as well as the post construction uses of the site. Environmental impacts can include soil erosion, groundwater contamination, and the degradation of critical wildlife habitat. Consequently, sites with significant physiographic constraints may be economically—and politically—unfeasible to develop.

Solar Radiation Map

Can be created by overlaying and combining 3 layers: slope gradient, slope aspect, and vegetation (trees). Within these layers there could be multiple parts, for example, slope aspect is usually 8 parts, while slope gradient could be 3 parts (0%-5%, 5%-20%, & 20%+), and vegetation could be 4 parts (no trees, deciduous trees, coniferous trees, and mixed) making for a total of 96 classes or a very confusing map. It would be easier to take this data and then make it into classes like: very warm areas, warm areas, cool areas, and very cool areas. This would allow a much easier interpretation of the overall site.

Contextual Analysis

Can entail multiple lines of inquiry, including identifying neighborhood and community spaces and determining what activities and symbolic values are associated with those spaces. Analyses may also examine how—and why—people use, or avoid, outdoor spaces. Post occupancy evaluations of outdoor spaces are particularly useful in designing urban sites.

Green Streets

Can have pervious pavement and are bordered by shade trees and bio-infiltration swales (or rain gardens) which filter storm runoff and allow rainwater to percolate into the ground. This works on highways too.

Community Participation in the Design Process

Community participation has numerous benefits, and these include the potential to improve the project outcome and expedite the permitting process (by eliminating or reducing community opposition to a project). Although there is some degree of correlation between community participation and things like Lower Development Costs, Effective marketing strategy, and Increasing environmental awareness, none of these would be clear and distinct reasons to seek community participation in the design process and would be better served through other means.

Comprehensive Plans

Community-level plans that show how a community intends to grow and develop, physically and economically, typically over a 20- to 30-year period. Comprehensive plans address several broad themes that are relevant to sustainability, including housing, transportation, utilities, natural and cultural resources, and economic development. Each theme can include specific goals for protecting cultural and natural resources and promoting sustainable and affordable development.

Compacted Soils

Compacted soils generally have poor aeration and experience reduced infiltration. This occurs because the void space between soil particles has been greatly reduced or eliminated, leaving little room for oxygen and water molecules.

Zoning Codes

Comprehensive plans are typically implemented through zoning codes and supplementary land use regulations. A zoning code divides a community into smaller planning districts or zones. With general standards for all zones, these smaller zones have rules that vary depending on type and planned use. This typically falls into 3 types: 1. Permitted Use of Land and Buildings, 2. Intensity of the use (residential = single family or multi-family / commercial denoted by max FAR or Building Height allowed, etc.), 3. Height, bulk, and other dimension standards (site setbacks, lot coverage, min. lot size, etc.)

Soil (Uniformly Graded)

Consists of a single range of particle size.

Soil (Gap Graded)

Contains verious particle sizes, but in which gradation between sizes is broken by the absence (a 'gap') of some particle sizes.

Topographic Map (symbols)

Contour lines that point uphill represent valleys, contour lines that point downhill indicate a ridge.

Erosion Control (Core Principles of)

Controlling runoff, minimizing disturbance, collecting sediment, and monitoring construction. Note that channelizing hydrological flows would NOT be a principle of erision control, and in fact the practice of channelizing water in general is discouraged.

USDA Plant Hardiness Zones

Created in 1990 and updated in 1998, this map shows temperature information by using coldest weather data from 1970 to 1986, and shows where various plants will and will not thrive. It goes from zone 1 through 11 (which is a frost-free zone). This map can help designers be conscious of climate and climate change for various parts of North America.

3 D's of CPTED

Designation: What is the purpose or intention of the space?; Definition: How is the space defined? What are the social, cultural, legal and phychological ways the space is defined?; Design: Is the space defined to support prescribed or intended behaviors?

Fire Hazards

Determined by existing fuel load (the amount of flammable organic material in an ecosystem), weather and topography.

Off-Site Design Influences (traffic and intersections)

Determined in part by the transportation infrastructure just outside the site's boundaries. Adjoining streets and nearby transit stops may suggest preferred locations for new site and building entrances. Corner sites at an intersection of 2 major streets may warrant pushing the entry to the site back to not interfere with car stack at a stoplight or congest the already busy intersection. The facade of the building may also be required to change based on the corner building line being a radius. A normally square corner design might be passed over for a curved or alternate look to fit this restriction.

Encouraging Multidisciplinary Collaboration

Developing project goals and determining performance targets allows the entire team to understand and contribute toward to these endpoints. Encouraging exploration, creating feedback loops and integrating team member input are vital to keeping team members invested in the project, and these activities can often require extra time, and this extra time should be incorporated in the project schedule. Finally, collaboration can be enabled by formalizing the design process through visualizations such as diagrams that can be shared between the entire project team.

Site Context

Development that fits the site is responsive to site context.

Urban Infill

Development that occurs on vacant or remnant lands passed over by previous development

Historical Value

Discovering a site has historical features or value is critical early on in the analysis process. This may limit a portion of the sites use or access and should be considered before any design takes place. Of note, sometimes local names for features such as bridges and roads may indicate historical value (e.g. a site located on "Swamp Road" could suggest seasonal flooding or wetland conditions not in evidence at the time of a site visit).

Easements

Easements are legal restrictions that reduce a parcel's development potential. For example, a site easement may enable access to an adjoining property that is accessible only by crossing the subject property. This may also take the form of access for emergency vehicles or utility maintenance. They may also be for conservation of open space or even scenic opportunities. All of these restrictions must be mapped as a part of the site assessment process.

Site Inventory (Biological Attributes)

Ecological Communities (green infrastructure, habitats, patches & corridors); Vegetation (specimen trees, exotic invasive species, endangered or threatened species); Wildlife (exotic invasive species habitat, endangered or threatened species)

Ecological Framework

Ecological linkages between the site and the surrounding landscape can be strengthened by protecting—and restoring—green infrastructure. These multifunctional green spaces not only have significant ecological value but can also provide recreational and educational opportunities, add aesthetic amenity, and enhance property values. A landscape's green or ecological infrastructure includes open water, wetlands, aquifer recharge areas, steep topography, and unique landforms. These environmental resources, typically comprising a network of patches and corridors, warrant protection. Moreover, this green infrastructure—which provides a wide range of ecological services—can also serve as a spatial framework for shaping future growth and redevelopment.

Lynch's 5 elements of urban form

Edges, Paths, Districts, Nodes, and Landmarks

LID - Directing Runoff to Natural Areas

Encourages infiltration and recharge of streams, wetlands and aquifers.

Energy Efficiency (in Buildings)

Energy efficiency can be improved through the use of natural light, building orientation, and material selection.

LID- Customized Site Design

Ensures each site helps protect the entire watershed.

Environmental Impact Studies

Environmental impact studies generally address the extent of impact that a proposed development will have on a site and its environmental resources. It will also provide recommendations for site monitoring and suggest strategies for mitigation. Zoning and design issues are considered outside the scope of an environmental impact study.

Size of proposed lots

Especially when being asked about drainage or environmental impact issues, the larger the size of the lot the more it will impact the environment. So if asked which one of the 2 lots will affect a wetland more, if they are both the same size and draining toward a wetland, then it is both, but if one is larger than the other than it's the larger one.

Cultural Context (Typologies)

Evaluating a site's cultural context can also benefit from the analysis of typologies based on character-defining attributes such as building height, style, year of construction, or location within the urban-to-rural continuum. A building typology also can be based on uses (for example, residential, commercial, educational, religious), sustainability practices (for example, water and energy efficiency, location efficiency), or renovation status (for example, fully refurbished, high renovation potential).

Hazardous Soil Conditions

Existing in every state, these soil conditions may cause extensive cracking of sidewalks, foundation failures, retaining wall failure, etc. Liquefaction, a condition in which solid ground can turn mushy when soils are vibrated, is associated with earthquakes. Under certain conditions, soils lose all bearing capacity; buildings or bridges can slip or sink and buried structures can float to the surface (tanks, pools, etc.). In general, the greater the soil density the lower the liquefaction risk (low fine to medium grained sands and silts, and a 15% or more content of clay). The northern states and into Canada have 'quick clays' which can liquefy and cause slope failures usually associated with high water content.

Quantitative Data

Expressing a certain quantity, amount or range.

Federal Regulations

Federal regulations establish standards or administrative rules that are implemented at the state and local levels.

Wetlands

Fragile ecosystems in which unnecessary excavation and grading can disrupt groundwater flows that feed into the weland causing irreparable harm. Doing anything in these areas should be avoided.

Cut and Fill (Contour Method)

General purpose method that applies to a variety of situations. You can do both cut and fill in this method and would usually color fill in Blue and cut in Red. In plan, you calculate all of the area(s) of the cut or area(s) of fill. Then you add all the cuts together and seperately add the fills together. Take these (individually) times the distance between contours and divide that by 27 to get cubic yards. You will then have a cu.yd. value for amount of fill and a seperate value for amount of cut.

Slope Inventory and Analysis Map

Generally follows the convention of light color values or tones represent higher elevations and dark color values or tones represent lower elevations.

Concept Plan, generalism

Generally speaking, a concept plan will show more detail on a small site over a large one. For example, on a small residence you may show general locations of say a children's pool, while on a 400 acre project that kind of detail would be irrelevant.

Aggradation

Geology term for the increase in land elevation (typically in a river) due to the deposition of sediment. Erosion control, reducing impervious surfaces, and effective watershed management are all techniques to reduce it (i.e. stop the runoff of silt into the flow of water to begin with)

General Thoughts (Ture for whole test really)

Go with what you 'think' they are asking for not what makes logical sense. If they give you hints like "predictable routines" or some phrase like that, then look for the answer that best fits that phrase even if it sounds like a less likely option... they are hinting about the answer they want, so look for those hints.

Site Analysis (Program)

Goals & Objectives, Land Uses & Activities, Phasing

The Broken Windows Concept (CPTED)

Graffiti, litter, broken glass, abandoned cars, and deteriorated or vandalized site amenities leads to people thinking that this is a good area to go for illegal activities (no one seems to care) and leads to a general feeling of "don't go to that location" for the public.

Visibility Map

Graphically shows the locations that can be seen from a single viewing point.

Ecological Community

Group of species living together which are often named for the dominant plant species (dominant because of either their physical size or abundance). 2 examples in North American are the Beech-Maple-Hemlock Community and the Oak Savanna Community.

Notes for an Intersection of 2 Local Roads

Guidelines to follow include a site triangle of at least 50', a slope of 3% or less at the intersection, an offset of at least 100' when the roads do not line up and maintaining an intersection at a right angle. Following these guidelines will make it easier for drivers to see other vehicles and pedestrians and drive in as safe a manner as possible.

Emphasis

Hierarchy - by establishing visually dominant or subordinate elements; Contrast - by adding interest or focal points

Superfund Site

Highly contaminated lands designated for cleanup by the US Government.

Hydric Soils

Hydric soils are characterized by being heavily saturated with water for prolonged periods of time. Prolonged saturation renders the soils anaerobic and generally results in the soils being bluish in color. Because of this, hydric soils are not aerobic and are typically not highly permeable, as they would not be saturated for long periods of time if they were. Additionally, hydric soils are not defined as having a high salt content.

Look for how a site drains

If a wetland or marsh is shown on the image, this is a MAJOR HINT at what they are trying to have you solve for. Take into account the image to the right. Spots A, B, and C ALL DRAIN TO THE MARSH. So even though it has trees to clear or may appear to be far away (note there isn't any 'place to go' denoted on the plan which is also a hint, so it isn't far from anything in this case) it drains away from the marsh and is the best place for development.

Grid Method - Quick Formula for more than 1 square

If you have to figure out the area of excavation of more than 1 square (e.g. 5 squares) you can apply the fomula V = [(a+2b+3c+4d) * A]/4 to get V (volume) in cubic feet. Divide that by 27 to get cubic yards if asked. a = sum of depths of all corners common to 1 square; b = sum of depths of all corners common to two squares; c = sum of depths of all corners common to 3 squares; d = sum of depths of all corners common to 4 squares; A = area of ONE square only (NOT the entire group of squares)

Wildfire (High Risk Mitigation)

In areas with a high risk of wildfires, areas within 30' of a structure should be either completely free of vegetation or be planted with plants that have low flammability. This area should also be kept free of any extraneous flammable material and should be regularly maintained to reduce the available fuel load. While irrigation can prevent low moisture conditions that facilitate wild fires, spray irrigation is no more desirable in accomplishing this than drip irrigation.

Infrastructure (Transportation)

In site planning, especially in urban contexts, established pedestrian and vehicle circulation patterns must be analyzed and mapped. Street traffic volumes, conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians, and location efficiency (accessibility to parks, shops, and other such destinations) are all items of study.

Choropleth Map (Slope)

In this case a choropleth map is being used to represent the slope ranges on a site. So if a site had 0% to more than 30% slopes in areas, this map might be broken up into relatively flat areas (0%-5%), then varying slope areas (5%-30%), and finally unbuildable areas (anything above 30%). Showing graphically where your slope ranges occur give context as to how much fill a site might need to make more of it buildable, or if more than 50% of the site is too steep, it might not be economically feasible to develop the site.

Collection of Site Information

Information can come from anywhere including the internet and is based on existing sources of information or firsthand observation and usually not from 'new' sources.

Types of Public Participation

Interviews (one-on-one or group), surveys (questionaire or visual (show pictures of design ideas and have them rate), NGT (see below), design charrette, community workshops

Common Methods of Information Gathering to support program development

Interviews, Surveys, Document analysis, Behavioral observation, visiting a state-of-the-art project, Literature search, Other (Interactive group techniques such as charrettes, workshops, and discussions)

Programing (Common Methods of Information Gathering to support program development)

Interviews, Surveys, Document analysis, Behavioral observation, visiting a state-of-the-art project, Literature search, Other (Interactive group techniques such as charrettes, workshops, and discussions)

Figure-Ground Map

Involves 2 elements on a site, the building footprints (figure) and the spaces (ground) between the buildings

Definition

Is an optimization process conducted for many purposes, including real estate development, plant and wildlife habitat restoration, farmland protection, and public open space acquisition. Once a site is selected, its intended uses can be planned or "programmed" in more detail.

Zoning Ordinance

Is primarily concerned with addressing issues related to land use and building density. It is a flexible document that can be amended as needed, can allow a variety of land uses in a single zone, can be adopted by several scales of government like towns, cities, and counties, and a developer can apply for a variance to allow restricted development to occur within a specific zone. Building setbacks and minimum lot size are examples of how density can be controlled throughout a zone. For example, larger minimum lot sizes decrease building density, and smaller building setbacks could encourage larger buildings and less open space.

Site Planning (as defined by Lynch)

Is the art of arranging the external physical environment to support human behavior. It lies along the boundaries of architecture, engineering, landscape architecture, and city planning, and practiced by members of all these professions. Site plans locate structures and activities in three-dimensional space and, when appropriate, in time.

Maximum distance to bldg. entrance from a parking space

It is generally agreed that site users are willing to walk a maximum of 700 feet (approximately 1/8th of a mile) to a building entrance or other localized site feature from their parking space.

Program Requirements

It is necessary to have an understanding of the proposed project, as a poorly defined program could result in client disappointment and unpaid invoices. When asked to evaluate a site for its possible uses, it is done with an end use in mind. The analysis must consider proposed buildings, access to and from the site, lot layout, parking requirements, vehicular and pedestrian circulation, ADA requirements, and storm water management. Physical development constraints such as slopes, wetlands, and floodplains are to be accounted for. Permitting needs of the local are also of importance during this process.

Low Impact Development (LID)

LID has numerous potential benefits related to sediment control, including a reduction in stormwater volume and velocity (achieved primarily through infiltration) and an increase in pervious serface (eg. Vegetated LID planters). LID techniques do not result in increased sediment deposition or aggradation (build up or accumulation) in local waterways (they reduce it), nor would they be able to remove previous sediment loads.

Site Inventory (Cultural Attributes)

Land Use (districts, sites, buildings); Open Space (parks, greenways); Regulations (easements, zoning, design guidelines); Property (ownership, value); Sensory Perception (visibility, visual quality, noise, odors); Infrastructure (transportation, utilities)

Subdivision Ordinances

Land development often involves the subdivision of one land parcel into two or more parcels. This is especially common when land is developed for single-family housing where each house sits on an individual parcel or lot. Land subdivision is a legal process requiring subdivision plat approval. The subdivision plat records the legal boundaries of all parcels, easements, streets, and street rights-of-way. The process generally begins with a preapplication meeting where the developer or designer and planning staff discuss the proposed development and relevant legal requirements. Upon approval, the final plat is recorded with the local register of deeds. Subdivision ordinances regulate site development by establishing requirements for the shape and size of lot and street blocks, street and sidewalk dimensions, parking lot configurations, and building setbacks from property boundaries. These ordinances may also limit the number and location of street access points or "curb cuts" to a property from adjoining public streets; impose requirements for the installation of street lights, street trees, and bus stops; and require easements and other dedicated space for storm water management.

Land Development Regulations

Land development regulations typically include requirements for local street design, open space, lighting, subdivision standards, minimum landscaping, and similar site development parameters. The primary differences between zoning and land development regulations are in the underlying authority. Local officials may have the authority to waive or modify provisions of the land development ordinance on a case-by-case basis, but zoning regulations are enforceable and cannot be waived without justification and a formal hearing process.

Visibility

Land uses on adjoining sites, for example, can influence the suitability of a site for certain uses and use intensities. Good visibility to the site from adjacent streets and other off-site locations may reduce the site's suitability for residential uses. But good visibility to the site can enhance its suitability for commercial uses, thereby potentially increasing property values and business income. Certain types of residential development, however, may place a premium on privacy and screening from off-site locations. What can be seen of the surround sites has the same potential as well (views to water, or other amenities for example).

Infrastructure (Utilities)

Land uses typically require continuing inputs of resources like potable water and electricity. Other items include gas, telephone, television, and internet. While at the same time, many sites will produce and need lines to handle things like sanitary waste. Typically these are located within streets' ROW or within other circulation system corridors and may be located underground or above on poles and should all be mapped during the site inventory process.

Open Space Types

Lane: A single street or allyway, usually paved or created for non-vehicular use. Place for kids to play that is off the main streets. Playground: Located at specific places around a neighborhood and usually made to accommodate a specific number of lots/residents. Nursery: Usually inserted into the middle of a block, doesn't have much parking but does have a dedicated drop off location. Should be buffered as kids can be noisy. Close: a space shared by buildings inside the block. Can be enclosed by buildings or have a road going around it (like a cul-du-sac but has a green space center rather than all pavement). Attached Squares: open space for civic buildings and monuments, usually more formal in nature. Detached Squares: Squares detached on all sides by roads and usually formal though less used by public and more a visual element. Market Plaza: Usually paved rather than green but can be used for more than just parking. Civic Plaza: used to give a civic building more stature from the other buildings surrounding it. Typically they would not stand out from adjacent uses otherwise. Green: Similar to a square, but less formal and usually have a large open grass space in the middle for activity. Park: A more expansive green but usually with less open grass space to allow it to be more natural looking. Buffer: Like a green but rather then a center of grass, the edge aligning the road (or whatever is to be buffered) is dense with trees and vegitation so something like a row of houses can be set back as much as possible from that undesirable feature.

Utility Mapping

Location of utilities is made possible using maps provided by local utility companies. However, these maps are not generally considered accurate and all locations should be confirmed in the field.

Slope of a line

M = (Y2 - Y1) / (X2 - X1) where M is slope. So take 2 points on a graph say (2,-4) and (6, -1) and put them into the formula. M = (-1 - (-4)) / (6-2) so M = 3/4 or really you could just look at rise/run and get the same thing.

Covenants

Many neighborhoods use design covenants and enforce them through the use of an architectural review board. The design standards, typically addressing building size, placement, style, and surface treatments, as well as landscaping, can add substantial costs for design and construction. These standards tend to increase property values and, correspondingly, reduce affordability.

Performance Metrics

Measuring performance is used to evaluate how well employees are doing their work and companies are meeting their targets. A good performance metric gives hard data, shows clearly defined data within a range that allows for improvement, forms the basis for better overall goals, and measures performance in a way that is meaningful for the business. For example, if the goal is to increase profit by cutting costs, measuring telephone costs is not meaningful unless you combine the measurement with a metric that indicates how much business the calls generated. For each metric, the measured quantity has to relate directly to an overall company goal, should be reproducible (month per month, etc.), and comparable to universal benchmarks (profitability, overhead, etc. compared to other similar companies).

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Orientation of most sports fields (soccer, tennis, football, etc.)

Most sports fields should be laid out along a north-south axis. The exception being baseball.

Native Plants (reasons for use)

Native plants are typically considered desirable because they are pre-adapted to their respective climate and are often (but not always!) less resource intensive to grow than exotic plants. They also tend to provide outstanding wildlife benefit and can enhance a sense of place.

soil pH

Neutral pH is 7 while alkaline (or basic) is anything over 7 and acidic is anything below 7. Adding calcium carbonate or Lime would make it more alkaline or increase the pH. Adding sulphur and potententially peat moss (organic matter) would make it more acidic or reduce the pH. A note about Organic Matter - technically it 'buffers' the soil making it harder to change the pH.

Defensible Space Theory (CPTED)

No tall fences that someone can hide behind or do things like drug deals without anyone seeing them. No predictable routes that would create perfect oportunites for someone to lie and wait for a pedistrian to walk by. This is tied into the idea of 'visual permeablity' which creates open sight lines so that there isn't any good place for a person to hide and wait.

Programming

Occurs over a range of spatial scales, from the entire site down to individual buildings and is usually expressed in terms of the quantity and quality of spaces needed to meet the anticipated project needs.

Non-Point Source Pollution

Occurs when contaminants are introduced to the environment over a large, widespread area and do not originate from a single centralized source (e.g. Deicing salts used on highways). Techniques to limit the pollution of coastal waters have been developed by the EPA for five source categories of nonpoint pollution: agricultural runoff, urban runoff, forestry runoff, marinas, and hydro-modification.

Figure out what you are solving for

Of course look for how you are supposed to solve for the map, but FORGET REASON and take the restrictions as being MORE IMPORTANT than actual design. For example, if they say drainage to a certain part of the site is a requirement, but do not mention costs, then ignore things like a lot of slope on the portion of the site that will create huge costs to make work.

Köppen Climate Classification

One of the most widely used climate classification systems based on a global scale and not usually useful on a site specific basis.

The Design of Pedestrian Circulation Systems should include

Pedestrian circulation systems should incorporate Separation, Connectivity, Accessibility, and Amenities. Separation refers to providing physical delineation between pedestrian and vehicular circulation systems. Connectivity refers to the creation of a circulation system with a minimum of walkway interruptions that follows user's desire lines. Accessibility allows users of all abilities to make use of the circulation system. Amenities references the need to provide lighting, furniture and other features to make a pedestrian system attractive to users.

Geometry Formulas: Rectangle

Perimeter = 2*length + 2*width (2l+2w=Perimeter); Area = length x width

Geometry Formulas: Circle

Perimeter = 2*pi*radius OR pi*diameter; Area = pi*r squared

Geometry Formulas: Triangles

Perimeter = sum of the length of the 3 sides (a+b+c=Perimeter); Area = length of the base (b) times the height (h) the 90 degree line that is extending up from the base to the point that is opposite the base THEN devide that by 2 (b*h/2)

Site Analysis (Existing Conditions)

Physical Attributes, Biological Attributes, Cultural Attributes

Placement of Homes in Cold Clime

Placing the building on a south slope will allow for the sun to provide some natural heating elements. The building should be placed midway on the slope, as being placed too high will mean that the cold northerly winds will chill the building all winter long. If the building is placed in a valley or depression, then it will need extra artificial heating as cool air flows to the bottom and would get trapped alongside the building. Heat absorbing materials are bad for very warm climates, but not for cold climates. Also, water features such as ponds will provide a cooling effect during the summer months and that is not a bad thing this region. In a warmer region it is less beneficial, as there is more evaporation from ponding water and less infiltration.

Green Roofs

Planting on a roof which employs an insulating layer of plants and soil that reduces heating and cooling costs and harvests rainwater that would otherwise flow into sewers. They can also provide usable outdoor space above the noise and fumes of streets. City's like Chicago and New York offer grants and property tax credits for including a green roof in construction.

Ways to change an existing site

Preservation is the choice to protect that which exists rather than remove it or update it. Restoration will take a property and make it look like it previously did whether through rebuilding old features or stripping down existing features to resemble the past. Reconstruction takes a site and makes in look like past landscapes through new construction and replacing old site features that are not on the existing site anymore. Rehabilitation takes a site and preserves the history and features of old while at the same time making it useful for the new owner and his or her needs.

Gray fields

Previously developed sites that have minor and relatively easily mitigated environmental challenges such as strip/shopping malls that are one-story with large parking lots. By converting these already cleared site with ready infrastructure to Mixed-Use you open up the site to more uses (see Urban Redevelopment).

"highest and best use" of a site

Property appraisals consider the size and existing uses of the site as well as the site improvements, such as buildings and landscaping. Appraisals also consider the monetary impacts of the site's location, such as the market value of nearby recently sold properties. Attractive and well-maintained adjoining properties, and scenic views to off-site built or natural amenities, can substantially increase a property's appraised value. But an adjoining street with heavy vehicular traffic can suppress a residential property's value. Conversely, vehicular traffic can actually increase the value of commercial properties with shops, restaurants, and other customer-dependent uses.

4 Primary Factors that impact the site inventory and analysis process

Proposed site uses, existing site conditions, permit requirements, and the cost of data collection and analysis

Flood Hazards (Reduction of)

Providing opportunities for stormwater infiltration and restricting development to areas outside of floodplains can reduce flood hazards. Flood hazards can also be reduced by maximizing pervious surfaces and decreasing the volume of runoff.

Look at adjacent uses

Putting a Day Care closer to an area with residential units instead of commercial would be preferable. Find the 'best possible' spot not just the most practicle.

Rate of Runoff

Q = ciA is an equation used to determine the rate of runoff. It is sometimes referred to as the "rational method equation". In it, Q = the peak discharge in cubic feet per second, c = the rational method runoff coefficient, i = rainfall intensity measured in in./hr and A = drainage area measured in acres.

Rain Gardens

Rain gardens are a type of bioretention basin used to collect water from a storm, remove some of the pollutants from the water, and then drain fairly quickly. They allow more water to enter into the ground and do so using native plants and drain quickly because of this. If the water were to stay for long periods of time, then only specialized plants could be used that can handle their roots being submerged in water. The use of native plants also keeps the cost of the garden down based on the lack of maintenance and watering that would be required. The ponding depth is usually maxed out at 6" in order to allow the water to drain quickly enough, and to limit the amount of insects that breed in the water. Finally it is better to have multiple small gardens over one big one.

Redevelopment Plans

Redevelopment plans are needed for certain types of projects. Generally they are needed when dealing with government agencies or when trying to get special tax financing. However, when a site poses an imminent health concern to the local population, it does not require a redevelopment plan for work to move forward.

Erosion (Reduce During Construction)

Reducing the total area of land disturbance, avoiding scheduling site grading and clearance during periods of high erosion potential, stabilizing and planting areas of disturbance soon after final grading is complete and minimizing disturbance to steep slopes are all examples of ways that erosion can be reduced during construction.

Microclimate

Regional climatic conditions do not account for local variations in microclimate. Microclimate has a particularly important effect on energy consumption for the heating and cooling of buildings, and the comfort of people in outdoor settings. Both are influenced by the location and design of the buildings and outdoor spaces. Height of nearby buildings, trees, and other vertical elements cast shadows of varying lengths across the site on sunny days. Materials like paving or concrete can absorb solar radiation and radiate it as heat in the immediate area affecting the "apparent temperature" (the temperature one feels) of an area. It can vary greatly over short distances and over short time spans due to variations in a site's solar radiation and wind, which are the 2 factors that can be most easily modified by design (buildings, trees, walls, etc.)

Urban Redevelopment

Replacement, remodeling, or reuse of existing structures to accommodate new development. This helps to reduce the development's 'ecological footprint' and potentially increase community livability due to already existing public transportation, utility networks, and infrastructure. Revamping these sites for Mixed-Use can contribute to local sustainability and livability by locating housing near employment and services, efficiently using existing urban services and facilities, creating jobs and increasing the tax base, and conserving energy and improving air quality by reducing reliance on vehicles.

Soil (Particles)

Sand, silt and clay are the three soil texture classes, each is listed on a side of a standard soil texture triangle. Sand has the largest particle size at 0.05-2mm and these grains are visible to the naked eye. Silt has the next largest particle size at 0.002-0.05mm and is generally also visible to the naked eye. Clay is the smallest of all particles sizes and is classified as any particle falling below 0.002mm. Clay particles are not visible to the naked eye.

Sandstone

Sedimentary rock that is made up of sand and quartz. So very dense stone. It is NOT Limestone which is a sedimentary rock, but soft.

Context-sensitive site planning

Seeks to integrate into the site plan, where feasible, significant existing trees and green spaces.

Baseball Field (orientation of)

Should be oriented in an northeastern direction to keep the sun out of the batters eyes during a game.

Entry to a public building

Should have access ramps and steps when needed. When a stairway is required, they should be designed so that there are never less than three steps, with landings occurring after no more than five feet of vertical change, and avoiding narrow walkways, especially outdoors and at a public building.

USGS Quadrangle Map

Shows a broad range of info including township, range and section information; new construction since the last printing; wetlands; topography; etc. They do not show items like land use or demographic info. They are related to what's there on the portion of land the map is showing not how it's used.

Sight Distance Study

Sight distance studies are used to determine the location of vehicular access points and take into account visibility, location of the proposed access point, its relationship to other existing access points and the speed and volume of the traffic flowing along the proposed point of access.

Site-Planning and Design Process

Site Selection goes hand-in-hand with Programming. Then the process of Site Inventory starts with a Physical, Biological, & Cultural examination of the site which will determine if the site chosen will work or if the programming needs to be reworked. This process is called Site Analysis. Once all of this is finished, the actual design can begin which follows the usual Conceptual, Design Development, Construction Docs, and Project Implementation phases of design.

Site Analysis (Site Suitability)

Site analysis goes well beyond mapping the site's existing conditions. It is a diagnostic process that identifies opportunities and constraints for specific land uses.

Site Selection takes into account...

Site selection takes place in the "predesign" phase (prior to site inventory and analysis) and generally takes into account location, previous site uses, sensitive ecological areas, adjacent transportation infrastructure, policy constraints and topographical variation. Each of these criteria has a direct impact on the character and viability of a proposed project. Although things like "proximity to local schools" and "access to recreational facilities" would impact site selection for specific project types (for example, residential development), they would not be taken into account for ALL project types and would thus not constitute correct answers.

Topography

Sites with significant changes in elevations would make a commercial site difficult and expensive to develop, however, for residential use, it might be the perfect local for a resort or high-end development. The topography of a site will dictate the purposes for which the site may be used and eventually the layout of the project. Location of existing plant material (or lack there of), soil types (erodibility), best sight views into or out of the site, will removal of plant material cause degradation of soil, storm water flow, on-site traffic circulation locations, all fall into this portion of the work. Slope Analysis is done to identify the areas of steep slopes and the possible location for building sites and access, this is a graphic representation of slope shown in classes or ranges (sometimes established by local ordinances). Orientation of the site will determine location of the sun which will influence vegetation, performance of buildings (cooling/heating based on window locations, which are translated into energy consumption),etc. Findings of the site analyses may end up indicating that further research or study is required to determine the stability of slopes, hydrologic conditions, or the extent of wetlands, and is the foundation of the plan from which the planning and design are developed.

Parcel Size and Shape

Size will ultimately determine the scope of what a site can hold, a larger site is open to more development while a smaller site will be limited to what it can hold. Shape can have an effect as well due to some land having a more rectangular shape, you might find there is almost as much edge as there is interior space. This could mean that an adjacent feature will affect what you can do on the site (e.g. a highway parallel to a long rectangular site means less room to buffer noise, or change that highway to a river and suddenly you have a lot of high value real estate). There is also municipal zoning regulations to think about, such as building setbacks. If a site is very narrow, the setbacks might make it unfeasible to develop (i.e. not enough room left to build anything of value, or fit the amount of product you need to make it a profitable venture)

Nominal Group Technique (NGT)

Small group of people get together and the LA asks a question (e.g. "what kind of activities should be performed at this park"). Everyone writes down a list, then the LA could ask each person what is the top answer on their list. This goes around the group but discussion is not allowed at this stage. After everyone has exhusted their list, discussion/debate takes place. The process should end with a vote as to what are the highest priorities or areas of agreement.

Soil (hardpan)

Soil that is densely compacted together or has to much material that makes it bind together and is almost impervious to water infiltration.

Soil (Friable)

Soil that is easily broken aprt by hand.

Hydrophobic Soils

Soil that is hydrophobic causes water to collect on the soil surface rather than infiltrate into the ground. Wild fires generally cause soils to be hydrophobic temporarily, which increases water repellency, surface runoff and erosion in post-burn sites.

USDA Soil Survey

Soils are classified as "series" and these types are further refined into detailed soil map units. The soil descriptions include information on slope, depth to bedrock, soil texture, erodibility, rock, and drainage characteristics. While generally accurate, there can be discrepancies which can be relived with the help of local Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). In addition to describing the character of the soil, the soil survey includes information about different management techniques, engineering characteristics, and uses for the land. This is usually used to provide initial information useful to start the site planning process. Where necessary, soil borings and test pits should eventually be done to figure out the site's exact needs and limit 'after design' findings which could render portions of a design unusable or costly.

Soils (Classes)

Soils vary in texture, fertility, permeability, and other attributes that affect plant growth and development. Soils favorable for plant health reduce the impact of pests and diseases and therefore reduce pesticide use. Soil erosion frequently occurs when vegetation cover is removed or damaged during site clearing/construction. Topsoil loss from agricultural use can increase the costs of reestablishing vegetation on a site. Bacteria and other microbes in the soil naturally decompose wastes which affects the soil-based On-site Wastewater Treatment Systems (OWTS). If installed on the site, the soils must be evaluated for their permeability and capacity to remove contaminates from wastewater effluent (sandy soils allow water through too fast while 'hardpan' doesn't allow it at all). A choropleth map may show soil classes based on texture, slope, and erosion potential.

Site Specialist vs. Architect

Specialists usually work with stake holders in developing building programs for hospitals, schools, prisons, and other facilities that have a clearly defined public purpose. They work without any preconceptions or misconceptions about the design problems to be solved. They may be versed in psychology, communications, finance, statistics, and other skills necessary for effective programming. Unlike Architects who will work toward their design only, a specialist will work toward the goal for the site itself. However, NOT having the specialist and architect work together is a mistake. A specialist might overlook important site constraints and opportunities that are out of their realm of design which an Architect will know as a matter of fact.

Public Meeting Guidelines

Start planning at least 1 month in advance, take the time to clearly define the meeting purpose, and be sure that the meeting agenda ends with a "what's the next step" discussion.

Hydrology (mapping)

Storm water movement, infiltration, storage, and discharge are considered in the site inventory. The assessment of hydrologic conditions requires analysis of the site's surface and subsurface features, including topography, vegetation, surface water distribution, lands use, climate, and soil-forming processes. Surface drainage patterns and potential flood hazard zones are also typically mapped.

Site Suitability

Suitability analysis is "the process of determining the fitness, or the appropriateness, of a given tract of land for a specified use". Suitability analysis is spatially explicit and program dependent. And because land development can create significant off-site impacts that impose economic and social costs on others, context-sensitive site planning seeks to minimize these detrimental impacts, or externalities. Site suitability, therefore, is a function of the site's intended uses.

Calculating how much NPK is in a bag of fertalizer

Take the bag weight and multiply it by the percentages of NPK the bag has. For example, if a bag weights 25 lbs. and has a analysis of NPK of 25-4-12. Then that means that it's 25% Nitrogen (N), 4% Phosphorus (P), and 12% Potassium (K). So to get the nitrogen content you would do 25 * 0.25 = 6.25 lbs. The rest would be 25 * 0.04 = 1 lbs. for P and 25 * 0.12 = 3 lbs. for K. Then look at how much sq.ft. the bag fertilizes (say 5,000 sq.ft.) and you can convert to say 1,000 sq.ft. space by taking 6.25 / 5 = 1.25 lbs of N (the 5 in this is becuase 5,000 / 1,000 = 5).

NIMBYism

Term for a person who resists unwanted development such as manufacturing plants, prisons, power companies, or chemical companies in his/her own neighborhood or town

Landscape Pattern

The arrangement of habitat paths and corridors along with the intervening lands uses and land covers, strongly influences biodiversity.

Pleaching

The art of growing trees in a line, usually straight, with the branches of the tree tied together and clipped to form a flat plane above the bare trunk (like an arched path you can walk through).

Public Plaza design in an urban Area

The best programing option that offers the most opportuity to attract significant numbers of people on a regular basis would be "Food Trucks". Though adding things like a Farmer's Market or an Ampitheater would attract large groups of people, they would be only seasonal and maybe a few times a month. Having Food Trucks on a regular basis would bring people even in cold months since it would be for a short period outside.

Topography (Aspect)

The compass direction that a slope faces. This influences the daily and seasonal solar radiation received by the site. In the northern hemisphere, a north facing slope will receive far less solar radiation than a south facing slope. In areas that receive snow, the south facing slope would be the best position for buildings to provide active or passive solar heating, while the north slopes would be better for a ski trail to limit snow melting. Typically, aspect is classified using eight categories based on a compass: north, northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west, and northwest.

Playground Fall Surfaces

The following would be considered safe according to the National Program for Playground Safety: 1. Hardwood wooded fiber 2. Sand 3. Shredded Rubber 4. Pea Gravel (yes they actually say Gravel, so don't consider it wrong... even though you know better). Surfaces considered UNSAFE would include: Asphalt, Cement, Dirt and Grass

Urbanism

The fundamental elements are the neighborhood (area with a full and balanced range of activity), the district (usually organized around a predominant activity (living, shopping, school, etc.), and the corridor (way to get between the other two areas via access way or open space).

Low Impact Developemtn (LID) "Treatment Train"

The path stormwater will take though the various components of collection systems will start with a green roof, then move through or over permeable pavement to a bioretention basin with underdrain before being stored in a harvest and re-use cistern.

Hydrology

The presence of water on the site and the general pattern of drainage are key concerns as water is often the key feature of a site. The presence of a stream or pond/lake brings added value but it also raises development concerns as it can be coincidental with a high water table or shallow geological features. Drainage patterns should be carefully observed in the field as well as being examined in sources of information. Presence of wetlands and floodplains must be located and location of riparian zones should be noted (and in some cases can be located on USGS maps or soil surveys). Of particular concern are the volume, concentration, and quality of run-on store water, and this storm water management is an important part of the site analysis.

Regulations that affect Property Values (PDR)

The purchase of development rights (PDR) when coupled with conservation easements can prevent development for either an unlimited or defined period of time. A PDR is generally created to restrict the use of land to some other use (like open space). While the land is private and not owned by the local government, the 'conservation easement' is attached to the deed and no matter who buy's it, they must follow the restrictions of that land use requirement. This will allow that land to forever (while the PDR is in effect) be kept in that same use type (e.g. a piece of land has a wetland and the PDR requires its protection at all costs).

As-Built Survey (Purpose of)

The purpose of an as-built survey is to document a final built work and ensure that a project was constructed according to site plans. As-built surveys are generally conducted over the course of construction to fully document all site elements as they exist in the real world, and the location and nature of these site elements may differ from that shown on a landscape architect's site plans due to a variety of factors.

Landscape Lighting (purposes of)

The purposes of landscape lighting include (but are not limited to) improving the legibility of pedestrian and vehicular circulation, enhancing safety, minimizing the potential for damage to property through vandalism or accidents, introducing a hierarchy of site uses through variable intensity of lighting (i.e. using brighter or more focused lighting on more important site features) and encouraging nighttime use of a site.

Vegetation

The type of vegetation on the site and it's state of growth can be very telling of past activities that should be looked at. The presence of undisturbed large vegetation compared to much younger growth may indicate significate disturbance activities. The larger quality specimens should also be accounted for and either strategically avoided and protected, or incorporated into future design. Type of plant may indicate high or low water table or frequent flooding, while poor quality or stressed vegetation may indicate problematic soil or subsurface conditions.

"Rail-to-Trail" type paths

These are converted railway lines that are generally flat (rarely exceeds 3% slope) and are popular amoungst users because they are relatively flat and allow users of all background and fitness levels to enjoy them. NOTE: They have NOTHING to do with connection to acutal transit systems as they are converted old rail lines that are no longer in use anyway.

Noise and Air Pollution

These are secondary issues that must be assessed when determining a site's suitability for its intended use. Smells and noise can vary by hour, day or seasonal time frames. Traffic can yield lots of noise and smells during rush hour but may not be as significant during other hours of the day in a particular site for example.

Climate and Microclimate

These can influence various site-planning and design decisions including: building orientation and façade design, siting and design of vehicular and pedestrian circulation systems, selection and placement of plant materials (plant hardiness zones) and the design of storm water management infrastructure.

Soils (Subsurface Conditions)

They affect not only the complexity of excavation and construction but also the project design. To ensure the integrity of a new building, foundations in colder climates are designed to a depth below the lowest frost level (could be 3 or more feet below the ground surface). For multistory buildings, foundations are designed to considerably greater depths for structural stability.

Don't try to agree with the solution

They seem to give you hints if you stay open to them. If you have 2 good sites as a possible location, one of them requires the removal of a tree, and the other is uphill so even though potentilly blocked by trees you don't actully KNOW they are tall enough to block. So DO NOT assume things that look logical, if you know the site requires a tree removal it is potentially the Wrong Answer. In the example to the right, Site D is correct over Site A because it doesn't require the removal of any trees. Note that the circle is the area of development and ANYTHING IN THAT CIRCLE will get affected. It is not 'potential' development in that you would just place the building adjacent to the tree, it is the CLEAR ZONE, so take that into account as well.

Drainage Swales and their soil content

Things like clay shouldn't be used in a drainage swale. So even if you would have to add infastructure and other things to make a sandy area actually work (and even if the grade is slopeing away or so it looks) when they are talking about clay vs sand and an infiltration pond... chose the sandy area. Especially if bedrock is a few units lower than the proposed pond (so the water can actually infiltrate)

National Coastal Zone Management Program (CZM)

This is a voluntary partnership between the federal government and U.S. coastal states and territories with the purpose of preserving the resources of the nation's coastal zone for future generations, to encourage the states to achieve wise use of land and water resources of the coastal zone, to encourage the preparation of special area management plans to protect significant natural resources and allow reasonable coastal-dependent economic growth, and to encourage the participation, cooperation, and coordination of the public, federal, state, local, interstate and regional agencies, and governments affecting the coastal zone.

Cut and Fill (Grid Method a.k.a. "borrow pit method")

This method is good for excavations. Start by overlaying, in plan view, squares over the area of work. Then for each square calculate the depth of each corner from existing grade. Find the average of the 4 resulting depths (add all 4 depths and divide that answer by 4). Next multiply this average depth by the area of the square and this will give the Volume in cubic feet. Remember to divide that by 27 to convert to cubic yards if asked.

Cut and Fill (Average End Area Method)

This method is good for figuring out earthwork in construction of linear objects. To start, in plan view, draw a centerline through your path (walkway, driveway, road, etc.) This centerline is the peak of your path (dirt mounds up to it). Next take evenly located points along that path (station points, etc.) At those points cut a cross section and look at the section through the mound on a graph. Find the area of that section (if not given, cut into trapezoids and find the area of each one to get a rough total. Do the same for the next cross section at the next station point. Finally, figure out the fill in the area between them by adding both areas together, dividing that value by 2 (i.e. get the average, if it was 3 stations then you would add all three and divide by 3, etc.) and then multiply by the distance between sections to get cubic feet. Remember to divide that by 27 to convert to cubic yards if asked.

Cluster Developments

This type of development is considered beneficial because 1. it allows for open space between incompatible uses 2. displays sensitivity to the character of the site 3. preserves important existing natural functions on the site.

Community Standards & Expectations

Though unwritten and ambiguous, they must be considered to avoid potential complications (protests). They may be viewed through observation of surrounding neighborhood. Standards of plantings, architectural elements, styles, material, and how pedestrians and vehicles are treated in existing design all comprise standards and expectations that often exceed written ordinances.

Historic Preservation Policies (Primary Purpose)

To ensure that development does not have an adverse effect on historic properties or resources. Although these policies protect historic structures, they do not 'guarantee' that they will exist in perpetuity, nor do they necessarily ensure that furture generations will have access to these resoucres. There is also no correlation between urban development and the presence or assessment of historical structures (i.e. aesthetic significance it not important).

Site Analysis (Purpose of)

To gather data for preliminary planning, evaluate the site for compatibility with the proposed project or use, recognize concerns requiring additional study, and form an understanding of the administrative requirements of the project such as required permits and approvals.

Topographic Surveys (accuracy)

Topographic surveys contain contour intervals and elevational information is generally considered accurate to one half the contour interval given. For example, if a topographic map provides 2 foot contour intervals, that map would be considered accurate to one foot. Spot elevations are called out for areas of importance (i.e. the finished floor elevation of a structure, the top or bottom of a wall, the summit of a mountain) and are typically more accurate than information provided by a contour interval.

Site Inventory (Physical Attributes)

Topography (elevation, slope, aspect); Hydrology (drainage patterns, wetlands, aquifer recharge areas); Soils (stability, erodibility, bearing capacity); Geology (landforms, seismic hazards, depth to bedrock); Microclimate (solar access, winds, fog, precipitation, frost)

Topography (affects on hydrological drainage)

Topography affects the rate, direction and velocity of runoff. It also has the capacity to affect the total volume of runoff given that infiltration is reduced as slope increases

Design of an Irrigaiton System would be influenced by

Topography and climate would affect the specification of equipment (pumps, depth to lay pipe, etc), as would the project budget. Code requirements would introduce the need for health and safety devices such as back flow preventers, as well as stipulate the need for irrigation efficiency (in certain parts of the US, such as California). The presence of existing hardscape would also need to be taken into account, as this hardscape would potentially need to be demolished to lay new subterranean irrigation lines.

Regulations that affect Property Values (TRD)

Transfer of development rights (TDR) is another legal strategy for redirecting potential development from conservation areas to other, more suitable locations. An example would be: a large farm (land A) of 280 acres is located in a rural portion of land away from a nearby city. A land owner in that city (land B) wants to increase their density but can't because his lot is maxed out for his amount of acres. Land A with its 280 acres parcel has 14 TDR credits available to it but doesn't need them because its use is singular to that farm. So they can offer up a portion or all of those credits to land B to increase the density. Land B buys from Land A those TDR credits at a fair market value, and Land A retains its rights to be kept as a farm (because it lost its development rights now; i.e. a developer can't buy it and turn it into a multi-family site) thus preserving valuable farmland for the future.

Type 1 to Type 3 Brick Pavers

Type 1 are strong enough for sidewalks and driveways, while Type 3 are the weakest and suitable for only residential pedistrian useage and NOT vehicular traffic.

Unity

Unity in design is achieved primarily through repetition and simplicity. Both of these gestures reduce the visual complexity of a design and confer a sense of aestetic unity to a design

Green Fields

Urban/rural sites that exist in the 'suburbs' and could be potential sites for Mixed-Use development (see Urban Redevelopment).

Chicane

Used in slowing down traffice, it is an artificial narrowing of the roadway or can also be a turn that makes you slow down to meneuver it (like those little round-abouts in the middle of the street without any connecting streets)

Elevation Relief Map

Used to determine the change between highest and lowest points.

Movement though a space can be hampered by

Using highly articulated paving materials and offering seating for elderly users are both gestures that may actually slow users' movements through a space.

Neighborhood 'pattern books'

Using the typical design of unique local character in new development but following the best qualities of building and site design in a community and geographic location or the 'pattern' of a neighborhood

Environmental Concerns

Usually refers to past industrial or commercial activities and their impact on the site (contamination, etc.). Now with global warming, rising tides on ocean front property or salt water contaminating wetlands are newer concerns.

Geology (Sub surface conditions)

Usually requires the services of a geotechnical engineer who will drill bore holes on a site to determine the sites soil geology. The spacing and number is based on the anticipated use for that portion of a site as well as the differing conditions the site contains. A site with mostly sand might have relatively few bore holes needed, while a site with 5 different types of soil conditions might require more. Also, the use (buildings, or open playground) would determine the need for more or less tests.

Ecosystem (Chaparral)

Vegetation consisting of tangled shrubs and thorny bushes.

Off-Site Design Influences (Views and Microclimate)

Views to prominent off-site topographic features, trees, water bodies or even landmarks (buildings or structures) warrant context-responsive site planning and design. Microclimates can vary over short distances in an urban environment, and as such should be looked at as well to incorporate pockets of calm air or direct sunlight areas, etc.

Assessing Visual Quality using the public

Visual Preference Surveys (VPS) can be used to get a information from the local neighborhood. Photo Participatory Mapping (PPM) ask people to take cameras and ask them to photograph scenes in their communities that they like or dislike.

Visual Quality

Visual quality is influenced by distinctive biophysical and cultural features, which may include rock outcrops, water bodies, and specimen trees as well as stone walls and houses of worship. The type, abundance, and arrangement of these natural and built features influence the landscape's scenic quality, which can be assessed at the site as well as at regional scales.

The Sustainable Sites Initiative (SITES)

Voluntary guidelines and performance benchmarks for site design, construction, and maintenance practices include 9 prerequisites and potential credits: 1. Site Selection - select locations to preserve existing resources and repair damages systems, 2. Predesign Assessment & Planning - plan for sustainability from the start, 3. Site Design (Water), 4. Site Design (Soil & Vegetation), 5. Site Design (Materials Selection), 6. Site Design (Human Health and Well-Being), 7. Construction - Minimize effects of, 8. Operations and Maintenance (long term plans), 9. Monitoring and Innovation

Hydrology

Water circulates in the environment through precipitation (rain, snow, etc. that falls to the ground), overland flow (runoff), infiltration, storage, and evapotranspiration (evaporation back into the clouds). Topographic variation creates drainage patterns which in turn influences plant distributions (wetlands in low areas to forests in areas with more runoff). Without on-site/off-site mitigation, urban development can have significate impacts on local and regional hydrology which leads to flooding, erosion, and other ecological impacts on properties "downstream". Surface water pollution associated with storm runoff reduces the value of rivers and lakes. As such all of these aspects are highly regulated now.

Plant Requirements (Moisture Needs)

Xerophytes are plants that require little moisture to survive and are often referred to as "drought tolerant". Mesophytes are plants that are adapted to neither dry nor wet environments, and hydrophytes are plants that are adapted to living in aquatic or wetland conditions with a surplus of available water.

Zoning

Zoning regulations provide a prescription for how development is to be done in a community. Zoning maps provide an overview of the community's vision for itself: not only indicating how a site may be developed or used but also how surrounding sites might be used. Zoning regulations may contain design criteria such as parking configuration, lot sizes, setbacks, road width, road profile restrictions, sign requirements, etc. It may also have specific performance requirements such as noise levels, solar access, or pollution loading restrictions. Overlay Zones may have important implications for land use showing things like slope restrictions, watershed protection, historic preservation, or aquifer protection, all which may limit land development activities.

Topography

a critical piece of understanding a site, a topographic survey provides information about a sites biophysical context. The 3 main attributes are elevation, slope and aspect.

"standard" section of land

a parcel that contains 640 acres (or 260 hectares)

Districts

neighborhoods and major institutions

Vehicle travel speed

one-way streets and steets with a great distance between interesections will cause people to drive as if they don't have any reason to follow the speed limit.

hydrophobic componds

released when burned - reduce erosion on slopes until vegetation has opportunity to reestablish

Fertilizer (NPK values)

the ratio of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), and Potassium (K) present in fertilizer can be used to establish soil fertility