SEP 271 FINAL Exam 3 - Ch. 5-7, 11

Transgender

one identifies with or expresses a gender identity that is different from biological sex at birth

The higher the socioeconomic status of the individual, the more likely that individual will...

participate actively in leisure activities

INTRAgenerational social mobility

people move from one class to another within their lifespan

Exception to largely lower class participation in auto sports

Formula 1 racing is among the worlds most expensive sports and often attracts a high end following

"Efficient processes of society depend on system of different rewards/privileges"... represents what theory?

Functionalism

What is the only major pro sports team owned by the public?

Green Bay Packers

Who has the lowest home game ticket prices in the NFL?

Green Bay Packers

Ethnicity

Grouping based on cultural heritage rather than biology -Category of people who share a common culture Ex. Italian America, Mexican American, etc. -One can have multiple ethnicities and their expression involves personal choice

Social class

Grouping of individuals with similar rank (income, education, occupation)

Gender expression

How you demonstrate your gender through the ways you act, dress, behave, and interact.

Gender identity

How you, in your head, think about yourself. Its the chemistry that composes you and how you interpret what that means.

Sex

refers to biological distinctions and the objectively measurable organs, hormones, and chromosomes

Gender

refers to roles and stereotypes that are considered "normal" for males and females in a given society. (masculine vs feminine)

Pete Axthelm's "Basketball is the city game" relates to what social theory?

Interactionist theory

Why is dedicated commitment to work a prized value for functionalists?

It "integrates citizens within the social order."

Irony behind the attendance shift towards the affluent and educated...

Many stadiums were built with public funds, yet only the affluent can afford to attend

According to economic researchers cited in chapter 11, can sports subsidies be justified on the grounds of economic development, income growth, or job creation?

No

MYTH: sport provides a free college education

Only about 2% of HS receive athletic scholarships to play in college

What decimated historical Native American ground in the 2000s?

Pipeline access

Stacking

situations in which minority group members are disproportionately found in some team positions and are under-represented in others

Conflict/ Cultural theorists believe unequal distribution of wealth and power leads to...

social instability and eventually conflict of interest between "haves" and "have nots"

Team owners receive...

social prestige and $$$

Functionalists believe that a smoothly functioning economy will lead to...

social stability and confidence in society's future

INTERgererational social mobility

sons/daughters whose lifetime income or status have moved upwards or downward relative to their parents

Results of social stratification

Ranking--> leads to inequality--> determines who gets what access, rewards, and opportunities

Where do you park at a Packers game?

Residents offer and profit from parking

Reservation system implemented in the early 1800's did what?

Restricted land rights and removed Native American access to "free land"

MYTH: a pro sports career provides lifelong security

Retirement from pro sport can lead to loss of status, loss of personal identity, and loss of social support/ other support services.

Intersex

Someone born with a combination of female and male sexual organs

What did Jason Collins compare sexual orientation to in the video "It Got Better"

" a CIA cover story... and you just stick to the script and hope no one finds out that you're gay"

Race logic

"see" sport performance in radicalized terms

Office of Civil Rights uses what to determine if an institution is providing nondiscriminatory participation opportunities?

"three part test" -An institution only has to pass one of the three parts -gives institutions flexibility and control over athletics programs

Avg. cost of NFL ticket in 2013

$82

In the past 20 years attendance at sporting events has shifted towards...

the more educated and affluent

Social mobility

The movement of individuals from one status in a society's stratification system into another

Eminent Domain

The power to take private property for public use by a state, municipality, or private person following the payment of just compensation to the owner of that property.

Hypothesis 1: Genetics

This perspective says that African Americans are naturally better than White Europeans in certain sports because they are physically superior

Hypothesis 3: Social Structure

This perspective says that overrepresentation is the result of two types of social barriers... -Barriers in occupational structure -Barriers in opportunity structure

Hypothesis 2: Culture

This perspective suggests that people of a similar culture place greater emphasis on some activities while ignoring others

Our authors say the tax subsidies used to fund stadium construction would have broader economic benefit if used for what?

To support mass transit, parks, public education, low cost housing, and small business development in run down areas

Nick Symmonds

USATF runner who refuses to go to Olympics because the team won't define what an official team function is where he is required to wear Nike gear only

Sexual orientation

Who you are physically, spiritually, and emotionally attracted to, based on their sex/gender in relation to your own

Functionalists see economy as...

a central social institution, because it is the means by which goods and services are produced/ distributed

Color blind racism

a disregard of racial characteristics when selecting which individuals will participate in some activity or receive some service

Institutional racism

a pattern of negative treatment and oppression by society's institutions

"Prole" sports

a term derived from proletariat, Karl Marx's term for the working class

Conflict/ Cultural theorists see economy as...

a tool for the wealthy class, which derives its power from ownership and control of companies that produce goods

Anual NFL revenue

approx. $9.5 billion

From Functionalist perspective, role of racial and ethnic minorities is to...

assimilate -adopt the social, economic, and cultural practices of the surrounding majority -To do so is to lose or give up much of their customs, rituals, or values

Social mobility over the past 30 years

- has declined in US -belief in mobility is reinforced by the popularized stories of a few

Sport opportunity structure

-"African Americans tend to excel in those sports in which facilities, coaching, and competition are available to them." -Discrimination can prevent the freedom to utilize certain facilities

Occupational Structure

-"In every society, people are taught to strive for that which is considered the most desirable among potentially achievable goals." -African American athletes are role models in high level sport -Role models provide encouragement and an example to emulate

Washington Redskins Organization

-"Redskins" defined as offensive; activists pushing to have name changed in the court of law -2014: lost licensing rights, has not discouraged franchise from using term as their mascot

Who really runs the Green Bay Packers?

-120,000 locals share ownership -stockholders draw no profit -locally elected board of officials guide team operations

NCAA Gender Equity Report

-57% of college students are female, but only 43% of student athletes are female -Male college athletes receive 55% of athletic scholarship funds, females get 45% -Avg. NCAA institution sponsored 8 mens teams and 9 women teams as of 2012-2013

MYTH: sport is a way out of poverty, especially for racial minorities

-About 13.5% of US population is African American but 82% of NBA and 70% of NFL players are -Misleading bc about 2 out of every 10,000 African Americans is a pro athlete

MYTH: going pro is realistic for successful HS and college athletes

-About 2/3 African American male adolescents believed they could earn a living in pro sport, 1/3 white peers -On avg, about 1% of college athletes go pro -Avg careers are 3-7 yrs in team sport and 3-12 yrs in individuals sports

MYTH: participation in sports leads to a college degree

-Advisors may emphasize eligibility over meaningful coursework and graduation -Especially true if pro sports are the goal

Conspicuous Consumption

-Affluent engage in leisure activities to impress and show others that they can afford expensive and time consuming activities

Stats that support Critical Race Theory

-At entry level education, African Americans and Latinos have higher rates of unemployment than whites -Median income of AA families was 66% that of white families, and Latino family income was 50% that of white families -5100 AA in prison per 100,000 AA; 800 whites in prison per 100,000 whites

Example of cultural differences between Black Africans and African Americans

-Black Africans (from Kenya or Ethiopia) have tended to excel in distance running at the elite level -African Americans have tended to excel in sprints, hurdles, long jump, triple jump

Race

-Classification based on physical traits, ancestry, genetics -skin color is frequently used as racial classification -We can only have one race and don't get to chose it

Feminist view of gender roles on society

-Critique patriarchy and oppression of women and convey commitment to change these social conditions

How do sporting goods corporations benefit from sport?

-Directly through the sale of sports related products -Inadvertently through the use of sports to generate interest in their products

Gender Construction

-Each culture constructs and teaches its young social role expectations for masculinity and femininity. -These influences include: family, school, sport, media

Conventional wisdom maintains that having a pro sports team does what for a city?

-Enhances city prestige -Generates substantial economic activity for a city

Reasons for correlation between S.E.S. and sport participation

-Expense (equipment, access fees, private clubs) -Time (lower income job has less flexible schedule/ longer hours) -Conspicuous Consumption

Consequences of Title IX for mens sports

-Few want to decrease spending on football and basketball teams -With pressure to add women's sports, athletic departments often drop men's "minor" sports -Increases in women sports teams have not been accompanied by a decrease in mens teams

"Classic" study at Notre Dame compared grads who played football with non athletes. Results...

-Football players came from lower income backgrounds but achieved similar incomes as non athletes after college -First string athletes had much higher incomes than non starters

Life chances

chances that one has to live and experience good things or bad things in life

Patriarchy

cultural ideology defining females as inferior to and dependent on males

Homophobia

dislike and intolerance of the LGB community

Overt discrimination

executives ignore African American applicants because of prejudiced beliefs or a perceived fear that the public will respond negatively

Conflict/ Cultural theorists believe...

-Inequality and exploitation are inherent in capitalism -Those with wealth, power, and prestige benefit from the status quo and thus resist social change.

Examples of NASCAR sponsors

-Monster, Xfinity, Camping World

Who works security and concession stands at Packers games?

-Off duty police provide stadium security and get paid overtime by the team -Non profit groups volunteer to work concessions

Why is there an underrepresentation of minorities in administrative positions?

-Overt discrimination -Subtle discrimination

Negative myths about female sports participation identified by Sage and Eitzen

-Participation makes females more masculine -Participation is harmful for females health -Females are generally not interested in or good at sports -Sport converts females to lesbianism

Results of Nikes sponsorship of USATF

-Pays select few athletes to live and train without needing a job -But... "swoosh" on all USA team gear creates possible monopoly on US track and field?

Examples of athlete who rise from low SES to make millions are least likely in what sports and why?

-Polo, skiing, golfing, and yachting... often limited to already upper SES participants to begin with

School influence on gender construction

-Power structure: (82% of elementary teachers are women, 95% of superintendents are men) -Efforts to "degender" school courses, but boys often encouraged more in science and math while girls are encouraged more in English and the arts

Conflict/ Cultural theorist view on gender roles in society

-Pre industrial gender inequality is unsuitable in contemporary society -Inequality is reproduced and continues due to power men hold educational, political, economic, and religious resources

Argument against "athletes get paid too much" POV...

-Pro athletes salaries should be balanced against their generally brief, often tenuous careers (Avg NFL career= 3.6 yrs, no pension) -Superstar athletes are scarce. By supply and demand they should be rewarded. -Owners pay athletes what they're worth since its the athletes drawing fans to games -Athlete salaries have simply risen along with increased TV revenue, ticket sales, and merchandise royalties.

Potential reasons for stacking

-Racial stereotypes that African Americans are "natural" athletes who are ideally suited for non-central roles -African American youth may self select into those positions in which they have seen other African American athletes succeed

Critical Race Theory says that...

-Racism is thoroughly rooted in the social fabric of North American society -Racism privileges "whiteness" and disadvantages "blackness"

Consequences of Stacking

-Reinforces negative white supremacist stereotypes that whites are better suited for "thinking" positions while blacks are better suited for "physical" positions -Athletes from non central positions have lower chances of obtaining a coaching or administrative job -More physical positions lead to higher injury risk, shorter careers, and lower lifetime earnings

Examples of PGA sponsors

-Rolex, Mercedes Benz, American Express

Sport influence on gender construction

-Rules across sports (contact in boys vs girls lacrosse) -Cutesy mascot names may seem harmless but they have the effect of defining female athletes as frivolous and insignificant

What does it mean when we say race is socially constructed?

-Science has found no genetic differences among the so called races -How racial categories are assigned can vary from society to society

What principles were reflected in Ronald Reagan's presidential remarks about the social institution of sport?

-Sport is assumed to be egalitarian (all people equal on the field) -Sport is assumed to be a meritocracy (power given based off skill)

Kids from low income families are more likely to participate in...

-Sports that feature contact (wrestling, boxing, football) and physical strength (weight lifting) -Also sports that require little equipment or are publicly funded

According to Sage and Eitzen, pro sports teams generating substantial economic activity for a city is a MYTH because...

-Team subsidies drain government resources -Govt. money into sport reduces or discontinues services to the poor -The wealthy benefit (owners of team, hotels, restaurants), whereas costs are disproportionately paid by middle and lower classes

Intersectionality

-The idea that multiple identities intersect to create a whole that is different from the component identities -Overlapping identities can yield overlapping systems of discrimination and disadvantage

Media influence on gender construction

-The roles (Rambo, Rocky) and "ideals" (unhealthy thinness) portrayed -Sexist commentary in TV, digital, and print media -Male sports dominate newspapers and on average 60-80% of Sports Illustrated articles are about male athletes/teams -Women sexualized more frequently when they appear on the cover of magazines

Sage and Eitzen speculate that auto sports fans tend to come from lower income backgrounds because...

-The tools and equipment are part of the lower income experience -Vehicles and drivers represent speed and excitement to workers whose routines are dull and repetitive -Vehicles are symbolic of liberation to those in the working class who feel trapped in their situation

Sociologists and economists say that communities pay when pro sports are subsidized because...

-The wealthy benefit disproportionatley (owners) -Season ticket prices usually too expensive for lower income citizens -Venues often displace old warehouses and cheap hotels with upscale restaurants and boutiques... gentrification forces poor to move elsewhere

Problems with hypothesis 1 of genetics

-This assumption has racist implications; saying AA are naturally suited for physical activities conveys notion they are not suited for activities requiring intelligence -Also implies that AA do not have to work hard to excel in sport -Genetically there are greater differences within races than between them

Educational Amendments Act (1972)

-Title IX a key provision of the new law -Required schools that receive Federal funds to provide equal opportunities for males and females -Impacted sport but was not limited to sport

MYTH: women have sport as a vehicle for mobility due to new opportunities

-Title IX in 1972 has lead to huge increases in girls who participate in sport -Women receive 45% of NCAA scholarship money, and have fewer opportunities in pro sport relative to men -AND have limited opportunities in other non athlete roles as well (trainers, scouts, coaches)

As of the wealthiest 1% controlled what % of the US net worth as well as the wealthiest 20%?

-Wealthiest 1% controlled 43% -Wealthiest 20% controlled 84%

Results of Nikes multi-million dollar deals with many college teams

-Widens gap between "haves" and "have nots" of college sport -Coaching vacancies at a "Nike school" might be limited to a "Nike coach" -Trickles down: sport psych consultants at WVU (a Nike school) need to wear Nike gear at big team events

Functionalists believe that...

-Without incentives, people wouldn't seek to discover, develop new products, or make medical advances -Without inequality, division of labor would be difficult

Television patterns in regard to SES

-higher income are more likely to watch golf and tennis -College educated are more likely to watch college sports -Those with HS education or less are overrepresented among viewers of auto racing, bowling, and professional wrestling

Argument of "athletes get paid too much" POV...

-many people see athletes as merely employees who are playing while others work -angry fans see athletes as greedy and disloyal to their cities

Governance of women's intercollegiate athletics is still male dominated

-only about 9% of D1 athletic directors are women -Highest NCAA position (executive director) has never been held by a woman

Effects of homophobia

-sense of isolation/ loneliness -fear of being outed -fear of prejudice and discrimination

Functionalist view regarding gender roles in society

-since only females give birth, home labor has a natural division of labor -view women as mothers and men as "breadwinners" and protectors -Remnants of this pre industrial social structure still remain and seen as contributing to social order and stability

The main reasons for the appreciation of value of pro sports teams include...

-tax breaks -subsidized venues -television revenue -monopolized industry

Family influence on gender construction

-toys -whats encouraged and discouraged -acceptable behavior -punishment

Sage and Eitzen's 3 hypothesis explaining why African Americans are overrepresented in some sports but underrepresented in others are:

1. Genetics 2. Culture 3. Social Structure

Three parts of the Office of Civil Rights discrimination test

1. Substantial proportionality - (Are participation opportunities proportionate to enrollment?) 2. History and continuing practice - (Is there a history and continuing practice of improving gender equity in athletics?) 3. Effectively accommodating interests and abilities - (If one sex is underrepresented at an institution, can the institution justify that it meets the level of interests and abilities of that underrepresented sex?)

What gave women the right to vote in the US?

19th amendement in 1920

US sports compared to other industries

2x auto industry 7x movie industry

Pro sport franchise owners receive about what % of teams profits?

50-75%

Percentage of league wide costs for NFL stadiums that have come from taxpayers and not owners?

70%

Most common measure of social mobility

income mobility

Subtle discrimination

Assumption that athletes who played non-central roles are not fit for leadership positions in administration

Which sport is most likely to see an athlete rise from low SES to make millions

Boxing

"The dominant class exploits and oppresses other classes, thereby reproducing and perpetuating the economic class structure" is an example of what theory?

Conflict theory

"Capitalism allows business owners to employ and perhaps exploit workers"... represents what theory?

Conflict/ Cultural

The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen (1899) lead to what idea?

Conspicuous Consumption

Social Stratification

Differences in attributes are ranked hierarchically

"strike system"

learn from mistakes or three strikes and you're fired