SmartBook Chapter 32: The Digestive System

Which of the following are characteristics of colorectal cancer?

-Chemotherapy is the first line of treatment to consider. -Regular colonoscopies are the best forms of prevention. -Common signs include unintended weight loss, anemia, and blood in the feces. -The cause is unknown but research implicates high-fat/low-fiber diets. -Common symptoms are abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.

Which of the following are characteristics of the liver?

-Hepatocytes process nutrients in the blood to make bile, which is used to digest fats. -Hepatocytes are contained in each lobule of the liver. -Branches of the hepatic portal vein carry blood from the digestive organs to the hepatic lobules. -The liver stores vitamins and iron; filters impurities out of the blood; and aids in the digestion of fats. -Hepatic is the medical term that means "pertaining to the liver."

Which of the following are characteristics of cirrhosis of the liver?

-It can be caused by an autoimmune disease but can also by some medications and alcohol consumption. -Individuals diagnosed with cirrhosis should discontinue their alcohol consumption. -Signs and symptoms include anemia, fatigue, hepatomegaly, and swelling of the legs.

Which of the following enzymes digest sugars?

-Lactase -Sucrase -Maltase

Which of the following are divisions of the pharynx?

-Oropharynx -Nasopharynx -Laryngopharynx

Which of the following are considered accessory organs of the digestive system?

-Salivary glands -Pancreas -Teeth -Liver -Tongue

Which of the following are characteristics of a hiatal hernia?

-Signs and symptoms include excessive burping, dysphagia, chest pain, and heartburn. -Treatment measures include reducing weight, consuming antacids, and taking medications to reduce stomach acid production. -Obesity and smoking are risk factors.

Which of the following are characteristics of cancer of the stomach?

-Signs and symptoms include lack of appetite, feeling of fullness after eating small amounts, and excessive gas. -The cause is unknown, but stomach ulcers may contribute to its development. -Treatment includes radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgical removal of the tumor.

Which of the following are characteristics of the pancreas?

-The organ is located behind the stomach. -Pancreatic juices contain a variety of enzymes.

Which of the following are characteristics of stomach ulcers?

-They can be caused by smoking, alcohol, and excessive aspirin use. -Signs and symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and weight loss. -They can be caused by H. pylori bacteria. -Prevention includes stopping smoking and avoiding certain foods. -The diagnosis is confirmed by an upper endoscopy.

Which of the following organs are involved in the digestive process?

-Tongue -Ileum -Gallbladder

Which of the following are characteristics of cholelithiasis?

-Treatment is generally to remove the stone through surgery but it can be removed by ESWL. -Individuals may be asymptomatic. -If electrohydraulic shock waves break up the stone through lithotripsy, surgery can be avoided.

Which of the following are characteristics of pancreatic cancer?

-Treatment modalities include chemotherapy, removal of tumor, and radiation -It is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. -Its cause is of unknown etiology but is believed to be related to smoking and alcohol consumption.

Which of the following are terms that relate to the stomach?

-rugae -chyme -fundus -gastric -gastrin

Which of the following terms relate to the mouth?

-saliva -lingual -buccal -salivary -sublingual

Which of the following substances are nutrients?

-water -proteins -carbohydrates -minerals -vitamins -lipids

1. Cecum 2. Transverse colon 3. Sigmoid colon 4. Ascending colon 5. Descending colon

1. Beginning of the large intestine 2. Structure that crosses the abdominal cavity 3. Portion of the descending colon in the pelvic cavity that forms an S-shaped tube 4. Portion of the large intestine that rises from the cecum and runs up the right side of the abdominal cavity 5. Portion of the large intestine that descends the left side of the abdominal cavity, eventually becoming the sigmoid colon

1. K 2. D 3. A 4. E

1. Blood clotting 2. Calcium absorption 3. Production of receptors, mucus, normal growth of bones and teeth 4. Prevention of the breakdown of certain tissues

1. Chymotrypsin 2. Pancreatic amylase 3. Nucleases 4. Pancreatic lipase

1. Digestion of proteins 2. Digestion of carbohydrates 3. Digestion of nucleic acids 4. Digestion of lipids

1. Serosa 2. Muscular layer 3. Parietal peritoneum 4. Mucosa

1. Double-walled outermost layer of the alimentary canal; it is also known as the peritoneum 2. Portion of the alimentary canal just outside the submucosa; it contracts to assist in moving material through the canal 3. Abdominal lining 4. Innermost wall of the alimentary canal; it is mostly made of epithelial tissue that secretes enzymes and mucus into the lumen

1. Diverticulitis 2. Gastritis 3. Gastroesophageal reflux disease 4. Heartburn

1. Inflammation of the diverticuli, which are abnormal dilations or pouches in the intestinal wall 2. Inflammation of the stomach lining commonly referred to as a stomachache 3. Disease in which stomach acids are pushed up into the esophagus, frequently causing increased burping and difficulty swallowing 4. Another name for gastroesophageal reflux disease

1. Alimentary canal 2. Glycogen 3. Bile 4. Lipid 5. Bolus 6. Mechanical digestion 7. Cardiac sphincter 8. Nutrient

1. Organ of the digestive system that extends from the mouth to the anus 2. Excess glucose stored in the liver and skeletal muscle 3. Substance created in the liver and stored in the gallbladder 4. Fat obtained through various foods 5. Mass created when food is combined with saliva and mucus 6. Process in which food is taken in and reduced in size through mastication, or chewing 7. Valve-like structure composed of a circular band of muscles at the juncture of the esophagus and stomach 8. Food or liquid that supplies the body with the chemicals necessary for metabolism

1. Diverticula 2. Triglycerides 3. Esophageal hiatus 4. Uvula 5. Feces

1. Outpouchings of the wall of a canal or an organ 2. Simple lipids consisting of glycerol and 3 fatty acids 3. Hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes 4. Part of the soft palate that hangs down in the back of the throat 5. Material found in the large intestine and made from leftover chyme

1. Fundus 2. Gastrin 3. Parietal cell 4. Chyme 5. Rugae 6. Pyloric sphincter 7. Cardiac region

1. Portion of the stomach that balloons over the cardiac region 2. Hormone produced by the stomach that simulates the gastric glands to become active 3. Secretes hydrochloric acid and relates to the intrinsic factor necessary for vitamin B12 absorption 4. Mixture of food and gastric juices 5. Folds of the inner stomach 6. Ring of muscles that control the movement of substances from the pylorus of the stomach to the small intestine 7. Beginning portion of the stomach, attached to the esophagus

1. Chemical digestion 2. Palate 3. Cholesterol 4. Peritoneum 5. Chyme 6.Sphincter

1. Process of chemically digesting food, beginning in the mouth 2. Roof of the mouth 3. Fat-related substance that the body produces in the liver and obtains from dietary sources; it is needed in small amounts to carry out several vital functions 4. Also known as the serosa 5. Mixture of food and gastric juice 6.Valvelike structure formed from circular bands of muscle

1. Chief cells 2. Mucous cells 3. Parietal cells

1. Secrete pepsinogen, which becomes pepsin in the presence of acid to digest proteins 2. Protect the stomach lining 3. Secrete the hydrochloric acid necessary to convert pepsinogen to pepsin

1. Monosaccharides 2.Triglycerides 3. Glycogen 4. Cellulose

1. Simple sugars 2. Dietary fats 3. Excessive glucose stored in the liver 4. Type of carbohydrate found in many vegetables that humans cannot digest

1. oral 2. gastric 3. pancreatic

1. Tends to metastasize rapidly to other organs; it has an unknown etiology but is thought to be related to tobacco use; signs and symptoms include difficulty with taste and swallowing and ulcers on the tongue, lips, or mouth 2. Signs and symptoms include frequent bloating and feeling full after small amounts of food 3. Fourth leading cause of cancer death, mostly of unknown etiology; common signs and symptoms are lack of appetite, nausea, jaundice, and unintended weight loss

1. Palatine tonsils 2. Pharyngeal tonsils 3. Sublingual gland 4. Uvula 5. Palate 6. Submandibular glands 7. Incisors 8. Cuspids 9.Parotid glands

1. Two masses of lymphatic tissue located in the oropharynx 2. Two masses, located in the nasopharynx, that protect the area from bacteria and viruses and are known as adenoids 3. Smallest of the salivary glands, located in the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue; it secretes enzymes to help with chemical digestion 4. Prevents food and liquids from entering the nose during swallowing 5. Roof of the mouth 6. Salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth inside the mandibular surface 7. Most medial teeth, which act as chisels to bite off pieces of food 8. Sharpest teeth, also known as canines, used to tear tough food 9.Largest of the salivary glands, located beneath the skin in front of the ears; they secrete enzymes to aid in chemical digestion

1. Sublingual 2. Buccal cavity 3. Lingual 4. Palate 5. Saliva

1. Under the tongue 2. Mouth 3. Tongue 4. Roof of the mouth 5. Spit; an enzyme in the mouth that initiates chemical digestion

The wall of the alimentary canal, also known as the digestive tract, consists of ______ layers.

4

Which of the following involves hard deposits of cholesterol or bilirubin frequently triggered by diabetes, cirrhosis, and other medical conditions?

Cholelithiasis

Which of the following inflammation of the large intestine, can be caused by bacterial or viral infections or the use of antibiotics?

Colitis

Which of the following is a common disorder also known as inflammatory bowel disease; it typically affects the end portion of the small intestine?

Crohn's disease

Which of the following is an inflammation of the stomach lining, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, medications, and alcohol consumption?

Gastritis

Which of the following is inflammation of the liver?

Hepatitis

Which form of cancer is a malignant tumor of the mouth, lips, or tongue that spreads rapidly to other organs?

Oral

What is inflammation of the organ that produces the enzymes responsible for the digestion of fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins?

Pancreatitis

What is the medical term for the folds of the stomach?

Rugae

Which form of cancer is more prevalent in individuals of Japanese, Chilean, or Icelandic decent?

Stomach

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Storage of bile

Organs of the ______ canal extend from the mouth to the anus.

alimentary

The _____ is the last segment of the rectum, between the sigmoid colon and the anus.

anal canal

Helicobacter pylori is a ______ that can cause ulcers.

bacterium

The term "sublingual" means

below the tongue.

The ______ cavity is named for the cheek and is where food is taken in and reduced in size by mastication.

buccal

One of the key treatments for ______ is to discontinue alcohol consumption. Hepatitis B and C may contribute to this condition.

cirrhosis

A malignancy of the lining of the colon or rectum is termed ______ cancer.

colorectal

The ______ carries bile to the duodenum.

common bile duct

Difficult fecal elimination is known as

constipation.

The condition of ______ produces frequent watery stools and may require treatment if the condition persists.

diarrhea

The ______ covers the opening of the larynx to prevent food from entering.

epiglottis

The opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes is the

esophageal hiatus.

Chyme enters the large intestine, where water and some electrolytes are absorbed.The remaining chyme is excreted in the form of ______ via the anus.

feces

The ______ is a saclike structure, located inferior to the liver, that stores bile.

gallbladder

The medical term for "pertaining to the stomach" is

gastric.

The condition caused by a portion of the stomach protruding through a hole or weakness in the diaphragm is called a ______ hernia.

hiatal

A(n) ______ occurs when the stomach is pushed through the esophageal hiatus into the thoracic cavity.

hiatal hernia

Diverticulitis is the _____ of diverticuli in the intestine.

inflammation

The esophagus

is a muscular tube that is a passageway from the mouth to the stomach for food and liquids.

The middle portion of the small intestine is the

jejunum

The ______ tonsils, located at the back of the tongue, are made of lymphatic tissue.

lingual

Colorectal cancer is a(n)

malignancy of the lining of the colon or rectum.

Which of the following are enzymes that digest proteins?

peptidases

Regular colon screening for polyps are the best ______ measures against advanced disease.

preventive

The appendix is located in the

right lower quadrant.

The lining of the stomach contains folds called

rugae.

The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are ______ of the small intestine.

segments

A ______ is a circular band of muscles designed to prevent movement into or out of a body cavity or organ.

sphincter

A person goes shopping on an empty stomach. The person purchases more groceries than intended, then remembers the smells of the food samples being passed out at the store, which must have persuaded the shopper to purchase items not on the shopping list, because

the person's parasympathetic nervous system simulated the gastric glands to secrete gastrin, causing hunger pangs.

Breakdown of the lining of the stomach is called a stomach

ulcer.

Hemorrhoids are

varicose veins of the rectal or anal area.