SHRM Practice Test Review

Defined-Contibution Plan

1. 401k 2. money purchase plans 3. profit sharing plans 4. target benefit plans 5. cash balance plans

What is the term for the clause that prevents the reopening of collective bargaining negotiations during the term of the contract?

A zipper clause prevents the reopening of collective bargaining negotiations during the term of the contract. No parties have the right to reopen negotiations, regardless of whether that matter was contemplated when the contract was negotiated or signed.

ERG Theory

Alderfer's ERG Theory is based on existence, relatedness, and growth. It is built on Maslow's theory. However, it groups an individual's needs into three: existence, relatedness and growth needs. The needs are material and deal with an individual's physical and social needs that cover interpersonal relationships and development needs that involve a person's development and psychological growth.

democratic vs. laissez-faire

Democratic leaders take an active role in the decision-making process but they involve others. They carry the responsibility for seeing that the decisions made achieve the desired outcomes. Laissez-faire leaders have very little involvement in decision-making, mostly leaving everything up to their team

Once human resources leadership establishes a human capital management plan, the next step is which of the following?

Develop Budget

cultural noise

Differences in worldview that cause message interference.

The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947

Different name for Taft-Hartley Act

fair wage

Fair wages refer to wage levels and wage-fixing mechanisms that provide a living wage floor for workers, while complying with national wage regulations (such as the minimum wage, payment of wages, overtime payments, provision of paid holidays and social insurance payments), ensure proper wage adjustments and lead to balanced wage developments in the company

Which group has authority over unfair labor practices for federal employees?

Federal Labor Relations Authority is the group with authority over unfair labor practices for federal employees. The Federal Labor Relations Authority is an independent agency of the U.S. government that governs labor relations between the federal government and its employees.

As things stand today, employers can do virtually anything they want as long as it doesn't violate __________ or __________.

Including the Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing, employers are limited by law and by public policy in their treatment of employees.

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

mentor vs coach

Mentoring is based on an informal personal interest while a coach is involved at the organization's expense or prompting. Coaching arises out of the need to ensure that individuals can perform the tasks required to the best of their abilities. Coaching is a functional task, whereas mentoring is a personal and professional task.

mentoring

Mentoring is structured guidance whereby one person shares his knowledge, skills and experience to assist others to progress in their own lives and careers. Mentors need to be readily accessible and prepared to offer help as the need arises.

Reverse discrimination

Reverse discrimination is discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group. This can be in terms of race, gender, etc.

Risk mitigation vs. risk avoidance

Risk avoidance adjusts the project to try to make sure that the risk is eliminated. Risk mitigation reduces the probability or the negative impact of the risk by reducing the likelihood of it occurring or the impact it has on the project.

A different name for the National Labor Relations Act of 1935

The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 is also known as the Wagner Act. Thanks to the Act, private-sector workers can strike, bargain as a union, and protest the conditions of their employment.

Privacy Act of 1974

The Privacy Act of 1974 reflects data collection activities within federal agencies, do NOT apply to private companies

market culture

focused on the external environment, driven by competition and a strong desire to deliver results. prefer stability and control

Trompenaar's Cultural Dimensions

Universalism vs. Particularism Individualism vs. Communitarianism Neutral vs. Emotional Specific vs. Diffuse Achievement vs. Ascription Time Environment

lagging indicators

indicators that seem to lag behind changes in overall business activity, what had already happened as results of leading indicators

Net profit margin ratio

key performance indicator of the profitability of an enterprise. It is one of the two elements that determine the return on assets, the other element being the sales turnover ratio.

golden handshake

large payment to someone on leaving a job

Immigration reform and control act

led to I-9 and Employment eligibility requirements

Extraterritorial

legal exercise of authority over territory that is not within a country's normal geographic borders

avoidance results in

lose lose

Prior Petition Bar

When a union withdraws an election petition that results in an election bar for six months, it is called prior petition bar. Employees or a union may file a petition for a representation election (RC) after collecting signatures from at least 30% of workers in the potential bargaining unit. Petitions that are not withdrawn or dismissed result in an NLRB-conducted election. A majority of votes decides the outcome.

Balance Scorecard

a system of performance measures, including nonfinancial measures, used to assess company and division manager performance. Four perspectives: 1. Customer: what do customers think of us? 2. Internal processes: which of our ops are critical to meeting customer needs? 3. Innovation and learning: how can we improve? 4. Financial: what do our owners think of us?

statute

a written law passed by a legislative body

The crisis management team is responsible for formulating the policies that will be followed during a crisis. The role of the HR manager is to do which of the following?

to resolve the human issues created by the crisis

vertical merger

two or more firms involved in different stages of producing the same good or service

laissez-faire leadership

A leadership style that leaves much of the business decision-making to the workforce - a 'hands off' approach and the reverse of the autocratic style

S corporation

A unique government creation that looks like a corporation but is taxed like sole proprietorships and partnerships

Risk management should methodically address __ the risks associated with ___ of the activities of the organization.

ALL, ALL

Enterprise Risk Management

Identify monitor and manage enterprise risks. Do not specify on employee or business unit risks

social capital

In addition to financial capital, organizations also rely on social capital, the community's relationship with, and attitude toward, the organization. An organization can boost its social capital by engaging community partners from schools to social or volunteer groups to other organizations.

Should you ask a concerned employee whether you should conduct an investigation?

Nope, it is not the employee's choice whether an investigation takes place or not

Exempt Employees

Employees who are excluded from U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act minimum wage and overtime pay requirements. WILL NOT have missing back wages when switching for non-exempt

liability

(n.) a debt; something disadvantageous

6 step of Employee life cycle

1. attraction 2. recruitment 3. onboarding 4. development 5. retention 6. separation

3 guidelines to delegation

1. completeness 2. sufficiency 3.clarity

Organizational design structures and approaches are key concepts of organizational effectiveness and development. What are 3 examples of organizational design structures and approaches?

1. customer 2. functionality 3. geographic

3 examples Intragroup Dynamics

1. identity 2. cohesion 3. influence on behavior

mandated benefits?

1. military family leave 2. unemployment insurance 3. family and medical leave

3 things an employer can do if employees start to unionize

1. present fact on why a union might not be a good choice 2. present corrup practices of the union from the past 3. highlight they would need to pay union dues if a representative is elected

4 types of privacy

1.Privacy may be divided into four categories: physical, informational, decisional, and dispositional. Privacy assures that a person can be free from being disturbed or observed by other people.

The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 applies to businesses with minimum of how many employees?

4

Voluntary Benefits

benefits that an employer chooses to offer its employees without being required to do so, unpaid holiday, vacation time, qualified pension

informal channels

do not adhere to the organization's hierarchy of authority, acquaintances and networks

outplacement services

employment-counseling services offered to employees who are losing their jobs because of downsizing

Three Spheres of Sustainability

environmental, social, economic

Radical/Reactionary

favoring reaction, especially extreme conservatism or rightism in politics; opposing political or social change

Medical emergencies are common in the workplace, and for some, a quick response could be life-saving. Experts believe that treatment of medical issues should begin within

first three to four minutes

eustress

positive stress

identy-based conflict

rises from the question of self. Hardest to resolve

Summative Assessment

testing that follows instruction and assesses achievement

pedagogy

the art of teaching

The seven cultural dimensions are:

universalism vs. particularism, individualism vs. communitarianism, neutral vs. emotional, specific vs. diffuse, achievement vs. ascription, sequential vs. synchronous time, and internal direction vs. external direction.

negotiation/compromise results in

win some lose some

If an organization is found guilty of willful violation of health and safety standards, the company can be fined up to what per violation?

70,000

About what percentage of the average leader's responsibilities involve dealing with human behavior and human interactions?

95%

a fortiori analysis

A fortiori analysis is a way of treating uncertainty that strengthens the case for a preferred choice of action. I think I prefer choice A so I'll think of all the pro factors for B. latin word for "even more so

gateway

A gateway is either hardware or software that acts as a bridge between two networks so that data can be transferred between a number of computers. Often, a connection to a web site will involve many smaller connections to other servers along the way. In these cases, a number of gateways are used.

Job Footprint

A job footprint is the term used to describe the entire scope and range of an employee's duties and responsibilities. The general assumption is that the larger the job footprint, the more compensation the employee should receive.

low-context culture

A low-context culture relies on explicit communication. In low-context communication, more of the information in a message is spelled out and defined. Cultures with western European roots, such as the United States and Australia, are generally considered to be low-context cultures.

defined contribution plan

A pension plan that establishes the basis on which an employer will contribute to the pension fund

professional employer organization

A professional employer organization (PEO) is a firm that provides a service under which an employer can outsource employee management tasks. This is a co-employment concept.

Critical Chain Method

A schedule method that allows the project team to place buffers on any project schedule path to account for limited resources and project uncertainties.

Principle of Least Privilege

A security discipline that requires that a particular user, system, or application be given no more privilege than necessary to perform its function or job.

union steward

A union steward, also known as a union representative or shop steward, is an employee of an organization or company but is also a labor union official who represents and defends the interests of his or her fellow employees.

Agile Project Management

A way you can make projects more adaptable and easy in their movements

The Copyright Act of 1976 does not protect work by the __________

U.S. government. President Gerald Ford signed this Act into law on October 19, 1976.

Under the Copyright Act of 1976, works-for-hire are protected for 1) how long from the first year of publication, and 2) how many years from the year of creation?

Under the Copyright Act of 1976, works-for-hire are protected for 95 years from the first year of publication, or 120 years from the year of creation. This law is a United States copyright law and remains the primary basis of copyright law in the United States, as amended by several later enacted copyright provisions.

B Corporation

a business that explicitly seeks to blend its social objectives with its financial goals

criterion-related validity

a measure of validity based on showing a substantial correlation between test scores and job performance scores

market extension merger

a merger between two companies in similar fields whose sales do not overlap

minimum wage

a minimum price that an employer can pay a worker for an hour of labor

defined benefit plan

a pension plan in which the amount an employee is to receive on retirement is specifically set forth

The leadership style which recommends that the leader should give emphasis to three main duties - assignment, group, and individual - is which of the following?

action-based leadership

major role of an HR audit

an action plan to address non-compliant and underperforming areas

three glass ceiling barriers

internal structural, societal and governmental barriers

frontline managers

lower-level managers who supervise the operational activities of the organization, directly responsible for production of goods and services. They are also responsible for supervision of clerical staff and shop floor employees.

BARS (behaviorally anchored rating scale)

method of performance measurement that rates behavior in terms of a scale showing specific statements of behavior that describe different levels of performance

When employees' responsibilities change:

need to review compliance issues

Disstress

negative stress

multi-employer bargaining

negotiations in which a number of employers jointly bargain with a given labor union

Disparate Impact

occurs when an employer creates a seemingly fair employment practice that has a negative impact on members of a protected class. unintentional discrimination

single unit bargaining

one workplace, one employer

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation

You are tasked with putting together a team of individuals to devise a plan for changing the course of the business. Which of the following characteristics would be most helpful when choosing a leader for the team?

reputation among employees

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

required all employers to report new hires within 20 days of hire -> to National Directory of New Hires

cash balance plan

retirement plan in which the employer sets up an individual account for each employee and contributes a percentage of the employee's salary; the account earns interest at a predefined rate Deferred, not defined plan

The five steps in the control process are

setting performance standards, measuring performance, feeding back results, comparing results with standards and taking corrective action. Setting objectives is an antecedent planning process.

Strategic Metrics

strategic metrics are things like goals or targets met within a period of time (month, quarter, year)

economic strikes

strike over disputes regarding wages or benefits

discretionary

subject to one's own judgment

Organizational knowledge

tacit and explicit know-how that individuals possess about products, services, systems, and processes -intellectual or human capital Organizational knowledge would not be information found in a handbook. A handbook is only for information about company culture, policies, and procedures, not actual exclusive company content.

horizontal merger

the combination of two or more firms competing in the same market with the same good or service

cross sectional analysis

the comparison of different firms' financial ratios at the same point in time; involves comparing the firm's ratios to those of other firms in its industry or to industry averages

quality control

the processes an organization uses to maintain its established quality standards

glass ceiling

the unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements

At-Will

At-will employment is a concept in American law (not global) whereby certain employment relationships can be terminated at any time by either the employer or the employee without giving a reason and with no potential for future liability for breach of contract. It's important to note that at-will employment is the default form of employment but can be easily overridden with contractual clauses or civil service statutes in the case of public sector workers.

statutory bar

Bar that prohibits a union-representation election in a bargaining unit when one has been held during the preceding 12-month period.

Blocking

Blocking is a barrier to communication in a team. It happens when a team member disagrees with every idea that is proposed. In effect, this "blocks" any progress that the group could make.

bureaucratic leadership

Bureaucratic leaders insist that employees follow rules and procedures precisely. This style is appropriate for work involving serious safety risks or a high likelihood of failure.

What can diversity and inclusion return on investment be influenced by?

Diversity councils, employee resource groups, and strategic alliances with external organizations

risk transfer

Employment practices liability insurance is available to provide businesses with a form of risk transfer; with the insurance, the business can transfer at least part of the cost of a risk to another source.

Exempt and nonexempt are terms that apply to _______________.

FLSA and state labor laws overtime requirements

ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act)

Federal law that sets minimum standards for most voluntarily established pension and health plans in private industry to provide protection for individuals in these plans.

Formalism

Formalism (also called deontology) is an approach to ethics that affirms an absolute morality. A particular act is in itself right or wrong, always and in every situation. Formalism is a type of ethical theory which defines moral judgments in terms of their logical form (e.g., as "laws" or "universal prescriptions") rather than their content (e.g., as judgments about what actions will best promote human well-being).

pulse surveys

Frequent, short questionnaires used to solicit anonymous employee feedback.

Who can accompany the OSHA inspection?

HR representative OSHA inspector Employee who reported the problem

OSHA regulations

OSHA personnel conduct announced and unannounced inspections of facilities. The need for these inspections is based on complaints through the OSHA Whistle Blower Program, the rate of workplace accidents, high hazard targets, referrals, and follow-ups of previous visits.

obsolescence risk

Obsolescence risk is a factor for all companies to some degree. Obsolescence risk also means that companies wanting to remain competitive and profitable need to be prepared to make large capital expenditures any time a major product, service, or factor of production becomes obsolete. This is challenging because it can be difficult to predict obsolescence and to budget accordingly.

golden life jacket

Offered to Executives of a company being acquired to ensure they remain with the new firm.

Punishment

Punishment is a process by which a consequence immediately follows a behavior, which decreases the likelihood of repetition.

Your company wants to design an employee recognition program. The first thing you would consider when beginning to develop a successful program would be which of the following?

ROI

replacement chart

Replacement charts assist an organization to help HR and Line Managers identify staffing needs by categorizing current employees. Replacement charts are a forecasting technique used in succession planning to help companies visualize key job roles, current employees and existing and future vacancies.

retained earnings

Retained earnings represent the accumulated earnings of the firm that have not been distributed. It represents the firm's undistributed earnings since its inception. Since stockholders would receive these earnings if they had been distributed, retained earnings are part of the stockholders' contribution to the financing of the firm.

Secondary activity in Value Chain

Secondary activities include Procurement, Human Resource management, Technological Development and Infrastructure

five assumptions about learning in adults

Self-concept, experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning, motivation to learn

SMARTER

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Timebound, Evaluated, Revised

State statutes designed to protect employees and their families from the risk of accidental injury, death or disease resulting from their employment are called:

State statutes designed to protect employees and their families from the risk of accidental injury, death or disease resulting from their employment, are called Workers' Compensation Laws. They were passed because the common law did not give adequate protection to employees from the hazards of their work.

Balance Sheets

Statement of an organization's financial position at a specific point in time, showing assets, liabilities and shareholder equity.

globalization

Status of growing interconnectedness and interdependency among countries, people, markets and organizations worldwide

T/F: substance abuse is considered a disability under ADA

Substance abuse is not considered a covered disability of the ADA. The ADA defines a disability as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a record of having such an impairment, or being regarded as having such an impairment.

golden handcuffs

System of overlapping short and long-term incentives to make it less likely that key employees will leave a company

5 disciplines of a learning organization

Systems Thinking Mental Models Personal Mastery Team Learning Shared Vision

risk avoidance

Taking advance action to consider potentials for risk and prevent problems from occurring is part of risk avoidance.

internationalization

The designing of a product in such a way that it will meet the needs of users in many countries or can be easily adapted to do so is internationalization. Internationalization might mean designing a website so that when it is translated from English to Spanish the layout still works.

S Corp vs LLC

The difference is that in an S corp, owners pay themselves salaries plus receive dividends from any additional profits the corporation may earn, while an LLC is a "pass-through entity," which means that all the income and expenses from the business get reported on the LLC operator's personal income tax return

Five Components of a Total Reward

The five components are: compensation, benefits, work/life programs, recognition programs, and professional development. A competitive and appropriate compensation package is key to retaining and motivating employees.

Gatekeeper

The gatekeeper is the person or group (audience) with the power to decide whether your message is sent on to other audiences. Some gatekeepers are also initial audiences.

SWOT analysis

The process of SWOT analysis is a process of balancing available resources in order to make the most of strengths and opportunities and to minimize any danger to the organization from its weaknesses and threats. It lists the organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

authorization

The process of giving someone permission to do or have something

litigation

The process of resolving a dispute through the court system.

Steps in change management

The steps in change management include clearly documenting the actions and desired end result goals, communicating to those affected, soliciting their feedback and support for the change, and then measuring the results.

Training

Training is the term that describes the process by which employees are provided with the knowledge, skills, and abilities specific to a task or job. HR professionals can conduct the training themselves, or delegate or hire others to do it.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has published standards for which of the following?

ANSI/SHRM 06001.2012 details the standards for measuring cost per employee hire.

Taft-Hartley Act

Act passed in 1947 that put increased restrictions on labor unions. Also, it allowed states to pass "right to work" laws: prohibited "union" shop (= workers must join union after being hired). It also prohibited secondary boycotts and established that the President has power to issue injections in strikes that endangered national health & safety ("cooling off" period)

ADA is what kind of act?

Americans with Disabilities Act is not a law, regulation, or Supreme Court case relating to leave and benefits. This act primarily pertains to equal employment opportunity.

What HR functions can an HRIS effectively handle?

An HRIS can handle data collection and reporting for all HR functional areas. It is left to the HR professional to interpret the raw data for management to aid in decision-making.

ABC analysis

An analysis of a range of items that have different levels of significance and should be handled or controlled differently is an ABC analysis. It is an analysis in which the items are grouped into three categories (A, B and C) in order of their estimated importance. Same foundation as the parato a valuable item is always less in quantity

Non-Exempt

An employee who is subject to the minimum wage or overtime provisions of the Fair Labor Standards. GOOD

Employer brand

An employer brand is an important part of the employee value proposition and is essentially what the organization communicates as its identity to both potential and current employees. Must align well with your organization's strategic direction

Turnkey Operation

An existing facility and its operations are acquired and run by the purchaser without major changes,

Division Structure

An organizational structure composed of separate business units within which are the functions that work together to produce a specific product for a specific customer 디비젼으로 나눠져 그내에서의 각자 부서들이 있음.

Apathy

Apathy following is not an effective conflict resolution style, as apathy does not support the organization in any way. Apathy means possessing a lack of interest or concern, which is ineffective.

Formative Assessment

Assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson and/or unit to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching

What is the human resource professional's primary role in assisting a department with conducting an effective interview?

Assist and offer advice for preparing for and setting up interviews

Feedback

Feedback for career development is not considered a final evaluation of work; it is a formative assessment for improving employee efforts. It gauges accomplishments and allows an individual to take further responsibility for ongoing improvement.

3 factors of declining workforce engagement

When workers are juggling additional work responsibilities, working longer hours, and performing jobs that are above or below their pay grade,

Code Section 125 Plan

With a Code Section 125 Plan or flexible benefits plan, employees may reduce their compensation such that they qualify for pre-tax employer-provided benefits coverage. These plans are often called cafeteria plans.

Workers Compensation

Workers' compensation provides compensation to employees who suffer job-related injuries and illnesses. Benefits do include vocational rehabilitation, wage replacement benefits, medical treatment

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 covers the following types of document retention:

apprentice selection records, employee resumes, and tax deductions.

relativism

cultural vision that holds that there are no absolutes and everything is based on the situation

quality assurance

focuses on the performance of workers, urging employees to strive for "zero defects"

formal channels

follow the official chain of command

Due process

following established legal procedures

Human resource budget responsibilities

funds allocated to hiring, salaries, benefits, talent management, training, succession planning, workforce engagement, and employee wellness planning. i.e. Third-party 401k administration, Payroll taxes, Employee benefits etc

E-cards

greeting cards and benign.

Exceptions to GINA

if it was done by mistake, and if the employer is a recipient under FMLA

IRS definition of Independent contractors

if you can direct or control only the result of the work done, and not the means and methods of accomplishing the result, then your workers are independent contractors.

justification report

A justification report is a report for guiding decisions that is made to upper-level management from lower-level management or middle-level management. It is used to persuade top management to approve a proposed project or investment.

Hay Method

job evaluation method that uses know how, problem solving, and accountability to determine how many points to assign each job.

leading indicators

key economic variables that economists use to predict a new phase of a business cycle, leads to predictions and indicate higher degree of success.

Decisions are required at the end of an investigation; no ties are allowed. This means you must decide based upon the what status of the evidence?

preponderance of the evidence, which might be as close as 51 percent on one side and 49 percent on the other side. Disciplinary action is best when it is a proportional response.

career development

progression through a series of employment stages characterized by relatively unique issues, themes, and tasks

Blue Ocean Strategy

positioning a firm far away from competitors' positions so that it creates an industry of its own and, at least for a time, isolates itself from competitors

Trade Adjustment Assistant Act

provide aid for workers who lost their jobs due to increased imports

mandatory subjects

subjects that require good faith bargaining. Include wages, hours, and other condition of employment Required by law and the NLRB.

comparable worth

the issue raised when women who hold traditionally female jobs are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skill

Cost Leadership

the positioning strategy of producing a product or service of acceptable quality at consistently lower production costs than competitors can, so that the firm can offer the product or service at the lowest price in the industry

focus strategy

the positioning strategy of using cost leadership or differentiation to produce a specialized product or service for a limited, specially targeted group of customers in a particular geographic region or market segment

Featherbedding

the practice of negotiating labor contracts that keep unnecessary workers on a company's payroll

data discovery

the process of extracting actionable patterns from data. The extraction is generally performed by humans or, in certain cases, by artificial intelligence systems. The data presented is typically in a visual format and may look like a dashboard, depending on how it is presented in the application.

cultural divergence

the restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences, 일본

corporate governance

the system of governing a company so that the interests of corporate owners and other stakeholders are protected

dispositional privacy

situational privacy

severance package

Set of benefits provided to employees who are terminated for some reason other than cause.

multi-unit bargaining

Several unions represent different bargaining units in a company.

Tips on negotiation

1. do not be quick to give in 2. listen and ask questions 3. focus on the obstacles not people 4. do Not make the first offer

3 levels of strategy?

1. organizational 2. business unit level 3. operational

democratic leadership

A form of leadership in which the leader solicits input from subordinates.

Sympathy strike

Action taken in support of another union that is striking the employer.

utilization review

Audit of health-care use and charges to identify which benefits are used and to make certain that care is necessary and costs are in line

differentiation strategy

Distinguishing an organization's products from the products of competitors on dimensions such as product design, quality, or after-sales service.

OECD?

Economic cooperation and development is the mission of OECD, which was formed in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

right of free consent

Individuals in the modern organization have the right of free consent, which is the right of the individual to know what he or she is being asked to do, and the possible and probable consequences of that action. People should not be forced, manipulated, or deceived into working in situations that could cause harm.

factor comparison method

Job comparison method that ranks each job by each selected compensable factor and then identifies dollar values to develop a pay rate.

Consumer Credit Protection Act

Labor act that limits the amount of wages that can be garnished or withheld in any one week by an employer to satisfy creditors.

Facilities Management

The obtaining and maintaining of adequate work space and equipment.

C Corporation

a corporation that is organized to sell stock to the general public

conciliation

Conciliation describes the method of NONBINDING alternative dispute resolution by which a neutral third party tries to help disputing parties reach a mutually agreeable decision. Conciliation is often considered as a last chance before parties engage in adjudication, i.e. labor court hearing.

Best performance review strategy for increasing work quality?

Conduct more quality reviews, and give feedback on each work order on a random schedule. Giving feedback on all the work checked is more powerful than just pointing out the errors. It is giving positive as well as negative feedback. Checking work randomly lets the workers know they need to perform well all the time, as they won't know when their work is checked.

content validity

Content validity is an assessment of whether a test measures knowledge or understanding of the items it is supposed to measure.

Hall's Cultural model

Context: low vs. high Time: mono vs. polychronic Space: high territoriality vs low territoriality

mediation

Mediation is a voluntary resolution practice for resolving charges of discrimination used by the EEOC. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is an agency of the federal government, created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII). The purpose of the EEOC is to interpret and enforce federal laws prohibiting discrimination.

Parallel Bargaining

Negotiate a deal similar to other agreements in your industry

context

The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.

collaboration results in

win-win

Social Security

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health Social Security like Medicare is an INVOLUNTARY benefit that employers must provide.

Job Analysis Methods

- Observations - Participation - Existing Data - Interviews - Surveys - Job Diaries

0 elements of an HR business case include the following

1 Problem statement 2. Background 3. Project objectives 4. Current process 5. Requirements 6. Alternatives 7. Compare alternatives 8. Additional considerations 9. Action plan 10. Executive summary

Step in the strategic planning

1. Assessing an organization's current situation. 2. Envisioning and articulating an organization's desired future. 3. Formulating a strategy and identifying the strategic objectives to achieve it. 4. Implementing the strategy. 5. Monitoring the strategy to assure it is successfully implemented.

Four global engagement drivers

1. The work itself as well as the development opportunities the work provide 2. Stability and the confidence that is placed in an organization's leadership 3. Rewards and recognition 4. The upward and downward flow of communication

3 examples of public law

1. administrative law 2. constitutional law 3. criminal law

business model

A business model is a simple description of how a business works. It identifies what the business sells, who the customers are, what the price is, how the product is marketed and sold, who the competitors and strategic partners of the business are, etc. A good business model is key to a profitable business. A business model is not a business plan.

limited liability company

A company similar to an S corporation but without the special eligibility requirements.

conglomerate merger

A conglomerate merger is one in which the businesses involved neither compete nor are related as customer and supplier in any given line of commerce. There is a great deal of similarity in the legal principles applied to market extension and to conglomerate mergers.

cross tabulation

A cross tabulation (or "cross tab") is a method of presenting and relating data having two or more variables. It is used to analyze and discover relationships in the data.

constructive discharge claim

A demotion, reassignment to menial or degrading work or involuntary transfer to a less desirable position can lead to a constructive discharge claim. A constructive discharge claim is productive and built case on which to justifiably discharge someone.

The divisional structure used for a business is typically used in which size company?

A divisional structure typically is used in larger companies that operate in a wide geographic area or that have separate smaller organizations within the umbrella group to cover different types of products or market areas. The benefit of this structure is that needs can be met more rapidly and more specifically; however, communication is inhibited because employees in different divisions are not working together.

Pension Protection Act

A federal law passed in 2006 intended to shore up the financial integrity of private traditional (defined benefit) plans and, at the same time, to encourage employees to make greater use of salary reduction (defined contribution) plans.

relationship-oriented leaders

A leader who is relationship-oriented values open communication and encourages subordinates to give input and participate actively in problem solving. This leader is empathetic and considers the emotional aspects as well as cognitive aspects of situations.

limited liability company

A limited liability company is a hybrid of a corporation and a partnership while still offering the advantages of a corporation. It has become popular due to its flexibility and low cost to create and maintain. A limited liability company or LLC is designed to provide the limited liability features of a corporation and the tax efficiencies and operational flexibility of a partnership. The "owners" of an LLC are referred to as "members." Depending on the state, the members can consist of a single individual (one owner), two or more individuals, corporations or other LLCs.

Lean Six Sigma

A methodology that combines the organizational elements and tools of Six Sigma with Lean's focus on waste reduction

Security alert

A notice placed on a consumer file that alerts a recipient of a consumer report involving that consumer file that the consumer's identity may have been used without the consumer's consent to fraudulently obtain goods or services in the consumer's name.

risk acceptance

Being familiar with chances of risk and creating a financial buffer against future costs is considered risk acceptance.

These days there are many restrictions to an employer's termination of a worker without ________.

Cause, even employment at-will employers are restricted by the law and public policy and must have cause to justify terminations.

charsimatic authority

Charismatic leaders are those who have the ability to engage others because of the power of their personalities. They inspire affection and emotional connection and may use the power of their personalities to advance revolutionary ideas.

coaching

Coaching leadership is a leadership style that emphasizes the consideration of workers' needs, training and development, and motivation. Coaching leaders are very effective in settings where performance or results need improvement. They help others to advance their skills; they build bench strength and provide a lot of guidance.

Permissive subjects

Collective bargaining items that may be bargained but are not obligatory; also called voluntary or nonmandatory subjects. either side may bring up or refuse to bargain

What are the two components of a risk management plan?

Crisis management plan and business continuity plan

Cost effective alternative to HRIS

Customize an off-the shelf solution

digital citizenship

Digital citizenship is a person's understanding of the human, cultural, and societal issues related to technology and practicing legal and ethical behavior as well. Employees should advocate and practice safe, legal, and responsible use of information and technology; exhibit a positive attitude toward using technology, demonstrate personal responsibility for lifelong learning; and exhibit leadership for digital citizenship.

division of labor

Division of labor refers to the distribution of work into separate jobs that are performed by different people. It leads to job specialization as workers focus on one or a few tasks now essential to their positions.

Economic Value Added (EVA)

Economic value added (EVA) is designed as a method for calculating the creation of value for the organization's shareholders. It is a measure of profits that remain after the cost of capital has been deducted from operating profits. It provides shareholders and managers with a better understanding of how the business is performing overall.

electronic performance monitoring

Electronic performance monitoring (EPM), is the process of observing ongoing employee actions using computers or other nonhuman methods. The use of EPM apparently is a cost effective means of increasing productivity. EPM allows management to know if employees are actually working or doing personal things during paid work hours.

The Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970 requires ________________.

Employers to notify any individual in writing if a credit report may be used in making an employment decision concerning that individual

What does inclusion as a workforce characteristic mean?

Everyone is valued, engaged, and respected.

You arrive at Nancy's office at 9 a.m. and you have your notepad ready to make notes for yourself. The director looks surprised that you are planning to take notes and asks that you not and that the content of this exchange remain "100 percent confidential."What is your response to the request that you not take notes?

Explain that taking notes helps you as you process information and assure her you will keep the notes private and safeguard them. The director of public affairs is concerned about confidentiality. Assuring her no one else will see your notes ought to allow you to gather the information you need to provide the right support for her.

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) not only protects health insurance coverage for workers and their families when they change or lose their jobs, it also made health insurance companies cover pre-existing conditions. If such condition had been diagnosed before purchasing insurance, insurance companies are required to cover it after patient has one year of continuous coverage.

collective cognition

Idea and knowledge diversity in a team contributes to its ability to acquire and make good use of resources but it also makes it more difficult to achieve a cohesive point of view. A team must therefore have collective cognition, a shared understanding of all that faces them.

high-context culture

In high-context communication, a message cannot be understood without a great deal of background information. Asian, African, Arab, central European and Latin American cultures are generally considered to be high-context cultures.

4 assumptions of linear thinking:

In linear thinking the assumptions are that: a problem exists; it has a single cause; it requires a single solution; the solution can be evaluated entirely in terms of its impact upon the problem; and the solution will stay put.

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

Intermittent strikes

Intermittent strikes are illegal. They involve the constant repetition of short strikes, in which the employees attempt to pressure the employer to concede to their demands while still receiving wages. Under Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) economic strikes, unfair labor practice strikes, and sympathy strikes are legal.

Management by walking around

Involves having managers and supervisors physically get out of their offices and interact with employees in person. This allows management to check on employee progress, inquire about potential issues, and gain other feedback without relying on employees to make The first move.

Code of Conduct should be found in:

Violations of the code of conduct can fall along a spectrum from "minor" to "worthy of immediate dismissal." All of these relationships should be identified in the employer's policy manual. That way there are no surprises for any employee.

Non-current assets

Items that a business owns and which it expects to retain for one year or longer.

Job classification

Job evaluation method in which descriptions are written for each class of jobs; individual jobs are then put into the grade that best matches their class description. Defines the job-worth

Trait-Based Leadership

Leadership effectiveness is influenced by traits such as intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability. This leadership theory favors the notion that leaders are born, not made.

Schein's Model of 3 Organizational Culture

Level 1: Artifacts and Creations Level 2: Values Level 3: Basic Assumptions

Modular structures

Modular structures are characterized by strategic business units that focus on individual pieces of a whole product. Less traditional, Toyota. 더 세세히 나눠져있음 Components are separated into smaller work units, and companies may choose to outsource functions to save labor costs or improve quality. 병원이 내과 이비인후과 정형외과 나눠져있듯이 각자 따로 일하고 뭐가 대신하게 될지 모름

Point-factor method

Most commonly used method of job evaluation; it involves using specific factors to evaluate job worth

Wagner Act

National Labor Relations Act, for private sectors

return on assets

One of the most common ways to analyze financial data is to calculate ratios from the data to compare against those of other companies or against the company's own historical performance. Return on assets (ROA) is a common ratio used to determine how efficient a company is at using its assets and as a measure of profitability. This ratio could be calculated for several similar companies and compared as part of a larger analysis.

sensing meetings

Opportunities to check in on group reactions to an initiative after it has been implemented. They can provide early indications that additional steps may be required. After an OED process is implemented

Important criteria analysis for expansion?

PESTLE

differential pay

Pay rates that are affected by where or when an employee works.

Skip-level interviews

Practice in union-free organizations of encouraging managers to spend time with each employee two levels below them on an annual basis.

Precipitating event

Precipitating event refers specifically to the event of situation that promoted the communication. Precipitating event is a specific single event, whereas context describes the whole ambiance of the situation with the inclusion of multiple circumstances that have led to the precipitating event.

What three categories of risk are discussed by Kaplan and Mikes?

Preventable risks, strategic risks, and external risks

Caux 7 Principles

Principle 1. The Responsibilities Of Businesses:Beyond Shareholders toward Stakeholders Principle 2. The Economic and Social Impact of Business:Toward Innovation, Justice and World Community Principle 3. Business Behavior:Beyond the Letter of Law Toward a Spirit of Trust Principle 4. Respect for Rules Principle 5. Support for Multilateral Trade Principle 6. Respect for the Environment Principle 7. Avoidance of Illicit Operations P.S cultural and religious respect is unnecessary

Decisional Privacy

Privacy is defined in terms of freedom from interference in one's choices and decisions.

Procurement

Procurement concentrates on the strategic process of product or service sourcing, for example researching, negotiation and planning

proprietary information

Proprietary information, also known as a trade secret, is information a company wishes to keep confidential. Proprietary information can include secret formulas, processes, and methods used in production.

Risk Mitigation

Reviewing employment policies to avoid the chances of an employee lawsuit is considered risk mitigation.

risk mitigation

Reviewing employment policies to avoid the chances of an employee lawsuit is considered risk mitigation.

salting

Salting is the process of sending qualified applicants who are being paid by the union to apply for open positions and who, if hired, begin to organize immediately from within. A person so employed is called a "salt". The tactic is often discussed in the United States because under US law, unions may be prohibited from talking with workers in the workplace and salting is one of the few legal strategies that allow union organizers to talk with workers.

A financial services company expects 30 percent growth each year for the next 5 years, which means an increase in staff by 200 percent. Which of the following is the key consideration in selecting a human resource information system (HRIS) in this case?

Scalability, The organization is expecting rapid growth, so any IT solution must be able to grow efficiently and economically along with the organization.

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519 (2012), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court upheld Congress' power to enact most provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), commonly called Obamacare, and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (HCERA)

External Equity

Situation in which an organization's compensation levels and benefits are similar to those of other organizations that are in the same labor market and compete for the same employees.

Internal Equity

Situation in which employees feel that performance or job differences result in corresponding differences in rewards that are fair. Internal equity means ensuring fairness in pay for employees working similar jobs.

false dilemma

Sometimes called "bifurcation", this sort of error happens when somebody presents their argument in such a way that there are just two conceivable alternatives left.

fiduciary duty

That duty owed by an agent to act in the highest good faith toward the principal and not to obtain any advantage over the latter by the slightest misrepresentation, concealment, duress or pressure.

When an employer establishes a pension plan for its employees, this law governs how the plan will be managed.

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974

The first federal law to require employers to record and retain race and sex data on employees was ______________________.

The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

HR-to-employee ratio

The HR-to-employee ratio is calculated by dividing the number of HR FTEs (full-time equivalents) by the total number of employees in the organization and multiplying the outcome by 100.

Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

The Two-Factor theory argues that that there are two factors that motivate workers: hygiene and satisfiers. These factors are not determinants of success, but their absence results in underperformance. Hygiene factors in this case refer to job security, salary, organizational policies and working conditions. Satisfiers, also known as motivators, include growth opportunities, responsibility and recognition. A human resources manager needs to do research to find out what workers really need and then make necessary improvements to increase performance.

3 Components of a balance sheet and examples of each

The balance sheet is divided into assets, liabilities, and equity. Assets include cash, marketable securities, prepaid expenses, accounts receivable, inventory, and fixed assets. Liabilities include accounts payable, accrued liabilities, taxes payable, short-term debt, and long-term debt. Equity includes stock, retained earnings, and treasury stock.

contact bars

The contract bar provides that once a contract is executed, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) generally does not permit a representation election in the unit covered by the contract until the contract expires up to a 3-year limit. This rule applies to a petition by another union to represent the employees, a petition filed by the employees to decertify, or a petition filed by the employer. The contract bar doctrine is followed in determining whether or not an existing collective-bargaining contract will bar an election.

Great Man Theory

The great man theory of leadership is built upon the belief that there is a biological predisposition to leaders: they are born, not made. This type of leadership theory in general is not widely accepted any longer due in large part to the evolution of research on the subject. The trait theory is a variation of the great man theory in that this theory posits that the leadership traits necessary to be a good leader can be acquired and are not necessarily inborn.

intentional interference with contractual relations

The label "business torts" embraces several different kinds of torts. Inducing employees to breach contracts with their employers is a business tort known as intentional interference with contractual relations.

9 key areas of focus of the Social Accountability International SA8000?

The nine areas are as follows: • Human rights and labor relations • Child labor • Forced or compulsory labor • Health and safety • Freedom of association and right to collective bargaining • Discrimination • Disciplinary practices • Working hours • Remuneration • Management systems

Primary activity in Value Chain

The primary activities of Michael Porter's value chain are inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service

glocalization

The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes "think globally, act locally

due dilligence vs. due process

The right to due process guarantees everyone's right to a fair trial, and due diligence means individuals are being adequately attempted to be notified of any matter they are involved in. This notification provides individuals with the opportunity to take action and be aware of the situation rather than being caught off guard.

Statement of Equity

The statement of equity reconciles changes in the retained earnings account during a reporting period. The statement begins with the beginning balance in the retained earnings account, and then adds or subtracts such items as profits and dividend payments to arrive at the ending retained earnings balance.

arbitration

The submission of a dispute to a third party and not to a court is called arbitration. The deciding party is called an arbitrator. The decision that the arbitrator makes is a binding decision. This is the major feature distinguishing arbitration from mediation. Mediators simply help the disputing parties reach a compromise; an arbitrator is authorized to resolve the dispute.

Three Basic Elements of a group

The three basic elements are: interaction, activity and sentiment. Interaction refers to interpersonal behavior. Activity includes the things people do. Sentiment includes those emotional and mental processes that are inside people and can't be seen but whose presence is inferred from people's activities and interactions.

3 types of validity

The three types of test validity are criterion-related, content, and construct validity. Content validity is an assessment of whether a test measures knowledge or understanding of the items it is supposed to measure. The Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures says that a selection procedure can be supported by a content validity strategy to the extent that it is a representative sample of the content of the job.

3 types of bars issued by NLRB:

There are three types of bars that the NLRB uses to bar a petition to an election. they are statutory bars, contract bars, and blocking bars.

2 classes of employers exempted from OSHA record

There are two classes of employers exempt from keeping OSHA records of employee occupational injury and illness. These classes are both employers with ten or fewer employees and low hazard industries.

Factors of strategic thinker:

To be a strategic thinker, one should be hands-off (not hands-on), look at longterm goals, seek input from others, and anticipate future opportunities. Micromanaging is not strategic. The manager needs to guide employees to make decisions and let them learn from their mistakes.

trade usage

Trade usage is the term that refers to the particular use of a word in business that may differ from its common use. It also refers to a uniform course of conduct followed in a particular trade, calling, or type of business.

turnover

Turnover is the act of replacing employees who are leaving an organization. It is also used to describe the attrition or loss of employees. It refers to the number or percentage of workers who leave an organization and are replaced by new employees. Measuring employee turnover can be helpful to employers that want to examine reasons for turnover or estimate the cost-to-hire for budget purposes.

Hacking

Unauthorized access of another person's or organization's computer system.

3 types of strikes that are legal under NLRA

Under Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) economic strikes, unfair labor practice strikes, and sympathy strikes are legal.

blocking bars

Under the Board's final rule on "blocking charges," elections can no longer be "blocked" by pending unfair labor practice (ULP) charges. Instead, elections will go forward and votes will either be counted or impounded, depending on the nature of the charge. This is a particularly important change in the context of decertification elections, as unions will no longer be able to block decertification elections by filing ULP charges.

attrition

a gradual reduction or weakening; a rubbing away, a type of workforce technique and approach

participative leadership

a leadership style in which the leader consults employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions

golden parachute

a prearranged contract with managers specifying that, in the event of a hostile takeover, the target firm's managers will be paid a significant severance package

Job review

a rating of how well you are doing on your job

trade mark

a symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product.

interest-based conflict

arise from interactions and circumstances. they are relatively easy to resolve

adhocracy culture

attempts to create innovative products by being adaptable, creative, and quick to respond to changes in the marketplace

Three characteristics of work relationships

behavioral control, financial control, type of relationship The IRS uses three characteristics to determine the relationship between businesses and workers. They are: behavioral control, financial control, type of relationship. HR personnel should know the difference between an employee and an independent contractor. The IRS uses these three criteria to determine the employment relationship. If you have the right to control or direct not only what is to be done but also how it is to be done, then your workers are most likely employees. If you can direct or control only the result of the work done, and not the means and methods of accomplishing the result, then your workers are independent contractors.

example of private law

contract law

Pareto chart

display tool when you are trying to establish priorities on what problem to tackle first

Phishing

e-mail mailing enticement with the intent to do harm.

Process Improvement

efforts to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of specific business operations

__________ increases for all other employees in most all sizes of organizations is generally the responsibility of each line manager and department.

pay-for-performance increases

grandfather clause

employees on the payroll befor a certain date will certian rights even though newer employees will not share the same rights

If a decision which would have been made by a higher-level official is delegated to supervisors or front-line staff members, this is a form of

empowerment Empowerment is the act of granting authority (power) to employees to make decisions within their areas of responsibility. Empowerment is typically limited to well-defined areas such as process improvement changes within the employee's defined areas of responsibility.

Teleology (Utilitarianism)

ethical theory that examines the results/consequences. Established by John Stuart Mill. Only have to tell the truth if it's the greatest good for the greatest number. Looking at the consequences of actions to judge right and wrong.

business's affirmative action plan falls under ______

executive order 11246.

low context culture preferred communication

explicit verbal directions

high context culture preferred communication

face-to-face, since there will be many more nuances

autocratic leadership

leadership style that involves making managerial decisions without consulting others

group of people working collectively to enhance their capacities to create results

learning organization

When performance record file is stolen or is missing you should

let it go and start from scratch

The theoretical wage level that allows an individual to afford adequate shelter, food and the other necessities is called

living wage

technological forecast

long-term forecasts concerned with the rates of technological progress

escalator clause

looking at cost of living index to request COLA

Leader vs. Manager

manager: focuses on the status quo, doing things right, organizational stability, physical resources, efficiency leader: focuses on change, crisis innovation, ultimate direction of the group, doing the right thing, effectiveness, role based on strengths not titles

All hands meeting

meeting that everyone must attend, examples include town hall meetings. These meetings are not usually designed to allow feedback from employees about smaller details issues.

ERISA needs to be kept record of for:

minimum of 6 years

health and welfare benefits

most common discretionary benefits

Zero Latency

no lag time required for the flow of information from customer to database to decision maker. When a firm can respond to internal and external events as they occur this is known as zero latency. This is because information is exchanged across departmental or divisional boundaries without any delay.

A Six Sigma

quality approach, not a specific way to display information in a useful way, so it is not the best. Question ID: 20356

zero tolerance

refusal to accept antisocial behavior, typically by strict and uncompromising application of the law.

specialization

the concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities

construct validity

the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring

expectancy theory

the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards Punishment is not a motivating factor in the expectancy theory of motivation. The theory's basic features can be described with three concepts: effort - performance expectancy and performance; reward expectancy; and reward attractiveness or valence.

chain of command

the vertical line of authority that clarifies who reports to whom throughout the organization, clarifies job expectations and role conflict

Counterproductive Work Behavior

voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and threatens the well-being of the organization, its members, or both product, property and political devaince

Job order

when a company manufactures one unit of a unique product or manufactures a unique group of products

6 Categories of OSHA violations

willful, serious, other-than-serious, minimal, failure to abate, repeat

background check during a screening process need a ____________ approval by the applicant.

written

IRS definition of Employee

you have the right to control or direct not only what is to be done but also how it is to be done, then your workers are most likely employees