SKIN

Which of the following statements is true concerning the effects of sunlight on the skin?

Sunlight is beneficial, but too much is detrimental to the skin

What is the subcutaneous layer?

Superficial fascia, mostly fat, anchors skin to underlying structures

Which gland is responsible for odorous secretions concentrated in the armpits and groin?

apocrine sweat gland

Items that help skin maintain temperature

insulates, vasoconstriction, goose bumps

The type of cancer known as __________ usually begins with a mole, and then metastasizes through the lymphatic system.

malignant melanoma

Which skin cancer is considered to be the most dangerous?

malignant melanoma

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

movement

The clear layer of the epidermis that is absent on thin skin and is thickest on soles of feet and palms of hands

sratum lucidum

What is the thickest layer of the epidermis and is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

stratum corneum

What is the outermost layer of the epidermis. Composed of mostly dead keratinocytes.

stratum corneum layer

Identify the order of layers that a piece of glass would puncture as it passes through the skin on the palm of the hand.

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum,stratum spinosoum, stratum basale, dermal papillae

The layer of the dermis that connects epidermis to dermis

papillary layer

Squamous cell carcinomas involve _________

the superficial layers of epidermal cells

A burn that destroys the epidermis as well as the hair follicles is classified as a ________ burn.

third- degree

Discuss the events that occur during the movement of cells from the stratum germinativum (or stratum basale) toward the skin surface.

It takes 7-10 days for a cell to move from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum. During this time, the cell is displaced from its oxygen and nutrient supply, becomes packed with keratin, and finally dies. The dead cells usually remain in the stratum corneum for an additional 2 weeks before they are shed or washed away.

Which of the following structures is responsible for the interconnections of the integument with the rest of the body?

a rich supply of sensory nerve endings, an extensive circulatory system ,an extensive lymphatic network

which of the following areas is the primary locale at which the skin sags and wrinkles?

areas exposed to sun

Which of the following areas is the primary locale at which the skin sags and wrinkles?

areas exposed to the sun

The hypodermis consists of __________ with many fat (or adipose) cells

areolar tissue

The papillary layer of the dermis consists of __________ that supports and nourishes superficial tissue.

areolar tissue

Which of the following is a bundle of smooth muscle cells that connects to each hair?

arrector pili

A bundle of smooth muscle forms the __________, which extends from the papillary layer of the dermis to a connective tissue sheath around each hair follicle.

arrector pili muscle

Fungal infections

athlete's foot and ring worm

What structure is deep to the epidermis and superficial to the dermis?

basement membrane

Contents of the dermis

blood vessels, capillaries, lymph vessels, nerves, hair shaft, hair muscles, sweat glands, oil glands, sensory receptors

Painful bacterial infection of the hair follicle or sebaceous gland.

boil

Which of the following structures help local tissues defend and repair themselves after injury or infection?

both blood and lymphatic vessels

Who may accumulate distressing amounts of abdominal adipose tissue, resulting in a "pot belly?"

both women and men

Which of the following structures is/are associated with the base of each hair follicle?

capillaries and nerves

Interestingly, the hypodermis contains no vital organs and few __________.

capillary

Which of the following substances is converted to vitamin A, which is required for normal epithelial tissue maintenance?

carotene

which of the following can be converted to vitamin A, which is required for epithelial tissue maintenance?

carotene

Glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called ________ glands.

ceruminous

Which types of fibers extend from the reticular layer of the dermis into the superficial papillary layer above, as well as into the subcutaneous layer below?

collagen fibers

Through which mechanism does perspiration function in cooling the body?

evaporation

Since the epidermis is avascular, how do the epidermal cells obtain their nutrients?

from the blood vessels in the adjacent dermis

The deepest epidermal layer is the stratum __________.

germinativum, basale

This organ is distributed over most of the surface of the body

hair

The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the

hypodermis and subcutaneous layer

The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called ________.

keratin

he cells in the stratum granulosum stop dividing and begin making which of the following substances?

keratin

The layer of the epidermis NOT present in thin skin is the stratum ___________.

lucidum

Which of the following is a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment produced in the epidermis?

melanin

The cells found in the stratum germinativum that produce a brown or black pigment that enter the epithelial cells are called __________

melanocytes

What structures are composed of dead cells?

nail body, hair shaft, stratum corneum

Consists of dead epidermal cells

nails

How would you explain to your roommate, who has never taken an A&P class, why it is that a superficial cut hurts less than a deep cut?

nerve fibers are located in the reticular layer of the dermis of the skin

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the __________.

papillary layer

The two major components of the dermis, listed from superficial to deep, are the __________ layers.

papillary, reticular

secretes oil

subaceous gland

The layer is underdeveloped in babies

subcutaneous

This gland is is under control of the nervous system and can be activated by heat, pain, fever, and nervousness.

sudoriferous glands

Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight.

vitamin D3

Why is the deep subcutaneous tissue a good site for hypodermic injections?

It contains few capillaries and no vital organs.

What is the dermis?

Tough, leathery fibrous connective tissue, only partly vascularized

What is the most common type of cancer

basal cell carcinoma

What is the 5 layers of the epidermal layer?

basale,spinosum,granulosum,lucidum,corneum

An orange-yellow pigment called __________ normally accumulates in epidermal cells

carotene

The dermis consists of which major tissue type?

connective tissue

What is decreased collagen and elastin

effects of aging

What is the most superficial layer?

epidermis

he stratum corneum consists of 15-30 layers of flattened dead __________ cells.

epithelial, keratinized

The cuticle is also known as which of the following?

eponychium

Hairs are nonliving structures produced in organs called __________.

hair follicules

The epithelium at the base of a follicle forms a cap over which structure?

hair papilla

viral infection that is usually seen as a blister

herpes

Which of the following can contain large quantities of adipose tissue, muscle cells, blood vessels, nerve cells and no vital organs?

hypodermis

The part of the dermis that is composed of 80% of the layer

reticular layer

A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial, because it stimulates the synthesis of __________ in the epidermis.

vitamin D3

Individuals with fair skin should use sunblock with a sun protection factor (SPF) of

20 to 30

1)Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris 2)Formation of scar tissue 3)Inflammatory response 4)Formation of scab

3,4,1,2

What is cyanosis, and what is its physiological basis?

Cyanosis is the condition in which the skin takes on a bluish coloration due to a sustained reduction in circulatory supply. The blood in skin loses oxygen and takes on a darker red tone, resulting in the bluish coloration of the skin. In individuals of any skin color, cyanosis is most apparent in areas of thin skin, such as the lips, ears, or beneath the nails. It can be a response to extreme cold or a result of circulatory or respiratory disorders, such as heart failure or severe asthma.

What are the functions of the skin?

Protection, Water Balance, Temperature Regulation, Waste Disposal, Receptor Organs, Blood Reservoir, Vitamin d production

Each time a stem cell divides, one of the resulting daughter cells enters which of the following layers?

stratum spinosum

In which type of burn are the superficial cells of the epidermis destroyed, and the deeper layers of the epidermis plus the papillary dermis are injured?

a first-degree burn

The layer of the epidermis that is several layers thick and is known as the spiny layer

stratum spinosum

The part of the hair implanted in the skin

root

Measures the percent of body burned

rule of nines

which of the following is an oil gland that secretes into hair follicles?

sebaceous gland

Which types of glands become blocked during puberty, resulting in "acne?"

sebaceous glands

In which of the epidermal layers are the cells undergoing mitosis?

stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis that slows water loss from body

stratum granulosum