SOC 101 FINAL
The gender pay gap is the difference between what the average man and woman earn for doing the same jobs. As a share of pay, for every dollar a man makes at a job, a woman earns about _______________.
82 cents
Who was the theorist who coined the phrase "sociology" and advocated for the use of "positivism" and social science? Pierre Bourdieu Herbert Spencer August Comte Max Weber
Auguste Comte
According to George Herbert Mead, children develop as social beings by imitating the actions of those around them. Which example would he most likely use to elaborate this point? -Fatima, doing jumping jacks -Marcus, reading a book -Jamel, playing on the playground with friends -Connie, playing piano
Jamel, playing on the playground with friends
According to sociologists, what is the smallest size that can make up a social group? a family a dyad a triad an ego and an alter ego
a dyad
Which of the following is the best example of conspicuous consumption? -a gold-plated statue in your front yard -investments from your financial stock portfolio -original paintings your children created for you -your house
a gold-plated statue in your front yard
Providing a girl with a pretend kitchen play set and providing a boy with action figures to play with is an example of homophobia. gender socialization. instrumentality. feminism.
gender socialization
In the novel The Human Stain by Philip Roth, a professor at a college in the Northeast is forced into early retirement after he is accused of racism. The charge turns out to be ironic when the reader learns that the professor has a secret. The professor was born to African American parents and has been covering up his heritage and living as a white man his whole adult life. In line with symbolic interactionism, of what is this an example? individual discrimination hegemony passing reverse discrimination
passing
The U.S. Postal Service, the Boston Pops Orchestra, and Greenville Technical College are all examples of -reference groups. -formal organizations. -primary groups. -triads.
formal organizations
What has modern science determined about racial categories? -There is greater diversity between racial populations than within them. -Some racial groups are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than others. -Biologically there is no such thing as pure race. -Some racial groups are genetically predisposed to be more athletically inclined than others.
Biologically there is no such thing as pure race.
Which statement best describes the functionalist perspective on gender? -Gender inequality is rooted in male domination of society. -Gender inequality is the result of unequal access to civil rights and social resources. -Gender differences contribute to social stability and integration. -Gender differences are heavily influenced by global processes such as colonialism and racism.
Gender differences contribute to social stability and integration.
What is the term for the type of social mobility that occurs within one person's lifetime (the change from birth to death or from one generation to another)? spatial mobility intragenerational mobility intergenerational mobility t-mobility
INTRAgenerational mobility
Which sociological approach imagine society as an organism, or social institutions play a specialized role to keep the whole system working? Feminist Conflict Symbolic Interactionist Structural Functionalist
Structural functionalist
How would a sociologist explain the existence of gender inequality in modern society? -The activities of men and women are valued differently in society. -Men and women generally do different kinds of work. -Women are responsible for childbearing. -Work done by men requires more skill and education.
The activities of men and women are valued differently in society.
During rush week, the brothers of the Alpha Gamma Gamma fraternity always make fun of their rival fraternity, Lambda Lambda Lambda. This teasing increases the bonding and sense of loyalty among Alpha Gamma Gamma members. Such camaraderie suggests they are members of an in-group. an out-group. a network. a social category.
an in-group
This refers to the pattern of interaction and relations between ethnic or racial groups in which they, often as the minority, becomes absorbed in the mainstream and or dominant (in terms of majority) group. This tends to also make societies more homogenous overall. segregation. assimilation. pluralism. amalgamation.
assimilation
Which of the following best exemplifies "doing gender"? -choosing to wear a dress -going through puberty -taking medication for a headache -getting a spray tan
choosing to wear a dress
What is the name for a system of social stratification that is based on both ascribed characteristics at birth and individual achievement? meritocracy caste system dualism class system
class system
Which of the main theoretical approaches in sociology would view gender inequality as the result of the traditional division of labor in families - with males typically having more access to resources and privileges over time? Symbolic Interactionism Structural Functionalism Socio-biological Theory Conflict Theory
conflict
Which of the theoretical approaches would argue that the real source of racism and discrimination is the struggle between groups over power, control, and access to resources? Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism Scapegoat Theory Structural Functionalism
conflict
Which of the following best represent C. Wright Mills' perception of the three bases of power that make up the U.S. power elite? -health systems, education systems, and transportation systems -corporate, military, and political -urban, suburban, and rural -Congress, the Presidency, and corporations
corporate, military, and political
The functionalist perspective of stratification which argues that inequality is acceptable because it encourages everyone to work as hard as possible and to move up the job ladder is called the Marxist Ideal. Durkheim-Parsons Conjecture. Davis-Moore Thesis. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
davis-moore thesis
violation of society's social norms
deviance
Whereas an idea about the characteristics of group (often a racial group and especially when applied to all members of the group) is called prejudice, the unequal treatment of another group motivated by this prejudice is called __________________. social distance bias scapegoating discrimination
discrimination
In the middle of downtown Orlando, Florida, there is a three-block neighborhood called "Little Vietnam" by locals. While there, you might notice most of the restaurants and groceries are Vietnamese. Even the window signs are written in the Vietnamese language. This concentration of external cultural elements is an indication of ________________. an amalgamation. color-blind racism. an ethnic enclave. stereotyping.
ethnic enclave
a group with shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage
ethnicity
A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the uniqueness of women is known as functionalist theory. postmodern theory. queer theory. feminist theory.
feminist theory
A female family member told me of her experiences working at a major bank in the 1980s. She expressed that while she started as a teller, she was promoted to a mid-level manager position. Thereafter, she was never promoted again, even though she trained other male employees on how to function as managers - and they were eventually promoted to even higher levels of management. When she inquired about the possibility of promotion, she was told that the company did not plan to have women performing management functions any higher than her current position at the time. This story is an example of which of the following terms? division of labor class consciousness pink collar glass ceiling
glass ceiling
In some traditional Native American cultures, what role did many 'two-spirited' persons perform? -farmers and herders -healers, shaman, and ceremonial leaders -housing construction workers -prostitutes and sex workers
healers, shaman, and ceremonial leaders
Max Weber argued for evaluating specific cases with a construct or model. What did he called this model? manifest function sociological imagination applied sociology ideal type
ideal type
Careers that tend to be held almost entirely by women (e.g. dental technicians, administrative assistants, librarians) are also called __________________. skirt work vertical mobility clerical employment pink collar jobs
pink collar jobs
According to classic Marxist views on stratification, which class would a cardiologist who works for a hospital and does not own her own practice belong to? schadenfreude grubenhagen proletariat bourgeoisie
proletariat
A socially constructed category of people, divided by biological traits that are considered to be important, is known as species. race. class. ethnicity.
race
In the mid-20th century, neighborhoods that had high proportions of minority residents were rated as high-risk for defaulting on loans. As a result, minority householders had reduced access to credit for mortgages and were often excluded from the right to buy homes in some communities. What was this process called? block guarding the glass ceiling redlining loan sharking
redlining
Imagine living in a neighborhood where all of the houses are twice as big as yours. Your house, which you build on a lot at the end of the street, is much smaller in comparison. Related to definitions about understanding poverty, a sociologist would call this state of difference Bigger House Deficiency Syndrome (BHDS) absolute poverty. relative poverty. differential poverty.
relative poverty
Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination and racism? -drunk guys yelling racial slurs out of their car windows -a prospective home-buyer asking the real estate agent about minorities in the neighborhood -white children avoiding minority children on the playground -school guidance counselors encouraging minority students to aim for vocational careers instead of four-year universities
school guidance counselors encouraging minority students to aim for vocational careers instead of four-year universities
When a woman comes home from her full-time job and immediately begins helping the kids with their homework and vacuuming the apartment, she is participating in what 'double burden'? a gender conflict dualism the second shift paired stereotypes
second shift
An unreliable generalization that seeks to describe an entire racial or ethnic group (and often is wrong factually) is called a hate crime. a stereotype. a minority group. pluralism.
stereotype
Which of the three theoretical approaches would argue that racial and ethnic identities bind people and help society run much more efficiently? Symbolic Interactionism Conflict Theory Structural Functionalism Socio-biological Approach
structural functionalism
Which sociological theoretical approach sees poverty as being beneficial to society in that people who live in poverty take otherwise undesirable jobs and housing, purchase discount and secondhand goods, and provide work for thousands of non-poor people including social workers and others whose jobs are to work with and help the poor? Structural Functionalism Symbolic Interactionism Conflict Theory Differential Justice
structural functionalism
Which of the three main theoretical approaches argues that conceptions of gender and gender roles are socially constructed in society? Network Exchange Theory Structural Functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism
symbolic interactionism
Which sociological theoretical approach sees social inequality as part of our presentation of self in that we develop everyday class consciousness as a way to distinguish the status and identity of others? Symbolic Interactionism Conflict Theory Structural Functionalism Disenfranchisement theory
symbolic interactionism
Which of the following is NOT a feature required for a group to be a minority? -they must be readily identifiable -they are subordinated in some way -they are set apart in some way -they must be fewer in number than other racial groups
they must be fewer in number than other racial groups
T or F: Data that can be measured as discrete, clear numbers is called quantitative data.
true
T or F: While a person's 'sex' refers to their physiological self, their 'gender' is a social status.
true
____________________ is a measure of economic inequality (based primarily on assets owned such as property, stocks, bonds, etc.) that is much more unevenly distributed than other measures among people in the United States. wealth income
wealth
Which of the following sets of measures best describes Weber's idea of socioeconomic status? -wealth/income, prestige, and power -income, wealth, and health -race, class, and gender -power, control, and force
wealth/income, prestige and power
George Murdock discovered two overall patterns in gender when exploring pre-industrial societies. The first was that work was divided up into 'men's work' and 'women's work'. The second pattern is -only men owned homes. -prostitution exists in all societies. -women held lower status and power than men. -arranged marriage through families.
women held lower status and power than men
Which of the following people would experience the greatest amount of culture shock? -A famous and wealthy actor who is convicted of tax evasion and sent to prison -A millionaire who wins the lottery -A student who graduates from elementary school and begins middle school the next year -A professional basketball player who retires from playing actively so that he can begin coaching a professional basketball team
A famous and wealthy actor who is convicted of tax evasion and sent to prison
Which of the following is the best example of a secondary group? -Elementary school classmates who moved up to the next school grade together -A family made up of parents, step-parents, and their kids from different marriages -Blood donors giving blood in exchange for free movie tickets -Members of a Grateful Dead cover band traveling cross country
Blood donors giving blood in exchange for free movie tickets
Jay is conducting a sociological research study on differences in interactions between similar and dissimilar coworkers. After reviewing the literature, he developed a hypothesis and his operationalize the variable he will study. What is the next step Jay should take in the scientific method? analyze data identify a problem or ask a question choose a research design or method collect data
Choose a research design or method
Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the structural functional approach? -Deviance helps the upper class maintain its power and influence in society as a whole. -Deviance makes it easier for the upper class to control the poor. -Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms social norms. -Deviance breaks down social cohesion and leads to revolution.
Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms social norms.
This social scholar focused on understanding symbolic interaction is him by employing the idea of dramaturgy, Which sees human interaction is being similar to stage with individuals as actors, depending on the situation they are in and the role they are expected to play. Robert Merton Erving Goffman Jane Addams George Herbert Mead
Erving Goffman
Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of sociology? -Designing ways to effectively address social problems -Forcing other societies to think and act the way we do -Comparing world cultures to better understand our own -Assessing the truth about common sense knowledge
Forcing other societies to think and act the way we do
A theoretical statement that can be tested about the relationship between two or more variables or phenomenon is a -It is difficult for another researcher to repeat or replicate any particular finding. -Ethnographies tend to have ethical problems. -Participants are self-selected. -Participants are not completely honest when asked to describe their attitudes and behaviors.
Hypothesis
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using ethnography as a method of social research? -It is difficult for another researcher to repeat or replicate any particular finding -Ethnographies tend to have ethical problems -Participants are self selected -Participants are not completely honest when asked to describe their attitudes and behaviors
It is difficult for another researcher to repeat or replicate any particular finding
Which of the following would be considered a latent function of the public school system? -Teaching children math and science -Teaching children how to read -Providing low cost education to the public at large -Keeping children occupied and out of trouble so the adults work in the economic sphere
Keeping children occupied and out of trouble so the adults work in the economic sphere
Which of the following ideas describes the idea that the language we are exposed to structures our thought, shapes our consciousness, and impacts how we think? Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Generalized other Looking-glass theory Merton principle
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Which of the sociological approaches would be the most useful to adopt when trying to develop a better understanding of the symbols, meetings, expectations, and values expressed by the members of a skydiving club? Symbolic Interactionist Conflict Structural Functionalist Social Networking
Symbolic interactionist
What does it mean if a sample of sociological research is representative? -The research has been conducted systematically using the scientific method. -The experimental group is administered the independent variable while the control group is not. -The researcher avoided using any double-barreled questions. -The researcher has avoided any overt bias.
The experimental group is administered the independent variable while the control group is not.
When conducting experiments, how is the experimental group different from the control group? -The experimental group is administered the independent variable while the control group is not. -The experimental group includes people who are very different from those in the control group. -The control group is administered the independent variable while the experimental group is not. -The experimental group is administered the dependent variable while the control group is not.
The experimental group is administered the independent variable while the control group is not.
Sociology as a scientific discipline emerge during which of the following historical periods? The Agricultural Revolution The Industrial Revolution The Great Depression World War II
The industrial revolution
Janine is visiting her boyfriend's family in China. During a conversation, she points to him with her index finger, which his family doesn't seem to like. Later, her boyfriend explains that she should point with an open hand instead of using a finger. Why was his advice to Jill necessary? -Jill was attempting to be rude to his family. -Informal sanctions exist in China in response to rude behavior, but not in the United States, where Jill is from. -The meaning of gestures in not universal across different cultures or societies. -The action of pointing does not have any symbolic meaning.
The meaning of gestures in not universal across different cultures or societies.
Which of the following types of observations best follow the tenets of positivism as set forth by August Comte? -The number of people who take the elevator instead of the stairs -Levels of spiritual commitment -A person's likelihood to cheat on their taxes -The feelings of mutual affection between family members
The number of people who take the elevator instead of the stairs
Most recent advertisements try to associate a product with a specific reference group. For this marketing strategy to be effective, which of the following must be true? -The person viewing the advertisement must identify with the person or people in the advertisement. -The person viewing the advertisement must have interacted with the person or people in the advertisement. -The product must be important to the person viewing the advertisement. -The product must have a good price.
The person viewing the advertisement must identify with the person or people in the advertisement.
What is a norm? -The demographics that describe the average person in a society -The rules and expectations of behavior within a particular culture -The most common words or symbols used in a culture -The cultural expectations used to marginalize women
The rules and expectations of behavior within a particular culture
Which of the following is the best definition for sociology? -The scientific study of human society and social behavior -The random study of stereotypes and the use of Facebook -The thoughtful study of using ethics to improve society -Critical study of the human mind and emotions
The scientific study of human society and social behavior
What does it mean if ethnographers are overt about their roles? -They openly admit they are doing sociological research. -They maintain narrow and limited definitions of appropriate research methodologies. -They spend a great deal of time reflecting on their roles in the research process. -They observe and record data without letting anyone know they are doing research.
They openly admit they are doing sociological research.
The vast majority of crimes come to the attention of the police in response to citizen complaints. Citizens do not always inform authorities of potential crimes if they do not think a crime is serious enough or feel that nothing will likely be done. Because of this dilemma, there may be serious bias in the -Uniform Crime Report (UCR). -way conflict theorists understand deviance. -symbolic interactionist theory of deviance. -value of punishment for deterrence.
UCR- uniform crime report
Which theorist argued that if people define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences? George Herbert Mead W. I. Thomas Erving Goffman Charles Cooley
W. I. Thomas
According to differential association theory, who is more likely to be delinquent? -a person with high aspirations but few opportunities -a poor person whose friends do not commit crime -a middle-class person whose friends frequently commit crime -a person with low aspirations but many opportunities
a middle-class person whose friends frequently commit crime
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bureaucracy? -written rules and regulations -a sense of personal care and consideration regarding individual interaction -hierarchy of authority -division of labor based on specialization
a sense of personal care and consideration regarding individual interaction
A person's ___________________ status is earned via an individual's voluntary efforts, whereas a person's __________________ status is assigned at birth or assigned involuntarily. achieved; ascribed ascribed; achieved achieved; multiplicative multiplicative; ascribed
achieved; ascribed
Social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place are known as social roles. generalized others. agents of socialization. social gerontologists.
agents of socialization.
Emily Durkheim Describe the feeling of aimlessness, alienation, and/or loss of purpose in society when social control over individual behavior has become ineffective, particularly in modern social life, as what? anomie laissez faire deja vu ennui
anomie
Lacrosse players may use a set of specialized terms like crease, rake, and clamp to describe plays and movements during a game. What term describes this in-group language? bilingualism argot fluency polyglot
argot
Arlie Hochschild was concerned that her sample of interviewees was too small to guarantee representativeness. How did Hochschild attempt to overcome this problem? -by asking only open-ended questions -by comparing information about her interviewees with a national survey -by doing follow-up interviews with each interviewee -by deciding that she did not need to generalize to any larger population
by comparing information about her interviewees with a national survey
Mark Granovetter has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information you already have. This is why he argued that when looking for employment, it is advantageous to have -a commitment to hard work and determination to succeed. -casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks. -a prestigious education in order to gain access to lucrative occupations. -a high degree of cultural and social capital.
casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks.
Which sociological approach is best suited to advocate for marginalized groups like racial minorities and women in society? Sociobiological Structural Functionalist Symbolic Interactionist Conflict
conflict
Which theory suggests crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interest of those in power? differential association theory symbolic interactionist theory conflict theory structural functionalist theory
conflict theory
Which of the following data sets is the best example of QUALITATIVE data? -measures of commuter drive time to work per week -the IQ (Intelligence Quotient) scores of students in a class -conversations with disabled veterans about their rehabilitation -the property value of homes in a gated community
conversations with disabled veterans about their rehabilitation
A group of survivalists who encourage their members to convert all of their money to gold, to buy large stocks of food, and relocated their families to live in the wilds of Wyoming away from all other individuals and the typical American way of life fit the framework of a counter culture. mores. Sapir-Whorf group. cultural lag.
counter culture
What do we call norm violations that are codified into law? taboos folkways crimes mores
crimes
Consider the coffee company Starbucks. This company was started in Seattle, Washington and was once primarily only located on the West Coast of the U.S. But then Starbucks started opening stores in the Mid-West, East Coast, and South. It also has opened stores in many countries around the world and is considered a global brand now. This is an example of cultural lag. cultural values. cultural rituals. cultural diffusion.
cultural diffusion
The lack of baby changing tables available in men's restrooms - despite the fact that many men are the primary caregivers of children, is an example of cultural lag. cultural relativism. cultural diffusion. culture war.
cultural lag
The beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that, when taken together, form an entire way of life for a group of people or society
culture
If you travel overseas to study families in other cultures, you may be surprised to find that in some places parents arrange the marriage of their children, even if their children to you seem too young (often young teenagers). Understanding the practices in another society are not necessarily right or wrong, but rather simply different compared to your own society is called what? cultural relativism argot cultural ritualism sociobiology
culture relativism
Beginning in the 1990s, and continuing thereafter, crime rates in the United States have overall ___________________ nationwide.
decreased
A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins as follows: "All the world's a stage,And all the men and women merely players;They have their exits and their entrances,And one man in his time plays many parts." Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines? -the psychoanalytical stages of -development -agents of socialization -dramaturgy -the social construction of emotions
dramaturgy
Imagine a Peace Corps volunteer who is dispatched to West Africa to help train school teachers. After working in West Africa for two weeks, he resigns and flies home stating that the food was terrible, the houses were too small, and the people there behaved too strangely. A sociologist would describe his viewpoints as being too ethnocentric. culturally relativisitic. hypocritical. correlational.
ethnocentric
The research performed by Solomon Asch where he asked groups of participants to identify which lines were of equal length illustrated that -people always stammer and fidget before speaking out against group consensus. -the last person to answer did not feel the need to conform or bow to group pressure. -people can easily be bullied into changing their minds. -even if it makes them feel uncomfortable, many people are willing to discount their own perceptions rather than go against group consensus.
even if it makes them feel uncomfortable, many people are willing to discount their own perceptions rather than go against group consensus.
The analysis of documents such as medical records, photographs, diaries, letters, newspapers, magazines, and song lyrics uses which of the following types of data? experimental data ethnographic field notes existing sources interview transcripts
existing sources
Which of the sociological research methods is best to use for ascertaining 'causality' or the influence of a particular factor in a study's outcome? comparative historical analysis participant observation survey experiment
experiment
T or F: Micro sociology focuses on the impact of large scale social structure, such as social institutions like government and political systems, to see how they impact the lives of group and individuals.
false
According your textbook, which agent of socialization is typically understood to be the single most important agent of socialization? -workplace -family -religion -peer group
family
What theoretical subtype of the complex perspective considers Gender in equity in human societies in the way the idea of gender structures in the world? Marxist dramaturgist feminist interactionist
feminist
Imagine a group of students were hanging out after class and one person jokingly suggested they should cheat on the exam. The other students agree and give different reasons why they should cheat and how easy it would be. After a few minutes of discussion, all the students feel committed to cheating, even though they each know it is wrong. Further, no one person feels comfortable bringing up reasons against cheating because the group seems in favor of cheating. This dynamic is an example of gender roles. group think. looking glass self. achieved status.
group think
Which of the following types of social mobility refers to a change in occupation but remaining in the same social class position even in light of a job change? deprivation mobility structural mobility horizontal social mobility vertical social mobility
horizontal social mobility
The first step in the scientific research process is to identify and define the problem. review the evidence. work out a design. report the findings.
identify and define the problem
A couple got divorced after three years of marriage and both established new relationships. Their divorce shows how fragile dyads are as social groups because -one member can hurt the other. -if one person leaves, the group disappears. -they do not require individuals to stay in the relationship. -the relationships are too intense.
if one person leaves the group disappears
A simple random sample is defined as a sample -that provides the same chance of being included to every member of the population. -that takes into account other demographic variables. -the weights one variable more than another. -with only one variable.
in which every member of the population has a chance of being included
When driving home I-385 in traffic, I often have to decide if and when to let people merge into my lane. If I notice they have a Greenville Tech parking decal, I am more likely to allow them to merge. This is because I assume the person driving the car with the decal shares something in common with me and that we are part of the same ascribed status. social class. gender. in-group.
in-group
All cultures have some system for communication. When written symbols, sounds, and gestures are joined together in an organized system to represent objects and abstract thought and to allow more complex communication to occur, it is a(n) norm. lexicon. language. ideology.
language
The functionalist approach, according to Robert Merton, generally categorized as a result of social behavior in a two categories called manifest and latent topical and diffuse overt and subvert proximate and distance
manifest and latent
The content of a culture that is made up of the physical objects and things available to its people, like housing, food, clothing, and shelter are called what? cultural values non-material culture cultural diffusion material culture
material culture
Which of the following can be considered a social group as defined in your textbook? -everyone in your sociology class who has red hair -people waiting at Terminal C for Flight 181 -members of a sorority -passengers on a cruise ship
members of a sorority
___________ are norms that are widely adhered to and often considered morally significant. If violated, punishment is often severe. Values Argot Mores Folkways
mores
Norms can vary greatly by importance in a society. What are the two sub-types of norms? permanent and temporary formal and deviant mores and folkways global and local
mores and folkways
What kind of question usually produces a wide variety of responses by allowing respondents to answer in whatever way seems appropriate to them? leading double-barreled close-ended open-ended
open-ended
According to Mead's theory of child development, a child who plays by dressing up like a police officer and walks around writing tickets for violations is acting out what developmental stage? -game stage -play stage -prepatory stage -sensorimotor stage
play stage
The Milgram experiment put people into the position where they believed they were applying electric shocks to individuals in another room as "punishment" for not remembering word pairs. They thought they were helping study memory and learning. What was Milgram really trying to study? -Social distance by race and gender -How people differ in decision-making by social class -How memory improved under stress -The pressure to conform to an authority figure
pressure to conform to an authority figure
The consistency of a measurement tool, or the degree to which the same questions will produce similar answers, refers to validity. reliability/replicability. unobtrusive measures. ground theory.
reliability/replicability
Someone who is newly divorced after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the dinner bill or even having sensitive discussions like talking about safe sex may be new for this person. The process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of resocialization. adaptation. impression management. copresence.
resocialization
Routine behavior that affirms your belonging to a particular culture and helps to establish a sense of community, such as the celebration of Passover by Jewish people around the world, is considered to be an example of a what? symbol cultural diffusion norm ritual
ritual
in 1998, Former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife or playing professional football. What sort of phenomenon was he experiencing? a dual self the unconscious role conflict role strain
role conflict
A high school football coach is worried about how he should handle his roster. One the one hand, it's his job to try to win as many games as possible, which means playing the best players. On the other hand, his contract also requires him to try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate. The tension he feels is the result of role conflict. the definition of the situation. emotion work. role strain.
role strain
Pre-election polling works because researchers do not have to contact every voter to ask their opinion. Instead, researchers contact a much smaller group that represents the entire body of voters. What is the smaller group called? sample regression median projection
sample
A reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected behavior is a(n) anomie. folkway. norm. sanction.
sanction
Which of the following phenomena is a reason why group efficiency declines as groups increase in size? rationalization identification socialization social loafing
social loafing
The processes by which we develop, learn, and internalize an awareness of social norms, beliefs, values, and expected behaviors of our social group.
socialization
Members of a fraternity believe that they help create social cohesion by bringing together students with shared values. What sociological theoretical approach best describes their views? coercive power structural functionalism conflict theory symbolic interactionism
structural functionalism
a cultural group within a larger society that hold values, norms, and a lifestyle that are distinct from the mainstream
subculture
Imagine you are driving down the street to find that the State's Department of Transportation crew has installed a stop sign upside down. Fortunately, you don't panic because you recognize the sign and its meaning even though it is upside down because it is a cultural ritual. value. relative. symbol.
symbol
If you wanted to understand the deviance of a select group like a Hell's Angels biker gang, which sociological perspective would help you understand the meaning that the group members attribute to their tattoos and slang? -network exchange perspective -conflict perspective -symbolic interactionist perspective -structural functionalist perspective
symbolic interactionist perspective
Celine likes to pretend she is a mechanic. She uses her father's screwdriver to repair her toy cars. George Herbert Mead would say she is -taking on the role of the other. -developing a self-consciousness. -being egocentric. -developing a social self.
taking on the role of the other.
The nature vs. nurture debate helps us understand -why biology has nothing to do with human potential. -how biology determines physical characteristics, whereas social learning alone determines a person's personality and habits. -the contradictions between primary and secondary group socialization. -the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning
the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning
When an aerobics instructor looks around the room and sees that his class is not putting much energy into the class, he receives personal feedback that he is not very good at his job. Sociologists have found this feedback changes a person's self-concept through a process that Cooley called impression management. rite of passage. normification. the looking glass self.
the looking glass self
Sociologist C. Wright Mills used what concept to describe how people can understand the relationship between 'biography and history' to get a better sense of how individual circumstances and larger social forces intertwine? The sociological imagination The idealized self The human moment The worst-case scenario
the sociological imagination
Triads are usually more stable than dyads because -The person viewing the advertisement must identify with the person or people in the advertisement. -The person viewing the advertisement must have interacted with the person or people in the advertisement. -The product must be important to the person viewing the advertisement. -The product must have a good price.
the third person relieves some of the pressures on the other two.
W. I. Thomas famously argued that if people define situations as real, then -they will be forced to provide evidence. -it will lead to tertiary deviance. -they become real in their consequences. -others will label them as deviant.
then they become real in their consequences
T or F: Social scientists and geneticists who study the source of human behavior prefer to use twin studies as an ideal test case to show how not only genetics, but how one's social environment can impact socialization.
true
Social scientists identify the portion of the population that experience long-term poverty, have great difficulty moving out of poverty, and typically are situated at the bottom of the class system as the working class. underclass. untouchables. depressed class.
underclass
Which of the following economic classes is the smallest class (in size) in the United States?
upper class
What is the term Max Weber used to describe the "understanding" that sociologist needed to have to account for the meanings people attached to their actions? looking glass self verstehen sociological imagination double consciousness
verstehen
Comparing biological and psychological approaches to criminality, a sociologist would argue that they both -are inadequate to explain deviance caused by mental illness. -view crime and deviance as an individual problem, not a societal problem. -view crime and deviance as a result of societal forces. -tend to focus on violent crime than any other type of crime.
view crime and deviance as an individual problem, not a societal problem.
One of the most costly crimes in the US today is billing Medicaid for unnecessary medical equipment or tests. This costs taxpayers more than all the burglary and theft in the US combined each year. Medical fraud like this, committed by those in the health profession who file Medicaid claims/billing during the course of their jobs, is considered what type of crime? white collar crime organized crimes street crime transnational crime
white collar crime
Which of the following IS NOT a reason to use a survey to collect data? -you want to prove a cause-effect relationship -you want to quickly gather information -you want to poll a sample in order to find out about a larger group -you want to see if it is possible to provide a good description of a population by showing whether a correlation between variables exists
you want to prove a cause-effect relationship
