SOC 1010 Chapter 5: Separate and Together: Life in Groups

Power is the ability to (1) ___________ the actions of others and if legitimated, provides (2) ________. Power can be (3) ________ when it is backed by the threat of force, or (4) _______ when it is supported by persuasion.

(1) control (2) authority (3) coercive (4) influential

Place each major study of social networks in order of its publication from first to last.

-Mark Granovetter's "The Strength of Weak Ties" -Matt Hoffman and Lisa Torres's article on gender, networks, and employment -Duncan Watts's Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age -Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler's article on networks and sexual health

Group cohesion is likely to be highest among which group?

A secret society at an Ivy League university

specialization

All members are expressly trained and qualified for their specific roles within the organization.

Identify the true and false statements about social media sites according to statistics in the textbook.

Almost 70 percent of all adults use a social networking site. More than 30 billion photos have been uploaded to Instagram.

Lana was always spoiled during her youth. As an only child, she was lavished with praise and gifts from her parents. Unfortunately, they died when Lana was in college, and since then, Lana has remained single and has made no close friends. Her contact with other family members is limited. By virtue of her limited group membership, which of these concepts is Lana is more likely to experience?

Anomie

Which concept refers to a state of normlessness that is kept in check by group membership?

Anomie

Which of the following are organizations that Robert Putnam's research might argue keep anomie at bay?

Boy Scouts of America Habitat for Humanity Boys and Girls Clubs of America

impersonality

Bureaucracies always feature the supervision of subordinates by higher-ranking managers and bosses.

Jennifer's soccer league is quite large. It includes twelve teams, and each team has approximately fifteen members. Jennifer is very popular and has the most ties with individuals throughout the league. Which social network concept best describes Jennifer's situation?

Centrality

hierarchy

Documents such as memos (or e-mails) are the heart of the organization and the most effective way to communicate.

Social networks can shape our actions, such as voting behavior, because of which individuals make up those social networks.

Duncan Watts

Match each quality to the correct group category based on Robert Merton's theory of group classification.

IN GROUP: precise, classy OUT GROUP: nitpicking, snobbish

technical competence

In a bureaucracy, rules come before people; no individual receives special treatment.

Which theoretical perspective would suggest that group memberships are used to separate and differentially treat individuals on the basis of their categorization?

conflict theory

The Burning Man festival challenges which norms and values of mainstream society?

conformity capitalism bureaucracy

Solomon Asch studied people's tendency to conform to group norms by staging gatherings where members of a group were asked to compare a straight line to a set of three reference lines. What were Asch's findings?

Many people are reluctant to be the sole dissenting voice in a group. Most people seek to align themselves with the group majority.

Social ties follow social-class lines and link high socioeconomic status (SES) individuals with a vast array of high-SES contacts who can provide job leads.

Mark Granovetter

Which international business chain is referenced by George Ritzer's theory of spreading bureaucratic rationalization and increased efficiency?

McDonald's

Which of the following principles were explained in Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler's 2009 work on social networks?

contagion connection

Social networks can influence not only an individual's health but also can spread everything from obesity to smoking and substance abuse.

Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler

Identify the following as either a primary or secondary group.

PRIMARY: a married couple a close-knit group of adult friends who have been together since middle school SECONDARY: a professional football team a tailoring shop that makes bespoke (fully custom) suits for men

In the context of Charles Horton Cooley's theory of groups, classify each attribute as belonging to either primary or secondary groups.

PRIMARY: ends in themselves enduring membership SECONDARY: contingent membership impersonal instrumental in purpose

Societies value technology over relationships.

Sherry Turkle

Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon, has a rule that if a team cannot be fed by two pizzas, the team is too large. The "two pizza" rule exemplifies the concept of ____________.

Social loafing

Choose the term or phrase that best completes the sentence: Honor killings are primarily seen in Middle Eastern and ____________ cultures.

South Asian

In her best-selling book Lean In Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg encourages girls and women to aspire to leadership roles. Sandberg partnered with ____________ to launch the "ban bossy" campaign.

The Girl Scouts

Identify the true and false statements about social media engagement and our social connections.

True Statements -Americans are no more or less lonely or detached from one another than they have ever been. -Users of social media are more connected than nonusers.

Which statements correctly describe "the strength of weak ties"?

Weak ties provide benefits that strong ties do not. Weak ties provide access to valuable information.

a primary group

a group of close friends and family members who get together to watch Saturday Night Live on television each week

a category

all of the people watching Saturday Night Live on television last Saturday

Philip Zimbardo

assigned research subjects to play either a prisoner or a guard for a two-week mock-prison simulation.

Internalization

attending class because you think that the material in the class is worth learning

identification

attending class because you think your professor and classmates are smart and have interesting ideas

compliance

attending class so that you can pass and get a degree

tradtional authority

authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right

legal-rational authority

authority based in laws, rules, and procedures

charismatic authority

authority based on the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader

Which of the following are kinds of conformity produced by social influence and which are not?

compliance internalization identification IS NOT obedience

Solomon Asch

examined how research subjects responded when multiple other individuals clearly answered a question incorrectly

Which of the following are aspects of group dynamics?

how groups achieve goals how groups form how groups change how groups disintegrate

Stanley Milgram

led research subjects to believe they were shocking another individual in a different room when the person got a question incorrect

Quinn is on a high-school volleyball team and has chemistry during the first period. If she wanted to assess her team's performance, which of the following could serve as a reference group?

the men's volleyball team at Quinn's school another school's volleyball team

Identify the individuals who are most likely to serve as weak ties.

your father's business partner's son your cousin's friend

Group membership prevents a state of normlessness.

Émile Durkheim

Who coined the term "anomie"?

Émile Durkheim

Mark just bought a brand new Subaru hybrid after driving a twenty-year-old car for a long time. He is really impressed with his new car and takes every opportunity to drive his friends around in it. Over the next year, three of his friends buy new Subarus and three others are seriously considering doing so. Which concept best describes what is happening in Mark's network?

Contagion

In their research, Matt Hoffman and Lisa Torres found that the number of women in a person's network did not affect the quality of job information that the person received from his or her network.

False

Results from the Twenty Statements Test (TST) over the past sixty years suggest that Americans' self-images have changed very little over time.

False

How did Stanley Milgram test participants' obedience to authority?

He had "experimenters" coax "teachers" into shocking "learners."

Melissa is a student studying biology at the University of Michigan. She grew up in Michigan, in a nearby town. Identify each person as being a member of an in-group or out-group for Melissa.

Her sister who is a student at Michigan State A current community college student with whom Melissa went to high school a history major at the University of Michigan

Identify each example as either instrumental or expressive leadership.

Instrumental Leadership -The CEO of McDonald's knows that laying off 500 workers will bring discord among other employees but knows they must do so to meet quarterly goals. -Your boss does not care that forcing employees to work through the weekend may hurt morale. The project must be done by Monday. Expressive Leadership -The CEO of Starbucks considers requiring all stores to begin opening at 4:30 a.m. but after considering the undue stress it may add to employees, decides not to implement the change.

An employee at the local Department of Motor Vehicles puts in an eight-hour shift and then goes to a local bar and grill to celebrate a co-worker's birthday. What aspect of bureaucracy does this situation highlight?

Interpersonal interactions help humanize bureaucracies.

The United States is one of the most powerful members of the WTO not because of its outcome in disputes but because of its centrality.

Joseph Conti

The phrase "keeping up with the Joneses" is an example of what group concept?

Reference Group

Americans have drastically reduced their levels of civic engagement over time.

Robert Putnam

Worries about the effects of social media on social engagement are an extension of whose earlier research?

Robert Putnam

formal written communication

These are meant to make all operations as predictable as possible.

People who play games such as World of Warcraft, Second Life, or Clash of Clans, make up virtual communities.

True

When leadership styles do not match with traditional gender roles, the disconnect can lead to feelings of surprise or upset.

True

an aggregate

the audience at a taping of Saturday Night Live

a secondary group

the cast members of Saturday Night Live