sleep and dreams

Adults spend about what percentage of their sleep time in REM sleep?

20%

Which of the following is a circadian rhythm?

A cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 hours

Melatonin

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.

Sleep apnea is characterized by

A reflexive grasping for air during sleep

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

dependence

A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug

A student participates in a month-long sleep study designed to examine free-running circadian rhythms. If all "time" cues are removed, the students' total sleep-wake cycle is likely to

Average about 25 hours

Victoria is listening to a lecture in a hot lecture hall, late on a Friday afternoon. She starts to feel drowsy, and then falls into a light sleep. If her brain waves patterns were being monitored they would show a shift from

Beta waves to alpha waves and finally to theta waves

REM sleep, generally an "active" state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics?

Lowered muscle tone

If selectively deprived of REM sleep, a person will later experience

REM rebound

At 3:00 in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of:

REM sleep

Dreaming is typically associated with

REM sleep

Nightmares are to _______ as night terrors are to _______.

REM sleep ; stage 4 sleep

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

Morgan had a dream in which his boss appeared at his front door, wearing polka-dot pajamas, and asked to borrow a xylophone. Morgan is convinced the dream represents an unconscious desire to quit his current job. According to Freud, Morgan's unconscious desire to quit his current job would represent

The latent content of the dream

suprachiasmatic nucleus

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm

night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

according to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, random electrical activity in the _____ is interpreted by the _____ to create a story line

brainstem, cerebral cortex

The electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brainwave activity in the

cerebral cortex

Rhythms that are synchronized with the 24-hour cycle of day and night are:

circadian

The large, slow brain waves associated with our deepest sleep are called:

delta waves

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is highly correlated with which of the following

dreams

Freud believed the purpose of dreams is to

fulfill wishes

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter _____ production by the pineal gland

melatonin

A disorder characterized by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods is

narcolepsy

Which of the following type of sleep phenomena is most likely to occur during REM sleep?

nightmares

Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity, are characteristic of

stage 2 sleep

posthypnotic amnesia

supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist's suggestion

Tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to:

viral infections

During which stage of sleep might a person hallucinate

1

Ben normally sleeps from 10pm to 7am. In which of the following time periods would he experience the LEAST amount of REM sleep?

10 pm - 11 pm

Which view of dreaming holds that dreams represent an attempt by the cerebral cortex to make sense of the random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep?

Activation-synthesis