Signs and Symptoms for Microbiology Final

Lyme Disease: Early disseminated infection

2-8 weeks later, nervous system affected, electrical conduction in heart impaired (Dizzy spells, fainting result; paralysis of face, severe headache, difficulty concentrating, emotional instability, fatigue, impairment of nerves of legs or arms)

Norovirus Gastroenteritis

Abrupt onset of nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea; Incubation period is 1-2 days; Vomiting most severe in older children and adults, resolves within first day or two (Other symptoms take several days to subside)

Viral Meningitis

Abrupt onset; fever, severe headache above or behind eyes, sensitivity to light, stiff neck; Nausea, vomiting common; May be sore throat, chest pain, swollen salivary glands, skin rash

Hepatitis A

Acute illness; no known chronic form or carrier state; Older children and adults develop jaundice, fever, fatigue, clay-colored feces, and vomiting after ~1 month incubation; Most young children (<6 years) and many older children (6-14 years) are asymptomatic; About 1 in 5 adults requires hospitalization

Infectious Mononucleosis

Appear after long incubation period, usually 30-60 days; Fever, soar throat covered with pus, marked fatigue, enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes; Fever, sore throat gone in ~2 weeks; others in ~3 weeks

Group A Streptococcal "Flesh-Eating Disease"

Appear suddenly, are very serious; Severe pain at wound site; Swelling stretches, discolors skin; Fever, confusion develop Without treatment, shock and death usually follow shortly

Botulism

Begin 12-36 hours after ingesting toxin-contaminated food; Dizziness, dry mouth, blurred or double vision; Abdominal symptoms can include pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea or constipation; Progressive paralysis involves all voluntary muscle (Respiratory paralysis most common cause of death)

Pneumococcal Meningitis

Begins like mild cold, followed by sudden onset of severe, throbbing headache; fever; pain and stiffness of neck and back; nausea and vomiting (Deafness, confusion, loss of consciousness, coma may develop; death may occur rapidly)

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Marburg Virus Disease (MVD)

Causes severe often fatal disease; rapid onset of fever, headache, abdominal pains, joint and muscle pain, sore throat, macular rash, bleeding; virus causes capillary fragility and disrupts clotting; patients keep bleeding; Case-fatality rate from 25%-90%; death is by multiorgan failure or shock

Cholera

Classic example of severe watery diarrheal disease; Can amount to 20 liters/day; Has "rice water stool" appearance; Vomiting may occur at onset; severe muscle cramps result from loss of fluids and electrolytes; Severe dehydration can lead to organ failure and death

Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis

Depend on strain; some cause watery diarrhea, others dysentery, one group hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

Salmonella Gastroenteritis

Diarrhea (sometimes bloody), abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, fever; Often short-lived and mild depending on strain, dose

General Characteristics of Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System

Diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting; fever; Incubation period is a day or two but varies with dose; Termed gastroenteritis or "stomach flu"; Infection of small intestine: copious watery diarrhea; Infection of large intestine: smaller amounts containing mucus, pus, sometimes blood (Dysentery refers to illnesses with blood, pus in feces)Enteric fever: bacterial pathogens first establish an intestinal infection and then spread systemically

Acne Vulgaris

Enlarged sebaceous glands, increased sebum secretion; Hair follicle epithelium thickens, sloughs off in clumps; Blockage yields large accumulations of sebum, produces blackheads and whiteheads

Rabies

Fever, head and muscle aches, sore throat, fatigue, nausea; Tingling or twitching sensation at site of viral entry; Symptoms appear 1-2 months after infection; Progress rapidly to agitation, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, increased sensitivity, encephalitis; Later stages characterized by increased salivation, difficulty swallowing, causing "frothing at the mouth" (Swallowing, even site of fluids, leads to severe spasms); Within a few days, coma, death from respiratory failure or cardiac arrest

Rubeola (Measles)

Fever, runny nose, cough, and swollen, red, weepy eyes; Fine red rash appears within a few days, lasts ~1 week; Often secondary infections lead to earaches, bacterial pneumonia; caused by S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, H. influenzae; In ~5% of cases, viral pneumonia; Measles increases risk of miscarriage, premature labor, low birth weight

Hair Follicle Infections

Folliculitis is inflammation, causes red bumps (pimples); If infection extends to adjacent tissues, yields furuncle (Localized redness, swelling, tenderness, pain; Pus may drain from the boil); May worsen to form carbuncle (Large area of redness, swelling, pain, draining pus; Fever often present)

Plague (Black Death)

Following flea bite, symptoms appear within 2-6 days (enlarged and tender lymph nodes; high fever, shock, delirium, patchy bleeding under the skin); Following inhalation of respiratory droplets from infected patient or animal, pneumonic plague may develop (Cough, bloody sputum arise within 1-3 days); If spread by bloodstream, septicemic plague may develop (Endotoxin released causes shock, also disseminated intravascular coagulation, which causes bleeding into skin and organs, produces red or black patchy rash)

Hansen's Disease (Leprosy)

Gradual onset of pigmentation changes, increased or decreased sensation in areas of skin (May thicken, lose hair, sweat glands, sensation); Nerves of arms, legs may become visibly enlarged (Pain, later numbness); Muscle wasting, ulceration, and finally loss of fingers or toes due to unnoticed or untreated injury; In more severe cases, thickening of nose and ears, deep wrinkling of facial skin (Collapse of supporting structure of nose)

Tularemia

If injury, ulceration typically develops at site after 2-5 days (Regional lymph nodes enlarge; Fever, chills, aches; Usually clear in 1-4 weeks, sometimes last months)

Dengue Fever

If occur, begin with sudden onset of fever for 2-7 days; Headache, joint and muscle pain, pain behind eyes, maculopapular rash that may later become hemorrhagic (Rash does not appear in mild cases, often leading to misdiagnosis of influenza or other viral disease); Mild mucosal bleeding may occur in nose or gums; Sore throat, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea may occur; Usually self-limiting, rarely fatal

Poliomyelitis

In 5% of cases, headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea; In 1% of cases, destruction of motor neurons; muscle pain and spasm, followed by paralysis; Muscles shrink, bones do not develop normally; In severe cases, respiratory muscles paralyzed (Artificial respirator must be used; Survivors recover some function); Survivors may develop post-polio syndrome (Muscle pain, weakness, muscle degeneration 15-50 years post-recovery; Thought to be secondary effect of initial damage; During recovery, surviving nerve cells branch out, take over functions; probably ultimately die from extra work)

Listeriosis

Listeria monocytogenes infections generally asymptomatic or mild in most healthy people; If symptomatic, characterized by fever, muscle aches (Sometimes nausea or diarrhea); Most cases requiring attention have meningitis with fever, headache, stiff neck, and vomiting; Pregnant women often miscarry or deliver terminally ill premature or full-term infants; Babies infected at birth usually develop meningitis after incubation of 1-4 weeks

Yellow Fever

Mild form most common, yields fever, slight headache; Severe disease produces high fever, nausea, bleeding from nose and into the skin, "black vomit" from gastrointestinal bleeding, and jaundice (Mortality rate can reach 50% or more)

Diphtheria

Mild sore throat, slight fever, extreme fatigue, malaise; Swelling of neck, formation of pseudomembrane on tonsils and throat or in nasal cavity (Made of dead epithelial cells, clotted blood, fibrin and leukocytes that accumulate; Can come loose and suffocate patient); Heart and kidney failure and paralysis may occur

Varicella (Chickenpox)

Most childhood cases mild, sometimes go unnoticed; Begins as small, red spots (macules); Progresses to little bumps (papules); Finally small blisters (vesicles); Lesions appear at different times; Occur anywhere on body; Lesions are pruritic (itchy); scratching can lead to serious secondary infection by S. pyogenes or S. aureus; Damages lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, and brain in immunocompromised individuals; death results in ~20%

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE)

Noticeable fatigue, slight fever; Typically become gradually ill and slowly lose energy over weeks or months; may suddenly develop a stroke

Mumps

Onset marked by fever, loss of appetite, headache; Followed by painful swelling of one or both parotid glands; Spasm of underlying muscle makes talking, chewing hard; Symptoms can arise elsewhere in body - sign of more serious infection (Headache, stiff neck indicative of meningitis; Pregnant women often miscarry; Rare but serious consequences (for example, death from brain infection) most likely to occur in elderly; Sudden-onset deafness has been reported)

Sepsis and Septic Shock

Severe sepsis results in violent shaking, chills, fever (Often rapid breathing, anxiety); If septic shock develops, urine output drops, respiration and pulse increase, arms and legs become cool

Hepatitis B

Similar to other forms, range from asymptomatic to severe; Incubation varies from 2-5 months depending on dose; Acute disease rarely fatal; virus usually cleared within weeks or months of initial infection; Can become chronic; one in five develop cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver failure, liver cancer, or other chronic liver disease (2,000 to 4,000 deaths/year from HBV-related diseases)

Meningococcal Meningitis

Similar to pneumococcal meningitis; often distinguished by presence of purplish spots on skin: petechiae; Endotoxic shock can lead to rapid death

Staphylococcal Wound Infections

Staphylococcus are pyogenic: cause production of pus; Infections also characterized by inflammatory reaction; Fever occurs if infection is large or spreads to blood, lymph; Toxic shock syndrome results from toxin-producing strain: high fever, muscle aches, life-threatening drop in blood pressure, shock

Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)

Usually advanced before symptoms develop; Discoloration, roughness, defect; tooth may break; Severe throbbing pain of toothache usually first sign

dengue shock syndrome (DSS)

Weak, rapid pulse, moist skin, restlessness, low blood pressure, bleeding in form of petechiae, easy bruising; Massive gastrointestinal, vaginal bleeding may occur; Widespread blood clotting, disseminated intravascular coagulation may develop later; DHF mostly found in children under 15; can be fatal

Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Early Signs

changes in pigmentation

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

cough, fever, chest pain, sputum production (pus, other material coughed up from lungs); Usually preceded by 1-2 days of runny nose, congestion that ends with sudden rise in temperature and chill; Sputum becomes pinkish or rust colored from blood; Severe chest pain aggravated by each breath or cough (Causes shallow rapid breathing; Patient develops dusky color from poor oxygenation); Without treatment, survivors show profuse sweating and rapid return to normal temperature after 7-10 days

Klebsiella Pneumonia

cough, fever, chest pains indistinguishable from pneumococcal pneumonia (Repeated chills; production of bloody gelatinous sputum)

Lyme Disease: Early localized infection

erythema migrans, or circular skin rash, follows few days, weeks after tick bite (Nearby lymph nodes enlarge; Flulike symptoms: chills, headache, muscle pains)

Periodontal Disease

gingivitis marked by gums that are tender, bleed easily; chronic periodontitis characterized by bad breath red shiny gums that bleed easily, and loosening of teeth

Legionnaires' Disease

headache, muscle aches, high fever, confusion, shaking chills; Dry cough develops, produces sputum, sometimes blood; Pleurisy can occur; about 25% of cases have some digestive tract symptoms (for example, diarrhea, pain, vomiting); Shortness of breath common; O2 therapy often needed; Recovery is slow; weakness, fatigue last for weeks

Pertussis (Whooping Cough) -Catarrhal stage

inflammation of mucous membranes; 1 to 2 weeks of signs resembling upper respiratory infection (runny nose, sneezing, low fever, mild cough)

Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) severe disease Signs

loss of fingers or toes, sunken nose

Pertussis (Whooping Cough) - Convalescent stage

not contagious; coughing decreases

Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers

progressive increasing fever over a number of days, severe headaches, constipation, abdominal pain; in severe cases, intestinal rupture, bleeding shock, death

Pertussis (Whooping Cough) -Paroxysmal stage

repeated sudden attacks; Frequent bursts of violent uncontrollable coughing (Dry cough but severe; small blood vessels in eyes rupture, tongue protrudes, neck veins stand out; Forceful inhalation of air: "whoop" sound)

Influenza (Flu)

~2 day incubation period; Headache, fever, sore throat, muscle pain; peaks in 6-12 hours; dry cough develops and worsens over a few days; Acute symptoms last ~1 week; lingering cough, fatigue, weakness last additional days or weeks

Lyme Disease: Late persistent infection

~6 months after skin rash, joint pain, swelling appear; slowly disappear over years (Chronic nervous system impairments may occur)