Skills Final

Budgeting and record keeping are important matters. A. At the beginning of your effort it is common to discover as many needs through your actions as through you planning; still you should be aware that there are eight categories of things you may need. B. Do not act until you have done a thorough analysis of all the resource requirements of the change effort, from initial stages through completion. C. The primary purpose of record keeping is to demonstrate to funding sources that you are using funds in accordance with your agreement or contract. D. Some tax-exempt organizations (only those with income of over $25,000) need to file a 990 report, which is a confidential document between your organization and the IRS.

A. At the beginning of your effort it is common to discover as many needs through your actions as through you planning; still you should be aware that there are eight categories of things you may need.

In the Global Perspectives section you can see A. From Ecuador... Avoid being too hasty in assessing a person's skills; people may have much more to offer than you might think. B. From Ethiopia... Involving those with low education in decision making may sound like a good idea, but it just leads to embarrassment and disinterest. C. From Thailand...the task of the change agent is to help people understand the strategies and tactics that the change agent has developed. D. From India...Story-telling and looking to past successes is demoralizing to those who are faced with current challenging situations.

A. From Ecuador... Avoid being too hasty in assessing a person's skills; people may have much more to offer than you might think.

In the Global Perspectives section you can see A. From Nigeria... an organized community can use culturally based shaming gestures to force opponents to respond. B. From South Pacific...change takes place when people are comfortable or think they are comfortable. C. From Israel...Since older people are afraid to confront anyone, confrontation strategies are not appropriate when organizing these community members. D. From Namibia...Since squatters have no legal rights, the courts and other institutions will not protect them from abuse by government officials.

A. From Nigeria... an organized community can use culturally based shaming gestures to force opponents to respond.

In the Global Perspectives section you can see that A. From Sri Lanka...inequalities can be incorporated into power sharing. B. From Asia...community organizers make the mistake of trusting the poor because of a romanticized that those who are poor have special wisdom. C. From Taiwan...community organizers must recognize that women have accepted their position and are unwilling to resist subordination. D. From Italy...people's organizations that work for economic empowerment need to accept current economic structures if they are to do any meaningful work.

A. From Sri Lanka...inequalities can be incorporated into power sharing.

Contributions from individuals A. Is an important source of income; more money comes from individuals than from any other nongovernmental source. B. Attempting to build a relationship with contributors and nurturing prospects is both manipulative and unnecessary since people give to causes not to people. C. Can include having dues for membership in your organization as a long as you keep one, high level of membership dues so that membership really means something. D. Is generally not worth the effort because individuals contribute so few of their own funds that you are likely to receive very little from this source.

A. Is an important source of income; more money comes from individuals than from any other nongovernmental source.

Your base of power A. Must be larger than the issue you are working on. B. Must be smaller than the issue you are working on. C. Must be the same size as the issue you are working on. D. Doesn't really matter; your base of power can be any size.

A. Must be larger than the issue you are working on.

There are a variety of ways to reach people to invite participation and sustain involvement. Which of the following is the most effective method? A. One-to-one conversation. B. Large group discussion, like a meeting. C. Brochure. D. Handouts and fliers.

A. One-to-one conversation.

To build an organization, you need people, information, other resources and some time. Then you need to put these parts together. Three things this particularly requires are A. Organizing, structure, and flexibility. B. Money, media connections, and political clout. C. Officers, history, and bylaws. D. Location, logo, and lattes.

A. Organizing, structure, and flexibility.

At different stages of your organization's life it will need different things. Also, the personal characteristics of its more influential members will affect the group. Which talents, assets, or characteristics are you looking for? A. Potential leaders because without leadership nothing will be accomplished. B. Individuals who will frequently remind other members never to let up because success is a long way off. C. People who remind the members of the seriousness of their enterprise and prevent the group from becoming playful or seeing things as funny. D. Those who communicate that they have the answers that the group needs, not something to learn.

A. Potential leaders because without leadership nothing will be accomplished.

Using the Internet A. Recognize that access to Broadband at home differs dramatically according to education and income, urban and rural residency, and the ethnicity of the user. B. Though websites can add to an organization's credibility it is still not yet considered routine. C. In order to set up a website you need to learn the underlying programming commands before you begin. D. Asking for donations through your website is considered rude and will lead to a decrease in support for your organization.

A. Recognize that access to Broadband at home differs dramatically according to education and income, urban and rural residency, and the ethnicity of the user.

When sending your message using methods that other people control A. Recognize that groups who share a similar viewpoint can assist you in many ways: providing you a forum to speak to their members; publishing an article in their newsletter; providing a link on their website; making public statements on your behalf; etc. B. Outdoor advertising is a costly and questionable method of communicating with your community. C. Newspapers are dedicated to reporting news, not providing public service information. D. Television and radio no long provide free public service advertising.

A. Recognize that groups who share a similar viewpoint can assist you in many ways: providing you a forum to speak to their members; publishing an article in their newsletter; providing a link on their website; making public statements on your behalf; etc.

The precondition to action and accomplishment is A. The decision to act. B. Action. C. Effective involvement of others. D. Communication.

A. The decision to act.

In bringing an organization along A. The first step is to begin to identify what's bugging you. B. The first step is to hold a small group meeting. C. Recognize that your gut instinct and general impressions of your concerns is enough to bring people together and continue to move forward. D. Hope someone emerges to contact members after they are to have completed a task to see if it got done.

A. The first step is to begin to identify what's bugging you.

When considering public and private organizations as sources of support A. Understand the procedures for each particular funding source and recognize that it is still people who make the final decisions. B. Send out one solicitation to as many sources as you can possibly think of; you are bound to get a sufficient response from someone. C. Acknowledge that both corporations and labor unions have their own agendas and do not provide support for community change organizations. D. Recognize that federated fundraising programs have almost disappeared from the American scene.

A. Understand the procedures for each particular funding source and recognize that it is still people who make the final decisions.

As an organizer your personal power flows from A. Your credibility as a person. B. Blocking another's need for influence. C. Your ability to be persuasive even when you do not have all the facts. D. Your ability to act even without any network of support or connection.

A. Your credibility as a person.

Social science tells us that A. "Moral exemplars" are considered extremists and cannot be effective. B. A very small number of highly organized and disciplined people, drawing from their moral beliefs and confidence in their shared theoretical analysis can have great impact. C. Most people are eager to leave their routines. D. Change agents should look outward to copy methods of change from other countries and expect them to work pretty much the same here.

B. A very small number of highly organized and disciplined people, drawing from their moral beliefs and confidence in their shared theoretical analysis can have great impact.

When acting to promote community change A. Recognize that it only takes one person to change a community; you can do it by yourself. B. Any change that amounts to anything needs to involve other people. C. While you may need to share your ideas, you do not need to share ownership of these ideas. D. Organization refers simply to the outcome that you produce.

B. Any change that amounts to anything needs to involve other people.

When considering co-optation as a strategy recognize that A. This approach should rarely be used because it is essentially manipulative, promoting your interests at the expense of the other party's. B. Co-optation occurs when the beliefs and attitudes others hold about a situation conform to yours. C. This approach will likely close off access to a community or organization that had been open to you. D. Co-optation is used when a quick response is needed for opponents to rapidly become supporters.

B. Co-optation occurs when the beliefs and attitudes others hold about a situation conform to yours.

When considering collaboration as a strategy recognize that A. In order for collaboration to work the shared goal must be equally important to all parties and they must pursue it for the same reasons. B. Collaboration can be useful when you can give your partner a way to meet some of its needs if your partner helps you meet yours. C. You need to keep agreements general in order to prevent blaming if specific tasks are not accomplished. D. Relationships can get in the way so focus on the tasks that need to be done and avoid personal relationships with the other party.

B. Collaboration can be useful when you can give your partner a way to meet some of its needs if your partner helps you meet yours.

Maintaining involvement also has some do's and don't's. Among these are: A. Don't ask people to do something until they have been involved with the organization for enough time to get to know most of the other members and have a full grasp of your issues. B. Do make a special effort to have newcomers feel welcome because many people are anxious in new situations. C. Do let people figure out on their own how to complete the tasks you have asked them to do. D. Don't increase the responsibilities of the work.

B. Do make a special effort to have newcomers feel welcome because many people are anxious in new situations.

In the Global Perspectives section you can see A. From Papua-New Guinea... work for promoting change starts with representing to people the life situations they are having difficulty seeing. B. From Brazil...ahead of the World Cup, Midia Ninja, a loose collective of citizen journalists, and others, are broadcasting live online, presenting their own version of events. C. From Brazil...each community, particularly rural communities, need to keep focused on their own issues and to preserve power they must communicate only among their own residents. D. From Croatia...Even though most households in the country are connected to the Internet, online social networks are very unlikely to have a political impact.

B. From Brazil...ahead of the World Cup, Midia Ninja, a loose collective of citizen journalists, and others, are broadcasting live online, presenting their own version of events.

In the Global Perspectives section you can see A. From Scotland...a good idea and a strong commitment is all that you need to apply for funding. B. From Ghana and Tanzania...traditional skills and practices can become sources of revenue, linking communities to supporters around the world. C. From France...it is the content of your message, not how it is presented that will get people who don't know about you to pay attention to your proposal and respond to your request. D. From Ghana and Tanzania...fundraising efforts must stay "close to home" where the real money is.

B. From Ghana and Tanzania...traditional skills and practices can become sources of revenue, linking communities to supporters around the world.

The general stages of organizational development A. Usually begin with a successful action that shows the members that they have everything they really need to succeed. B. Include loss of energy, loss of members, and floundering as a normal stage. C. Need to be completed with the original members, recognizing that new members do not have enough history for effective involvement. D. Must continue to create new work; the work of the organization is never really done.

B. Include loss of energy, loss of members, and floundering as a normal stage.

The work of community change is often the work of small groups. In order for small groups to be effective A. Disagreement among members is suppressed and avoided and quick compromises are used to eliminate arguing. B. It is necessary to recognize that the group is operating on both the task (or goal) level and the relationship (or maintenance level) at the same time. C. Recognize that everyone thinks that things are as important, or good, or bad as you do. D. Just let meetings flow according to whatever any member wants to talk about.

B. It is necessary to recognize that the group is operating on both the task (or goal) level and the relationship (or maintenance level) at the same time.

Establishing your ability to influence the flow of events involves three basic strategies. These are: A. Making use of existing power, relying on influential community members, and acting powerfully in the face of intimidation. B. Making use of existing power, building power through organization, and developing personal power. C. Becoming a leader with a number of followers, confronting influential community members, and educating the community. D. Building power through organization, avoiding personal power, and political campaigning.

B. Making use of existing power, building power through organization, and developing personal power.

When considering who has power in a community A. You need to understand that the bases of power in a city or town are very different from the bases of power in other situations. B. The more bases of power you have, the more you are perceived as being willing to exercise power, and the greater your credibility, the more likely it is that you will be powerful. C. There are four bases of power in a community and they all are linked to having money or influencing its use. D. Personal characteristics are important in small groups, but have very little importance in community affairs.

B. The more bases of power you have, the more you are perceived as being willing to exercise power, and the greater your credibility, the more likely it is that you will be powerful.

Using the Internet to promote fundraising as a fundraising tool A. Is not worth the effort because few people give on line and the number who contribute on line is declining. B. The two essentials of Internet fundraising are a good website and a usable data base. C. While social networking and texting continue to grow they cannot yet be used for fundraising purposes. D. Is very easy and currently is not subject to any regulations.

B. The two essentials of Internet fundraising are a good website and a usable data base.

When fundraising during difficult economic times it is important to remember that A. When the economy shrinks, foundation support grows. B. This is a time to use tried and true techniques, perhaps with some new twists. C. Fundraising efforts should focus on government and foundation funding because individuals are financially strapped during economic downturns and they significantly reduce their donations in order to protect their own interests. D. Recognize that we are in a crisis, but never bring up the state of the economy in any of your fundraising or resource development communications.

B. This is a time to use tried and true techniques, perhaps with some new twists.

One of the commandments of change is A. Thou shalt have one main strategy that you can use for all occasions. B. Thou shalt hit them in their self interest. C. Thou shalt have those who feel the problem have little responsibility for solving the problem. D. Thou shalt remain serious and focused on your actions.

B. Thou shalt hit them in their self interest.

Another consideration when using the Internet is that A. Mailing lists soon become unruly because there is no way to moderate the discussion. B. Using tools such as social networking just provides another approach to the basics of organizing that have been around for a long, long time. C. Twitter, which remains focused on answering the question "what are you doing" has limited use for organizers, who are more interested in things other than what you are eating at the moment. D. Tools like Meeting Wizard, Doodle, and Survey Monkey can help a group arrange meetings, conduct polls and surveys, and help with other forms of decision making, but the cost for their basic service puts them out of reach for most grassroots organizations.

B. Using tools such as social networking just provides another approach to the basics of organizing that have been around for a long, long time.

Types of organizations, which are models for grass roots community change include A. Closed organizations, which have membership restricted to just a few. B. Membership organizations, which don't use any method for individuals to establish their affiliation. C. Coalitions, which are really organizations of organizations. D. Networks, which are most often highly, structured organizations that are created to deal with a particular problem.

C. Coalitions, which are really organizations of organizations.

Fear of power is A. Uncommon because everyone wants to be seen as powerful. B. Common because power makes so few demands on those holding it. C. Common because there is the risk that you will make mistakes and these mistakes will have consequences. D. Uncommon because most people have been taught a lot about power - what it is and how to use it properly.

C. Common because there is the risk that you will make mistakes and these mistakes will have consequences.

When asking for participation there are some do's and don'ts. Among them are A. Don't ask specifically for what you need or what you want people to do. B. Do encourage those who are uncertain about involvement by saying: "All you have to do is..." even if you have more that you intend for them to do. C. Do decrease the distance - the distance between people and their understanding of the issue; the physical distance between you and those whom you want to involve; and other types of distances. D. Don't prepare a message package or rehearse your message so that you can be spontaneous when making your request.

C. Do decrease the distance - the distance between people and their understanding of the issue; the physical distance between you and those whom you want to involve; and other types of distances.

A number of methods of fundraising exist. When choosing an approach there is a lot to consider, including A. Telephone solicitation, but you should only use a professional telemarketing service to make your telephone calls. B. Direct mail, which generally faces little competition from other organizations and produces a high rate of return. C. Events, but you need to be clear about whether your event is primarily people raising or fundraising and it needs to be interesting enough that people will want to give you money to participate. D. An understanding that once people contribute to your organization, you cannot ask them for money again.

C. Events, but you need to be clear about whether your event is primarily people raising or fundraising and it needs to be interesting enough that people will want to give you money to participate.

In the Global Perspectives section you can see A. From Australia...change requires action, you cannot have meetings. B. From Thailand and Burkina Faso...change requires a focus on getting things done, so if community members don't know how to do things, organizers need to step in and get them done; task accomplishment is the primary concern. C. From United Kingdom...storytelling and meaningful interaction among community members helps to create a safe, welcoming environment, which is essential to organizing. D. From China...It is important that community members recognize that their success is due to their leaders.

C. From United Kingdom...storytelling and meaningful interaction among community members helps to create a safe, welcoming environment, which is essential to organizing.

Getting people involved A. Is a very difficult challenge because so few Americans volunteer their time anymore. B. Should first start with people you do not know so that you are not taking advantage of your relationships with friends and colleagues. C. Is promoted by following the 50/10 Rule, which means that in the early stages of your organization at least 50% of your time is spent in face-to-face conversation with potential supporters, and that this should never fall below 10% of your time. D. Is promoted by calling your first meeting right away as a way of quickly building relationships, assigning tasks, and taking action.

C. Is promoted by following the 50/10 Rule, which means that in the early stages of your organization at least 50% of your time is spent in face-to-face conversation with potential supporters, and that this should never fall below 10% of your time.

One of the challenges that change agents find most difficult is A. Calling for a meeting. B. Providing their own leadership to the group. C. Making planned, purposeful direct contact with members of the community who could have an interest in the issue the organization is working on. D. Keeping members of the organization from spending time and energy on relationships.

C. Making planned, purposeful direct contact with members of the community who could have an interest in the issue the organization is working on.

When considering techniques for sending the message that you control recognize that A. In order to make sure the broader community does not misinterpret your issue and your purpose, the people involved in the change effort should keep things to themselves. B. Most other organizations, including those who should be in agreement with you, will generally not permit you to speak to their membership. C. Newsletters enhance the feeling of legitimacy and permanence of an organized group, but they need to be published on a regular basis. D. There is currently no provision for the post office to provide lower rates to non-profit organizations.

C. Newsletters enhance the feeling of legitimacy and permanence of an organized group, but they need to be published on a regular basis.

When raising support it is helpful to remember that A. This means getting money, so you can purchase what you need. B. This includes in-kind support, though American businesses rarely give items or service, instead preferring to focus on giving money in order to get tax breaks. C. Places where you and your members spend your time and spend your money are good sources for either money or other things your organization needs. D. Although receiving in-kind support can be helpful, you need to be aware that it may harm your efforts to obtain grant support from other sources.

C. Places where you and your members spend your time and spend your money are good sources for either money or other things your organization needs.

When attempting to assist others in developing their power A. Recognize that it is your job to make everyone in your organization powerful. B. Avoid asking others questions or for input, otherwise you are just putting people on the spot. C. Promote access to decision making. D. Be willing to accept statements of inability so that the people you are working with won't become uncomfortable.

C. Promote access to decision making.

When working with news media A. Recognize that public service information and news are essentially the same thing. B. Do not try to build a relationship with those working in the news media, instead respect the professional boundaries that these professionals must maintain. C. Recognize that while good information is accurate, and thorough, yet concise, it can also be unusual. D. Whenever reporters make a mistake you need to ask them for an apology or they won't take you seriously in the future.

C. Recognize that while good information is accurate, and thorough, yet concise, it can also be unusual.

When considering advocacy as a strategy recognize that A. This approach is focused on working to protect and promote the rights of individuals and small groups, such as families. B. This approach is most appropriate when the individual's or group's crisis situation fits with routine response procedures. C. Since this approach often involves representing and acting on the interests of those with less power, you need to be extra careful not to diminish their participation. D. The use of emotion will distract attention from what you are trying to achieve.

C. Since this approach often involves representing and acting on the interests of those with less power, you need to be extra careful not to diminish their participation.

There are a number of reasons for making your effort known, including A. Education alone is sufficient for action. B. Staying within your professional circle. C. Stirring interest, attracting new support, and promoting credibility. D. Preventing your supporters from getting the idea that they are important or powerful.

C. Stirring interest, attracting new support, and promoting credibility.

The 3 Holy M's include A. The membership, the means, and the motivation. B. The mobilization, the method, and the menace. C. The message, the medium, and the market. D. Maximize, mediate, and mentor.

C. The message, the medium, and the market.

When considering confrontation as a strategy recognize that A. This strategy is inappropriate when the target does not expect a battle from you. B. This strategy can be helpful when members of your organization do not have a strong commitment. C. This strategy requires a sharply defined opponent. D. Using disruptive tactics can only lead to decreasing an opponent's likelihood of responding.

C. This strategy requires a sharply defined opponent.

Organizers who want to build a sustainable organization A. Will realize that the organization will grow if the issue it is working on is important enough. B. Will quickly learn that funding and sustainability is the same thing; more than anything else the organization needs money to survive. C. Will develop and maintain a culture of learning. D. Will understand that evaluation ultimately leads to finger pointing and blame.

C. Will develop and maintain a culture of learning.

When developing financial support for an organization an important matter to recognize is that A. You need to focus on a series short term, specific activities to meet immediate needs instead of developing an ongoing process. B. Women and members of communities of color contribute less primarily because economic barriers have left them with little discretionary dollars. C. Considering how you approach fundraising is more important that considering who will give you money and other support. D. All money comes with strings attached.

D. All money comes with strings attached.

Issues A. Are the same things as problems or needs. B. Calm emotions by providing a rational representation of the situation. C. Are intended to promote analysis and further study. D. Are effective for mobilizing when they are simple to comprehend, suggest immediate action, and provide a moderate challenge.

D. Are effective for mobilizing when they are simple to comprehend, suggest immediate action, and provide a moderate challenge.

When working to promote the participation and leadership of others in making community change, it is helpful to recognize that A. Matters of culture refer almost exclusively to ethnic norms and traditions. B. It is far more effective to work just with people who have similar routines, experiences, and methods of communication. C. People tend to take things less seriously when they are accountable to others. D. If people cannot feel anything, they won't do anything.

D. If people cannot feel anything, they won't do anything.

Incorporating A. Only requires the filing of a legal document that declares the nature of the business (including a non-profit organization) that you are establishing. B. Provides no legal protection for its members. C. Provides tax exempt status for all grassroots, non-profit organizations. D. Is guided by articles of incorporation, which set forth the organization's basic principles, and bylaws, which describe the basic rules regarding how the organization is to operate.

D. Is guided by articles of incorporation, which set forth the organization's basic principles, and bylaws, which describe the basic rules regarding how the organization is to operate.

Many public and private organizations require that you prepare and submit a grant proposal. Something to keep in mind when seeking grant support is A. That while there are over 75,000 foundations, giving over 40 billion dollars each year, almost no organized information exists on which foundation would support your program or how to contact them. B. Any attempt to make contact with an individual from a foundation or a government agency who is involved in the grant making process will result in your request being denied. C. Consider directions provided by the funding source as general guidelines; approach the proposal using your own creativity and style. D. Keep your writing short and to the point, using a straightforward person-to-person style.

D. Keep your writing short and to the point, using a straightforward person-to-person style.

When working to promote community change A. Showing that an idea makes sense is generally enough to make change. B. It is the lack of good ideas that most prevents change. C. Since people in power are confused during times of change they are more comfortable when change agents tell them what to do. D. Nothing is more central to promoting change than your ability to generate and use power.

D. Nothing is more central to promoting change than your ability to generate and use power.

Regarding other strategic and tactical considerations. A. An emphasis on ethics unnecessarily restricts options for action. B. Taking into account how your target can benefit from the course of action that you desire will reduce commitment to your own interests. C. Always wait for your opponent to state their position before you attempt to discredit it. D. One criteria when selecting a tactic is that you and your members think you can do it, know how to, and will.

D. One criteria when selecting a tactic is that you and your members think you can do it, know how to, and will.

When considering negotiation as a strategy recognize that A. The key to success is to declare a firm position and try to go as far as you can with your position. B. Although you can gain more than you expected through negotiation, the process of negotiation generally prevents the development of stronger relationships with the other party. C. The key to all negotiation is compromise - giving up something in order to gain something. D. Outcome oriented negotiation starts with a clear understanding of the legitimate interests of the parties and proceeds to the generation of alternative strategies to serve those interests.

D. Outcome oriented negotiation starts with a clear understanding of the legitimate interests of the parties and proceeds to the generation of alternative strategies to serve those interests.

When developing an organization A. The organizer must make a special effort to provide leadership, being very cautious about never relinquishing the leadership role. B. Be worried if a number of your initial members disappear in the first 6 months, most especially if you lose any more than a fifth of the original members. C. If things can be accomplished without a struggle, always avoid a struggle. D. Recognize that as an organization expands it can reach the limits of the structure that early volunteers have put into place to manage organizational activity and development; its own rapid growth may cause it to collapse.

D. Recognize that as an organization expands it can reach the limits of the structure that early volunteers have put into place to manage organizational activity and development; its own rapid growth may cause it to collapse.

Again, when working with the news media A. Protect your credibility and reach more people by concentrating only on the major television, radio, and newspaper outlets. B. Since most organizations do not send news releases you can gain lots of attention just by using this simple tool - all you need is a good headline and an interesting story. C. News conferences, which are better held later in the week, are a good method for getting attention to routine stories affecting our organization. D. Taking the time to learn the proper form and style will give you more sustained media attention through the life of your organization than the issue itself that you are working on.

D. Taking the time to learn the proper form and style will give you more sustained media attention through the life of your organization than the issue itself that you are working on.

What is a strategy or tactic than an opponent may use on you? A. Refusal to establish committees to explore and seek resolution to shared concerns. B. Demanding that all meetings be productive in moving toward resolution of issues. C. Never providing special attention or other offerings. D. Telling you what you want to hear, for example saying, "you have raised some valid concerns," without an intention to act on your concerns.

D. Telling you what you want to hear, for example saying, "you have raised some valid concerns," without an intention to act on your concerns.

In the field of community change power is A. Dominance. B. About forcing someone to do something, so power does not involve relationships. C. Used during times of conflict rather than in times of collaboration. D. The capacity to move people in a desired direction.

D. The capacity to move people in a desired direction.

What does participation or involvement in an organization mean? A. To be truly effective everyone in the organization needs to be involved at the same level. B. Basically there are two levels of involvement in an organization: leadership and membership. C. There are many levels involvement in an organization, and as long as they are participating, people pretty much stay at the same level of involvement. D. There are up to six levels of involvement in an organization, and lower levels of involvement are where you may well find and develop future leaders.

D. There are up to six levels of involvement in an organization, and lower levels of involvement are where you may well find and develop future leaders.

What else is important to know about messages that you control? A. When printing a brochure make sure to put in as much information as you can, filling the space from border to border - too few words reduce your credibility. B. The danger of a position paper is that the opposition will likely misconstrue your message and use that against you. C. When preparing a flier or a poster the first thing you need to think about is color. D. When making a presentation to a group the two main things to think about are: what do you want from this group; and what do they need to hear or know in order to respond?

D. When making a presentation to a group the two main things to think about are: what do you want from this group; and what do they need to hear or know in order to respond?