Semester 1 World History (Copy)
5.) When did people first begin to keep written records?
5,000 years ago
3.) When did Sumerian civilization begin?
5,000 years ago.
When?
5,000 years ago.
11.) When did the Romans drive out their Etruscan rulers?
509 BC
34.) Identify and describe Zoroaster and his religious teachings.
628-551 BC was an Iranian religious reformer and founder of Zoroastrianism. He emphasized individual freedom in early phases.
8.) When did the Romans conquer Judea?
63 BC
23.) Identify and describe Nebuchadnezzar.
634-521BC Babylon increased ruthless rate with construction.
When was Pompeii buried.
79AD.
5.) When did the ancestors of the Romans migrate into the Italian Peninsula?
800 BC
What are some of its dominant features?
80ft tall columns
25.) How thick were the walls around the new Babylon of Nebuchadnezzar?
85 feet
The text cited capacity is not quite right. What is the correct number?
87,000 Seats.
What are the political and social consequences of this geography?
;
Identify and describe Odoacer.
A Germanic leader who ousted the emperor in Rome.
What charges were brought against Socrates, when he was 70?
Corrupting the city's youth and failing to respect the gods.
17.) The use of what dramatic props is depicted in the text photo, of a Roman mosaic recreating a dramatic performance?
Costume and Masks
8.) What was key to the rise of civilization in Mesopotamia?
Control of the two rivers.
What earlier civilization met the same fate, for similar reasons?
like Sumer
Why was their invasion successful?
war chariots
What is meant by the term "Bread and Circuses" and how does this apply to the Empire?
"Bread and Circuses" was suppost to be a distraction for the city's restless mobs.
7.) How did the Cato the Elder end every speech he made in the Roman Senate (in English and Latin)?
"Carthage must be destroyed".
What term did these Europeans use to describe the elegant and balanced forms of Greek art?
"Classical Style"
What did Plato say about all earthly objects
"Every object on earth had an ideal form"
What is the meaning of the Latin expression, "Veni, Vidi, Vici?"
"I came, I saw, I conquered".
What is the literal meaning of this term?
"Roman Peace".
8.) What were the observations of the Greek writer, cited in your text, on the respective motivations of Carthage and Rome during the Punic Wars?
"The Carthaginians fought for their own preservation and the sovereignty of Africa".
What did Aristotle say on this subject?
"The man is by nature fitter for command than the female just as an older person is Superior to a younger, more immature person".
What earlier civilization met the same fate, for similar reasons?
, like Sumer.
Population?
1 Million
3.) When, according to the archeological evidence, did the first hominids begin to use fire?
1 million years ago.
2.) How long did Rome last, in the west?
1,000 Years. (First 500 were republic, 2nd 500 were empire).
11.) How much longer did Rome in the East last, following the fall of the West?
1,000 years longer.
3.) What is your text's estimate of the number of Christians, in the Roman Empire by A.D. 50? By A.D. 350?
1,400 in AD 50. 33,882,008 in AD 350.
When were goats, sleep, pigs, and cattle domesticated.
10,000 years ago
20.) What was the average population of a Sumerian city-state, by 3,500 B.C.?
10,000+
When was paper invented?
100 AD
23.) How long was Egypt ruled by the Hyksos?
100 years
When did Paleolithic people burry their dead.
100,000 years
45.) How many Sumerian city-states were there, by 3,000 B.C.?
12
Identify and describe the Talmud.
12000 pages of law, customs, ethics, and legends.
28.) Identify and describe Rameses II and his achievements.
1292-1190BC Rames II is known for building programs for the wars he wages
When does the Neolithic revolution end.
14,000 years ago.
What was the time period of this tribe's dominance of the peninsula?
1400-1200BC
14.) When did the Hittites invade Mesopotamia?
1400BC
The Balkan Peninsula?
146 BC
When did Minoan civilization reach its peak?
1700-1400BC
How many were there?
2
14.) Identify and describe the Gracchi and their story.
2 young plebeians, brothers named Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were among the first to attempt reforms. Tiberius, elected a tribune in 133 BC, called on the state to distribute land to poor farmers. Gaius, elected a tribune ten years later, sought a wider range of reforms, including the use of public funds to buy grain to feed the poor. The reforms of the Gracchus brothers angered the Senate, which saw them as a threat to its power. The brothers and thousands of followers were killed in waves of street violence set off by senators and their hired thugs.
For how long had Minoan civilization lay buried?
2,500 years
When?
2,700 BC.
8.) How old was Alexander, when he became King?
20 Years Old
When were dogs domesticated?
20,000 years ago
6.) For how long did the system established by Augustus "function well?"
200 Years
11.) Identify and describe the Pax Romana.
200 year period that began with Augustus and ended with Marcus Alerius.
When did Sargon create an empire?
2300BC
How many books does the Hebrew Bible contain in all?
24
For example, how many emperors ruled in one 50 year period?
26
What were the years of Augustus' rule?
27 BC-AD 14
By what year did the Romans control most of the Italian Peninsula?
270 BC
When does the fossil record for Neanderthal end?
30,000 to 50,000 years ago.
How many members?
300
For how long had this tomb remained intact?
3000 Years
For how long have the tales of the Iliad and the Odyssey been told?
3000 years
How old was he?
32
1.) When did Athens fall to Philip of Macedon's army?
338 BC
When did he gain the throne?
359 BC
14.) Approximately when was Jesus born?
4 BC
According to Exodus, how long does this journey take?
40 Years
12.) Review the map listing Roman conquests. For example, when was Gaul added to Rome?
44 BC
9.) Identify and describe Pliny the Elder.
A Roman scientist
Identify and describe the Battle of Chaeronea.
A battle between Philip II's army and the combined army of Athens and Thebes. Philip II won and took control of all of Greece.
22.) Define the term heresy.
A belief said to be contrary to official church teachings.
3.) How does your text describe the shape of the Italian Peninsula?
A boot jutting out into the Mediterranian Sea.
20.) What is Passover?
A celebration of the Exodus from Egypt.
15.) How does your text describe the century following the death of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus?
A century of turmoil and civil wars.
Why was Pompeii the best example for best preserved examples?
A city buried by ASH.
14.) What did the early Christian communities share?
A common faith in the teachings of Jesus and a common way in worship.
Identify and describe the Council of Nicaea.
A council of church leaders who made the Nicene Creed.
35.) Identify and describe the Eater of Souls, Happy Field of Food and the Book of the Dead.
A crocodile that ate sinners
17.) Identify and describe Hellenistic civilization.
A culture that blended Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian cultures. The heart of Hellenistic civilization is in Alexandria, Egypt.
What is the plot outline for Aristophanes' comedy, The Clouds?
A father tries to take control of his spendthrift son.
What event stands out in this narrative?
A flood destroying the world.
Define metics.
A foreigner living in Ancient Greek cities who had some of the privileges in a citizenship.
25.) What is a monarchy?
A form of government where one person, such as a king or queen, has complete authority.
Define the word empire.
A group of areas under one ruler
20.) Define the term hominids.
A group that includes humans and their closest relatives that all walk upright on two feet.
What is the plot outline for Sophocles' tragedy, Antigone?
A heroine's disobedience of a ruler's command puts her in conflict with her uncle and guardian.
Today a Trojan horse is a type of computer virus. What is the origin of this term?
A hollow Trojan horse snuck into Troy and the virus sneaks into your computer.
16.) Identify and describe LB1.
A hominid that could be an entirely new species of human.
Identify and describe the bazaar.
A large trade market on the streets.
Define the term legislature.
A lawmaking body that debated laws before deciding to approve or reject them.
12.) Other than the events of 476 A.D., what is the general "short hand" meaning of the expression, "Fall of Rome?"
A long, slow change from one way of life to another.
43.) In addition to their role as the "Carriers of Civilization," what is perhaps the single most important contribution made to Western Civilization by the Phoenicians?
Alphabet
What was the end product of this political change?
A monarchy.
18.) Identify and describe Cincinnatus.
A person that Romans particulary admired as a model dictator.
22.) Identify and describe crucifixion.
A person was nailed or bound to a cross and left to die.
Who would rule?
A philosopher-king.
What was the subject of Oresteia?
A powerful family torn up by betrayl, murder, and revenge
Define the term covenant?
A promise or an agreement
15.) What is a relief sculpture?
A sculpture on a solid background.
27.) Identify and describe the Ten Commandments.
A set of laws that Jews believe God gave them through Moses.
How does his work differ from that of Herodotus?
Although he was Athenian, he was fair for both sides.
What is a lyre?
A stringed muscial instrument.
29.) Define the term hierarchy.
A system of ranking groups.
What was the original purpose of the Parthenon? What was its location within Athens? How would you state the architectural importance of this structure?
A temple honouring the city's patron goddess, Athena; On the Athenian Acropolis; Classic Greek Architecture.
20.) Identify and describe the Pantheon.
A temple the homered all the Roman gods.
Identify and describe Trojan Women.
A tragedy where the playwright strips war of its glamour by showing the suffering of woman who were victims of the war.
How did this leadership structure change over time?
A village chief emerged.
12.) How do anthropologists define culture?
A way of life in society. This includes its beliefs, values, and practices.
18.) When did Constantine assume the Roman throne?
AD 312
When?
AD 313
Year?
AD 378
When did he sack Rome?
AD 410
Other history texts have referred to the period which follows the fall of Mycenaean civilization, as the Greek Dark Ages. Why?
Abandoned cities
9.) Who is considered the father of the Israelites and their religion?
Abraham
What was the extent of the power of the Pharaohs?
Absolute power
Where is this view recounted?
According to the Epic of Gilgamesh, a character describes the underworld as "the place where they live on dust, their food is mud, and they see only darkness."
Identify Magi
According to the Gospels in the Christian bible, the 3 Magi (Magic Kings) brought gifts to Jesus at his birth.
Identify and describe the Iliad
Achilles refuses to fight in war because of a fight with his commander and his brother is killed in war then he decides to fight.
Where did Minoan traders set up outposts?
Aegean Sea
Who is the author?
Aeschylus
Who does your text name as the three greatest Greek playwrights?
Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides
What did they do and where ultimately did they go?
After 3 years, Jesus and his apostles went to Jerusalem to spread his message there.
Who is the author of most of the surviving Greek comedies?
Aristophanes
Identify and describe the Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife and the arduous route to achieve it.
Afterlife lowest peasant to Nobel had to pass a test
Who was the Egyptian Pharaoh, who for a brief time, suggested monotheism?
Akhenaton
Where was Sargon from?
Akkad
51.) What peoples took the oral traditions of the Epic of Gilgamesh and wrote them into cuneiform?
Akkadians and Babylonians
Who will become the ultimate beneficiary of the vast Egyptian legacy of knowledge?
Alexander the Great
Who would be the architect of this new age?
Alexander the Great
18.) What city was the cultural capital of Hellenistic civilization?
Alexandria
5.) What city remained a great center of learning from the Hellenistic era to Roman times?
Alexandria, Egypt
What subjects were taught?
All branches of knowledge.
What were the qualifications required to be part of the Athenian Legislature, the Assembly?
All male citizens of the assembly were expected to participate.
What were the benefits of even partial Roman citizenship?
Allowed to marry Romans and could carry on trade in Rome.
How does the Odyssey relate to the Iliad?
Allowed victory over Troy.
11.) About how long did the Roman Republic last?
Almost 500 Years.
What was the general opinion of Athenian men on this subject?
Although some men disagreed, most Greeks accepted the view that woman must be guided by men.
24.) Although the Roman Senate still tended to dominate Roman government, Plebeians had made significant gains in power and rights. What was historically unusual about this process?
Although the Senate still dominated the government, the common people had gained access to power and won safeguards for their rights without having to resort war or revolution.
35.) In what ways were the Sumerian gods somewhat of a contradiction?
Although the gods favoured truth and justice, they were also responsible for causing violence and suffering.
With what goal?
Ambitious men could use clever and persuasive rhetoric to advance their speaking careers.
14.) What was the advice given by the Vizier, Ptah-hotep, in his instructional book?
Ambitious young people to be humbled
31.) Who was chief among the ancient Egyptian gods?
Amon-RE
Who is the author?
Aristophanes
Who was Plato's most famous student?
Aristotle
Who will he eventually secure as his son's teacher?
Aristotle
12.) What key principles of Roman law are still reflected in our body of law today?
Among the most important was that an accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty. A second principle ensured that the accused was allowed to face the accuser and mount a defence against the charge. A third idea was that guilt must be established "clearer than daylight," using solid evidence. Still another idea was that judges interpret the laws and make fair decisions.
What new age would begin with this conquest and others like it?
An age where Greek culture spread from the Mediterranean to India.
10.) Identify and describe Messiah.
An anointed king sent by God, who would lead the Jewish people to freedom.
5.) Identify and describe Mesopotamia.
An area between the Tigris and Euphrates River in the Fertile Crescent where Sumer was located.
4.) Identify and describe the Fertile Crescent.
An area that stretches in an arc from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranian Sea where early settlers settled.
4.) What did Augustus create to execute policy and enforce Roman law?
An efficient, well trained civil service.
9.) Identify and describe the Epic of Gilgamesh.
An epic poem about a hero named Gilgamesh.
6.) Identify and describe the Aeneid.
An epic poem that tried to show that Rome's past was heroic as that of Greece
What is its first word and theme of the Iliad?
Anger
Identify and describe Antigone.
Antigone is a young woman whose brother has been killed leading a rebellion. King Creon forbids anyone to bury his body, yet she does anyway, and is sentenced to death.
What is the derivation of this word?
Apostle is a name in Greek that means "a person sent forth."
What is the term used collectively for the 12 disciples recruited by Jesus?
Apostles
12.) What were some of the other applications and demonstrations of applied physics, made by Archimedes? How did he employ the principle of the screw?
Archmedis devised machines of war to defend his homeown against Roman attack. It uses a rotating spiral tube wound around an axis to raise water from A-B. Pulling the rope turns the tube.
What position was he given in 594 B.C.?
Archon
What is the term for the container or vessel that houses the Torah scroll?
Ark
44.) What began to happen to the Sumerian city-states around 2,500 B.C.?
Armies swept across Mesopotamia and gradually overwhelmed the Sumerian city-states.
What was the extent of the Phoenician trade routes?
Around the Mediterranean Sea and Spain up to Britain
1.) After conquering the Italian Peninsula, where did Rome begin to build an empire?
Around the Mediterranean Sea.
Who began excavations in their early 20th Century?
Arthur Evans
1.) What do scholars study in order to learn about our prehistoric ancestors?
Artifacts and other evidence.
2.) How did the Greeks view the Macedonians?
As a backward, half-civilized land.
With what general consequence?
As a result of such generous policies, most conquered lands remained loyal to Rome even in troubled times.
How did some Athenians view the methods and ideas of Socrates?
As a threat to accepted values and traditions.
When?
As early as 7 million years ago.
How far did Sumerian trade extend?
As far as Egypt and India
14.) Describe the composition of the Roman legions at the outset of the Republic.
As in Greece, Roman armies consisted of citizen-soldiers who supplied their own weapons and fought without pay.
Roman religious tolerance was conditional upon what specific requirements?
As long as citizens showed loyalty by honouring Roman gods such as Jupiter and Mars, and by accepting the divinity of the emperor, they were allowed to worship as they pleased.
How was religious practice tied to the concept of loyal citizenship?
As loyal citizens, most Romans joined in festivals, which inspired a sense of community. Throughout Rome, dozens of temples housed statues of the gods.
Contrast the work of Greek sculptors from before and after 450 B.C.
As time went by, sculptures become more lifelike.
20.) What begins to occur throughout Roman territories as trade and travel grow?
As trade and travel increased, local peoples incorporated Latin into their languages and adapted many Roman customs and beliefs.
Who was the Greek god of health?
Asclepius
Where did Hittites come from?
Asia Minor
How far would this new empire eventually extend?
Asia Minor to India
What was their first city-state?
Assur
Who enforced the Pax Romana?
Augustus
And yet what was his true level of power?
Augustus exercised absolute power and named his successor, just as a king would do.
18.) Why does your text state that the achievements of the Greeks were especially remarkable? I disagree, ask me why!
Because they were produced by a scattering whose rivalries left them too weak to defend themselves from conquest.
3.) What type of culture emerges as Roman civilization spreads (remember cultural diffusion can go both ways)?
Blend of Roman, Greek, and Hellenistic Culture
16.) What hardy group of nomads would invade the Fertile Crescent around 2,000 B.C. and would become one of the most feared and warlike peoples in history?
Assyrians
21.) Who conquered the northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 B.C.?
Assyrians
Why did the 100 year period Nubian rule in Egypt come to an end?
Assyrians took over
What was its status within the empire, at this time?
At first, Christianity was one of many religions practiced in the empire.
Identify and describe the emerging structure of authority or hierarchy, within the Christian Church.
At first, the christian clergy included priests and bishops, the highest-ranking Church officials. A bishop presided over a diocese which included a number of christian communities and their priests.
What Greek goddess is the forerunner of Minerva?
Athena
What was the wealthiest Greek city-state, at that time?
Athens
What were his motivations?
Aton In favor of greatest god
Identify and describe Attica. Identify and describe Peloponnesus. What was the location of Athens?
Attica is the sub-peninsula where Athens located. Peloponnesus is the sub-peninsula South of Attica. Athens was located in the Attica.
1.) What titles did the Senate "give" Octavian following his defeat of Antony and Cleopatra and his assumption of sole control of all Roman legions?
Augustus
Where did he make his new capital?
Babylon
What followed the Akkadian Empire?
Babylonian Empire city states
15.) What was the first step to become a member of the Christian community?
Baptism
What was the meaning behind the symbolism of this event?
Baptism first signified acceptance of christian teachings, along with purifacation, or the forgiveness of sins.
Despite the efforts of Darius which system did most Persians retain?
Barter economy
33.) Define and distinguish between a barter and money economy (What are the advantages of a money economy?).
Barter is one good or service for another good or service while a money econemy is a currency for a good or service.
5.) Identify and describe the Battle of Adrianople?
Battle where a Roman army tried to turn back the Visigoths at Adrianople, and suffered a stunning defeat.
Why is it said the conflict between Rome and this Mediterranean power was inevitable?
Because Rome would also spread into the Mediterranean.
12.) According to the Sumerian legend, from the Epic of Gilgamesh, why are we mortal?
Because a snake ate the plant of eternal life.
Why did Socrates stay in Athens and face the death penalty?
Because he was loyal to his city.
Why?
Because he was the wisest.
Despite its limitations, why is Athenian democracy considered to be an important development in Western Civilization?
Because it is a starting point for our Democracy.
Why does your text state that Athenian democracy was limited, by today's standards?
Because it was quite different than our democracy.
Why did it change?
Because non-Greek tyrants were brutal rulers.
10). Why did Rome fall in the West?
Because of invasions, political causes, and social issues.
4.) What were some of the geographic advantages of the Italian Peninsula, which benefited the Romans?
Because of its geography, Italy proved much easier to unify than Greece. Unlike Greece, Italy is not broken into small, isolated valleys. In addition, the Apennine Mountains, which run down the length of the Italian Peninsula, are less rugged than the mountains of Greece. Finally, Italy has broad, fertile plains in the north and west. These plains supported the growing population.
How is this theme rooted in the thoughts of Greek philosophy?
Because philosopers blamed people, not the gods.
17.) Why is it hard to find clues about prehistoric groups?
Because prehistoric groups did not have cities, countries, organized central governments, or complex inventions.
Why does your text refer to Rome as the city on seven hills?
Because the village over time, which was on 7 hills, would grow into Rome.
Why do you think the Spartans tended to isolate themselves from the other Greeks? What was the general attitude of the other Greeks towards the Spartans? Why is it said, in the long run, Sparta suffered because of its rigidity?
Because they focused on being the best; They admired their military skills; Because they wouldn't change.
Why?
Because they wanted revenge for the terrible destruction that Carthage had brought to Italy.
As oral tradition these stories probably have many authors, but who is credited with creating the Iliad and the Odyssey?
Blind poet Homer
What minor satisfaction was denied Alexander before he conquered all of Persia?
Before he could capture Darius III, he was murdered.
How was the writing of, The Persian Wars, an example of this change in methodology?
Before he wrote it, he visited many lands, collecting the information from people who remembered the actual events he chronicled.
31.) What were the sources of slave labor, in Sumerian society?
Being captured in war or selling themselves to pay off their debts.
25.) When does the fossil record for homo erectus end?
Between 100,000 and 250,000 years ago.
When did these wars occur?
Between 264 and 146 B.C.
Identify and describe the Gate of Ishtar.
Blue glazed cricks with lions, dragons, bulls(gods)
How was this invasion and occupation an example ancient warfare acting as an agent of cultural diffusion?
Both learned from each other(Egypt learned about chariots)
4.) Identify and describe aqueducts.
Bridge like stone structures that carried water from the hills into Roman cities.
19.) Romans improved upon what architectural forms?
Building devices such as columns and arches.
In what specific tasks did they direct the people?
Building dikes to hold back flood waters and irrigation ditches to carry water to the fields.
25.) In what areas did the Egyptians of the New Kingdom make significant cultural advances?
Building projects, medicine, hygiene, and dentistry
What other animal seems to play an important role in Minoan religious beliefs?
Bull
How was this bureaucracy different?
Bureaucracy was through royal officials.
10.) What Paleolithic activity suggests the belief in an afterlife?
Burying their dead with their possessions
5.) In addition to force of arms, how did Philip gain control over many of the city-states of Greece?
By building a superb and powerful army using bribery to alliance with the many Greek city-states to face Athens and Thebes.
Why?
By doing so, ensuring the safety of the city-state.
How did aristocratic Roman women gain respect?
By supporting the arts or paying for public festivals.
How did Roman education change, especially for the wealthy, in the later Republic?
By the later years of the republic, many wealthy Romans hired private tutours, often Greeks, to educate their children.
41.) What is the derivation of words like bible or bibliography?
Byblos
What term is often used to name this Eastern Roman Empire?
Byzantine Empire.
Where did he locate the new Roman capita
Byzatium
17.) What two Roman generals would come to dominate Roman politics?
Caesar and Pompey
What was the outcome of the conflict between Caesar and Pompey?
Caesar crushes Pompey and his rebellions.
54.) What was the practical consequence of the work of Egyptian priest/astronomers?
Calendar
This work will lay the foundation for what modern tool?
Calendar
Why is Minoan civilization viewed as being significant?
Contributed to the rice of Greece
Make sure you give examples of the "quality" of their leadership.
Caligula made his horse Senator, and Nero persecuted Christians because he needed a Scapegoat when HE burnt down Rome.
2.) What was the name of the hill country, found today in central Israel, where the first ancient Israelites inhabited small villages?
Canaan
Where does Moses lead the Israelites?
Canaan
What trade might he have practiced?
Carpentry
2.) After Rome establishes its dominance on the Italian Peninsula, it begins to expand into the Mediterranean Sea, with what older power will this expansion put Rome in conflict?
Carthage
What Phoenician colony would eventually become a great empire unto itself?
Carthage
Where was the final battle, of the Second Punic War fought?
Carthage
What did Rome gain from this latest victory over Carthage?
Carthage had to give up all its lands outside of Africa and pay a huge tribute, or tax, to Rome.
Example?
Cases where the accused faced the death penalty might be tried in front of hundreds of people from the community.
What are the derivations of these words?
Cat=down reacts=rushing
What evidence suggests Paleolithic peoples were animistic?
Cave paintings.
Who is considered the founder of Athenian Democracy?
Ceisthenes
39.) How did Sumerians celebrate holy days?
Ceremonies and processions.
Why was it so named?
Chief god
By whom?
Chinese
Define the term Knossos?
City in ancient Crete, the principle center of Minoan civilization that dominated the Aegean between about 1600-1400BC
What was the Greek chorus?
Chorus sang or chanted comments on the action taking place on stage.
What institution will preserve much of Roman culture, in the West, into the Middle Ages?
Christian Church.
13.) What new religion will emerge first within the Jewish community, amidst the turmoil in Judea?
Christianity
4.) Review the text chart. Compare the growth of Christianity, by A.D. 325 to A.D. 476.
Christianity grew to almost the whole Roman empire by AD 476.
2.) How did Christianity affect the Roman Empire?
Christianity reshaped Roman beliefs.
Identify and describe the Scourge of God.
Christians called Attila, "the Scourge of God," because they believed his attacks were as punishment for the sins of humankind.
7.) What factors account for why the generally religiously tolerant Roman authorities persecuted the Christians?
Christinas refused to honour the emperor with sacrifices or honour the Roman gods.
23.) What Church today, in Jerusalem, is believed to be built on the site of Jesus' burial cave?
Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Why were the Romans so fond of him and his story?
Cincinnatus organized an army, led the Romans to victory over the attacking enemy, attended victory celebrations, and returned to work his fields-all within 15 days.
What geographic feature pushed them in this direction?
Cities on the Mediterranean coast
Despite all of Solon's reforms, what issues continued to create discontent amongst a large portion of the residents of Athens?
Citizenship remained limited, and many positions were open only to wealthy landowners.
What may have been at the roots of this conflict?
Control of the Straights
23.) Identify and describe Cleopatra VII.
Cleopatra became the queen of Egypt when her father died. Her name means "famous in her father," in Greek. She led Egypt and later influenced Roman politics during a tumultuous time.
16.) Define the term disciple.
Close followers
11.) How would you compare this code of law to our modern concepts of justice?
Code of Hammurabi is more harsh
Although the Hittites tried to keep iron technology a secret, how did it get out? Eventually, how widespread did this knowledge become?
Collapsed around 1200BD iron smiths migrated
In what specific tasks?
Collecting taxes and keeping records.
15.) What types of art would typically be found in wealthy Roman homes?
Colorful frescos, murals, or mosaics
Identify and describe frescoes.
Colorful painting completed on wet plaster.
What elements of Greek architecture can be found in many public buildings today?
Columns in their designs.
What happened to the Mycenaeans, not long after their victory over the Trojans?
Come under attack by sea raiders (dorians/Sparta)
What is the derivation of the word apology?
Comes from the Greek word "apologia," meaning a speech in defence.
What is the derivation of this term?
Comes from the Greek word Cuneius, meaning, "wedge."
What is the derivation?
Comes from the Greek words Mono, meaning "one," and Theo, meaning, "god."
What is the derivation?
Comes from the Greek words Theo, meaning "God" and Cracy, meaning "rule". Rule by God.
What is the derivation of this word?
Comes from the Latin word Athropologia, meaning "The study of humanity."
What is the derivation of this term? Explain!
Comes from the Latin word, "Punicus," meaning "Phoenician." Phoenician war.
What is the origin of the term Jews?
Comes from the people who went to Judea when the kingdom into two.
Identify and describe Commentaries on the Gallic Wars.
Commentaries on the Gallic Wars is a text written by Caesar where he talks about the Gallic wars, which he fought in.
13.) What factors allowed Sumerian civilization to develop (the same as those of the other river valleys)?
Complex Religion, Fertile Soil, Water, Specialized Classes, and the organization of Government.
What was the connection between the Pharaoh and this god?
Conducted ceremonies
How was Rome, by the standards of the ancient world, relatively generous in its treatment of conquered territories (especially on the Italian Peninsula)?
Conquered people were given full or partial citizenship.
Identify and describe the typical terms for the negotiated surrender, of a conquered people, under Rome rule.
Conquered peoples had to acknowledge Roman leadership , pay taxes, and supply soldiers for their Roman army. In return, Rome let them keep their own customs, money, and local government. Once its rule was established, Rome generally treated its conquered peoples with justice, provided they did not rebel.
7.) What was the ultimate dream or ambition of Philip of Macedon?
Conquering the Persian empire.
11.) In addition to the acquisition of new territories, what were some of the economic consequences of Roman imperialism?
Conquests and greatly expanded trade brought incredible riches into Rome. Generals, officials, and traders amassed fortunes from loot, taxes, and commerce. A new class of wealthy, Romans emerged. They built lavish mansions and filled them with luxuries imported from the east.
By whom?
Constantine
According to tradition, what earlier event led Constantine to embrace Christianity? Review the text image for this event.
Constantine saw a cross in the sky before he won a battle.
What did he call this "New Rome?"
Constantinople
In what two ways did the Senate try to limit the potential abuse of power by the Consuls?
Consuls, however, could serve only one term, and were expected to approve other's decisions. They were also expected to consult with the Senate. By limiting the time in office and making them responsible to eachother. Rome also had a system of checks on the power of the government.
How did Greek tyrants come to power?
Continued and widespread unrest
20.) What leadership group emerged within these farming communities?
Councils emerged
What are some aspects of Ancient Greek culture revealed through these poems?
Courage and honor
7.) What technical feat was achieved by Paleolithic peoples, around 40,000 years ago?
Crafting rafts and canoes.
What was the first European Civilization?
Cretan Civilization
6.) Distinguish between criminal and civil law.
Criminal law is breaking a law that while civil law hurts another person.
42.) What is the term historians often apply to the Phoenicians?
Cultural Diffusion
What is the larger impact of Persian rule on Mesopotamian culture and the development of Western and Eastern Civilizations?
Culture diversity and mail system
What is the name given to Sumerian writing?
Cuneiform
42.) Describe the evolution of cuneiform writing (include the ideas from the chart).
Cuneiform started out as pictographs, then became phonographs.
47.) What were some of the notable inventions of Sumerian culture?
Cuneiform, Wheel, Plow, Irrigation for Farming, Sails for boats, Bronze metal work, and a number system based on 6.
That having been said, what were some of their medical achievements?
Cures, medical surgical operations
23.) What Persian leader conquered the Neo-Babylonian Empire of Nebuchadnezzar and freed the Jews?
Cyrus the Great
29.) Under which Persian emperor was the main unification of the empire achieved?
Darius 1
Who was its leader?
Darius III
19.) Who was the second King of Israel?
David
34.) What are some of the dominant themes of ancient Egyptian religion?
Death, after life, polytheistic
What promise did they both represent?
Death, love, fear, and jealousy
26.) Identify and describe Deborah and Miriam.
Deborah was a judge and military leader and Miriam was a prophetess. They both won great honour in society.
How did her rule begin?
Declared her self pharaoh
What was the purpose of this structure?
Dedicated to the goddess Athena.
9.) What are the subjects of the cave paintings found in Europe, Africa and Australia?
Deer, horses, and buffalo
What tribal group established the city-state of Sparta? Identify and describe Laconia. What did the Spartans do to the peoples they conquered?
Dorian Invaders; Laconia is a place in the southern part of Greece, that was the capitol of Sparta; They made them into helots.
10.) Which Hellenistic astronomer mathematically demonstrated that the world was round and calculated its circumference?
Eratosthenes
9.) Define Imperialism.
Establishing control over foreign lands and people.
As the political and social discontent grew in Athens, what new political system were they moving towards? What is the derivation of this term?
Democracy; Democracy - Demo means people, Cracy means rule.
17.) What is the meaning of the word exodus?
Departure
Why did the Egyptians eagerly await the spring flooding of the Nile?
Deposit rich silt or soil.
Yet, the Greeks would develop new cultural concepts on their own. What is one Greek innovation that stands out?
Developed new ideas on how to govern a society.
What were the sources of this power?
Devine support
26.) Identify and describe Hatshepsut.
Died 1458 BC queen Hatshepsut served for 20 years along Thutmose II
Identify and describe the series of power shifts, which took place from around 750 B.C. to 500 B.C, in many Greek city-states. Explain the circumstances of each of these changes (i.e. what allowed the noble land owners to gain power, what allowed the new middle class to emerge and challenge the aristocracy?).
Different forms of government were developed; Went from a monarchy, a hereditary rule, into a class of landowning men; The result of them having absolute rule was the aristocracy. It then shifted into an oligarchy, which was power in the hands of a small, wealthy elite.
5.) What types of simple tools were made by Paleolithic peoples?
Digging sticks, spears, and axes.
5.) What types of large public works were necessary for life, in the Nile River Valley?
Dikes, reservoirs, irrigation ditches
What animal was probably the first to be domesticated?
Dogs
3.) What factors contributed to the fall of the Akkadian Empire?
Drought and the death of Sargon
How effective were these actions?
Effective, Constantine contained them.
What other people developed similar writing, earlier?
Egypt
What was its location?
Egypt
What is the oldest documented peace treaty in history?
Egypt and Hittites
4.) How did the general condition of Roman women change, from the days of the early Republic to the later periods of Roman history?
During the early republic, women had few rights. Later, they gained more freedom.
11.) Identify and describe the two systems of Roman law.
During the republic, Rome developed a system of law, known as the civil law, that applied to it's citizens. As Rome expanded, however, it ruled many foreigners who were not covered under the civil law. Gradually, a second system of law, known as the law of nations, emerged. It applied to all people under Roman rule, both citizens and non-citizens.
Who ruled a "generally united" Egypt during these periods?
Dynasty
36.) Who was the Sumerian water god?
Ea
How could you tell this from the text image?
Ea has water flowing from his body.
5.) What was the intellectual foundation for the achievements of Hellenistic scholars?
Earlier Greek, Babylonian, and Egyptian knowledge.
The people of this Aegean island had already absorbed many ideas from which older civilizations?
Egypt and Mesopotamia
What other cultures influenced the Mycenaeans?
Egypt and the Middle East
What evidence suggests a great deal of cultural diffusion?
Egyptian are restoring Egyptians Glory
1.) In the time frame of the Roman Empire, when did Christianity begin?
Early in the Pax Romana
Why?
Eastern Rome was more important than Western.
With what positive consequence?
Educated Romans, in particular, were attracted to a religion that incorporated the discipline and moderation of Greek philosophy.
8.) Identify and describe the "Good Emperors."
Emperors from 90-180 AD, that the Roman empire benefited from.
What new era began?
Empire
How does Hatshepsut try to rebuild the economic strength of Egypt?
Encouraged trade
What was the ultimate consequence of the fierce rivalries between the Greek city-states?
Endless rivalry led to the frequent wars between the city states, and eventually to the conquests of Greece by outsiders
43.) In general, how did the status of Egyptian women compare to that of other women, in the ancient world?
Enjoyed higher status and independence
Although historians know little about the Greek Dark Ages, what sources provide some clues as to what life was like?
Epic Poems
How did Cleisthenes expand the concept of equal participation for Athens?
Equal protection used to be for just members of the aristocracy, but he expanded it for citizens who met certain qualifications.
Identify Ethics and Morality.
Ethics and Morality debated such questions as what was the best kind of government and what standards should rule human behaviour.
9.) From whom did the Romans adapt their alphabet?
Etruscans
What groups were the first to fall to Roman expansion, on the Italian peninsula?
Etruscans
9.) Early Roman polytheism was greatly impacted by what other peoples?
Etruscans and Greeks.
Who is the author?
Euripides
How will this change with time?
Even when they were later barred from any official rule in the christian church, they still worked to win converts and supported christian communities across the world.
How will the legions evolve over time, during the Republic?
Eventually, the recieved a small stipend, or payment, but their main compensation was always a share of spoils of victory.
How often was Augustus' new census taken?
Every 5 Years.
Why is this find considered so important?
Evidence of wealth
With what consequences for themselves and the universe?
Evil go to Hell and good go to Heave.
What were their main items of export?
Exported - Olive Oil, Wine, and Marble;
The criminal portion of the Code of Hammurabi was based upon what general principle?
Eye for and eye. Life for a life.
How did she seek to satisfy the Egyptian tradition of male authority?
False beard
What were the two foundations of Roman life?
Family and Religious practice.
Identify and describe Solon?
Famous for his wise political and economic reforms and a wise and faithful leader.
1.) What was the location of ancient Israel?
Far western end of the fertile crescent.
Who provided the labor?
Farmers
19.) What social differences began to emerge as people settled into the life of farming communities?
Farmers divided up the work b y gender and age.
20.) Identify and describe Plebeians.
Farmers, merchants, artisians who made up most of the population, were citizens, but had little influence.
21.) What was the immediate consequence of Julius Caesar's assassination?
It plunged Rome into a new round of civil wars.
27.) What happened to Nebuchadnezzar's Babylonian Empire in 539 B.C.?
Fell to the Persian armies
1.) Why were prehistoric peoples attracted to the Nile River Valley?
Fertile Land
3.) Where did the earliest civilizations develop?
Fertile river valleys.
14.) How did Alexander die?
Fever
Even so, what facts betray their lower status with respect to men?
Few women learned ow to read and write
61. Identify and describe the Tale of Sinuhe
Fights to farm
14.) What were the earliest domesticated plants?
Figs, wheat, barley, and rice
What plants were some of the first to be domesticated?
Figs, wheat, barley, rice, potato's, squash, maze.
Sometime around 1400 B.C. the palace at Knossos was destroyed. What are the scenarios of destruction suggested by archeologists?
Fire and sudden destruction
What was the social and economic (socio-economic) structure of Paleolithic peoples?
Food gathering bands
Why is this considered such an important gain for the Plebeians?
For the first time, the laws of the Twelve Tables made it possible for Plebians to appeal a judgement handed down by a Patrician judge.
Why?
For the good of the republic.
What was the consequence of Greek population growth, around 750 B.C.? What was the extent of Greek colonization? What are the cultural consequences of this Greek emigration (outward migration)?
Forced many people to leave their overcrowded villages; Expanded overseas to the Middle East, Spain, and Egypt; It led to cultural diffusion.
How did many Jews respond to the devastation of their land, the destruction of their great temple and the loss of their political independence?
Forced with a devastated land and defeated in their efforts to regain political independence, many other Jews decided to leave Judea. They joined Jewish communities around the Mediterranean, and in other parts of the Roman Empire. Some Jews remained in the northern part of Judea, near the Galilee.
Distinguish between a fossil and an artifact. Examples?
Fossils are remains of either humans, animals, or plants. Old axe=Artifact, Human bone=Fossil.
20.) Identify and describe Nineveh.
Founded one of the first library's. King Assyria.
31.) Identify and describe the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Fragments of early Jewish religious documents.
What was the comparative size of Rome during this period?
From the Euphrates River in the east to Britan in the west, an area roughly equal to the size of the continential US.
4.) Generally speaking, how did Rome deal with diverse religious traditions?
Generally Rome tolerated these varied religious traditions.
Name the five Books of the Torah.
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
13.) What happens to Roman culture in the West overtime?
Germanic customs and languages replaced much of Roman culture.
1.) What groups had been attacking the frontiers of the Roman Empire for centuries?
Germanic people
What was happening throughout a large portion of the Western Roman Empire?
Germanic people were occupying large parts of it.
What group did Tacitus admire?
Germans
7.) What was the baseline of Roman education?
Girls and boys from the upper and lower classes learned to read and write.
38.) We know that Sumerians were polytheistic, but how did they divide their loyalty between the gods?
Giving each city-state their own god to worship.
39.) What are some manufactured and trade commodities developed by the Phoenicians?
Glass and Tyranian purple dye
21.) Aside from their prowess in conquest and Assurbanipal's library, what other advancements are the Assyrians credited with?
Glassmaking, lock and key.
What animals were domesticated later?
Goats, sheep, pigs, cattle.
What are some of the distinctive stylistic practices of Egyptian artists?
Gods bigger than humans
Even so, what were some high points of this period?
Gold, riches, traders had contracts
What were Aristotle's views on how one should lead their life?
Good conduct means pursuing the Golden mean.
What is required for such large public works to occur?
Government
62.) Why was Egypt still very important to the ancient world, long after its empire had faded?
Grain and other riches
What was the consequence of the tribute for Assyria?
Great riches and stable economy.
5.) What is the term used to describe the blending of Greek, Hellenistic and Roman cultures?
Greco-Roman
4.) What was the observation of the Roman poet Horace?
Greece has conquered her rude conqueror
According to many, what had happened to the virtues of the early Roman Republic? Explain.
Greed and self-interest replaced the virtues of the early republic, such as simplicity, hard work, and devotion to duty.
What was the goal of Greek architecture?
Greek Architects sought to convey a sense of perfect balance to reflect the harmony and order of the universe.
I think your book is, at the least partially wrong on this point. Why would I say that?
Greek Architecture, Wall carvings.
What people did Rome conquer in the southern portions of the Italian Peninsula?
Greek City-States.
7.) What other notable peoples were on the Italian Peninsula, with the Latins?
Greek Colonists and Etruscans.
Who was Herodotus?
Greek Historian
What is the derivation of this term?
Greek Philo=love Soph=wisdom
12.) To a large degree Roman art was based upon what models?
Greek and Etruscans.
How was this process similar to that of ancient Greece?
Greek got Egypt and Fertile Crescent culture where Romans got Greek and Hellenistic culture.
15.) Identify and describe the breadth of the Greek legacy to Western Civilization. Carefully review the text chart on this subject! How was much of this legacy preserved?
Greek works in the arts and sciences set a standard for later people of Europe. Greek ideas about law, freedom, justice, and government continue to influence political thinking to the present day. Through trade and conquest.
11.) From whom did the Romans borrow much of their philosophical thought?
Greeks
Where did that source get it?
Greeks
37.) At different times, who will conquer the Persian Empire and with what cultural consequences?
Greeks(Alexander the Great) and then the Romans pick up technology and Culture
4.) Who was the King of Babylon, who brought much of Mesopotamia (including the city-states of Sumer) under the control of his empire?
Hammurabi
What is the origin of this alternate name?
Legendary king Minos
17.) Why do you think later pyramids were smaller and for that matter why didn't they build more of them?
Less resources and expenses
5.) What is the name of the Carthaginian general who will lead their attempt to gain revenge for the First Punic War?
Hannibal
Where was he located around 2,000 B.C. when God called to him?
Haran in Syria
18.) Briefly describe how the pyramids were constructed.
Hauled and lifted millions of limestone blocks and shaped by hand
What earlier ideas did Christian missionaries like Paul, use to explain the teachings of Jesus?
He added ideas from Plato and the Stoics.
How did he feel about Greek culture?
He admired it.
What were the specific reforms of this leader?
He allies with the popular assembly against nobles to reform government. He changes political base form family of clan membership to citizenship of a location.
How did Augustus cement Rome's ties to the other Roman cities and Provinces?
He allowed them a large amount of self-government.
What were his views on the ideal state?
He analyzed all forms of government, from monarchy to democracy, and found good and bad examples of each.
What was his next dream?
He dreamed of conquering the prosperous city states to the south.
How would Plato's ideal state provide for the best interests of its citizens?
He argued that the state should regulate every aspect of its citizens lives in order to provide for their best interests.
What was the political status of Julius Caesar following his victories?
He became Dictator for life.
How did his life change at the age of 30?
He began preaching to villagers near the Sea of Galilee
11.) What were Abraham's beliefs with respect to his God?
He belived that everything was created by a single god.
What new beliefs did he add to this foundation?
He called himself the son of God, Many people believed Jesus was the long-anticipated messiah.
What are the cited achievements of Hadrian?
He codified law, making it the same for all provinces. He also had soldiers build a wall across Britan to hold back attackers from the non-Roman north.
What was his major work?
He compiled volumes on geography, zoology, botany, and other topics, all based on other people's works. In his 37-volume Natural History, he explained that his goal was to "set forth in detail all the contents of the entire world."
10.) How is the work of the Roman historian Tacitus different from that of Livy?
He destroyed Roman liberty while Livy brought up.
17.) What political action was taken by Diocletian in A.D. 284, in response to the growing Roman turmoil?
He divided the Roman empire into two parts.
What did Jesus emphasize and teach?
He emphasized God's love and taught the need for Justice.
How was Plato like his teacher Socrates?
He emphasized the importance of reasoning.
What were some of the economic reforms of Solon?
He encouraged the export of wine and olive oil
What were his notable achievements?
He established Jerusalem as its national captial and led successful military campaigns creating secure borders for Israel.
Why was he, like Plato, suspicious of democracy?
He thought it could lead to mob rule.
What does this story tell us?
He got power
How did the execution of Socrates affect Plato's political views?
He grew a lifelong distrust in democracy.
What was the extent of their authority?
He had absolute authority.
What features of the author's description of this war stand out?
He had lived through the war and vividly described the war's savagery and corrupting influence on all those involved.
What were the reforms of the Athenian tyrant Pisistratus?
He helped farmers by giving them loans and land taken by the nobles. New building projects gave jobs to the poor.
How does your text describe the importance of Aristotle to the development of Western Civilization?
He is counted among the greatest philosophers and scientists in Western history.
3.) What policies and reforms did Augustus implement to help Rome recover from the decades of civil war?
He laid the foundation for a stable government, helping Rome to recover from its endless civil wars.
19.) What were some of the political and economic reforms of Julius Caesar?
He launched a program of public works to employ the jobless and gave public land to the poor. He also reorganized the government of the provinces and granted Roman citizenship to more people.
12.) According to the Torah, what are the two declarations of God's Covenant, which will become core beliefs of Judaism?
His covenant was that he would have a special relationship with Abraham and his family and that Canaan would one day belong to the Israelites
8.) Who was the king of Upper Egypt, who united Upper and Lower Egypt in 3,100 B.C.?
Menes
Describe the events of this Second Punic War.
He led his Army, including dozens of war elephants, on an epic march across the Pyrenees, through France, and over the Alps, into Italy. The trek cost Hannibal 1/3 of his army. But Hannibal still managed to surprise the Romans, who had expected an invasion from the south. For 15 years, Hannibal and his army moved across Italy, winning battle after battle.
Comment on the breadth (scope, size, range, extent) of Aristotle's written work?
He left writings on politics, ethics, logic, biology, literature, and much more.
How did he maintain the illusion of a Republic?
He maintained the Senate and other features of the Republic.
How did he act as a model for this action?
He married a Persian woman and adapted many Persian customs.
Why did Nero persecute Christians?
He needed a scapegoat for the Great Fire
58.) Identify ad describe the Sphinx.
Mythical creature body of a lon and human head.
What were his criticisms of democracy?
He rejected it, because it had condemned Socrates just as it tended to other excesses.
According to tradition, how did the dying Alexander respond to his commanders, when asked who should succeed him?
He said, "To the strongest".
15.) What was the most lasting achievement of Alexander the Great?
He spread Greek culture.
What were Plato's views on men and women?
He thought that in general, men surpassed woman in mental and physical tasks, but that some woman were superior to men.
How did he affect the status of Christians?
He tolerated them.
How did he die?
He ventured too close to Mount Vesuvius as the volcano near Pompeii was erupting. He was smothered to death in hot ashes.
What were his ambitions?
He wanted to conquer Persia.
According to the Gospels what was his ancestry?
He was a descendant of King David in Israel.
What was his experience at that point?
He was an experienced soldier who shared his father's ambitions.
What interrupted this ambition?
He was assassinated.
What according to the Torah was God's covenant with Abraham and his people?
His covenant was that he would have a special relationship with Abraham and his family and that Canaan would one day belong to the Israelites.
Relate this word and its meaning to question #17.
He was literally the father of history.
Why?
He was the absolute ruler of Rome.
Why?
He went beyond listing names of rulers or the retelling of ancient greek legends.
What is the meaning of his name?
He who serves Aton
Describe his classroom.
He would pose a series of questions to a student or passing citizen, and challenge them to examine the implications of their answers.
Identify and describe the Socratic Method.
He would pose a series of questions to a student or passing citizen, and challenge them to examine the implications of their answers.
What argument did he make in City of God?
He wrote it as an arguement for the truth of Christianity over other religions.
What problem do modern researchers face, when studying Socrates?
He wrote no books. Instead, he passed his days in the town square asking people about his beliefs.
If later Greek beliefs are an indicator, what is the significance of the Minoan goddess holding snakes?
Healing
5.) What is the term applied to the first three generations of the ancient Israelites?
Hebrews
4.) Where does the Nile begin?
Height lands of Ethiopia
How did the Romans view Greek achievements in art, math, science, philosophy, mathematics and literature?
Height of culture achievement
Who proved that the Trojan War was a real historical event?
Heinrich Schliemann a German Buisness man
13.) Roman art often depicted its subjects in a realistic way, as in the photo of the frescoes from Pompeii. This style is more reflective of what period of Greek art?
Hellenistic
What culture had a particularly significant impact on the Empire?
Hellenistic
Identify and describe helots. What was the ratio of helots to Spartans? What was the cultural consequence of this ratio for the Spartans?
Helots are the Spartan-conquered people who were made into state owned slaves; 20:1, 20 being helots, 1 being Spartans; Led to a brutal system of striab control.
How did they make their living?
Herding and Farming.
Who is often called the father of history?
Herodotus
Who is the author?
Herodotus
What are the respective standards set by Herodotus and Thucydides, for modern historians?
Herodotus stressed the importance of research while Thucydides showed the need to avoid bias.
35.) What aspects of Zoroastrian theology are common to Judaism, Christianity and Islam?
Hevan and hell wand a Judgement day
What two simpler forms of Egyptian script were developed by the scribes?
Hieratic, demotic
55.) How was much of Egyptian knowledge passed on to other cultures?
Hieroglyphics, art showered everyday life
What was the first type of Minoan writing?
Hieroglyphs
What led to the revolts of 922 B.C.?
High taxes
16.) What disturbing economic and social trends shook the Empire after the Pax Romana?
High taxes to support the Army, and the bureaucracy placed heavy borders on business people and small farmers. Some farmlands had been over cultivated and lost their productivity.
12.) What was Alexander's next target of conquest?
Hindu Kush
13.) Identify and describe Hippocrates. Why are his thoughts on disease important? What is a basic tenet of his medical oath?
Hippocrates is a Greek physician who studied the causes of illnesses and looked for cures. The Hippocratic Oath attributed to him set ethical standards for doctors. Greek physicians swore to "help the sick according to their ability and judgement but never with a view to injury and wrong."
10.) How was Emperor Marcus Aurelius like the philosopher king, Plato envisioned for his ideal society?
His "Meditations" show his commitment to duty: "Hour by hour resolve firmly, to do what comes to hand with correct and natural duty.
What was the fate of this vast empire?
His empire soon faced disorder.
Where would one find the written work of Paul today?
His letters became a part of the New Testament.
How did Jesus define his mission?
His mission was to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who believed in him.
What was his most lasting reform?
His most lasting reform was the Roman calendar.
What larger theme is reflected in this and other plays by this author?
His play suggested that people were the cause of human misfortune and suffering.
13.) Why was Alexander finally forced to end his eastward expansion?
His soldiers were too tired.
21.) Why might both Jewish and Roman officials have viewed Jesus as a threat?
His speeches could inflame those eager to end Roman rule.
What is his connection to Christianity and Islam?
His system of thought provided a framework for later Christian and Islamic Philosophy.
Recount the story of Horatius at the bridge.
Horarios defeated Rome's Sulpician bridge against the entire Etruscan army.
9.) What heroes does Livy set as good historical examples for Romans?
Horatius and Cincinnatus.
3.) What was the status of women within the Roman household?
His wife was subject to his authority and was not allowed to administer her affairs.
What is the main flaw of this work, by the standards of modern historians?
His writings reflected his own view that the war was a clear moral victory of Greek love of freedom over Persian tyranny.
What is the term Herodotus used to define his work?
Historie
What is the term for the period that follows this development?
History
What two groups comprise this new hominid class?
Homo sapiens sapiens and Homo sapiens neanderthalists.
What new hominid emerges?
Homo sapiens, the modern day human.
24.) The development of what two important artisan skills are revealed by artifacts found at Jericho, Catalhuyuk and other Neolithic village sites?
How to weave cloth and ways to cook food.
38.) Who found Tutankhamen's tomb in 1922?
Howard Carter
Identify and describe latifundians.
Huge farming estates.
Identify and describe Greek Comedies.
Humourous plays that mocked people or customs.
8.) How did things get even worse for Rome in 434 A.D.?
Hun leader Attila embarked on a savage campaign of conquest across much or Europe.
Explain the Land Ice Bridge?
Hunters followed animal herds across the bridge
Who was his daughter?
Hygenia
22.) Who invaded Egypt, in 1700 B.C.?
Hyksos
What is the derivation of hieroglyphics?
Hyro=sacred glyphos= scripture
12.) In addition to trade goods, what else was spread throughout the Empire?
Ideas and knowledge.
What is the modern meaning of this word?
Illegimate ruler
Identify and describe Stoicism.
Importance of duty and acceptance of one's fate.
What did they import?
Imported - Grains and Metals.
What were the most common destinations for Greek ships?
Imported - Grains and Metals.
9.) Despite the persecution, what aspects of Christianity contributed to its growth?
Jesus had welcomed all people, especially the lowly, poor, and oppressed. These people found comfort in his message of love, as well as in Christian teachings about equality and a better life beyond the grave.
Where?
In Bethlehem, near Jerusalem.
What is the plot of Lysistrata?
In Lysistrata the playwright shows the woman of Athens banding together to force their husbands to end a war against Sparta.
How would children be raised in Plato's Republic?
In communal centres.
How were Athenian women like Athenian children, under the law?
In court, fathers or guardians represented woman, as they did for children.
Describe Roman public worship.
In front of these temples, Romans took part in ritual activities such as worshipping the gods and asking for divine assistance.
In what area of public life did Greek women play their most significant role?
In religious activities, a woman's participation in sacred processions and ceremonies was considered essential for the city's well being
17.) What type of circumstance might have forced the Roman Senate to have appointed a dictator?
In the event of war.
18.) At what event did Jesus summarize much of his message?
In the sermon on the mount.
22.) What other political gains were made by the Plebeians after the 12 Tables?
In time, the Plebians gained the right to elect their own officials, called Tribunes, to protect their interests. The tribune could veto, or block, laws that they felt were harmful to Plebians.
26.) What beliefs drove the efforts of Nebuchadnezzar's priest-astrologers, as they mapped the movements of stars and planets with increasing accuracy?
Influenced earths events
36.) Why is the Persian Empire considered one of the more important civilizations, in the ancient world?
Influences later people
How did the efforts of the Assyrian Emperor Assurbanipal dramatically impact the knowledge of modern scholars?
Information about people.
According to the Gospels, what did Jesus prophesize about his life, death and resurrection?
Jesus said that he would come again.
2.) Who were the first Christians?
Jews
What was the meaning of this word?
Inquiry
What has been the larger cultural impact of these stories on our Western Civilization?
Inspired cowardly and weak
How long was this text in use?
Into the Middle Ages.
1.) What is a prominent feature in the history of the Middle East?
Invasion and conquest
What were the Roman innovations in architecture and construction?
Invented concrete and the dome.
What modern nation is there today?
Iraq
What technological advances gave them a distinctive advantage in battle?
Iron tools/weapons
15.) What advantages did iron weapons have over those made of copper or bronze?
Iron was harder and cheaper
How did the Akkadians attempt to prevent this collapse?
Irrigated the landscape and a 100 mile long wall
12.) In addition to his code of laws, what other steps were taken by Hammurabi to bring order and prosperity to his empire?
Irrigation and repair temples.
What was he named?
Isaac
Examples?
Isaiah and Jeremiah
What is the name of the Aegean island which developed an early civilization, which would later influence the Freeks, who lived on the mainland of the Balkan Peninsula?
Island of Crete
Identify and describe the "promised land."
Israelites viewed Canaan as their, "promised land."
Where is this legacy still apparent?
It became the basis for legal systems throughout the world, including that of the U.S.
21.) What discovery was made by Donald Johanson in 1974?
Johanson discovered a complete skeleton of an early hominid.
What are the origins of this type of contribution?
Religious festivals.
10.) How did the unity of the Roman Empire affect the growth of Christianity (two ways)?
It eased the work of missionaries, and Christians traveled along Roman roads and across the Mediterranian Sea, which was protected by Roman fleets.
How was the evolution of the Athenian political system like that of many other Greek city-states? What group dominated Athenian government by 700 B.C.?
It evolved from Monarchy to Aristocracy; Noble land owners.
What was the impact of his reforms on the aristocracy?
It further weakened the aristocracy.
Why?
It has access to 3 different continents, Asia, Europe, and Africa.
What were some of the social and political consequences, of the relatively small populations, of the Greek city-states? Define the term citizen (in the context of the Greek city-state). How did these citizens spend much of their non-working time?
It helped citizens share a sense of responsibilities for its triumphs and defeats; Citizen-A native resident to a town or city. Free men spent time outdoors in the marketplace debating issues that affected their lives.
What is the impact of the Ten Commandments on modern Western culture?
It helped shape American laws and peoples ideas about right and wrong.
49. The Akkadians, Babylonians and the Assyrians all adapted Sumerian cuneiform to fit their languages, how did this affect Middle East?
It helped spread Sumerian learning across the Middle East.
8.) What were the origins of the Etruscans?
It is uncertian, some say they migrated from Asia Minour, while another suggest they come from The Alps.
What was its function?
It made laws and controlled the government.
18.) What is the origin and meaning of the expression crossed the Rubicon?
It means to irrevocably commit to a course of action, make a fateful and final decision. Comes from when Caesar crossed the river Rubicon to start a civil war in Rome.
To what does your text attribute this stylistic change?
It reflected the desire of Hellenistic rulers to glorify themselves as godlike.
What purposes did cuneiform serve as it developed?
It served the purpose of economic exchanges, prayers, laws, and business contacts.
Why does your text mention the songs Sumerian women wrote about their husbands?
It shows they learned to write.
Despite this comparison, why might you say Hammurabi's Code was still an improvement?
It stopped personal vengeance.
17.) What do large scale construction projects, like the walls of Jericho, suggest about their social organization?
It suggests a strong leader or government.
What was the purpose of this methodology?
It was a way to help others seek truth and self knowledge.
Why can't you visit it today?
It was destroyed in a fire.
Why can't you visit it today?
It was destroyed in an earthquake.
What is the status of Christianity, within the Roman Empire by A.D. 395?
It was the official religion of the Roman Empire.
12.) What type of government did the Romans establish after Etruscan rule?
Republic
What is probably the single greatest area of Roman legacy?
It's commitment to the rule of law and to justice.
19.) What are some examples of the blending of cultures in Alexandria, which defines the Hellenistic era?
It's markets, which featured Greek marble, Arabian spices, East African Ivory, and more
Which social class grew as a consequence of increased trade and warfare during this period?
Merchan
What is the derivation of this word?
Meso means middle, and Pot means water. Both Greek. In between water.
What force held them in check?
Its legions on the frontiers
What items of trade were exchanged?
Ivory, cattle, slaves
14.) Again, according to Genesis, what was the name of the son of Isaac (blessed by God and given the name Israel)?
Jacob
What are the origins of the twelve tribes of Israel?
Jacob had 12 sons, and his 12 sons formed 12 different tribes.
Who would later solve the riddle of hieroglyphic translation?
Jean Champol
According to the Gospels, where did Jesus travel for Passover?
Jerusalem.
19.) What other practices and beliefs, encouraged by Jesus, become a part of the Judeo-Christian heritage?
Jesus also emphasized the importance of forgiveness.
17.) In what ways were the teachings of Jesus firmly rooted in Jewish tradition?
Jesus believed in one God and accepted the 10 commandments. He preached obedience to the laws of Moses and defended the teachings of the Jewish prophets
What other people had a similar experience?
Mesopotamia
2.) What Roman era ended with the rise of Augustus Caesar (Octavian)?
Republic
15.) Which of Jacob's sons was the famous dream interpreter for an Egyptian Pharaoh?
Joseph
What faith did he practice?
Judaism
What is the name of this religion?
Judaism
Where did this effort take place at first?
Judea
What role did humans play in this theology?
Judged by actions
10.) "Let justice be done, though the heavens may fall." What is the meaning of this Roman saying?
Justice must be realized regardless of consequences.
How did the Assyrians seek to maintain their empire?
Kept growing and strong rules.
What title did Octavian avoid?
King
11.) What breakthrough was made by some nomadic peoples, around 12,000 years ago?
Learned how to farm and domesticate people.
In what city did Minoan kings build their palaces?
Knossos
1.) According to most scholars, how did humans come to the Western Hemisphere?
Land ice bridge between Asian and North America
22.) Identify and describe Ziggurats.
Large pyramid-temples that soared towards the heavens.
When did they have a son?
Late in life
What happened to the two systems as Rome extended citizenship across the empire?
Later, when Rome extended citizenship across the empire, the two systems merged.
What was the name of this tribal group?
Latins
24.) From the earliest of times, what concept was central to the culture of Israel?
Law
This concept is reflected in the Torah also being referred to as the Book of _____?
Law
What was probably the most lasting achievement of this king?
Law of Hammurabi Code.
13.) Identify and describe the Cursus Honorum.
Law that formalized the career path of Roman Officials.
5.) Identify and describe the Code of Hammurabi (review chart as well as text).
Laws that have 282 laws on a stone that rose 7 feet tall 2 feet wide with 4000 lines.
Although Minoan civilization was destroyed, how was its legacy to Western Civilization preserved?
Legend and influence
How is Galen an example of Roman scientific work?
Like Galen, they collected knowledge into encyclopedias.
What are some of the cited similarities to the Greek pantheon?
Like the Greek god Zeus, the Roman god Jupiter ruled over the sky and the other gods. According to Roman myths, his wife Juno, like the Greek goddess Hera, protects marriage. Romans also prayed to Neptune, the god of the sea, whose powers were the same as Posiedon. On the battlefield, they turned to Mars, the Roman god of war.
What did he hope to achieve with this great work?
Linked Home's work about telling Argus escaped from the Trojan. War and formed Rome.
From whom did they learn written language?
Lions Gate
How were these gains made?
Little by little, Plebians forced the Senate to choose Plebians as consuls, appoint them to high offices, and finally to admit them to the Senate.
What two women are cited by your text as being examples of women who had visible roles and public life and exercised significant political interest?
Livia and Aggripina the younger.
16.) Identify and describe Jericho.
Located in the Jordan River valley, small and a few thousand people lived there.
50.) What happened to the skills required to read and write hieroglyphics, after the decline of the New Kingdom?
Lost the skills
Identify and describe Lucy.
Lucy is a skeleton of a early hominid, that was 4 feet tall and lived about 3 million years ago in Ethiopia.
What was the name of his school?
Lyceum
The ancient Greeks absorbed many ideas and beliefs from what older civilizations?
Mesopotamia and Egypt
21.) What purposes would have been served by the broad avenues, in Sumerian cities like Ur or Uruk?
Religious processions or victory parades.
Identify and describe Macron.
Macron is a well-known artist in Athens.
52.) What common trait did Egyptian doctors share with other physicians of the ancient world?
Magic
Define satire
Make fun of
What is the first word of this epic poem Odyssey?
Man
16.) Why might women or other lower status groups have found Christianity attractive (Galatians 3:28)?
Many women welcomed Christianity's promise that in the Christian faith.
1.) What type of sculptures are visible in the "Altar of Augustan Peace," from the photo inside a museum in Rome today?
Marble
20.) When, where and why was Julius Caesar assassinated?
March 15, 44 BC, The Senate building, to save the Republic.
Which Roman emperor adopted this philosophy?
Marcus Aurelius
Who did he defeat to gain this position?
Mark Antony and his ally, Queen Cleopatra of Egypt.
What new alliance sought to avenge his death?
Mark Antony, Caesar's chief general, and Octavian
How did Rameses solidify this peace?
Married a Hittite
7.) Who was the Roman god of war and protector of Rome?
Mars
16.) What is the name of the Israelite, who will renew God's covenant with his people?
Moses
What are the general terms of the renewed covenant?
Moses tells the Israelites that in return for their faithful obedience to God, God will lead them out of bondage in Egypt and into the promised land.
17.) How does the Assyrian Empire compare to that of earlier empires in terms of size, power and wealth?
Much larger and frightened enemies more.
12.) What is the meaning of the word Rabbi?
My Master
In addition to these possible natural disasters, what other factor contributed to the fall of Minoan civilization?
Myceneaens
What Indo-European tribe migrated into the Balkan Peninsula around 2000 B.C.?
Myceneaens
Who are the first Greek speaking peoples in recorded history?
Myceneaens
Review the text image of the Catacombs of Callixtus, outside of Rome. Who is buried their?
Martyrs and many other Christians.
What general areas, of Egyptian advancement in knowledge, are documented through this record?
Medicine, astronomy, and math
What were the other text cited actions and activities that defined Christian faith?
Members of the community were considered equals, and they addressed eachother as brother or sister. Early Christians gathered on Sunday for a ceremony of thanksgiving that included elements of Jewish traditions and Christian beliefs. They celbrated the sacred rite of the Eucharist, in which they consumed bread and wine, taken in memory of Jesus, whose last supper is described in the Gospels.
Where did he establish his capital?
Memphis
In general, what was the division of labor for these groups?
Men hunted and fished while the women and children gathered berries.
9.) Which structure was better for plebeians?
Republic
Where?
Mesopotamia in the Fertile Crescent
What are the definitions and derivations of the words Messiah and Christ?
Messiah and Christ both mean "anointed one." Messiah-comes from the Hebrew word Messiah, meaning "anointed." Christ-comes from the Greek word "cristos," meaning "anointed."
What are some specific examples of knowledge gained by the Minoans, through contact with Egypt and the Middle East?
Metal working and artistic working
Where have we found the earliest evidence of this development?
Middle East
What is the name given to new era of Pharaohs, which once again united Egypt, under their rule?
Middle kingdom
Identify and describe the Legions.
Military unit that contained about 500 men.
Identify and describe Minerva.
Minerva is the Roman goddess of wisdom.
What is the alternate term for this civilization?
Minoan Civilization
From whom did they learn written language?
Minoans
Who does the story teller call on to help him remember the tale?
Mnemosyne (Goddess of Memory)
What modern discipline traces its roots to these ancient Greek explorations?
Modern Science
27.) Identify and describe Neanderthal.
Modern humans that lived in Europe and western Asia.
Review the Forms of Government Chart and the evolution of Athenian democracy. What are the respective derivations for each of these terms?
Monarchy means "absolute rule". Oligarchy means "government by the few". Aristocracy means "best of its kind".
What is the derivation of this word?
Mono means one, and archy means rule. Rule of One. Greek.
What types of law are discussed in the Torah?
Moral Principals, criminal law, and everyday matters.
29.) Define the term ethics.
Moral standards of behaviour
What are the general areas of impact?
Morality, ethics, and comduct over many centuries.
By this time what were the Romans calling the Mediterranean Sea?
More Nostrum, or "Our sea".
14.) How were Roman sculptures of Augustus more reflective of pre-Hellenistic art?
More idealistic
Define the term straits.
Narrow water passage.
Speculate as to their fate.
Natural disaster, plague, or warfare.
15.) According to the Gospels: Where did Jesus grow up?
Nazareth
How long did this view persist?
Nearly 1,500 Years.
24.) Who built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
Nebuchadnezzar
Identify and describe the Babylonian Captivity.
Nebuchadnezzar forced the defeated Jewish people into exile in Babylon for 50 years
22.) What happened to the Assyrian Empire in 612 B.C., shortly after the death of Assurbanipal?
Neighborhood people joined forces to crush them.
22.) What calamities fell upon the Kingdom of Judah in 586 B.C.?
Neo-Babylonians
What is the derivation of Neolithic?
Neo=New, lithos=Stone
As new dynasties of Pharaohs forced the Hyksos out, what new period of ancient Egyptian history began?
New Kingdom
2.) Identify and describe the Neolithic periods.
New Stone Age from 12,000-5,000 years ago.
13.) Although it seems contradictory, how did the many conflicts and conquests, of the ancient middle east, promote the advancement of civilization?
New skills to a region
What was the larger consequence of this Roman defeat?
New waves of invaders were soon hammering at Rome's borders, especially in the West.
What happened to Sumerian culture?
Newcomers built on Sumerian learning and advances in many fields.
What is the Sumerian legacy?
Newcomers spread the Sumerian legacy across the middle east. All of Sumer's culture.
48.) How is what happened to the Sumerian goddess Inanna, indicative of what happened to the Sumerian religion and their culture as a whole, as new peoples took control of the region?
Newcomers to the region adopted many ideas and innovation from the Sumerians. The myths and gods of the newcomers became mingled with those of Sumer. In the process, names changed. Inanna became Ishtar.
Place this this river valley on a map.
Nile Valley ion Eastern Egypt
21.) Why does your text state the Middle Kingdom was a more turbulent period?
Nile did not rise as regularly
Did the Minoans adopt this earlier writing?
No
Was this the complete end of Rome? Explain.
No, the Roman empire in the east would flourish for centuries to come.
29.) What was the African Kingdom to the south of Egypt?
Nubia
8.) Define the term artifact.
Objects made by humans.
22.) Who will finally emerge as the sole ruler of Rome?
Octavian
10.) Define criminal law.
Offense against other robbery, assault, and murder.
How did the need to produce superior Spartan soldiers affect even newborn infants? What was the term for this practice? When did Spartan military training begin? Describe this training. If you were a Spartan man what was your life like at age 20? 30?
Officials examined every newborn, if they were sick, they were abandoned to die. This is called Agoge. 7 years old Moved into barrack, where they were toughened by a course diet, hard exercise, and rigid discipline. At 20, a man could marry. At 30, a man could live away and enter the assembly.
Examples?
Old Roman cities crumbled, and Roman roads disappeared.
What happened after his death?
Old gods restored to power
11.) What are the three main periods of ancient Egyptian history?
Old kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New kingdom
Where was it located?
On the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates river in present-day Iraq.
This site is located in what modern nation?
On the site of Israel, on the eastern coast of the mediterranian sea.
With what consequences?
Once rival commanders had their own armies, they could march into Rome to advance their ambitions. Power struggles among ambitious generals would help weaken the Republic and lead to its overthrow.
According to your text, what is the only type of ancient Greek painting which still survives today?
Pottery.
20.) What factors contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom?
Power struggles, crop failures, cost of building
What is the derivation of this word?
Pr-o' = Great House
What is the derivation of Paleolithic?
Paleo=old, Lithos=stone
How does this relate to Phoenician trade?
Papyrus
64.) What conquering "Greek" will set up a great center of learning in Alexandria, Egypt?
Papyrus writting
What are some of the possible motivations for these works?
Religious rituals for the upcoming hunt.
What are the roots of the Trojan War in legend?
Paris kidnaps Helens wife
44.) Although there were clear distinctions between the occupations of men and women, what were some of the outside of the home jobs performed by Egyptian women?
Perfume, textile, farming, doctors, priests
What were these limitations?
Only citizens could participate in government, which was voting to choose officials and pass laws or holding office, and citizenship was restricted to landowning men over 30 years of age.
What groups became discontented under the rule of the Athenian aristocracy? What were the specific issues of their discontent?
Ordinary people; Their service entitled them to more rights.
4.) What are some of the other basic features common to all of these early civilizations?
Organized governments, complex religions, job specialization, and social classes.
33.) What gods did most Egyptians feel the closest to?
Osiris(dead) and Isis(motherhood)
How did it expand?
Others traveled to the communities of the Jewish diaspara, including Rome.
What specific reforms or changes did he make?
Outlawed debt slavery
How long did this disunity last?
Over a century
When did the decline of Rome begin? Explain.
Over a slow period of decay.
How did these conflicts affect the Sumerian political landscape?
Over time, these war leaders became herediatary rulers.
What are the two cited code provisions giving some protection to women?
Own property and pass it down when he leves it to her.
What evidence suggests this change?
Paintings, Statues, and legal codes.
22.) What happens to Roman architectural achievements, such as concrete, arches and domes, over time?
Passed onto other cultures.
25.) What term is used to describe the male dominance and moral authority, common to the Israelites and the other peoples of this region and time?
Patriarchal
What group will not accept these claims?
Patriarchs in the eastern Roman empire.
6.) What types of activities, especially by patrician women, suggest a significant public life for women, in the later centuries of Rome?
Patrician women went to the public baths, dined out, and attended the theatre or other forms of public entertainment with their husbands.
Therefore, what social class were they from?
Patricians
What group initially controlled this government body and therefore the Republic?
Patricians
3.) Who is perhaps most responsible for the growth of Christianity, beyond the confines of the Jewish community?
Paul
6.) What concepts did Paul emphasize and teach?
Paul emphasized that Jesus had sacrificed his life to atone, or make amends, for the sins of humankind. Paul taught that those who believed Jesus was the son of God and complied with his teachings would achieve salvation, or eternal life.
According to Paul's own writings, what accounts for the dramatic change, in his attitude towards Christianity?
Paul had a vison in which Jesus spoke to him.
Why is it ironic that this person should have played such a key role in the expansion of Christianity?
Paul had never met Jesus. In fact, he was among those who persecuted Christians.
What specific actions did he undertake, on behalf of his new found faith?
Paul journeyed around the Mediterranian and set up churches in Asia Minour in Greece. In long letters to these Christian communities, Paul explained christian teachings. He answered questions from believers and judged disputes.
5.) What is the legacy of Paul?
Paul's missionary work set Christianity on the road to becoming a world religion.
What is the term for this period?
Pax Romana
18.) Define the term tribute, in the context of conquered peoples.
Payment from conquered people.
41.) What groups made up the bulk of the Egyptian population?
Peasant farmer
How does this word relate to the first part of this question?
People assimilated his ideas.
Explain how this assimilation was a two way process.
People assimilated your ideas as you assimilated theirs.
5.) How did Roman expansion affect Roman religious traditions?
People came into contact with different religious traditions, including those in Egypt and the Fertile Crescent.
What did he believe to be the consequences of rational (logical) thought?
People could discover unchanging ethical values, recognize perfect beauty, and learn how to best organize a society.
Why do you think he was really put on trial?
People were jealous
17.) Define clergy.
People who conduct worship services
Identify and describe the term tyrant.
People who gained power by force.
28.) Define the term Prophet.
People who interprets god's will.
8.) Define the term martyr.
People who suffered or died for their beliefs.
Besides the obvious, what other purpose was served by the Roman public baths?
People would hear the latest news and gossip.
What was the size and status of the Persian Empire, at the time of Alexander's conquests?
Persia was no longer the great power it had once been.
Where do they end?
Persian Gulf.
What was the extent of his new Babylonian Empire?
Persian golf to Mediterranean Sea
Who led this new conquering army
Persian kinds Cyrus the great
Identify and describe the phalanx. What were the social and political consequences of the Greeks adopting the phalanx?
Phalanx-A way to fight; It led to a massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers.
Why is Ancient Egypt considered a theocracy?
Pharaoh was a religious ruler
40.) Identify and describe the social, political and economic hierarchy of ancient Egypt using the pyramid model.
Pharaoh, government officials, merchant, scribes, artisans, peasant farmers.
39.) Identify and describe Akhenaton and Nefertiti.
Pharaohs who changed gods
3.) What was Philip's experience with the Greeks (more to the story than your text states)?
Philip II had lived in Thebes. He was a slave there as well.
Who helped to put Alexander on his father's throne?
Philip's queen, Olympius.
What were the origins of this older power and what was the extent of its Mediterranean empire?
Phoenician traders and Carthage ruled over a vast trading empire that stretched across North Africa and the Western Mediterranean, including parts of Spain.
Trace the development of our alphabet.
Phoenician-Greek-Latin_ Modern English Capitals
Define mosaics.
Picture made of chips of colored stone or glass.
32.) Define theocracy.
Religious rule
49.) Identify and describe papyrus.
Plant used to make paper like writing material
Identify and describe Greek tragedies.
Plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster.
What were the distinguishing characteristics of a Greek drama performance?
Plays were performed in large outdoor theatres with little or no set. Actors wore elaborate costumes and stylized masks.
What were some of the topics addressed by Greek playwrights?
Playwrights discussed moral and social issues or explored the relationship between people and the gods.
23.) Identify and describe Tribunes.
Plebain-elected officials.
What issue shaped much of the political debate of the early Republic?
Plebian demands for power.
Identify and describe the polis and acropolis. What are the respective derivations of these words?
Polis-A city state in Ancient Greece, typically built on two levels. Acropolis-Highest and most fortified part of a Greek City-State, that has Great Marble temples. The lower city had a marketplace, theatre, public buildings, and homes; Acropolis means "high city", and polis means "city"; Greek.
14.) After ruling the Mediterranean world for hundreds of years, what threats did the Roman Empire face?
Political and economic problems, along with foriegn invasions.
2.) What factor contributed to the rise of new schools of philosophy? Which one was the most influential? Who was the founder of this school of thought?
Political turmoil during the Hellenistic age. Stoicism Zeno
14.) Identify and describe city-states.
Political units that include the city and its surrounding land and villages.
34.) How were Sumerian religious beliefs similar to that of most ancient peoples?
Polytheistic
In what ways was Minoan religion similar to that of other early cultures?
Polytheistic
16.) What Roman city provides some of the best preserved examples of Roman art?
Pompeii
2.) What is the name of the famous Roman aqueduct in France, pictured here and in your text?
Pont du Gard
Who ordered his execution?
Pontius Pilate
What title will they adopt?
Pope
What was the basis for many Greek dramas?
Popular myths and legends.
What new artistic ground was broken by the Romans?
Portraits on stone or coin to reveal their character.
Examples?
Pottery showing woman weaving.
3.) Identify and describe the Praetorian Guard.
Praetorian Guards were skilled and loyal bodyguards who protected generals during the time of the late Republic. Later, they became an elite bodyguard for Roman emperors.
What items did they import and from where?
Precious stones, copper, ivory, gold, silver, and tine from Egypt and the Middle East
6.) What is the term for the long period of time before the development of written language?
Prehistory
What was the extent of this empire (whom did it include)?
Present day Lebanon to Turks Mountains.
36.) Identify and describe mummification.
Preserving of dead bodies embalming
53.) What practical use was made of the observations of Sumerian astronomers?
Priests studied the skies, recording the movement of the planets, stars, and moon. This knowledge enabled them to make accurate calenders, which are essential to a farming society. Building on the learning of the Sumerians, later Mesopotamian astronomers developed ever-more accurate calenders and learned to predict eclipses of the sun and moon.
53.) What was the driving force behind many of the Egyptian advances in mathematics?
Problems faced size of block roads
How did he promote religious unity?
Promoted Marduk the patron god
What other actions were taken to ensure a comfortable afterlife for the Pharaoh?
Provided him with everything and preserved their body
4.) What is the term for the wars fought between Rome and Carthage?
Punic Wars.
15.) What is the alternate term for the Old Kingdom period?
Pyramid age
6.) Identify and describe Pythagoras. In addition to his mathematical achievements how did he affect the development of philosophical thought?
Pythagoras derived a formula to calculate the sides of a right triangle. His interest in the principles of mathematics, the relations between numbers, and the idea of a proof influenced Plato, Aristotle, and later westen thought.
What was the great controversy that defines the rule of this Pharaoh?
Radical Ideas
59.) Which Pharaoh had the great temple of Karnack built?
Ramses II
What did Aristotle believe should be the guiding principle in all learning?
Reasoning
30.) How did the Nubians justify their conquest of Egypt, in 750 B.C.?
Regain independence
What other subjects might the most talented scribes have studied?
Religion, Math, and Literature.
Identify and describe mystery religions.
Religions that emphasized secret rituals.
In what types of activities was their participation considered essential?
Religious ceremonies and processions.
What is the derivation of this word?
Republic comes from the latin word "Res publica" of "that which belongs to the people".
28.) Why is it said that in general, Persian emperors were tolerant with their conquered peoples?
Respected customs and traditions
Why is the study of history important, according to Livy?
Restores traditional Roman Virtues
What subject did those who planned on political careers study?
Rhetoric.
24.) What were the sources of conflict between Sumerian city-states?
Rival cities often battled for control of land and water.
11.) How did the Romans respond to the Jewish revolt of A.D. 66 and later in A.D. 70?
Roman armies leveled Jerusalem. Thousands of Jews were killed in the fighting, and many others were enslaved and transported to various parts of the empire.
15.) The discipline of the Roman Legions was key to their success. What steps did commanders take to maintain such rigid discipline?
Roman commanders mixed rewards with harsh punishment. Young soldiers who showed courage and action won praise and gifts. If a unit fled from battle, however, one out of every ten men from each the disgraced unit was put to death.
4.) Facing growing economic and political problems within the Empire, how did Rome respond to the increased pressure on its frontiers?
Roman legions pulled back from the Borderlands.
What are some examples of Roman engineering excellence?
Roman roads were so solidly built that many remained in use long after Rome fell.
What are the cited examples of the extent of Roman prosperity during this period?
Roman rule brought peace, order, and prosperity to their lands.
What later people will copy the architecture of this temple?
Romans
Who invented this principle?
Romans
18.) Compare and contrast Roman and Greek architecture.
Romans created structures Grand and Elegant while the Greeks built structures Simple and Elegant.
Why?
Romans had avoided the title "King" since Etruscan times.
How did the Romans finally force Hannibal off the Italian Peninsula?
Romans outflanked Hannibal by sending an army to attack Carthage.
How does this legend connect Rome's founding with divine intention?
Romans regarded this tale highly, because the twins were said to be sons of Latin Women, and the war god Mars, lending Rome a divine origin.
2.) Who is credited with creating the first known empire?
Sargon
31.) Identify and describe Satraps, Satrapies and the Eyes and Ears of the King.
Satraps are governors, Satrapies are Provence, the special officials are Eyes and Ears of the King.
According to tradition where did the Apostle Peter go?
Rome
12.) In addition to land and other types of physical wealth, what also grew with Roman conquest?
Rome acquired more slaves.
Identify and describe the Third Punic War.
Rome completely destroys Carthage. Survivors were killed or sold into slavery. The Romans poured salt over the earth so nothing would grow there again. Carthage and the region surrounding it became the new Roman province of Africa.
19.) How did Rome seek to protect and unify its conquered territories?
Rome posted soldiers throughout the land. It also built a network of all weather military roads to link distant territories to Rome.
10.) What was the status of Roman imperialism by 133 B.C.?
Rome power extended from Spain to Egypt.
1.) What are the origins of Rome?
Rome rose from a small city-state on the Italian peninsula.
What did Rome gain from its victory in the first Punic War?
Rome won the islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia.
13.) Identify and describe the Circus Maximus.
Rome's Oval-Shaped racetrack, where chariot races were held.
17.) Why was a negotiated surrender to Rome the lesser of two evils?
Rome's armies could be ruthless, killing or enslaving those who resisted. However, if surrender was negotiated, terms could be more favourable.
14.) What nation replaces the Greeks, as the dominant power in the eastern Mediterranean? When?
Rome, 133 BC
6.) According to Roman legend, who were the founders of Rome?
Romulus and Remus.
How did Neolithic people probably domesticate animals they once hunted?
Rounded up in an enclosed space
What other steps did Darius take to unify his empire?
Royal roads and a Mail system.
What were some other topics?
Royal victories
Define the term theocracy.
Rule by a religious elite.
What is perhaps the most important idea gained from the Code of Hammurabi?
Ruler had to ensure justice.
23.) Contrast the homes of Sumerian rulers with that of most Sumerian people.
Rulers lived in magnificent homes with spacious courtyards while most people lived in tiny houses packed in a web of narrow alleys and lanes.
Define dynasty.
Ruling family
38.) What was Phoenician civilization famous for?
Sailors and raiders.
What were the respective subjects of the poets Sappho and Pindar?
Sappho sang of love and the beauty of her island home, while Pindar celebrated the victors in athletic contests.
13.) According to the Book of Genesis, first book of both the Torah and the Christian Old Testament, who was Abraham's wife?
Sarah
What was the name of first King of Israel, who according to tradition united the twelve tribes of Israel?
Saul
48.) What was the one way the child of a poor family might attain wealth?
Scribe
As the city-states grew, so did the responsibilities of their rulers, who did the rulers enlist to assist them?
Scribes
What does your text mean when it says Greek sculptures were both realistic and idealistic (resolve this apparent contradiction).
Sculptures carved Gods, Goddesses, athletes, and famous men in a way that showed human beings in their most perfect, graceful form.
Where does most Cretan writing appear?
Seals or Disks
It was said, even with all that power, Pharaoh was still expected to behave in a moral fashion.
Seen also as a human
26.) What are some of the concepts the framers, of the U.S. Constitution, would adapt from the Roman Republic?
Senate, veto, and a system of checks and balances based on political power.
Who chose them?
Senators
9.) How did Menes and his successors use the Nile or how did the Nile enable Egypt to become one of history's first unified states?
Send officials and armies to towns along rivers.
Contrast the work of the Roman playwrights Seneca and Plautus.
Seneca based then on legends and Myths while Plautus featured song in danced in comedies.
Define bureaucracy.
System of government through departments and subdivisions administered by officials who follow set rules
47.) Identify and describe hieroglyphics.
System of writing in pictures
60.) What aspects of a culture may be revealed through its literature?
Tale of Sihuhe
Why?
Set up the council of 500.
30.) What did Darius establish to help him govern his vast empire?
Setup bureaucracy
What distinction was this structure given?
Seven wonders of the world
What later legal and political systems will be influenced by this Judeo-Christian tradition?
Shared Judeo-Christian beliefs about the just treatment of individuals and equality before the law would later influence Western legal systems as well as the government of many western democracies.
In looking at the image of Sappho, what makes this Greek poet very unusual?
She's a woman.
In what ways are stoic virtues reflected in Christianity?
Show concerned for the well-being of all people.
Who is getting kicked and to where?
Sicily is being kicked towards Africa.
What is the name of the text in which they recorded their beliefs on Jewish law and the Torah?
Talmud
How does this legend relate to the Old Testament?
Similar to how a snake(Satan) told Adam and Eve to eat the apple off the forbidden tree, and they did, which led to us losing our immortality.
Why were most people willing to accept these requirements?
Since most people were polytheistic, they were content to worship the Roman gods alongside their own.
What was the term of office?
Six months.
13.) What factors account for Rome's successful expansion?
Skillful diplomacy and to its loyal, well-trained army.
With what larger consequence?
Slowly, Italy began to unite under Roman rule.
What was the status of the Greek world around 500 B.C.?
Small
What types of business activities did some Roman women manage?
Small shops to majour shipyards.
56.) Identify and describe a Sumerian "cylinder seal."
Small wet stones bearing a carved design. These seals were rolled onto wet clay as a way of "signing" documents with the carved design representing the "name" or an individual or temple.
Why?
So all of Rome's laws were accessible to citizens.
Why did he leave the Senate intact?
So he could create an efficient, well trained civil service to enforce the laws.
Why did Martial use fictitious names in his poetry?
So he would not be killed.
Who was one of the most outspoken critics of sophistry (sophist methodology)?
Socrates
What weapon did he face for the first time, in this new fight?
Soldiers mounted on war elephants.
20.) According to the Old Testament and the Torah who was the son of David?
Solomon
What are the notable endeavors of Solomon?
Solomon constructed the temple of Jerusalem and tried to spread Israel's influence
Identify and describe Solon.
Solon was a wise and trusted leader. He was appointed Archon. He outlawed slavery and freed those who had already been in slavery for debts. He also granted citizenship to some foreigners, and opened high offices to more citizens.
14.) What principles of Roman law are markedly different, than the ideals of our legal system today?
Some Roman principles differed from today's laws. Penalties varied according to social class, and lower-class defendants could be treated more harshly. The idea of equality before the law for all would take centuries to be accepted.
In addition to keeping records, what other tasks were entrusted to Egyptian scribes?
Taxes, gifts, religious ceremony
7.) What is the meaning of the Hebrew word Torah?
Teaching or Guidance
12.) Identify and describe Pharaohs.
The title of rulers in Egypt
What are several areas of specialty studies within the domain of anthropology?
Some special studies are Biology, Archaeology, etc.
Examples?
Some were well-educated Greeks or other highly skilled people. Romans brought enslaved Greeks into their home as teachers for their children. Unskilled slaves, however, faced brutally harsh lives.
4.) Define the term nomadic.
Someone who moves place to place for food.
What are some specific examples?
Sometimes to defend Roman interests, sometimes simply for plunder, Rome launched a series of wars in the area. One by one, Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia Minour surrendered and became Roman provinces. Other regions, such as Egypt, allied with Rome.
What was the focus of the sophists?
Sophists questioned accepted ideas.
Who is the author?
Sophocles
What Greek playwrights prominently featured women and their families in their tragedies and comedies?
Sophocles and Aristophanes
Why was this process thought to be necessary?
Soul use life after death
6.) What Greek city-state is not surprisingly absent from your text's discussion of Philip's conquest, of the Greeks (ask me about the word... "if" and 300 suits of Persian armor)?
Sparta
56.) What types of art did the ancient Egyptians create?
Statues, wall paintings, carvings in temples
What factors affected the punishment of a criminal?
Status of victim and offender
3.) What were the core beliefs of stoicism? What was the origin of the name for this philosophy? What other thought or belief systems did stoicism influence?
Stoics preached high moral standards, such as the idea of protecting the rights of fellow humans. They taught that all people, including women and slaves, though unequal in society, were morally equal, because all had the power of reason. The ideas that Zeno taught at the Stoa, or Colonnade, in the marketplace became the basis for Stoicism. Stoicism later influenced many Roman and Christian thinkers.
What happened to most of the riches entombed with these Pharaohs?
Stolen by robbers
55.) At what types of art did the Sumerians excel?
Stone carving, statues, and jewelry,
51.) Identify and describe the Rosetta Stone?
Stone monument that includes the same passage converted in Hieroglyphics, Greek, and demonic
45.) In what ways did the ancient Egyptians leave a "vast" record of their achievements?
Stone temple with written records
What materials were used to make these tools?
Stone, bone, and wood
Besides philosophy, what was his other job?
Stonemason
Mycenaean civilization will fall but how was its legacy preserved?
Stories and Traditions
9.) Identify and describe the Straits of the Dardanelles.
Straits separating Europe and Asia Minour.
What factors promoted this expansion?
Strong leadership by Pharaohs
What are the subjects of the earliest Egyptian literature?
Strong people
Answer the same question for the Greeks?
Strong rulers developed irrigation networks that helped farmers produce food surpluses.
How did geography shape the early river valley civilizations in terms of government and their economies?
Strong rulers developed irrigation networks that helped farmers produce food surpluses.
How did geography shape the early river valley civilizations in terms of government and their economies? Answer the same question for the Greeks?
Strong rulers developed irrigation networks that helped farmers produce food surpluses.
Identify and describe the Odyssey.
Struggles of the Greek hero Odense who returns to his wife.
Why were many young Athenians attracted to the sophist perspective, following the turmoil of the Peloponnesian war?
Success was more important than moral truth.
2.) What was, arguably the first civilization?
Sumer
50.) What elements of Sumerian culture reappeared in other later civilizations?
Sumer's patriarchal family structure, agricultural-based economies, government structures, and the beginning of trade base influenced later empires and the rise of classical civilizations, such as Greece and Rome.
What was the first civilization in this region and arguably in the world?
Sumer.
What were the origins of this code?
Sumerian Times
43.) How would you describe the life and work of a scribe in-training?
Sumerian scribes had to go through years of schooling to acquire their skills.
41.) Who invented the first writing?
Sumerians
What other meteorological hardships did the people of this region face?
Summer droughts and hot winds.
Why did the Egyptians bury their dead with many of their possessions?
Survive the dangerous journey
24.) What was the extent of the Egyptian Empire created during the New Kingdom?
Syria near the Euphrates
What was at the center of the city?
Temple honed Marduk ziggurats
11.) Who provided the leadership discussed in the question above?
Temple priests and later royal officials.
What was the Ptolemaic model of our solar system?
That earth was the centre of the universe.
The fact that each scene depicted on Greek pottery is designed to its shape, is a reflection of what larger principle?
That everyone is equal.
What architectural principle enables such a magnificent structure?
The 3 tiers of arches
What was the name of his school, which he established upon his return to Athens?
The Academy.
What is the name of the mountain range that runs the length of the Italian peninsula, like a spine?
The Apennine Mountains.
17.) What was the lasting impact of the Athenian experiment in democracy?
The Athenian experiment in direct democracy by citizen participation thus had a deep and far-reaching impact on modern politics and government.
Describe the physical geography of the Balkan Peninsula and the islands of the Aegean.
The Balkan Peninsula extends southwards into the Mediterranean Sea. Mountains divide the peninsula into isolated valleys. Hundreds of Rocky Mountains spread towards the horizon
2.) Who was typically the head of a Roman household?
The male.
Where is Rome on this peninsula?
The Centre of it.
11.) Explain this statement offered by a Roman Christian, "The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church?"
The Christian Church grew from the people who died for it.
What is the status of the Church by this time?
The Christian church emerged as a well-organized, powerful force in the Roman world.
34.) What is the term for the 500 year period, following the Babylonian Captivity, where Jews left Judea and moved to different parts of the world?
The Diaspara
12.) What action ended the Roman persecution of Christians?
The Edict of Milan
2.) Identify and describe the Neolithic Revolution.
The Neolithic Revolution was a way of life where people herded and farmed instead of hunted and gathered.
What are the consequences of this revolution?
The Neolithic people settled in permanent villages.
8.) What Hellenistic text will become the basis for modern geometry? Who was the author?
The Elements. Euclid.
4.) Identify and describe the Epicureans and the Cynic schools of philosophical thought.
The Epicureans believed that you should eat, drink, and be merry, because there is no garuantee that you will be alive for tomorrow. The Cynics believed that the pursuit of truth was the most important thing.
What was the extent of Etruscan rule?
The Etruscans ruled much of Central Italy, including Rome.
19.) Where were the twelve tables posted?
The Forum.
Again according to the Gospels, who was he and what was his purpose?
The Gospels say an angel told Jesus' mother, Mary, that she would give birth to the messiah. "He will be great," said the angel, "and will be called the son of the most high God."
Where were these other peoples located on the Italian Peninsula?
The Greek Colonists City-States dotted Southern Italy, and the Etruscans lived mostly North of Rome.
7.) Identify and describe Galen and his achievements.
The Greek doctor Galen advanced the frontiers of medical science by insisting on experiments to prove a conclusion. Galen compiled a medical encyclopedia summarizing what was known in the field at the time. It remained a standard text for more than 1,000 years.
How were the Greeks like the Phoenicians?
The Greeks and Phoenicians became skilled sailors;
After Rome establishes control of the Western Mediterranean, following its defeat of Carthage, with whom will it begin to contest, for control of the Eastern Mediterranean?
The Hellenistic rulers who had divided up the empire of Alexander the Great.
What is the name of his greatest work?
The History of Rome
6.) What are some examples of the state of medical care in Rome?
The army had medical officers, physicians, provided healthcare for the poor, and hospitals were built.
Identify and describe the tribe which migrated out of Central Asia, pushing into Eastern Europe by 370 A.D.
The Huns are nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia toward Eastern Europe, which they reached by 370 AD.
18.) Identify and describe Mary and Louis Leaky and Olduvai Gorge.
The Leakys were 2 anthropologists. Olduvai gorge is a gorge that has bottom layers aged 1.7-2.1 million years old.
How was the relationship between the Greek civilization, on the Balkan Peninsula and the Mediterranean/Aegean Seas, like that of the Nile and Egypt?
The Mediterranian and Aegean Sea were as important to the Greeks as the Nile was to Egypt & it was central to their environment
What is the most famous example of this architecture?
The Parthenon
What is considered the first great narrative history?
The Persian Wars
20.) Identify and describe the Pharos.
The Pharos was a very large lighthouse in Alexandria, standing 440 feet in the air.
What is the name of the book, in which Plato describes his vision of the ideal state?
The Republic
What will emerge from the "rubble" of a Republic crushed by internal division?
The Roman Empire and a new chapter in Rome's long history.
10.) How was the Roman calendar reflective of Roman religious beliefs?
The Roman calender was full of feasts and other celebrations to honour the gods and goddesses and to ensure divine favour for the city.
What was the status of Rome in the West, by this time?
The Roman empire had already lost many of its territories, and Roman power in the West had ended.
1.) How would you describe the cultural relationship between the Greeks and Romans, in the context of science and technology?
The Romans generally left scientific research to the Greeks, who were citizens of the Roman Empire.
What religious accommodations did the Romans make for the Jews?
The Romans tolerated the religion of the Jews and even excused Jews, who were monotheistic, from worshipping Roman gods.
14.) In the early Roman Republic, what was the most powerful government body?
The Senate
54.) In addition to the inventions cited above, what other technological advancements were made by the Sumerians?
The Sumerians built the earliest known wheeled carts and wagons. They then developed the potter's wheel, which is used to shape wet clay into bowls and other kinds of pottery. They used bronze to make tools and weapons and developed looms to weave cloth. Equally important was the technology and engineering skills they invented to build irrigation systems and flood control projects.
Where, on the Italian Peninsula did they settle?
The Tiber River
What endeavor will become the focus of the Jewish Rabbis, leading to a form of Judaism still practiced today?
The Torah, prayer, and acts of kindness.
13.) Identify and describe archeology.
The study of past people and cultures through their material remains.
What specific advances, in recent decades, in biology have been of great help to anthropologists and archeologists? Explain.
The advancements in genetics, have provided new evidence about early people, such as their migration across earth.
20.) What claim will eventually be made by the Bishops in Rome?
The apostle Peter had made Rome the centre of the Christian church.
3.) Define engineering.
The application of Science and Mathematics to develop structures and machines.
30.) What group was at the base of Sumerian society?
The base of the society was slaves.
10.) What was Alexander's first victory against the Persians?
The battle at the Granicus River.
6.) Define monotheism.
The belief in only one god.
8.) Define animism.
The belief that spirits and forces of life within animals, objects, or dreams
21.) Identify and describe St. Augustine.
The bishop of Hippo in North Africa. He combined christian doctrine with the philosophy of Plato.
What was their justification?
The bishop of Rome said this.
19.) Identify and describe Patriarchs.
The bishops of the most important cities, who gained greater authority and were called patriarchs.
16.) What cultural action did Alexander encourage?
The blending on eastern and western cultures
6.) Identify and describe two of the most popular mystery religions, from the Roman era?
The cult of Isis, which originated in Egypt and offered women equal status with men. Roman soldiers favoured the cult of the Persian god Mithras, who championed good over evil and offered life after death.
24.) Identify and describe homo erectus.
The third group of hominids, that also came about 2 million years ago.
57.) How does the rich cultural legacy of this first civilization become a part of Western Civilization?
The conquerers preserved and furthered Sumerian knowledge and achievements. This was passed to the Greeks and Romans eventually.
What is the term for this period?
The crisis of the 3rd century.
7.) What is the term often used to describe the Fertile Crescent?
The crossroads of the world.
With what consequence?
The death of an emperor led to intrigue and violence.
Overtime what became of this new cultural artifact?
The developement of Judaism
What is the relationship between these artifacts and both Judaism and Christianity?
The documents shed light on the way the Bible and Torah was transmitted to us and have illuminated the religious backgrounds of both Judaism and Christianity.
How were they described, at their peak?
The dominant power in the Mediterranian world.
9.) Why do historians mark 476 A.D. as "The Fall of Rome?"
The emperor was ousted in Rome.
What is the underlying problem from which "Bread and Circuses" were meant to distract attention?
The emperors would face problems that couldn't be distracted by "Bread and Circuses".
What are the origins of Greek literature?
The epic poems of Homer.
1.) What was the basic unit of Roman society?
The family.
What is arguably, the most important Greek contribution to literature?
The field of drama.
What is the content of the Torah scroll?
The first 5 books of the Old Testament
Identify and describe the term Gospels.
The first four books of the New Testament in the Christian bible.
22.) What is the general term applied to the earliest group of hominids?
The first group was hominids austrolopithecines.
What does this year traditionally mark?
The founding of the Roman state.
How were Sumerian religious beliefs similar to that of most ancient peoples?
The gods controlled every aspect of their life.
How were Greek historians influenced by Greek philosophy?
The greeks also applied observation, reason, and logic to the study of history.
Identify and describe, in detail, the social/political /economic structure of the Sumerian city-states using the pyramid model.
The highest class included the ruling family, leading officials, and high priests. The middle class included scribes, artistians, merchants, and priests. The bottom included peasant farmers and slaves, where the majority of the people was.
18.) What groups, in conquered territories, were often given full Roman citizenship?
The highly prized
8.) What is the basic story that is told by the Torah?
The history of the Ancient Israelites and their continuing relationship with God.
Define the term Sabbath.
The holy day of rest(Saturday for Jews).
13.) What other principles of Western law are sometimes attributed to Rome?
The idea of trial by jury is sometimes traced to Roman law practices.
Describe the ideal for Roman woman.
The ideal Roman women was loving, dutiful, dignified, and strong.
What is the term for this heritage?
The judeo-christian heritiage
Who owned most of the land, upon which this base lived and farmed?
The king of the temples owned the slaves.
With what ultimate consequence?
The kingdom split into two: Israel in the north, and Judea in the south.
How did changes in military strategy and technology increase the power of the new Greek middle class (merchants, farmers and artisans)?
The material they used, Iron, was cheaper, allowing people to get Iron helmets, shields, and swords.
What groups supported them?
The merchant class and the poor
For whom was the great Ziggurat of Ur built?
The moon god, Nanna.
Identify and describe the most important Sumerian religious ceremony.
The most important religious ceremony occured on the new year, when the king sought and won the favour of Inanna, the live-giving goddess of love(basically a sex goddess). The king then took place in a symbolic wedding to Inanna.
Describe this structure and its contents.
The museum contained a laboratory, lecture halls, a zoo, and a Library.
How did Rome survive such incompetence and insanity?
The next rulers were better, and the bad ones were only for a short period of time.
16.) How did the Legions change during this century of conflict?
The old legions of Roman citizen soldiers become professional armies whose first loyalty was to their commanders.
2.) Identify and describe the Paleolithic period.
The old storage from between 2 million to 12,000 years ago
15.) What was the "new" pattern of Roman politics, following the Pax Romana?
The succesful general would rule for a few years, then was overthrown or assassinated by a rival, who then replaced him.
What other factor made the Balkan Peninsula and the Aegean islands perfect for sea based trade?
The other factor was hundreds of bays. Greek coastline offered safe harbours for ships.
40.) Describe the Sumerian afterlife.
The person descends into a grim underworld, where there is no release.
8.) What social groups, of lesser power, received some measure of protection under Hammurabi's Code?
The powerless, women, and slaves.
What was the main common feature of these first civilizations?
The rise of cities.
27.) What religious duties did Sumerian leaders fulfill?
The ruler was seen as the chief servant of the gods, and led ceremonies to meet them.
26.) What were the responsibilities of these early rulers?
The rulers were responsible for maintaining city, walls, irrigation systems, leading the army in war, and enforcing laws. The ruler also had religious duties.
Although many of the Greek city-states were somewhat isolated in their mountain valleys or islands, what provided a vital link, to each other and the outside world?
The seas provided a vital link
23.) Identify and describe homo habilus.
The second group of hominids that emerged 2 million years ago.
What are the political and social consequences of this geography?
The separation lead to multiple divided city states.
19.) Define technology.
The skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs and wants.
32.) In what areas do the religious beliefs of the ancient Israelites impact Western Culture?
The spiritual ideas.
16.) How were the Legions compensated for their service?
The spoils of war
What is one of the more important lasting effects of Rome?
The spread of important aspects of the civilizations of Greece, Egypt, and the Fertile Crescent into Europe.
10.) Identify and describe anthropology.
The study of humans, past and present.
How did these conflicts affect Rome at home and abroad?
The turmoil sparked slave uprisings at home and revolts among Roman allies.
13.) How did the growth in slavery affect Rome?
The widespread use of slave labour hurt small farmers, who were unable to produce food as cheaply as the latifundia could.
What is the derivation of this term?
The word history comes from the Greek word historia, meaning inquiry. Knowledge of inquiry.
How did some of these Germanic tribes change over time?
They became allies.
How was Greek architecture and art reflective of the Greek aesthetic (Greek Ideal)?
The work of Ancient Greek artists and architects reflected a similar concern with balance, order, and beauty.
How were the curriculums of the first universities, established 1,500 years after Aristotle, testaments to the quality and breadth of his work?
Their course were largely based on the work and ideas or Aristotle.
What factors do you think would have most greatly impacted the type of life led by a Roman slave?
Their skills.
What are some examples of the types of material remains studied by archeologists?
Their tools, pottery, clothing, jewelry, etc.
What is the derivation of theocracy?
Theo=God crece=rule
13.) What Roman Emperor will make Christianity the official religion of the Empire and repress other faiths?
Theodosius
How were these rivers both a blessing and a curse to the people of Sumer?
There was either really fertile land or flooding.
4.) As a part the Fertile Crescent, Canaan was at the "crossroads of the world." What factors account for this?
There were little natural barriers, and Canaan was located near 3 different continents.
With what consequences?
There, they joined an already restless class of unemployed people. As the gap between rich and poor widened, angry mobs began to riot. In addition, the new wealth led to increased corruption.
How will these communities change over time?
These scattered communities would come together under the authority of a well organized Christian church.
What was the consequence of this migration?
These skilled riders fought fierce battles to dislodge the Germanic people in their path.
According to the Iliad, who was the mother of the Greek hero Achilles?
Thetis
How did many older Athenians view the sophists?
They accused the sophists of undermining traditional Greek values.
What other cultural attributes did the Romans absorb from the Etruscans?
They adopted some Etruscans gods and goddesses who became merged with Roman dieties.
How did this development come to other peoples?
They all developed independently.
Where did they live?
They all lived in Africa.
How was this hominid different?
They also had larger brains and bones and smaller teeth.
19.) What transportation innovation do some scholars attribute to Sumerian civilization?
They also may have used the first wheeled vehicles.
What are some examples of how they put scientific knowledge to practical use?
They applied geography to make maps and medical knowledge to help doctors improve public health.
Why does Achilles refer to his troops as Achaeans?
They are his troops
In what ways are historians like detectives?
They both must evaluate all evidence to determine if it is reliable.
What structure built in Alexandria, was a testament to this view?
They built a great museum as a centre of learning.
10.) How did the peoples of Mesopotamia respond to the hardships presented by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers?
They built dikes, dams, and irrigation ditches.
16.) How did the Sumerians respond to their lack of building materials, like stone and lumber?
They built with clay and water, using the clay to make bricks and water to shape it out. They dried in the sun after being shaped in wooden molds.
23.) How will the domestication of animals, like the water buffalo or oxen, affect farming?
They can farm quicker with oxen plowing fields
14.) Your text states that archeologists can often tell what activities took place, at different parts of a site? How? Examples?
They can tell when they analyze the evidence. If they found chips of flintstone, it could be the site of a prehistoric toolmaker.
19.) Your text states that the pyramids suggest the strength of Egypt?
They carried blocks weighing in at 15 tons
How would this have been a tremendous advantage?
They could communicate so they could come up with hunting strategies.
With what consequences after creating canoes.
They could cross larger bodies of water.
5.) What important economic right had Roman women gained in later Roman times?
They could own property, and, in later Roman times, woman from all classes can run a variety of businesses.
What are some of the consequences of this breakthrough?
They could remain in one place.
How would you compare this achievement to other breakthroughs in human development?
They could stay in one place but war would break out..
15.) What are the consequences of the Neolithic Revolution?
They could stay in one place for along pero if of time.
How did the location of Crete affect the Minoans?
They could trade
25.) What is the cultural impact of the Neolithic Revolution?
They created cloth and ways to cool food.
6.) In addition to the use of fire and the use of tools, what other key development occurred during the Paleolithic period?
They developed a spoken language.
16.) How is the work of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and other Greek philosophers relevant to political, social, economic and theological debate today?
They developed an ideal of critical thought and self examination that allowed people to question ideas and institutions. Later, the founders of Western political systems, including of the United States, studied these ancient Greek ideas as par of their classical educations.
What skills did they develop?
They developed skills in rhetoric
How were Greek literature and art alike?
They developed their own style.
26.) Identify and describe the scholarly dispute over the origins of homo sapiens.
They either came out of Africa, or they evolved into Homo sapiens from Homo erectus.
21.) How did Alexander and his successors view the work of scholars?
They encouraged it.
6.) What key obstacle was Hannibal unable to overcome?
They failed to capture Rome itself.
4.) What were the failures of Philip's brothers, which inspired him to seize control of Macedonia?
They failed to control local princes, prevent interference by Thebes, or fight off an Illyrian invasion
Where did many of the displaced Roman farmers go?
They flocked to Rome and other cities looking for jobs.
6.) Where do the Tigris and Euphrates rivers begin?
They flow from the highlands of modern-day Turkey through Iraq.
Why did Tacitus admire the Germans?
They had a simple culture
How did this Neolithic village change around 10,000 years ago?
They had a strong leader or government.
What were the powers of this official?
They had complete control over the government.
19.) How does your text evaluate the reform efforts of Diocletian and Constantine?
They had mixed results. They revived the economy, and by increasing the power of government, they helped hold the empire together for another century. The reforms still failed though, and the empire fell.
18.) What was the status of the Israelites by 1,000 B.C.?
They had set up a kingdom.
How does it compare to homo sapiens?
They have smaller brains(28 Square Inches) weigh less (66 lbs) much shorter (3.6 feet) lives or Florenscis islands in Indonesia, and lived from 95,000-18,000 years ago.
Why was it so named?
They have the name, which means, "handy man," because they were the first to use primitive tools.
Why was it so named?
They have this name, which means "upright man," because they were the first fully upright walkers.
33.) What do Judaism, Christianity and Islam hold in common?
They honour Abraham, Moses, the prophets, and they all teach the ethical worldview developed by the Israelites.
What actions did they take?
They imposed reforms to these groups.
What activities included the larger community, within each Greek city-state? Were all citizens of the Greek city-states equal? Explain.
They joined in festivals honouring the gods and goddesses of each city state; No, men and woman especially weren't equal.
26.) What changes occur during the Neolithic Revolution?
They learned how to cook, farm, and stay in one place.
12.) Identify and describe the Neolithic Revolution.
They learned how to farm and domesticate animals change from hunter gather 12,000-15,000
What were some of their most notable achievements?
They learned to use fire, invented the hand ax, and may have even migrated to Asia and Europe.
33.) Although Sumerian women never had legal rights equal to men, what rights and privileges did they have?
They learned writing and music, could own land, and the ruler's wife had supervisory powers.
How did many small farmers respond to the loss of productivity due to over cultivation?
They left their land and sought protection from weathy land owners.
How did many of the Jews from this movement keep their cultural identity?
They lived in close-knit communities and obeyed the religious laws and traditions.
46.) What were the responsibilities of Sumerian monarchs?
They maintained the city walls, the irrigation systems, led the armies, and enforced laws.
What was the requirement for Spartan citizenship? Who farmed Spartan land?
They needed to be descendants of the dorians; Helots farmed land.
Why?
They never tried to.
How are the Greek paintings on pottery, in addition to being priceless works of art, invaluable resources for archeologists, anthropologists and historians?
They offer intriguing views or everyday Greek life.
How are most archeological sites found?
They pick a likely place, or site, to look for them, such as where an old town once stood. The lower they go, the deeper the artifacts. They made maps once they found a burial site.
How would you compare their status in later Roman times to that of the women of Greece?
They played a larger role in society than did Greek women.
How did they show respect for their gods?
They prayed and offered them sacrifices of animals, grain, and wine.
Why were many drawn to these mystery religions?
They promised special rewards to believers.
8.) What was the extent of Roman scientific investigations?
They put science to practical use.
In addition to specific trade items, what else did Greek traders bring home?
They returned with new ideas;
In addition to specific trade items, what else did Greek traders bring home? What is perhaps the best example of this?
They returned with new ideas; an example being the expansion of the Phoenician alphabet.
What were the most common destinations for Greek ships?
They sailed to the Middle East and Asia Minour;
In addition to their role as temples or shrines, what other function was served by the ziggurats?
They served as an administrative centre for the city.
What was the religious role of the city-states leader?
They served as the high priest for their city-state's chief diety.
Yet, what did he believe should be done with women of talent?
They should be educated to serve the state.
1.) After the death (and resurrection if you are a Christian) of Jesus what did the Apostles and his other disciples do?
They spread his message.
11.) Identify and describe the basic methodologies used by anthropologists to determine the age of a study subject?
They study all aspects of human life. Some study their bones, because the bones contain Carbon-14, which helps determine the age of the bone. Some also study artifacts that change in style over time.
7.) What does a historian do?
They study artifacts, or objects made by humans, such as clothes, artwork, coins, and grave sights.
What does your text suggest led to authors like Sophocles and Euripides questioning many of the accepted ideas of their day?
They survived the horrors of the Peloponnesian war.
How is the text pictured statue, from the 300s B.C., an example of this?
They took 2 cultures and combined them.
35.) What are the specific points of impact, that some scholars suggest, the Judeo-Christian tradition had on the development of Western Culture?
They trace the democratic-republican forms of government to the teachings of these religions. They look to Judeo-Christian legal traditions for the origins of such rights and concepts as trial by Jury and innocent until proven guilty.
What were some of the key ethical principles taught by the Prophets?
They urged both personal morality and social justice.
So... why is this period called the Stone Age?
They use stone to build tools
Yet how was the Minoan experience different?
They used Trade not conquest
7.) How did Pythagoras and his followers use numbers? Identify and describe the Pythagorean concepts of "harmonia and kosmos." How do these terms relate to mathematics?
They used numbers to compare things. Harmonia means "Fitting Together", and Kosmos means "Order of things". It relates to addition and counting.
How did many Roman officials use the Christians in times of trouble?
They used them as scapegoats for their problems.
How did Spartans view the foreigners in their territory? How were they treated? What did the Spartans call them? What was the respective size of the "neighbor" population?
They viewed them as unwelcomed; They were unwelcomed and could have been expelled; Neighbours; Non citizens greatly outnumbered citizens.
How did early Renaissance Europeans view the art of ancient Greece?
They were a model of perfection.
According to Christian tradition, what were the fates of Peter and Paul?
They were both martyred in Rome.
What happened to students whose work was untidy or they talked?
They were caned.
What influenced this choice?
They were determined to never be ruled again by a Monarch.
32.) Why might the women in Sumer, have had greater social standing, than that of women in later Mesopotamian civilizations.
They were highly honoured in religious practice.
Why were Paleolithic peoples nomadic?
They were in groups that hunted for food
How would you describe their role in Sumerian religious life?
They were likely priest-kings.
3.) How did the ancient Israelites come to differ from the rest of Canaanite culture, around four thousand years ago?
They were monotheistic
How did the religious beliefs of the Hebrews come to differ from other cultures of this era?
They were monotheistic
1.) How did the temples and public buildings of the Hellenistic era differ from that of classical Greece (Do you know what we mean when we use the terms Hellenistic and classical)?
They were much larger and grander than the buildings of classical Greece.
What was the actual relationship between the Macedonians and their Greek neighbors, to the south?
They were of Greek origin, and kept ties to their Greek neigbours.
22.) How did the status of women change, in some parts of the Hellenistic world?
They weren't restricted to their homes, they learned to read and write, and royal women had power.
15.) Why do archeologists work with scientists from the following disciplines: geologists, biologists, botanists, zoologists, chemists and physicists?
They work with them so they can determine the age of something.
Aside from these exceptions, how did most Roman women spend their time?
They worked at home, raised their families, spinning, and weaving.
9.) What did early historians write about?
They wrote about well-known people, political events, and great battles.
2.) How did wars, as early as 200 A.D. in Eastern Asia, set in motion a chain of events that would contribute to the fall of Rome?
They'd overwhelm Rome.
What evidence suggests warfare was common?
Thick walled fortresses.
What are a person's major duties, according to Jesus?
To observe to Jewish command and to "love the Lord your God with all your heart," and to "love your neighbour as yourself."
Why do you think Julius Caesar wrote this text?
To pass it down to further generations.
What were the consequences of this effort?
This expansion brought great riches but created conflicts that divided Roman society and weakened and finally crushed the Republic.
What was the rationale (Why)?
To keep as table empire orderly house holds with strong authority
37.) What did each Sumerian believe to be their highest duty?
To keep their gods and goddesses happy.
What are the social and political consequences of these efforts?
This led to the rise of an elaborate, well run government.
When was the Aeneid written and why is that significant?
United Rome after civil wars and was written after Augustus came to Rome.
How was the focus of Greek comedy different from that of tragedy?
Unlike tragedy, which focused on events of the past, comedies ridiculed individuals of the day including political figures, philosophers, and prominent members of society.
What was the extent of the power of a father, under this code?
Unlimited power
28.) What is the first recorded war in history?
War between Elam and Mesopotamia
What was the main political structure of the Mycenaeans?
Warrior-Kings
11.) How did Archimedes apply the basic principles of physics? What tools did he master? What did he say about the power of the lever?
To make practical inventions. The use of the lever and pulley. "Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand on, and I will move the world.
What are the pros and cons of such a location?
This was a place of common trade, but there was also warfare and flooding.
5.) What were some of the text cited economic reforms made by Augustus?
To make the tax system more fair, he ordered a census, or population count, of the empire so these would be records of all who should be taxed. He set up a postal service and issued new coins to make trade easier. He put the jobless to work building roads and temples and sent others to farm the land.
52.) What were some of the cited mathematic achievements of the Sumerians?
To measure and solve problems of calculation, they develope basic algebra and geometry. They based their number system on 6, dividing the hour into 60 mins, and the circle into 360 degrees, as we still do today.
What was the duration of this revolution?
Thousands of years
How is culture transferred from one generation to the next?
Through learning experience.
What present day art form is similar to Greek comedy, in its purpose? Explain.
Through ridicule, comic playwrights sharply criticized society, much as political cartoonists do today.
Who is the author of the history, The Peloponnesian Wars?
Thucydides
27.) Who was the stepson of Hatshepsut?
Thutmose III
Under which Pharaoh did Egypt reach its greatest size?
Thutmose III
What people first developed the use of coins?
Tilines os of Asia
What items did they export?
Timber, Wine, Food, Wool
How is tin an example of the extensive Minoan trade routes?
Tin mines were in Spain, Britain, and Persia
Define assimilation.
To absorb.
8.) What were the goals of the Roman historian Livy?
To arouse patriotic feeling and restore traditional Roman virtues.
Define the term codify.
To arrange or set down in writing.
Define the term veto.
To block
Why might it be said we need a Cretan Rosetta Stone?
To decode the hieroglyphs
8.) Why do you think Roman students were required to memorize major events in Roman history?
To earn to love Rome.
Why?
To hunt down the Murderers.
What were the cultural expectations for a Spartan women? This led to what practice, which was unusual in the Greek world? In what ways were Spartan women similar to those of the other Greek city-states? In what ways were they different?
To produce healthy sons for the army; Required to exercise and strengthen bodies; Had to obey fathers and husbands; Could inherit land if a man was at war;
Why did he wash his hands?
To show he was not responsible for the execution.
11.) Why do you think Alexander burned the Persian capital, Persepolis?
To show that he conquered Persia.
What steps did Diocletian take to address Rome's economic problems?
To slow inflation, he fixed the prices of many goods and services, farmers were forced to stay on their land.
What does your text identify as the purpose of these dramas?
To stir up, and then relieve the emotions of pity and fear.
22.) What needs led to the development of calendars?
To successfully measure time correctly.
16.) What was the job of the Roman Consuls?
To supervise the business of Government and command the armies.
13.) Define domestication.
To tame animals and adapt crops so they are best suited for humans
10.) What architectural, construction and engineering techniques did the Romans learn from the Etruscans?
To use the arch in construction, and they adapted engineering techniques to drain the marshy lands along the Tiber.
How does this compare to the work of modern historians?
Today's historians also write about ordinary people and their life.
16.) What was the purpose of the pyramids?
Tombs of the aecist
17.) In addition to agriculture, what became another important part of the economies of the Sumerian city-states?
Trade
63.) How was the legacy of ancient Egypt spread throughout the ancient world?
Trade
What method does your text forget to mention?
Trade
42.) How did ancient Egyptian society become more "fluid" (what does this word mean, in this context?) during the New Kingdom?
Trade and warfare
According to your text, how does the success of the Minoan economy differ from that of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia?
Trade not Conquest
10.) In addition to the water and silt for crops, what was another economic benefit of the Nile?
Trade rout
What were some common themes reflected in this art work?
Trade, farming, victories, religious ceremonies
57.) Speculate as to why Egyptian painting styles changed very little, over the course of thousands of years?
Trade, warfare, less cultual diffusion
How were they like the Minoans?
Traded and absorbed culture
How would you describe the relationship between these two kingdoms?
Traded and fought
18.) How were goods transported to and from the Sumerian city-states?
Traders sailed the rivers or risked the dangers of desert travel to carry goods to distant regions.
What types of plays did they write?
Tragedies
For what conflict are the Mycenaeans most often remembered?
Trojan War
40.) Identify and describe Tyre and Sidon.
Two Phoenician colonies Egyptian story
7.) Identify and describe Nero and Caligula.
Two awful emperors of Rome, who were considered evil, and perhaps insane.
23.) Identify and describe St. Clement and Origen.
Two early scholars who worked as teachers in Alexandria.
Who ruled Sparta? What was the composition of the Spartan assembly? What was the role of the Spartan Ephors? How were they chosen?
Two kings and a council of elders who advised the monarchs; An assembly made of citizens who approved major citizens; Ephors ran day-to-day affairs; Ephors were elected by the assembly.
25.) Review the text chart over types of government practiced in the ancient world? Into which of these categories would the Roman dictator fit?
Tyranny.
What is the derivation of this term?
Tyrant - Monarch, in Greek
Examples?
US Supreme Court building.
Examples.
Under pressure from attacks, Rome had to withdraw its legions, first from Britan, then from France and Spain.
What is the lasting impact of this code?
Uniform system of setting plans. Modern roots law.
6.) Identify and describe the two distinct geographic regions of ancient Egypt.
Upper Egypt which is south oof lower Egypt.
7.) How did Hammurabi display his code?
Upright slab
10.) According to the Torah, where was Abraham born?
Ur near Mesopotamia
What are the names of several of the city-states, which developed this first civilization?
Ur, Uruk, Kish, Nippur, Adab, Lagash, Endu, Larsa.
Who was the founder of the Sumerian city-state of Ur?
Ur-Nammu.
46.) How does your text support the assertion that the ancient Egyptians were a practical people?
Used trail and error
9.) What were the astronomical assertions of Aristarchus? How long did it take before some of his theories were accepted? Who was the Polish mathematician/astronomer who proved Aristarchus correct, around 1,800 years later?
Using mathematics and careful observation, he argued that Earth rotated on its axis and orbited the sun. 2,000 years. Copernicus.
37.) Where were many of the Pharaohs of the New Kingdom buried?
Valley of Kings
What does this story show, over time?
Values and Culture
7.) What Germanic tribe took control of Spain and North Africa and then sacked Rome?
Vandals.
21.) How is it similar to some of our modern sports/entertainment venues?
Very big in size.
Who was the author?
Virgil
7.) Contrast the work of Virgil versus Horace and Horace versus Juvenal and Martial.
Virgil was patriotic and Horace was Gentile while Juvenal and Martial we're harsh.
6.) Identify and describe Alaric.
Visigoth general who sacked Rome.
3.) What Germanic tribes will be displaced by the Huns and seek refuge in Roman territory?
Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and other Germanic people.
13.) What was the term for Pharaoh's chief minister, who oversaw all of the government departments?
Vizier
What were some of the rights and privileges of Egyptian woman?
Walk anywhere, sell and buy goods, have property, obtain a divorce
2.) How was Roman civilization spread?
War and conquest
7.) Define the terms cataracts and delta, in the context of the Nile.
Waterfall, Triangular area of marsh ;and formed by deposits of silt of the mouth of rivers
What were the consequences of the discovery of this stone and Champollion's subsequent translation of hieroglyphics?
We discovered the language
How was water distributed once it reached a Roman city?
Wealthy homes piped in water. Almost every city had public baths for men and women.
Compare this evolution to that of Greek armies.
Well trained in military skills and raised to value loyalty and courage, Roman soldiers chalked up a series of brilliant victories.
What is the location of Ancient Troy?
Western Turkey
What are some of the ethical and moral questions explored by Greek philosophers?
What was the best kind of government and what standards should rule human behaviour.
3.) What were the main crops of Egyptian farmers?
Wheat and flax
What events led to the Hebrew enslavement in Egypt?
When a new pharoah arose, he enslaved the children of Israel because of the growing power in numbers.
What key role did the Christian Church play following the "Fall of Rome," in the West?
When the Roman Empire fell, the Christian church took over much of its role, becoming the central institution of Western civilization for nearly 1,000 years.
21.) What was the first major breakthrough in the Plebian quest to gain more power?
When the government had the laws of Rome inscribed on 12 tablets, which were set up in the Forum, Rome's marketplace.
What types of decisions would they have made?
When to plant and harvest.
What is Ethical-Monotheism?
Where God is the source for one standard or morality, who guides humanity through ethical principles.
What is the significance of her name.
Where the modern word "Hygiene" comes from.
Examples?
While Greek scientists and mathematicians sought to learn more about the world, the Romans put science to practical use. They used Greek principles to construct roads and bridges and to make advances in medical care.
9.) What was the origin or source of the religious turmoil within the Jewish community, at the time of Roman conquest?
While most Jews were reluctantly willing to live under Roman rule, others, called Zealots, were not.
What were the three classes of citizens in Plato's Republic?
Workers to produce necessities of life, Soldiers to defend the state, and philosophers to rule.
At what tasks did the men and women of this group spend their time?
Working the soil
What was a central issue of conflict, during this period?
Who should hold power.
What were the domains of these two deities?
Who touched people
Even during this time period, what problem would continue to haunt the Roman government?
Who would rule after an emperor died.
Why (according to tradition)?
Wife was home sick
What is the modern meaning of the word Solon?
Wise skillful law giver
What did he mean?
Without the Nile there would be no Egypt
9.) How did the Code of Hammurabi describe the responsibilities and roles of marriage?
Wives must stay with their husbans
What was a common domestic occupation of Athenian women?
Woman commonly worked with wool.
What was the political status of women in Athens?
Woman had no share in political life.
Describe the treatment of women in affluent Athenian homes?
Woman lived in a secluded existence, shut off and "protected" from the world.
How did the status of Israelite women compare to others of this time period?
Woman were respected and had more rights than woman in many other ancient societies.
What other specific groups were not allowed to participate in Athenian democracy?
Woman, Merchants, and people whose parents aren't citizens.
19.) How did the Assyrian laws, that governed life in the royal palaces, affect Assyrian women?
Women had to stay in quarters or where a vail
What do the frescoes, of the palace at Knossos, reveal about Minoan culture.
Women in Public which shows how they had freedom/ dolphins which shows the importance of the sea.
18.) How did the role of women within the Church change, as it developed a more formal hierarchy?
Women lost their influence.
What roles did women fulfill within the early Church?
Women served as teachers and administrators.
How and why was access to this process expanded over time?
Won rights
44.) What is an alphabet?
Writing system in each symbol represents a single basic
Is it still good advice?
Yes
Do you think these are fair observations? Explain.
Yes, because after Hannibal was defeated, they were fighting for themselves.
Identify and describe Zealots.
Zealots called on Jews to revolt against Rome and reestablish an independent state.
What is the name of the text which contains much of his religious thoughts?
Zeno Avesta
Define colony.
a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power
Identify and describe the "Golden Mean."
a moderate course between the extremes.
What concept, common to the ancient world, did some Greek thinkers begin to challenge?
belief on gods cause events
What do the Iliad and the Odyssey tell us about the Greek gods and about the Greeks view of themselves?
courageous, cowardly, weak. Same characteristic as humans.
What do you think the poet Edgar Allan Poe meant when he wrote of, "The glory that was Greece (from the poem: To Helen)?"
he believed in how great Greece was
Even in the midst of all their wars and political strife (conflict), in what did the Greeks maintain their confidence?
human mind
2.) What did Herodotus say about Egypt?
is wholly the gift of the Nile
What were some of the subjects explored by these ancient Greek philosophers?
mathematics
15.) Identify and describe Patricians.
members of the land-holding upper class.
What was the focus of Greek thinkers, artists and writers?
nature of the universe
What was one of their main tools in the pursuit of understanding causation (why things happen)?
observation and reason
Define the term logic
rational thinking
What tools did these Philosophers use in their explorations?
reason and observations
How was it viewed by many other Greek city-states? Why?
resented
Identify and describe philosophy.
seek to understand and explain life.
18.) Compare Catalhuyuk to Jericho.
Çhatalhüyük is larger At 6500 while Jericho had huts not buildings.