Smartbook 4

What chemical feature of sterols distinguishes them from other classes of lipids? Multi-ring structure Glycerol backbone Nitrogen-containing base Phosphorus-containing portion

Multi-ring structure

_____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds. Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated Saturated Trans

Saturated

Which of the following are types of fatty acids? Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated Cholesterol

Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated

Adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of _____. fat as triglycerides alcohol as acetaldehyde carbohydrate as glycogen protein as amino acids

fat as triglycerides

Which of the following foods are good plant sources of omega-3 fat?

flaxseed soybeans

Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause for most cases of _____

heart disease

Cholesterol and fats are types of _____. proteins lipids carbohydrates phytochemicals

lipids

A monounsaturated fatty acid contains _____ between carbons in its carbon chain. one double bond all double bonds zero double bonds two double bonds

one double bond

Partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) are the major kind of artificial _____ fat in processed foods, but their use has now been banned in most foods. polyunsaturated saturated trans monounsaturated

trans

A _____ is comprised of three fatty acids attached to glycerol. phospholipid polysaccharide triglyceride sterol

triglyceride

The small intestine absorbs about _____ of dietary cholesterol. 25% 50% 100% 75%

50

____ is a sterol. Cholesterol Alpha-linolenic acid A triglyceride

Cholesterol

Choose the statement that correctly describes lipid digestion. The stomach is the primary site of lipid digestion Lipid digestion occurs in the stomach and the liver Lipid digestion occurs in the gallbladder and the small intestine The small intestine is the primary site of lipid digestion

The small intestine is the primary site of lipid digestion

What is the significance of unsaturated fatty acids having double bonds that are typically in the "cis" form? - These types of double bonds can only be made through the process of hydrogenation - Their structures are "bent" or kinked at these double bonds - The "cis" form enables these molecules to be arranged tightly together - Their structures enable them to easily form solids at room temperature

Their structures are "bent" or kinked at these double bonds

Since saturated fatty acids do not contain any double bonds, they _____. - are not naturally occurring in foods - have multiple "bends" or kinks in their chemical structures - can be packed tightly together - are typically liquid at room temperature

can be packed tightly together

best way to get omega-3

eat fish

Arteriosclerosis is a condition commonly referred to as, "_____,"

hardening of the arteries

EPA, DHA, and AA aid in the production of _____. digestive enzymes hormone-like substances blood plasma lymph

hormone-like substances

Alpha-linolenic acid is an _____ fatty acid. omega-9 omega-1 omega-3 omega-6

omega-3

When atherosclerosis occurs in a blood vessel that does not carry blood to the heart or brain, the condition is called ____.

peripheral vascular disease

____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds. Trans Polyunsaturated Monounsaturated saturated

saturated

A polyunsaturated fatty acid contains _____ between carbons in its carbon chain. one double bond at least five double bonds two or more double bonds zero double bonds

two or more double bonds

A saturated fatty acid contains _____ between carbons in its carbon chain. two double bonds three or more double bonds zero double bonds one double bond

zero double bonds

According to the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, intakes of _____ should be as low as possible.

trans fat and cholesterol

Peripheral vascular diseases often affect arteries that carry blood to which two parts of the body?

Arms and legs

____, which is often called "hardening of the arteries", is a condition that results from atherosclerosis.

Arteriosclerosis

What is the recommendation for intake of saturated fat according to the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

<10% of total energy intake

Cardiovascular disease can result in kidney failure and which other conditions?

Heart Attack Stroke

Which of the following are types of fatty acids? Polyunsaturated Monounsaturated Saturated Cholesterol

Polyunsaturated Monounsaturated Saturated

What is the best way to meet the essential fatty acid recommendations within a "heart healthy" diet?

Replace foods that are high in saturated fat with foods that are high in unsaturated fats

Identify a characteristic of phospholipids that enables them to be major structural components of cell membranes.

Their phosphate "head" is water soluble and their fatty acid "tail" is water insoluble

Outline the process of recycling bile salts.

1.) Most bile salts are absorbed in the small intestine 2.) Bile salts travel in the bloodstream to the liver 3.) The liver recycles bile salts to create new bile

Hypertension is diagnosed once blood pressure values remain at or above _____.

130/80

A triglyceride level greater or equal to _____ is classified as unhealthy.

200 mg/dl

An HDL cholesterol level greater or equal to _____ is generally protective against heart disease in both men and women.

50 mg/dl

What are some concerns related to fish oil supplements? - People with fish/shellfish allergies might have an allergic reaction - High doses of omega-3 fatty acids may cause serious side effects, such as reducing blood clotting - Omega-3 fatty acid consumption may increase risk of osteoporosis - Fish is not usually recommended as a rich source of essential fatty acids

People with fish/shellfish allergies might have an allergic reaction High doses of omega-3 fatty acids may cause serious side effects, such as reducing blood clotting

Choose the dietary components that describe a "heart healthy" diet.

Reduced intake of fatty red meats Focus on whole grains and low-fat dairy foods Emphasis on fruits and vegetables

_____ make up about 95% of lipids in the body and in food. Monosaccharides Triglycerides Sterols Phospholipids

Triglycerides

Avocados and peanut and canola oils are good sources of _____ fatty acids. trans polyunsaturated monounsaturated saturated

monounsaturated

Animal fats generally tend to contain more _____ fatty acids than plant oils.

saturated

Structurally, a trans fatty acid resembles a(n) _____ because its carbon chain is relatively straight. monounsaturated fatty acid saturated fatty acid essential fatty acid polyunsaturated fatty acid

saturated fatty acid

Structurally, a trans fatty acid resembles a(n) _____ because its carbon chain is relatively straight. saturated fatty acid essential fatty acid polyunsaturated fatty acid monounsaturated fatty acid

saturated fatty acid

The primary site of lipid digestion is the _____. small intestine pancreas large intestine stomach

small intestine

At room temperature, foods high in saturated fat tend to be _____ and foods high in unsaturated fat tend to be _____.

solid; liquid

Trans fatty acids are _____. - unsaturated fatty acids that do not contain any double bonds - saturated fatty acids that are "bent" or kinked - unsaturated fatty acids that have relatively straight carbon chains -saturated fatty acids that contain one double bond

unsaturated fatty acids that have relatively straight carbon chains

What are some strategies to reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis?

- Consume more fiber-rich foods - Maintain a healthy weight for height

What are some poor dietary habits that can put you at risk of developing atherosclerosis?

- Diets that do not provide enough whole grains, nuts, and seeds - Diets that do not provide enough fruits and vegetables - Diets that provide large amounts of added sugars

What are some poor dietary habits that can put you at risk of developing atherosclerosis?

- Diets that provide large amounts of added sugars - Diets that do not provide enough whole grains, nuts, and seeds - Diets that do not provide enough fruits and vegetables

Which of the following are ways essential fatty acids affect health? - Regulating blood pressure - Regulating the immune system's inflammatory response - Determining development of teeth - Determining hair color and growth

- Regulating blood pressure - Regulating the immune system's inflammatory response

What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule? - A phospholipid consists of two fatty acids and a phosphorus-containing part - A phospholipid consists of a triglyceride molecule attached to a phosphorus-containing part - A phospholipid consists of one fatty acid, a phosphorus-containing part, and a carbon ring structure - A phospholipid consists of three fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

A phospholipid consists of two fatty acids and a phosphorus-containing part

_____ cells are commonly called "fat cells" because they are designed to store fat. Epithelial Endothelial Muscle Adipose

Adipose

Which of the following are factors that contribute to the initiation of atherosclerosis? Normal cholesterol levels Cigarette smoke Certain bacteria Excess blood glucose

Cigarette smoke Certain bacteria Excess blood glucose

Choose the food sources that contain high amounts of saturated fat. Coconut oil Safflower oil Beef fat palm oil

Coconut oil Beef fat palm oil

Which of the following foods naturally contain small amounts of trans fatty acids? Dairy foods Nuts French fries Beef

Dairy foods Beef

_____ can be saturated or unsaturated. Phospholipids Fatty acids Polysaccharides Sterols

Fatty acids

Which molecules are removed from chyme by the absorptive cells of the small intestine?

Fatty acids Cholesterol Monoglycerides

What effect does soluble fiber have on the recycling of bile salts?

It binds with used bile salts, preventing their intestinal absorption and leading to their excretion in feces

Choose the two characteristics that apply to lipids.

Lipids are organic nutrients Lipids generally do not dissolve in water

Where does the conversion of recycled bile salts into new bile occur?

Liver

___ fatty acids contain two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

Polyunsaturated

Which three cuts of meat are considered lean?

Pork tenderloin Beef chuck roast Beef top sirloin steak

What is one characteristic that lipids found in foods and in the body have in common? They are mostly in the form of essential fatty acids They are mostly in the form of triglycerides They are mostly in the form of cholesterol They are mostly in the form of phospholipids

They are mostly in the form of triglycerides

What is it about the structure of phospholipids that makes them ideal as major structural components of cell membranes? They produce steroid hormones They can provide energy They are soluble in both water and fat They catalyze chemical reactions

They are soluble in both water and fat

Select the structural components of a triglyceride. Two hydrogen molecules Three fatty acids A glycerol backbone A multi-ring structure

Three fatty acids A glycerol backbone

Corn oil, seeds, and nuts are good sources of _____.

omega-6

What are some heart healthy food selection and preparation tips?

- Trim visible fat from meat after cooking - Use moist cooking methods for lean meats - Replace some of the solid fat in recipes with applesauce

Which of these conditions may be risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Emotional stress, such as anger Elevated C-reactive protein blood level Sleep apnea

___ fatty acids contain only one carbon-carbon double bond. Essential Saturated Polyunsaturated Monounsaturated

Monounsaturated

___ is a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids. Safflower oil Olive oil Soybean oil Coconut oil

Olive oil

Choose the food sources that are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Soybean oil Cocoa butter Canola oil Grapeseed oil

Soybean oil Grapeseed oil

___ occurs when a clot blocks an artery in the brain, which causes the death of brain cells that do not receive blood flow. Multiple choice question.

Stroke

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels that persist even when a person is relaxed is called _____.

hypertension

Which lifestyle choice would be the best way to reduce a person's risk of atherosclerosis and CVD?

increase activity

Linoleic acid is an _____ fatty acid. omega-3 omega-1 omega-9 omega-6

omega-6

The formation of one or more clots in an artery supplying the heart is problematic when it restricts the proper flow of _____. micelles and hydrochloric acid carbon and chyme chylomicrons and salivary amylase oxygen and nutrients

oxygen and nutrients

Phospholipids are chemically different to other lipids because they contain _____.

phosphorus

Safflower, sunflower, and grapeseed oils are good sources of _____ fatty acids. saturated monounsaturated trans polyunsaturated

polyunsaturated