Set 13-16

Which kingdom contains the highest number of classified species?

The animal kingdom

Which of these represents an example of a vestigial structure? a. insect and birds wings b. leg bones in whales c. dinosaur clavicles and bird wishbones d. all of these are correct

b. leg bones in whales

Which of the following is likely to result in the GREATEST loss of allelic diversity? a. losing 25% of a population of 100 individuals b. losing 50% of a population of 100 individuals c. losing 50% of a population of 1000 individuals d. losing 50% of a population of 1000 individuals e. all of the above

b. losing 50% of a population of 100 individuals

Two groups within a population begin using separate mating rituals. This would be an example of __________ isolation.

behavioral

Mating rituals are an example of which type of reproductive isolation? _______ isolation

behaviorial

A peleontologist studies _____

fossils

Because of global travel, a new strain of antibiotic resistant bacteria arising in China may soon appear in New York City. The introduction of the new antibiotic resistant bacteria in New York would be an example of ________

founder effect

A group of Trichechus manatus migrated from the Caribbean to Florida around 15,000 years ago, and is now genetically distinct from the Trichechus manatus still found in the Caribbean. This is an example of _______ effect

founders

Most of the animals in the Hawaiian Islands came from one initial group that migrated to the islands. They represent an example of _____

founders effect

An island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals. Generation after generation, this ratio and population size remains basically the same. After a hurricane, 10,000 black moths are blown onto the island. This is an example of _________

gene flow

Evolution is more likely to occur in populations separated by geographical barriers because these interrupt ______

gene flow

Movement of alleles from one population to another is ______

gene flow

The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's: ______

gene pool

The total collection of alleles in a population is the _____

gene pool

Evolution occurs at the _______ level as gene frequencies change

genetic

Random changes in the genetic makeup of a population due to chance is _______

genetic drift

The first diverse animal world appeared during the ______ explosion

cambrian

Current day is part of the _____ era

cenozoic

The mammals flourished during the ______ era

cenozoic

The origin of humans was during the ____ era.

cenozoic

Genetic drift may arise due to a. chance b. bottleneck effect c. founder effect d. all of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

Islands provide ideal opportunities to study speciation because a. They have small land areas that make it relatively easy to monitor their populations b. Organisms cannot easily move off of islands c. Few organisms can cross long distances across oceans to reach isolated islands d. all of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

Ecological isolation facilitates speciation by (increasing or decreasing) gene flow.

decreasing

The ______ was known as the Age of Fishes

devonian

The dissimilarities of the physical appearance of vertebrate adults can be explained by ______ gene expression

differential

MRSA in humans is an example of _______ selection

directional

Natural selection that favors survival of extreme phenotypes of a population is called _______ selection

disruptive

Which of the following increasing genetic diversity in populations? a. genetic drift b. mutation c. natural selection d. founder effect e. all of these

e. all of these

The order that includes humans: _____

Primates

The first organisms on land were _______

primative plants

Living in aquatic environments, fish, whales, and lobsters all have a functioning tail fin that enables them to maneuver efficiently. However, phylogenetically, these individual organisms are not closely related. As a result, the tail fin in each organism is likely _____ structure

analogous

A mass extinction caused by a large asteroid hitting Earth near the Yucatan peninsula occurred during the _______ period which ended the Mesozoic era

cretaceous

The kingdom that includes humans: _______

Animalia

Incompatibility of mating organs is an example of which type of reproductive isolation? ______ isolation

mechanical

Snail species A has a shell that spirals counterclockwise, but a mutation has caused some individuals to have a clockwise shell. The genitalia of the two versions are incompatible, leading some scientists to say that the clockwise snails are reproductively isolated. This is an example of ________ isolation

mechanical

The total number of classified species known to science is roughly _____ million

1.5

There are ______ domains

3

Every night when you put on your pajamas, you put that day's pants in the laundry basket first, then that day's shirt. You wash all your laundry on Sunday. After undressing on Friday, you realize you left your driver's license in your pants pocket on Wednesday. If each shirt is one layer and each pair of pants is also one layer, how many layers do you have to remove from the laundry basket to find Wednesday's pants? Remove ____ layers, and the pants are layer ____

4,5

If a fossil is found on top of two layers of rock with relative dates of 570 mya and 530 mya, what is its approximate age?

530 mya

If a fossil is found beneath two layers of rock with relative dates of 570 mya and 530 mya, what is its approximate age?

570 mya

How long ago did dinosaurs go extinct ? ____ million years ago

65

A bacterial strain divides once every 30 minutes. After 90 minutes, a single bacterium can form a total of ____ bacteria

8

What percentage of life on the planet died off during the Permian extinction?

95%

Although this kingdom has the least number of identified and classified species, its diversity is really unknown: _______

Archea

If selection pressures remove all examples of one extreme phenotype from a population, this is _____ selection.

Directional

The father of the modern evolutionary theory: ________

Charles Darwin

The scientist who published ¨On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection¨ in 1859 was: ________

Charles Darwin

A population of lizards lives on an island and has a large range of adult body sizes. A new predator is introduced to the island, and this predator prefers eating only small lizards. What pattern of natural selection would you expect the lizard population to experience as a result of this change in their environment?

Directional direction

Antibiotic resistance is an example of which pattern of natural selection?

Directional selection

The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is: ________

Directional selection

_______ selection occurs when both extremes are selected for and both

Disruptive

The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is: ______

Disruptive selection

Highest level of classification. The group that contains the majority of species: _______

Domain

Place the classification levels of species in the correct order from broadest category to most specific

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Humans belong in which domain? _______

Eukarya

True or False: Individuals adapt which leads to populations evolving

False

An organism´s ability to survive and reproduce is called the organism´s ________

Fitness

__________ is the main mechanism for evolution.

Natural selection

The continents we recognize today used to be one supercontinent called _______

Pangea

The first fossil remains are from this geologic time: ______

Precambrian

A thin shelled crab can more readily move to escape a predator than can a thick shelled crab, but it is more vulnerable to predators that drill through the shell. Because of these opposing forces, shell thickness for many types of crabs has remained within a narrow range over a long time. This would be an example of ________ selection

Stabilizing

When extreme phenotypes are selected against and disappear, which pattern of natural selection is at work?

Stabilizing selection

True or False: The increased rate at which bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics is compelling evidence for evolution

True

True or False: The principles of Darwinian evolution operate in today´s world.

True

True or false. Comparing amino acid sequences in cytochrome c can determine relatedness among organisms

True

True or false. Humans do not follow the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model and therefore the allele and genotype frequencies are changing. This results in the evolution of the human population

True

True or false. If the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are met, and allele and genotype frequencies do not change over time, then evolution is not occurring

True

True/False. Populations evolve and individuals adapt

True

When does speciation occur in sexually reproducing organisms?

When populations are reproductively isolated

If all vertebrates have the same genetic sequence for a particular protein, what conclusion can be made? a. All vertebrates have a common ancestor b. Mutations have made the sequences alike c. Genetic sequences rarely mutate d. There is only one functional way to make that protein e. All living cells have the same genome

a. All vertebrates have a common ancestor

A population of Australian wallabies is found to have many more homozygous individuals than expected. What does this result indicate? a. Inbreeding is likely occurring b. The population size is very large c. The population is likely to be healthy d. The population is likely to be healthy but may not remain healthy for much longer e. Allelic diversity is high

a. Inbreeding is likely occurring

Which of the following is TRUE of bacterial reproduction? a. The daughter cells are identical to the parent cell b. One cell divides to produce four cells c. Reproduction is sexual and thus allows for genetic diversity in the new cells d. It takes 24 hours for a bacterial population to double in size

a. The daughter cells are identical to the parent cell

The fossil record is in many cases incomplete because a. The vast majority of organisms never left a fossil trace b. Many organisms rapidly decomposed after death c. Many organisms were eaten after death d. Many fossils are never discovered because of their location e. All of the above are correct

a. The vast majority of organisms never left a fossil trace

Which of the following people are at the lowest risk of acquiring MRSA? a. a computer consultant who works from home b. someone who works as a guard at a local prison c. a rugby player on a successful team d. a worker in a local daycare e. a janitor at a major city hospital

a. a computer consultant who works from home

After bacterial asexual reproduction, the daughter cells produced a. are identical to each other b. have half the chromosome number c. are genetically different d. have double the DNA content e. exchange genes by transformation

a. are identical to each other

Which organism would have the most similar DNA to humans? a. chimpanzee b. reptile c. amphibian d. bird e. fish

a. chimpanzee

Phylogeny is the study of a. evolutionary history among groups of organisms b. the distribution of living organism on Earth c. classification of living organisms d. the species richness of an ecosystem e. convergent evolution

a. evolutionary history among groups of organisms

Relative dating uses a. indirect dating of fossils based on their surroundings b. 14C data of the surrounding c. radiometric data d. 14C data of the object being examined e. ages of known fossils

a. indirect dating of fossils based on their surroundings

The definition of a biological species developed by Ernest Mayr that is still used today a. organisms that can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring b. organisms with the same number of chromosomes c. individuals within a population d. organisms that look alike

a. organisms that can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Fossils are a. preserved animals of any age b. bones, teeth, or shells c. plant or animal remains that have been filled with sandstone or shale d. any evidence of an organism more than 10,000 years old

a. preserved animals of any age

All of the following are tetrapods, except a. ray-finned fishes b. amphibians c. reptiles d. birds e. mammals

a. ray-finned fishes

In a comparison of DNA between two species, maximum homology and relatedness is indicated if a. 100% of the bases are A, T, G, and C b. 100% of the amino acids are the same c. 100% of the noncoding regions are the same d. 100% of the DNA is the same in the coding region of a gene e. 100% of the DNA is the same in both coding and noncoding regions

b. 100% of the amino acids are the same

A few birds, such as ostriches, have wings but cannot fly. Which of the following best explains this? a. Ostriches are not true birds b. Ostriches evolved from an amphibian ancestor that had wing-like arms and glided among trees c. When reptiles evolved into birds, some birds developed wings for flight, but others developed wings incapable of flight d. Ostriches evolved from a bird ancestor that flew e. Ostriches evolved first, then all other flying birds evolved from ostriches

b. Ostriches evolved from an amphibian ancestor that had wing-like arms and glided among trees

MRSA is caused by a. Streptococcus aureus b. a drug-resistant form of S. aureus c. S. aureus USA300 d. a drug-resistant form of a virus e. a drug-resistant form of Methicillin aureus

b. a drug-resistant form of S. aureus

Which mutation would most likely be selected against against during evolution? a. a mutation in a noncoding region of a gene b. a mutation in a coding region of a gene c. a mutation in a noncoding promoter region d. a mutation in a short tandem repeat region e. a neutral mutation

b. a mutation in a coding region of a gene

Animal fossils usually have these structures a. legs b. bony skeletons or hard shells c. tails d. scales e. teeth

b. bony skeletons or hard shells

Natural selection causes a. changes in an individual´s genes b. changes in allele frequencies within a population c. a decrease in reproductive fitness in a population d. the inheritance of acquired characteristics e. changes in the mechanism of inheritance

b. changes in allele frequencies within a population

Drug-resistant populations of bacterial stains are a result of a. fast bacterial doubling time outpacing typical drug doses b. drugs or other selective environmental pressures c. binary fission d. manipulations in the lab to create new strains for research e. transmission from an infected person

b. drugs or other selective environmental pressures

The most direct evidence of evolution comes from a. radiometric dating b. homologous skeletons c. mitochondrial DNA d. similar mating habits

b. homologous skeletons

Of the taxonomic categories below, which has the least number or organisms or least inclusive category? a. kingdom b. order c. domain d. phylum e. class

b. order

A series of strong storms opened a stream channel between two lakes. The western lake contains a large, diverse population of a species of minnow. The eastern lake has never been populated by fish. When the channel opened, a small group of fish migrated to the eastern lake. Soon after, the stream channel dried up and was never opened again. The fish in the eastern lake thrived and continued to reproduce, building a large population over time. Compared with the fish in the western lake, what characteristics would you expect the population in the eastern lake to exhibit? a. reduced genetic diversity but no change in allele frequency b. reduced genetic diversity and a change in allele frequency c. no change in genetic diversity but a change in allele frequency d. no change in either genetic diversity or allele frequency e. the information provided is insufficient to answer the question

b. reduced genetic diversity and a change in allele frequency

The fossil record could be improved with more of these a. whole animal fossils b. transitional fossils c. mold fossils d. mineralized fossils e. trace fossils

b. transitional fossils

Which of the following best describes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? a.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is evolving b.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is not evolving c.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are increasing d.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are increasing e. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are decreasing

b.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is not evolving

Staphylococcus aureus is a type of ______

bacteria

Antibiotics should only be prescribed for _____ infections

bacterial

Bacteria usually reproduce by _______

binary fission

The very limited gene pool of wild cheetahs is an example of _______

bottleneck

A scientist studying population genetics of a bird population inhabiting a group of islands finds that allelic diversity is highest on island C, lowest on island A, and island B has intermediate allelic diversity levels. What is the likely order in which these islands were colonized by this species?

c, b, a

The long bones of a bat wing are homologous to a. the feathers of a bird b. the wings of an insect c. the humerus of a human d. the fingers of a frog e. the lower jaw of fish

c. the humerus of a human

Which of the following is not one of the main ideas behind Darwin´s theory of Natural Selection? a. There is variation in populations b. There is competition between individuals in a population c. Individual organisms can acquire new characteristics and pass these characteristics on to their offspring d. Inherited characteristics can increase an individuals´s survivability and reproductive success

c. Individual organisms can acquire new characteristics and pass these characteristics on to their offspring

Members of a(n) _____ are less closely related to each other than members of a class a. Order b. Genus c. Phylum d. Family

c. Phylum

A number of mosquito populations today are resistant to specific insecticides, even though those insecticides were highly effective when they were first introduced. Biologists believe that insecticide resistance evolved in mosquitoes because a. individual mosquitoes built up an immunity to an insecticide after being exposed to it b. mosquitoes needed to develop insecticide resistance to survive after the insecticide was used c. a few mosquitoes were probably resistant to the insecticide before it was ever used. These survived and passed the trait on to their offspring d. the presence of the insecticide caused some mosquitoes to develop resistance; they survived and passed the trait to their offspring e. current mosquito populations are phenotypically variable and exhibit differential fitness in different environments

c. a few mosquitoes were probably resistant to the insecticide before it was ever used. These survived and passed the trait on to their offspring

Which bacterial phenotype would have the highest fitness if it were cultured in a medium containing antibiotics? a. a slightly antibiotic-resistant variant b. a moderately antibiotic-resistant variant c. a highly antibiotic-resistant variant d. an antibiotic-sensitive variant e. all phenotypes have equal fitness

c. a highly antibiotic-resistant variant

Overprescription of antibiotics and their improper use in a cause of: a. a decrease in drug-resistant species b. elimination of drug-resistant species c. a rise in drug-resistant bacterial populations d. keeping the level of MRSA infections stable e. decreasing MRSA levels in hospitals

c. a rise in drug-resistant bacterial populations

A student who shares a dorm suite and bathroom with seven other students has contracted a skin infection caused by MRSA. Based on what you know about MRSA and about the student, where would you look first for the source of the bacteria? a. contaminated equipment at the gym b. contaminated shared food c. contaminated used soap and towels d. a suitemate with an upper respiratory infection who is sneezing and coughing e. shared hypodermic needles

c. contaminated used soap and towels

Homology in comparative anatomy refers to a. a similar shape and size b. similarity in size and function c. similarity of structure and a common ancestor d. similarity and no common ancestor e. similarity of structure but not function

c. similarity of structure and a common ancestor

Two types of fish live in a lake. They are extremely similar in size, shape, and body color so as to be indistinguishable. The two types eat slightly different size prey. To determine if they are different species a researcher should:

check to see if they interbreed successfully

The similarities of vertebrate embryos can be explained by descent from a _______

common ancestor

The similarity between the forearm of a human and an alligator suggests that they share a ______

common ancestor

Which population would have the most loss of diversity from a genetic bottleneck? a. 100 elephants b. 1000 mice c. 103 E. coli d. 10 cats e. 100 humans

d. 10 cats

Earth is estimated to be around a. 1-2 million years old b. 3-4 million years old c. 1-2 billion years ago d. 4-5 billion years old e. 1-2 trillion years old

d. 4-5 billion years ago

The number of differences between human cytochrome c and cytochrome c of some other organisms is as follows: Chimpanzee -0 differences; Rhesus monkey -1 difference; Pigeon -12 differences; Fruit fly -24 differences; Yeast -42 differences. Since similarities in amino acid sequences for cytochrome c parallel the degree of of relatedness between these species, this information tells us: a. That humans are more related to pigeons than fruit flies b. That humans are more related to fruit flies than yeast c. That humans are more related to fruit flies than yeast d. All of the above are correct

d. All of the above are correct

Which does not describe the body structure of Tiktaalik? a. It had a long, flat head b. Gills were present c. It had sturdy ribs to support the body on land d. It had jointed fingers and toes e. Its neck was mobile

d. It had jointed fingers and toes

Which of the following populations is most likely to survive changing environmental conditions? a. a population of 50 individuals with low allelic diversity b. a population of 50 individuals with high allelic diversity c. a population of 1000 individuals with low allelic diversity d. a population of 1000 individuals with high allelic diversity e. allelic diversity does not matter, only the size of the population

d. a population of 1000 individuals with high allelic diversity

Plate tectonics influence a. local climate b. distribution of organisms c. evolution of species on land d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The four-toed ancestor of the modern horse would have been well suited to life in the a. open grasslands b. desert c. savannah d. forest e. tropics

d. forest

Which of the following contributes to keeping allele frequencies constant in a population a. mutation b. immigration c. genetic drift d. random mating

d. random mating

The ¨Cambrian explosion¨ refers to¨ a. the mass extinction of dinosaurs b. the development of the first true cell c. the origination of life d. the appearance of fossils for all major phyla of animals e. none of the above are correct

d. the appearance of fossils for all major phyla of animals

A 200-nucleotide sequence of DNA from humans and five other vertebrates were analyzed. Based on the following results, which is most closely related to humans? a. vertebrates with 45 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA b. vertebrates with 65 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA c. vertebrates with 10 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA d. vertebrates with 4 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA e. vertebrates with 44 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA

d. vertebrates with 4 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA

How old are the oldest known fossils? a. 30-40 million yo b. 400-500 million yo c. 800-900 million yo d. 1-2 billion yo e. 3-4 billion yo

e. 3-4 billion yo

Populations genetics is the _____ a. study of the genetic makeup of populations b. study of how the genetic composition of a population changes over time c. study of the total collection of alleles in a population d. only A and B e. A, B, and C

e. A, B, and C

Tiktaalik is an important fossil because it is a(n) a. intermediate fossil b. transitional fossil c. link between fish and tetrapods d. fish with useful terrestrial adaptations e. All of the above

e. All of the above

A species of small lizard has three color forms, pale gray, brown, and black. In its original range, the colors of the rocky environment were mixed from pale gray to very dark, and the population had an even mix of all three color forms. The blending of colors with their environment helps the lizards hide from predators. A group of these lizards ended up on an island with all gray rocks, and the island has no predators that eat lizards. What will the lizards look like in 50 years? a. All pale gray b. All black c. All brown d. Mixture grey and black only e. Mixture of all colors

e. Mixture of all colors

Allele frequencies of a population can change by: a. natural selection b. genetic drift c. mutations in the gene pool d. founder effect e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Genetic bottlenecks can be caused by a. flood b. extreme temperatures c. hunting d. overfishing e. all of the above

e. all of the above

The field of biogeography provides information about a. the geographic location of a species b. the distribution or range of a species c. the adaptations of a species over time d. the evolutionary history of a species e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium occurs only in population that meet which of the following requirements? a. Mutations do not occur b. Individuals mate at random c. Natural selection does not occur e. all of these

e. all of these

What is decreased as a result of stabilizing selection? a. the middle phenotypic range of variation b. one extreme of the pheotypic variation range c. the most suited phenotypic range d. population growth e. the range of phenotypic variation

e. the range of phenotypic variation

During the building of the London subway system in the late 1800s, a species of aboveground-dwelling mosquito expanded its distribution to include the underground tunnels, where it successfully lived and bred. In the late 1990s, scientists comparing the two groups of mosquitoes discovered that they are now different species. The most likely mode of reproductive isolation for these two species is ___________ succession

ecological

Reproductive isolation based on location or geography is referred to as _____ isolation

ecological

The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated due to their habitat is: ________ isolation

ecological

Changes in individual allele frequencies in a population over time is best referred to as ________

evolution

True or false. The wings of a bird are homologous to the wings of a honeybee

false

The scientific name for every organism consists of the names of the _____ and ______

genus, species

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2+2pq+q2=1:2pq represents the frequency of ______ individuals

heterozygous

Similar structures in different organisms inherited from a common ancestor and have the same embryonic origin are said to be ____

homologous

The wing of a bird and the wing of a bat are ______ structures

homologous

A male from species A mates with a female from species B. Male A´s sperm swims and finds the egg, but the sperm is unable to penetrate the egg. This an example of _______ isolation

hybrid

A mule is the sterile offspring of a horse and a donkey. This is an example of _____ infertility

hybrid

Mating between closely related individuals is known as ______

inbreeding

The first flowering plants, first true mammals and first true frogs appeared during the _______ period

jurassic

The _____ fish were the intermediates between ray-finned fish and tetrapods

lobe-finned

The Cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the ________ era

mesozoic

The reptiles flourished during the _____ era

mesozoic

The differential survival of individuals with specific genotypes in response to environmental change is called __________

natural selection

The driving force behind the evolution of horses is ________

natural selection

The process of ___________ was the mechanism Darwin described for weeding out less fit species

natural selection

The gas began to accumulate between 3 and 2.5 billion years ago: _____

oxygen

The domain Eukarya includes: _______

plants, fungi, animals, and protists

The movement of Earth´s crust is termed ________

plate tectonics

All the individuals of a single species living in a specific area compose a ______

population

Rank the following in order of least reliable evidence of common ancestry to most reliable ____ similarity of anatomy ____ similarity of DNA ____ similarity of habitat

similarity of habitat, similarity of anatomy, similarity of DNA

The process by which new species originate is called: _____

speciation

Members of a(n) _______ species are more closely related to each other than members of a genus

species

What is the smallest level of classification?

species

Human birth weight is an example of ______ selection

stabilizing

Natural selection that favors survival of an intermediate phenotype of a population is called _______ selection

stabilizing

Spotted skunks and striped skunks have overlapping habitat ranges, but no hybrid offspring are produced. Spotted skunks breed in the fall, striped skunks breed in the spring. This is an example of ______ isolation

temporal

Two populations exhibit ________ isolation when they have different mating seasons

temporal

Although ostiches use their wings in mating rituals, they are unable to use them to fly. As such, they would be considered _______ structures

vestigial

If a structure has no apparent function in one species, yet is homologous to a functional organ in another species, this structure is termed: ______

vestigial

Some snakes have small remnants of legs that they now use for clasping during mating. These leg remnants are _____ characteristics

vestigial