SmartBook #5: Viruses, Virioids

____________ is the viral process of attaching to the host cell receptor for the virus.

Adsorption

Answer Mode Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct In which way do enveloped viruses leave their host cell?

Budding

Which are the three main criteria used in classifying viruses into families?

Chemical composition Genetic makeup Structure

Identify all the methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell.

Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus

___________ infections are those which cells are infected yet show no cytopathic effects.

Persistent or Latent

Which factor enables certain laboratory animals to propagate viruses more readily than others?

Receptor specificity between virus and particular animal hosts

Which is NOT a reason that eggs provide an excellent in vivo viral cultivation system?

The egg contains a tissue monolayer

During the ____________ step in the viral multiplication cycle, capsids and genetic material are packaged into virions. Please give the specific term for this step. Listen to the complete question

assemby/maturation

Identify the different environments in which some viruses can replicate.

bacterial, human, animal cells

Which of the following viral release methods will not initially destroy the cell?

budding

Two ways in which newly assembled viruses are released from host cells are through __________ (exocytosis) by enveloped viruses, and through ___________ (rupture) by naked viruses.

budding, lysis

Which is closest in physical proximity to the nucleic acid of a virus?

capsid

Which structure immediately encloses viral nucleic acid?

capsid

A(n) ___________ is a protein subunit that forms the viral capsid.

capsomere

Which of the following is the monomeric unit for a viral capsid?

capsomere

Viruses ______ depend on a host cell for replication.

completely

Fill in the blank question. The 2 principle processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are _________ (engulfment) and direct fusion.

endocytosis

Which term is used to describe the phospholipid bilayer found surrounding the capsid of some viruses?

envelope

A(n) __________ virus has a membranous layer external to the nucleocapsid.

enveloped

Budding is a type of ______ process where enveloped viruses are released from the host cell membrane.

exocytic

Budding is a type of ______ process where enveloped viruses are released from the host cell membrane. Multiple choice question.

exocytic

The membrane receptors that viruses attach to during adsorption are typically composed of ______.

glycoproteins

What are the viral spikes typically composed of?

glycoproteins

Viruses which have a series of rod-shaped capsomer proteins linked together forming a series of interconnected hollow discs are termed ______.

helical

Two shapes of viral capsids are _______ , which resembles a bracelet; or _______________ , which is a type of polyhedron.

helical, icosohedral

The ___________ range defines the limitations of the type of cell that a virus can invade.

host

Which of the following is a term used to describe the different host cells which a virus can infect?

host range

Different viruses can infect which of the following?

human, bacterial, or plant cells

___________ bodies are masses of viruses or damaged organelles of a cell due to a cytopathic effect of viral infection.

inclusion

Hepatitis viruses have a tropism for cells of the ______

liver

The term ____________ is used to describe how some viruses burst cells during the release stage of viral multiplication. Listen to the complete question

lysis

Identify all the components of the nucleocapsid.

nucleic acid and capsid

The ____________ refers to the capsid and nucleic acid of a nonenveloped virus.

nucleocapsid

Viruses that are _________ lead to cancer in infected hosts.

oncogenic

Which of the following best describe the relationship between viruses and their host cell?

parasitism

Virus" is Latin for ______.

poison

Bacteriophages can infect which of the following?

prokaryotes only

At minimum, viruses are composed of nucleic acid covered by a coating compromised of

protein

Which macromolecule composes capsomeres?

proteins

A _______________ is the stage of an animal virus life cycle which is integrated into the host cell's genome.

provirus

Which of the following viral structures typically make enveloped viruses very species-specific for the host cell they infect?

receptors

When it comes to virus multiplication, viral exocytosis refers to ______.

release

HIV is described as a(n) ___________ because it synthesizes DNA from RNA using reverse transcription.

retrovirus

What are viruses called which are capable of converting their RNA genomes into DNA?

retroviruses

An enzyme capable of taking an RNA genome and generating a DNA copy is called ______.

reverse transcriptase

Fill in the blank question. In some viruses, including HIV, the enzyme _____________ ________________transcribes RNA into DNA.

reverse transcriptase

When it comes to virus multiplication, viral exocytosis refers to ______.

syncitia

A ____________ occurs when a virus induces multiple cells to fuse making a large multinucleated cell.

synctia

Which of the following is a multinucleated mass of cells due to the cytopathic effect of viral infection?

syncytium

A virus that only infects cells of a specific tissue in the body is described as having a ______. Multiple choice question.

tropism

The process of __________ occurs when viruses lose their envelope during penetration into a host cell or when the envelope/capsid is are dissolved within a vacuole.

uncoating

Which term describes the process of a virus losing its capsid and exposing viral nucleic acids to the immediate environment?

uncoating

A fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is often called a ______.

virion

A single virus particle is known as a(n)

virion

Identify the smallest pathogenic agent.

virion

Louis Pasteur proposed the term ______, Latin for "poison", to denote a special group of infectious agents. Multiple choice question.

virus

The term "in _____________ " implies that a virus is being propagated in a living animal.

vivo