Skin and Cell Membrane Test

What are the 3 types of skin cancer? Describe each one and what the chances for survival are identified as.

-Basal Cell carcinoma- the least malignant and most common skin cancer. Cells of the stratum basale are altered so that they cannot form keratin, no longer honor of the boundary between epidermis and dermis. Full cure is the rule in 99% of cases in which the lesion is removed surgically. -Squamous Cell Carcinoma- arises from the cells of the stratum spinosum. It goes rapidly and metastasizes to adjacent lymph nodes if not removed. If it is caught early and removed surgically or by radiation therapy the chance of complete cur is good. -Malignant Melanoma- a cancer of the melanocytes. It can begin wherever there is pigment. It arises from accumulated DNA damage in a skin cell. The chance for survival is about 50%, and early detection helps.

What are body membranes?

Body membranes are thin sheets of tissue that cover the body, line body cavities, and cover organs within the cavities in hollow organs.

What are the only parts of the body you will find the stratus lucidum layer?

Only on the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet.

What is a nail?

a scalelike modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals.

What are the two types of sweat glands?

eccrine and apocrine.

What are the two types of sweat glands? What is another name for a sweat gland?

eccrine glands and apocrine glands. Sweat (sudoriferous) glands: widely distributed all over the body! 2.5 million per person.

Where do the ducts of the oil glands empty into?

empty into a hair follicles, but some open directly onto the skin surface.

What are the 3 parts of the skin?

epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

The two types of body membranes:

epithelial (cutaneous, mucous, and serous) and connective tissue (synovial) membranes

Where are eccrine glands found and what is their main function?

far more numerous, found all over the body, not in hairy regions.

what is the main function of the mucosa membrane?

for good absorption

sebaceous (oil) glands

found all over the skin, except on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle but some open directly onto the surface.

Where are porcine glands found? What is their main function?

found in axillary and genital regions, ducts empty into hair follicles.

Where do all skin appendages arise from?

from the epidermis and play a unique role in maintaing body homeostasis.

What is melanin? Where is it produced?

melanin- pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black. It's produced by special cells called melanocytes found mostly in the stratum basale. (Found in the base (deepest part) of your epidermis). (purpose- these pigments shield DNA from UV damage)

How does a freckle or mole occur?

moles and freckles result when these pigments (of melanin) clump together

epidermis

most superficial, thin top layer, has many layers that re all mostly dead. has 5 possible layers (stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale),

What are sudoriferous glands more commonly known as?

sweat glands

Name each layer of he epidermis Tell where it is found and what its function is.

(From base to top)-stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum. STRATUM BASALE: Deepest and closest to dermis. Contains cells that receive most adequate nourishment. Cells undergoing constant cell division, making new cells. STRATUM SPINOSUM AND STRATUM GRANULOSUM: Cells continue to be pushed upward away from the dermis. They are becoming fatter and more full of keratin (keratinized) until they finally die. STRATUM LUCIDUM: Completely made of clear cells and it's made up of dead cells that have been pushed upward. (thinest of all layers). This layer is not present in all skin regions. It's found only where the skin is hairless and extra thick. (only palms and soles of feet have these layers). STRATUM CORNEUM: This is the thickest layer, 20-30 cell layers. (thick 3/4 of epidermal thickness) Shingle-like dead cells are completely filled with keratin (called cornfield or horny cells)

Synovial membrane

(connective tissue membrane) provides a smooth surface and lubricating fluid, tougher then epithelial membranes, lines in-between join cavities, not exposed to air.

cutaneous glands

(glands, hairs, and nails) associated with the skin. They make a substance for the outside of the body. They are all EXOCRINE glands that release secretions to the skin surface. two types: sweat (sudoriferous) glands and oil (sebaceous) glands.

What are the 3 parts to the structure of the skin. Describe each layer.

-epidermis- The most superficial, thin top layer. Has many layer that are all mostly dead. (keratin- protein in the cells that make the cells harder with protein as they grow and get closer to the surface of the body). -dermis- made up of connective tissue. There demise is firmly connected to the epidermis. A burn or rubbing can separate them and allow interstitial fluid to accumulate between the layers causing a blister. (epidermis and dermis are cemented together) (really thick, where all the skin organs and blood vessels are of your skin.) -subcutaneous (hypodermis) layer- is fat (adipose) tissue. It's not really part of the skin but it anchors the skin to underlying organs insulates from extreme temperature changes and provides curves. (the layer that is under your skin).

What three things influence skin color?

1) epidermal pigmentation (pigments in epidermis) 2) dermal circulation (blood flow in dermis) 3) Melanin gives skin its color. People with black or brown skin have more melanin in their skin that people with white or yellow skin. Melanin protects the body from the damaging effects caused by the sun.

What are the 3 conditions that cause a burn to be considered critical?

1. over 25% of the body has second-degree burns 2. over 10% of the body has third-degree burns 3. there are third-degree burns of the face, hand, or feet.

How many sweat (sudoriferous) glands do most people have?

2.5 million sweat glands per person.

What is an exocrine gland?

Are glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts. (exit gland-works outside your body)

What are exocrine glands? What are the two types?

Cutaneous Glands (glands, hairs, and nails): associated with the skin. They make a substance for the outside of the body. All cutaneous glands are EXOCRINE glands that release their secretions to the skin surface. The two types are the sebaceous (oil) glands and Sweat (sudoriferous) glands.

What are the three groups of epithelial membranes?

Cutaneous Membranes, Mucous (Mucosa) Membranes, and Serous Membranes.

How are first, second, and third degree burns classified?

First degree: -Includes only the outer layer of skin, the epidermis -Skin is usually red and very painful -Equivalent to superficial sunburn without blisters -Dry in appearance -Healing occurs in 3-5 days, injured epithelium peels away from the healthy skin -Hospitalization is for pain control and maybe fluid imbalance Second degree: -Blisters can be present -Involve the entire epidermis and upper layers of the dermis -Wound will be pink, red in color, painful and wet appearing -Should heal in several weeks (10-21 days) without grafting, scarring is usually minimal Third degree: -All layers of the skin is destroyed -Extend into the subcutaneous tissues -Areas can appear, black or white and will be dry -Can appear leathery in texture -Will not blanch when pressure is applied -No pain

Where are epithelial cells most well nourished? Why?

In the Stratum Basale layer because it is closest to the dermis so it can get the most nutrients.

Where is melanin produced?

It's produced by special cells called melanocytes found mostly in the stratum basale (deepest part of the epidermis, the base).

Describe a cutaneous membrane (location, description, and function).

Location: This is your outside, visible skin that covers your whole body. Description: This membrane is completely exposed to air and dry. Superficial epidermis is keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. Underlying dermis is dense connective tissue. (this membrane is on the outer most part of your body. That has toughness). Function: to protect you from outside forces.

Describe a serous membrane (location, description, and function).

Location: lines body cavities NOT exposed to the outside/air. Serous fluid is located in between the membranes. Difference: there is always two membranes involved (a pair/double membrane). Description: Wet membrane. Composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. Serous membranes have specific names which depend on their location! Peritoneum: serous lining in abdominal cavity. Pleura: serous lining around the lungs and wall of the chest cavity. Pericardium: serous lining around the heart. Double layers have names: -layer that touches/covers the body organs called the visceral layer -covers the body cavity wall is called the parietal layer. Function: protect organs that are moving with friction

Describe the mucous membrane (location, description, and function).

Location: sometimes exposed to are: lines the respiratory track, digestive track, mouth, lungs, and anywhere food goes. This membrane lines all body cavities open to the exterior. Description: when your mouth is open it exposes all mucous membranes to air. The bottom, rectum, exposes all mucous membranes exposed to the air. Most of the mucosa membranes contain stratified squamous epithelium (mouth and esophagus) or simple columnar epithelium (stratified- more then one layer). Epithelium (type depends on site rest in on loose connective tissue). Wet membrane Function: extra good at absorption.

Epithelial membranes

covering and lining membranes

What structure do skin appendages include?

cutaneous glands (sweat and oil glands), hair and hair follicles, and nails.

What are the basic functions of the skin and next to each function describe how the body accomplishes this function.

Secretion: secretes sebum. How: The skin secretes sebum from the sebaceous glands. This fatty substance lubricates the hair shafts and when combined with perspiration on the surface of the skin, it creates a natural moisturizer which acts as a protective barrier against bacteria. Heat regulation: cools and warms body. How: Heat is absorbed and maintained in the subcutaneous layer of adipose tissue. Heat regulation is controlled cooling and warming. Cooling- When the body becomes hot, the capillaries nearer the surface of the body vasodilate allowing more blood to reach the surface of the skin. This causes the body to sweat. Warming- When the body becomes cold, the capillaries nearer the surface of the body vasoconstrict so that blood is moved away from the extremities to the major organs, thus ensuring they are kept warm. As a result the skin appears pale and heat loss is inhibited. Absorption: of drugs or essential oils. How: The skin is a waterproof covering but some chemical substances, such as drugs and essential oils, can penetrate the skin through the layers, the hair follicles and sweat glands. The amount of penetration is affected by the health and condition of the skin. Protection: keeps out bacteria and creates a barrier against rays of the sun. How: Melanin, the pigment produced by the melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis, has a protective function. It helps to protect against ultraviolet light damage to tissues. Elimination: of waste products. How: Some toxins are eliminated from the body through the skin via the sweat glands. The toxins normally take the form of waste salts and water. Sensation: skin is the organ of touch How: Specialized nerve endings found in the dermis make the body aware of its surroundings. They warn of pain, cold, heat, pressure and touch. Different receptors lie at different levels in the skin. Pain and touch receptors are closer to the surface. Vitamin D production. How: Vitamin D production is stimulated by ultraviolet light which converts a fatty substance in the skin into vitamin D. This circulates in the blood and any excess is stored in the liver. Melanin production. How: In the sun, the body makes melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) which causes the melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis to produce melanin, a substance which produces a darkening of the skin to protect the underlying structures.

What is an example of a connective tissue membrane?

Synovial Membrane- the lining in-between your joint cavity

What are the two life threatening problems that result from severe burns?

The body loses it's precious supply of fluids containing proteins and electrolytes, or dehydration and electrolytes imbalance follow can lead to a shutdown of kidneys and circulatory shocks.

A serous membrane has 2 layers, what are they and what separates them?

The two layers are: the visceral layer- that touches/covers the body organs. The parietal layer- covers the body cavity wall. Serous fluid is located in between the membranes and separates them.

Where are both of the exocrine glands found and how do they get there if they are produced by the epidermis?

These glands are formed by the cells of the stratum basal, they push into the deeper skin regions and ultimately reside almost entirely in the dermis.

What are eccrine glands and their products. Where are they found?

They are far more numerous and are found all over the body. They produce sweat, a clear secretion that is primarily water plus some slats, vitamin C, traces of metabolic wastes, and lactic acid.

Where on your body do you find oil (sebaceous) glands?

They are found all over the skin, EXCEPT on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

What are apocrine glands and their products. Where are they found?

They are largely confined to the axillary and gentile areas of the body. Their ducts empty into hair follicles. Their secretion contains fatty acids and proteins, as well as all the substances present in eccrine secretion; consequently, it may have a milky or yellowish color.

What are the two major classifications of body membranes?

They can be categorized into epithelial and connective tissue membranes.

What is the rule of nines and how is it helpful?

This method divides the body into 11 areas, each accounting for 9% of the total body surface area, plus an additional area surrounding the genitals representing 1% of the body surface area. It is helpful because it assesses the percentage of a burn and is used to help guide treatment decisions including fluid resuscitation and becomes part of the guidelines to determine transfer to a burn unit.

What is the ABCD rules for recognizing a malignant melanoma skin cancer?

a. Asymmetry- the two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match. b. border irregularity- the borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations. c. color- the pigmented spot contains areas of different colors (black, browns, tan, and sometimes blue or red). d. diameter- the spot is larger than 6 millimeters (mm) in diameter (the size of a pencil eraser).

Which membrane is moist?

all but cutaneous membrane

cutaneous membrane

completely exposed to air, dry superficial epidermis, outer most part of your body, your skin.

reticular layer of the dermis

deepest skin layer, contain blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure receptors), collagen and elastic fibers. -collagen fibers- responsible for the toughness of the dermis, they attract water and keep the skin hydrated. -elastic fibers- give the skin its elasticity. (as we age the amount of collagen and elastic fibers decreases and the skin begins to sag and wrinkle)

What does it mean to be keratinized or cornfield? What layer of the epidermis would you see the most keratinization?

keratinized: protein in the cells that make the cells harder with protein as they grow and get closer to the surface of the body. The stratum corneum layer is the thickest and most keratinized.

2 major region of dermis

papillary layer and reticular layer

What is melanin?

pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black. (moles and freckles result when these pigments (of melanin) clump together)

sebum

product of the sweat gland and it keeps the skin soft and moist. It prevents the hair from becoming brittle and it also contains chemicals that kill bacteria.

What is the main function of the serous membrane?

protect organs that are moving from friction.

What are sebaceous glands? what do they produce? Where are they found? Where do they secrete sebum into? What is the function of sebum?

sebaceous glands are oil glands found all over the skin except on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle but some open directly onto the surface.The sebaceous gland usually meets the follicle in the dermis layer -- sebum is secreted from the sebaceous gland through the follicle. Sebum- product of the gland and it keeps the skin soft and moist and prevents the hair from becoming brittle. It also contains chemicals that kill bacteria.

which membrane is a double membrane?

serous membrane

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis

stratum corneum (thicket layer, 3/4 of epidermal thickness, shingle-like dead cells filled with kertain) stratum lucidum (only present in soles of feet and palms of hands) stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale (deepest and closest to dermis)

papillary layer of the dermis

super thin, upper superficial dermal region, uneven and has finger-like projection from its surface which indent the epidermis above (finger prints, they help you grip things). have loops of capillaries for nourishment, pain receptors and touch receptors.

What is sebum and what is its function?

the product of the sebaceous glands. It's a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells and a lubricant that keeps the skin soft and moist. It prevents the hair from becoming brittle.

What are the 2 groups of exocrine glands?

the sebaceous (oil) glands and the surderiferous (sweat) glands

What layer of the epidermis forms the exocrine glands?

the stratum basal layer

what is the purpose of melanin?

these pigments shield DNA from UV damage

what is the main function of the cutaneous membrane?

to protect you

serous membrane

wet, a double layer membrane: visceral layer- layer that touches/covers the body organs. parietal layer- covers the body cavity wall. serous fluid is located between the membranes, line the body cavities, NOT exposed to air. Specific names of membrane depending on location: peritoneum-serous lining in abdominal cavity. pleura- serous lining around the lungs and wall of the chest cavity. pericardium-serous lining around the heart.

mucous membrane

wet, lines all body cavities open to the exterior (respiratory and digestive track), partially exposed to air.

sudoriferous (sweat) glands

widely distributed all over the body. (2.5 million per person) two types: eccrine- far more numerous found all over the body, not in hairy regions. apocrine- usually larger, found in axillary and genital regions, ducts empty into hair follicles.