SOC 132 EXAM ORDER 3, 5, 4, 2, 1
what are social identities: Social identities is the___ to social categories or groups based on criteria such as g ___ n___ r___ e___." (126). " and creates a definition of self in terms of the defining _____ of a social group
membership gender nationality race ethnicity defining
Virtual socialization "Today, many people spend a great deal of time communicating with one another in the virtual world — online, cyberspace, virtual reality — rather than in face-to-face interactions" (Delaney 2012:167). ___ and ___ online has become the norm
socializing interacting
Define the Self? the self is the individual viewed as both the ___ and the __ of reflexive behavior
source object
"Emotional deviance is when we are ___ to effectively ___ our emotions and instead ___ an emotion that is inappropriate persistent or pronounced emotional deviance can be seen as a sign of ___ ___
unable manage project mental illness ex Gisselle at benjis b day dinner with Miguel
SELF ESTEEM SOCIAL COMPARISON example IS GETTING A B good Depends on your expectations: If you hoped for a C, yes; if you hoped for an A, no Reference group:"The impact of the B on your self- esteem also would ___ depending on whether most of your friends got As or Cs" (140).
vary
the object of self action is labeled as the __
me object
SELF ESTEEM: FAM experience CHILDREN WITH HIGH ESTEEM see that their parents love, accept, care about, trust, and reason with them and think of themselves as ___ of affection, care, trust and respect." "Children with higher self-esteem exhibit more self- ___ , ___ and self ___ (138).
WORTHY esteem confidence control
"To restore face, the embarrassed person will often 1. apologize, provide an ____ or otherwise realign their actions with the normative order and must be accepted by the interaction partners "Sometimes people embarrass others intentionally and make no effort to help them to save face "In such circumstances, the embarrassed persons are likely to react ____ "They may vigorously attack the judgment or character of those who embarrassed them."
account (excuses of justification) aggressively
The 'interpretive perspective' says socialization occurs primarily through social interaction t is both the vehicle for ___ culture as well as ___ culture Learning involves 'discovering' and 'displaying' — in daily interaction, children use what they have learned According to this perceptive, socialization is a process of ____ reproduction" (70). 'Cultural routines' enable children to "display their developing cultural knowledge and skills" (70). Culture is acquired for the purpose of putting this ____ to use in social interaction
accuring utilizing interpretive knowledge
LANGUAGE STAGE: Language _____ enables the process of ____and the eventual ____of cultural attitudes
accusation naming adaptation
GAME STAGE: Lets children see that their own ____ as apart of a ____ of ____ group activity
actions pattern interdependent
the clear definition of the Gen other: A conception of the ____ and ____ held in ____by the members of the organized groups with whom they interact
attitudes expectations common
Self-disclosure Important to the _____ identity claiming to reveal certain ____ about ourselves." Involving the "process of ___ personal aspects of one's feelings and behaviors" such as one's "needs, attitudes, experiences, aspirations and fears" "Self-disclosure is usually ___ Social norm:"One person should respond to another's disclosures with disclosures of a similar level of intimacy" (153). "This is termed the ___ of reciprocity in disclosure is most common in new or developing relationships Self-disclosure often leads to social approval However,"although self-disclosure usually produces liking, there is such a thing as revealing too much about oneself" (154). 'TMI' can produce dislike and the revealing of negatively valued attributes may produce disliking
authentic facts reavilng reciprocal norm
identity standards guide behavior as individuals work at verifying an identity by ___ in a manner ___ with their identity standard meanings
behaving consistent
Define Self Concept? refers to the set of ___ we have about the ____ we possess
beliefs characteristics
FULL CONTROL THEORY 1. Identity Standard: Your personal values (e.g., honesty) 2. Output:Your actual behavior 3. Input: Peoples' responses to your behavior 4. Comparator:You compare your identity standard with others' input to evaluate degree of personal consistency 5. Emotion: If consistent, you feel a positive emotion, but if inconsistent, you experience a negative emotion 6. Gain: If you experience a negative emotion, you are likely to either (i) ____ your behavior or (ii) change your internal ___ ___ (to reestablish consistency)
change identity standards or personal values
The 'self' includes specific identities which are defined as the ___attached to the self by ___ ___ and ___ Q: How do our roles influence the ____ we ___ in our self... and how do ___ ____ influence the self we know
meanings one self others identities include group memberships
Common types of 'total institutions Military barracks (basic training) Mental hospitals sanitariums (medical treatment) *Penitentiaries or prisons (rehabilitation) *Monistaries or convents (spiritual purification) *Religious cults (conversion)
(basic training) (medical treatment) rehabilitation) (spiritual purification) (conversion)
"Managing Emotions in an Animal Shelter," Arnold Arluke "Euthanasia posed a substantial emotional challenge to most novice shelter workers" (335). 'Caring-killing paradox': Having to kill animals seemed incompatible with a self-conception of 'animal lover Q:What are the emotion management strategies animal shelter workers use 1. Transform shelter animals into 'virtual pets' "They came to see shelter animals as virtual pets — liminal animals lying somewhere between the two categories of pet and object" (337). Lessen emotional attachment to the animal:'Don't get attached' and 'learn to turn your feelings off 2. Focus on techniqueBecome proficient in the mechanics of euthanasia: The objective is to reduce or eliminate suffering Workers try to make the euthanizing process as compassionate and humane as possible — to "reduce each animal's stress during euthanasia" (338). 3. Blame the owners "Shelter workers could also displace some of their own discomfort with euthanasia into anger and frustration with pet owners" (341). Workers regard negligent and irresponsible owners as behaving wrongly toward animals 4. The inner-conflict shelter workers experienced was reduced — though never eliminated — through emotion management techniques Killing with conscience: "Tension was replaced by a more moderate and manageable version of the same conflict" (346).
1. virtual pets 2. technique 3. Blame owners 4. inner conflict never gone
(i) Symbolic Interactionism i. Symbolic Interactionism (ii) Group Processes (iii) Social Structure and Personality Each approach has a "unique perspective and emphasis" (8).
3 DOM Theoretical Perspectives of sociology
The individual who ___ and the individual to toward whom the ___ is ___ are the ___
Acts action directed
Causal relations Researchers "are not only interested in what people do but also want to understand why they do it." "Social psychology is a social science that employs the scientific method and relies on formal research methodologies" for data collection and analysis (3) 4."The impact of one group on another group's activities and structure" (5). 5."The impact of social context on individuals and groups." "...Individuals' behavior is profoundly shaped by the situations in which they find themselves" (6).
CAUSUAL RELATIONS
Psychological social psychology(i) Cognitive theory and (ii) Evolutionary theory "The basic premise of cognitive theory is that mental activities of the individual [e.g., perception, memory, judgment, problem solving, decision making] are important determinants of social behavior" (17). (i) "Cognitive theory does not deny the importance of external stimuli, but emphasizes that the link between stimulus and response is not direct..." (17) "Rather, the individual's cognitive processes intervene between external stimuli and behavioral responses." E.g., Responses to snakes vary "Central to the cognitive perspective is the concept of cognitive structure... Which refers broadly to any form of organization among cognitions (concepts and beliefs)" (17). 'Schemas':"It refers to the form or basic sketch of what we know about people and things" (18).
COG. AND EVLUTIONARY
SELF ESTEEM FAM: CHILDREN LOW ESTEEM: see that their parents __ __ love them and accept them may develop low self- esteem Excessive parental shaming and criticism often lead to low __ __ and ___ Increasing feelings of anxiety, insecurity and inadequacy
DO NOT low self esteem depression
Dual-process theory "Much of the recent work in psychological social psychology incorporates dual-process models." These studies are "based on the notion that we process information two (hence the use of dual) ways — automatically and deliberately..." (19). The automatic process of perception "relies on the use of heuristics — cognitive shortcuts... that aid in information processing" (19). "...We use heuristics to classify [people] into a category using salient... features...". "What to expect... and how to treat them" (19) "However, if we decide to keep processing, a more conscious and deliberate process occurs" (19). This additional processing takes place when "seeking out a more accurate judgement than what is provided through unconscious processing alone." High-effort processing is possible to refine cognition
DUAL PROCESS.
ii. Group Processes This tradition focuses on those group dynamics that lead to variation in reward, status and power 'Expectation states theory' holds that status — i.e., social rank — is based on performance expectation: Perceptions of proficiency in goal attainment social Exchange' Human beings interact with one another and enter into social relationships for the purpose of exchanging things of value (i.e., obtaining rewards) "Social relationships are primarily based on the exchange of goods and services among persons" (13) Humans engage in reward-seeking and cost-avoiding behaviors (whatever those rewards and costs maybe) "Individuals become embedded in ongoing exchange relationships — whether with friends, colleagues, business owners, or others... Because they experience positive outcomes" (14). Equity "A state of equity exists in a relationship when participants feel that the rewards they receive are proportional to the costs they bear" (14). Inequity produces instability:"People will try to modify an inequitable relationship." Power-dependance relation Individuals' "abilities to secure desired rewards from other sources serve as the... basis of power." "(1) What an actor has to offer in terms of resources (i.e., rewards) and (2) the number of potential exchange partners who can provide resources...".
GROUP PROCESS
The laboratory component measured the relationship between... (i) Individuals' moral identities and (ii) their behavior while taking a computerized exam Finding: After comparing individuals' 'moral identity standards' with their laboratory behavior... "The____ the moral identity, the ____ likely it is for a person to change his/her answers
HIGHER LESS
what is the active aspect of the self labeled as ___
I subject
"Over time, children ____ the attitudes and expectations of the generalized other, controlling their own _____ more and more from the ____ of the generalized other."
Internalize behavior perspective
Selective commitment to identities we commit "ourselves more to those self- concepts that provide feedback consistent with our self-evaluation This enhances "self-esteem by assigning more importance to __ ___ identities
MOST ADMIRABLE
Tactical impression management self presentation if automatic and unconscious in social situations"... "Under certain conditions individuals may make a conscious effort to ____ themselves... [to create] narrow, exaggerated and misleading images..." (154). "The use of conscious goal-directed activity to ____ ___ to influence impressions is called tactical impression management Various reasons or motives include: I_____ (liking) I_____ (fear) S____ P____ and E____ (respect) S____ (pity) to achieve this People often try to plan and control their 1. A___ clothes, grooming, overt habits... 2. arrangement of ___ ___ 3. V__ (vocabulary) 4. and __ __ communication."
PRESENT control information integration intimidation self promotion exemplification supplication appearance personal possessions verbal non verbal
E.g.,'Law student' includes a set of traits thought to be typical of such persons (18) "Schemas are important in social relations because they help us interpret the environment efficiently." "Schemas help us process information by enabling us to recognize which characteristics are important..."
SCHEMA
SELF ESTEEM PERFORMANCE FEED BACK "Everyday feedback about the quality of our performances — our successes and failures — influences our___ ___ "Self-esteem is based partly on our sense of ___ — being competence and power to control events IN Adolescence: Self-esteem "becomes linked to the __ ____ tied to specific role identities" (138). Throughout adulthood, self-esteem is largely based on the "adequacy of our role ____
SELF ESTEEM efficacy self evaluations performances
consistency occurs we verify our ___ ___ "First, we engage in ___ ___ aka we choose... people who share our view of self "Second, we display ___ ___ that elicit identity- confirming behavior from others" (135) "Third, we behave in ways that enhance our ___ ___
SELF PERCEPTION selective interaction identity cues identity claims
"We define social psychology as the systematic study of the nature and causes of human social behavior." "In this definition, [human social] behavior moves beyond action to also include affect (emotion) and cognition (thoughts)" (3). Gordon Allport (1897-1967): "The attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others" (Allport 1968). Social: Cultural, institutional and situational influences John Hewitt and David Shulman (2011):"The main task of sociological social psychology... is to show how society and culture influence people..." (5). Jodi O'Brien (2017): Social psychologists study "how human beings learn and conform to the rules of reality in various situations" (5).
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY emotion cognition influenced by presence of others society and cultures influence on peeps
iii. Social Structure and Personality "The third tradition in social psychology argues that we are each situated in unique positions in the social structure" (15). Peoples' social location — e.g., class, race, gender — influences their life experience and personality SOCIAL PSYCH "The social structure and personality face of social psychology is closest to general sociology in that the main unit of analysis is macro..." "Groups, typically defined by social class, race/ ethnicity, and gender" (Crawford & Novak 2014:103). Patterns of attitudes, values and beliefs SOCIAL PSYCH 'Components principle': Identify a component of the social structure (e.g., class, race, gender) 'Proximity principle': Identify the environments and social relationships associated with this component 'Psychology principle': Identify how attitudes, values and beliefs are influenced by these environments "Positions in social structure can influence the way we perceive events and the attitudes we hold." This is largely due to differential socialization —"the process through which we come to acquire [attitudes, beliefs and] values" (16). Social structure —> environment —> personality
SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND PERSONALITY
"Social psychology bridges sociology and psychology." "Both sociologists and psychologists have contributed to social psychological knowledge." "However, over time, the interests of sociological social psychologists and psychological social psychologists diverged somewhat While interdisciplinary,"sociologically oriented and psychologically oriented social psychologists differ in their outlook and emphasis" (7). "Social psychology can be organized into a number of distinct theoretical perspectives" (8). The three 'faces' of sociological social psychology
SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY
"There are several different types of stigmas" (172). (i) Physical challenges and deformities, e.g., scarring or missing limbs; (ii) character defects, e.g., criminal past or mental disorders, and... (iii) "Characteristics such as race, sex and religion that... are believed to... debilitate all members of a group."Stigma "A stigma is a characteristic widely viewed as an insurmountable handicap that prevents competent or morally trustworthy behavior" (172). Stigma refers to a discrediting quality that prevents the full acceptance of an individual (i.e., exclusionary) "The Greeks, who were apparently strong on visual aids, originated the term stigma to refer to bodily sins designed to expose something unusual and bad about the moral status of the signifier.The signs were cut or burnt into the body and advertised that the bearer was a slave, a criminal, or a traitor — a blemished person, ritually polluted, to be avoided, especially in public places." — Erving Goffman Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity
STIGMA
Affect--> Emotion Affect refers to ____ positive or negative ____ of an object Short-term reactions to long-term orientations usually described in terms of ____ feeling positive or negative ___ something... but also strength and the level of activity..." (183).
SUBJECTive Evaluation direction towards
Emotions are often treated as a subset of affect." "Usually, emotions are thought of as s__ __ reactions to a ___ "Emotions are intimately entwined with ____ "Whether we are frustrated with a blocked goal, joyful upon achieving one, anxious as we approach one, embarrassed that we failed at one, or motivated by an emotion to pursue a goal..." (183).
Short lived stimulus GOALS
Aligning actions 1. repair ___ identities 2. restore ___ to the situation 3. reestablish ___ interaction Two types include 1. disclaimers "A disclaimer is a verbal assertion intended to ward off any negative implications of ___ actions...". a 'statement that denies ____ used prior to making ____ remarks or engaging in questionable conduct "Although the speakers are aware the act could threaten their identity" it is done for good reason 2. accounts "After disruptive behavior, try to repair the damage by using accounts." "Accounts are the _____ people offer to mitigate responsibility after they have performed acts that ___ their identities
cherished meaning smooth impending responsibility controversial explanations threaten
consistency Self-verification strategies defined as The desire for verifying our identities is presumed to motivate our ___ ___ __ often involving some form of enactment
choices in behavior
THE MOST IMPORTANT/salience identities we 1. ___ to enact 2. ___ and ___ out opportunities to enact this identity 3.___ to the ___ expectations of this identity seen as Agency: Seeking out situations to perform an identity
choose perceive and seek conform role
Physical appearance and props for (TIM) "Many everyday decisions regarding appearance stem from our desire to ____ certain identities." Appearance often conforms to ___ situations and related ___ e.g., going on a date, to a concert, job interview, party, sporting event, etc. The impression an individual makes on others depends... also on ____ in the environment." E.g.,"The titles of the pile of books [Ashley] places on her desk, the music she selects for her playlist, the wine she serves, and the like" (156). Props can be the bases for inferences about ___
claim social expectation props character
What is self schema? it is the organized structure of ____ or ___ we have about ourselves
cognitions thoughts
Identity theory holds ______ shapes ____ salience shapes ___ ___ behavior" as ___ spent in role reflects ____ to role
commitment identity saline role choice behavior time commitment E.g., Commitment to Catholic role-identity predicts salience of Catholic role-identity — which predicts time spent in Catholic role-identity activities Commitment —> identity salience —> behavior
selective social comparisons carefully selecting others with whom to __ ___ , we can further protect our self-esteem." and usually compare ourselves with persons who are ____ in n age, sex, occupation, economic status, abilities, and attitudes
compare ourselves aka I would choose the hunchback of ND and not Bella Hadid SIMULAR
2. Observational learning (or 'modeling') It "refers to the acquisition of behavior based on the observation of another person's behavior and of its ____ s for that person "A major advantage of modeling is its greater ____ compared with trial-and-error learning Learning and performing a behavior are different Performing a learned behavior is contingent on the opportunity to perform it — e.g., role or situation Further, the performance of a learned behavior is influenced by the observed consequences (e.g., rewards) experienced by the model's behavior Lastly, performance of a learned behavior "depends on the characteristics of the model" (86). "Children are more likely to imitate high-status and nurturant models than models who are low in status and nurturance." Efficacy of socialization relies on the caregiver
consequences efficiency
Postulate: Individuals strive to achieve ____ between identity and behavior — by matching their respective ___ as a correspondence of meanings bring people to enact behaviors that ___ identity
consistency meanings verify
Identities as sources of _____ "Although the self includes multiple identities, people usually experience themselves as a ___ ___ "One reason is the influence of the salience hierarchy. Another reason is that we use several strategies that verify our___ ___ ___ "
consistency unified entity perceptions of self
Sources of embarrassment 1. apparent when they lack the skills to perform in a manner ____ with the identity they claim" (e.g., math professor unable to solve for x) Steve Harvey, 2015 Miss Universe Pageant — announced wrong winner... it was not Miss Colombia Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty, 2017 Oscars — announced wrong winner... it was not La La Land Wendy Williams, where to begin?... faints on stage (2017), then farts and burps on air (2020) 2. Another condition that precipitates embarrassment is a violation of ____ norms" (169). E.g.,Thinking a context is private when it's not — or being somewhere one does not belong Also, there's "awkwardness or lack of poise," such as incoordination or lack of control over self-presentation
consistent privacy
"Efforts to change the experience of emotion stem, in part, from a desire to be ___ "If our feelings are not in line with the... feelings rules... we would be violating the ___ norms and try to ___ the right feelings
consistent situational feel
"The Moral Self:Applying IdentityTheory," by Jan Stets and Michael Carter Q: How do 'moral identities' influence behavior? "Identities that are important to the person can motivate behavior that is ___ with or ___ that identity
consistent validates
Salience hierarchy:"Our most salient identities... lend ____ and ___ to our behavior." First by choosing which situations we should ___ and which ones we should ___ "Second, the hierarchy influences the ____ of behavior across different situations "Third, the hierarchy influences consistency in behavior ___ ___
continuity and unity enter avoid consistency across time
GAME: Actions must be ____ and ____ to rules and is a repeated ___ in ___ activities
coordinated adhere repeated organized
'Self-presentation' refers to the processes by which individuals attempt to control the ___ that others form of them in __ ___ "It is useful to distinguish between ____ ideal and ___ self-presentation."
impressions social interactions authentic ideal and tactical
THE ME- os the moment that the ___ becomes the ___ of self reflection
impulse object
Influences on the life course progression: Life events are "episodes that mark transition points in our lives and involve changes in roles.They provoke ___ and ___ . (i) Biological aging (ii) social age grading and (iii) historical trends and events Social age grading "Age is a primary criterion that every known society uses to assign people to... activities and roles" (103). "A normative life stage is a discrete period in the life course during which individuals are expected to perform... activities... [of] a distinct age-related role "The order of the stages is prescribed... [persons] try to fit socially approved career paths." E.g., Move out of parents' house (18), graduate from college (22), get a job/career (24), get married (28), buy a house (30s), have children (30s), etc. Deviations from expected career paths undesirable "Movement from one life stage to another involves a normative transition... ...Socially expected changes made by all or most members of a defined population" (104). Typically marked by ceremonies (e.g., wedding) — "changing roles available for building identities.
coping readjustment
"How does socialization occur?" 1. instrumental conditioning---> _____ knowledge Cultural knowledge: : "A process wherein a person learns what response to make in a situation in order to obtain a ____ reinforcement or avoid a ____ reinforcement Behavior is 'instrumental' in determining the reinforcement Reinforcement schedules: programmed to strengthen a desired response from the learner Fixed-interval schedules are ____ you do this u get Variable-interval schedules are ____ which makes one always respond at a regular rate Fixed-ratio schedules (e.g., piece-rate pay) and variable-ratio schedules (e.g., slot machines) 2. observational learning ----> M____ 3. internalization---> external to ____ All three can be found in the family, peer group, school and mass media1. Cultural knowledge is frequently acquired through 'instrumental conditioning': "A process wherein a person learns what response to make in a situation in order to obtain a positive reinforcement or avoid a negative reinforcement" (81). Behavior is 'instrumental' in determining the reinforcemen
cultural postive negative systematic unpredictable
NOT ALL EMOTION IS universal as ___ ___ and___ influence the experience of emotion"; e.g.,'fremdschamen'
cultural expression language
Q:"Why do some emotions become focal in a particular culture?" 'Affect valuation theory' These are Emotions that promote important __ ___ are valued and will tend to play a more prominent role in the social lives of individuals"
cultural ideals
Tactical impression management and 'ingratiation' how to persuade others to like us ingratiation Attempts to increase a target person's liking for us" or 'to gain favor by ___ effort' (158). "Certain preconditions make ingratiation more likely." 1. When [individuals] depend on the target person for certain ___ and believe... [they're] more likely to grant those benefits to someone they like." 2. when the target... can... exercise their discretion in distributing ___
deliberate benefits I need target. they must like me to get these rewards
The self we enact "Each of us has many different identities" — yet "these identities suggest ___ even __ways of ___ to... others so What influences the decision to enact one rather than another identity?"
different conflicting relating
Several coping strategies 1. Choose to avoid or withdraw from interaction 2. . build relationships around the aspects of their selves that are not ____ stigma stays may be temporary or permanent 2. Permanently stigmatized individuals often try to strike a ___ with others." "They will behave in a... ____ ____ manner in exchange for being treated as trustworthy..." 3. PASSING distancing oneself from the stigmatized identity by hiding information "Passing and the Managed Achievement of Sex Status in an Intersex Person," by Harold Garfinkel Achieving a desired identity through ____ "while having continually to provide for the possibility of detection."
discredited deal non. disruptive cover
'Emotion work' refers to the ___ the ___ of trying — and not to the ___ ex. trying to force yourself to have a good time at a party even when u are emotionally drained THIS WORKE OCCURS because we are subject to ___ ___ what we ought to feel in a given situation
effort act outcome feeling rules
Sentiment-- the social aspect of ___ The term is longer-term emotional ____ such as love, grief, and jealousy These can endure for days, weeks or years
emotion states
what is the clear definition of the I subject- is the ___ ___ and ___ aspect of the self
impulsive creative spontaneous
Stets and Carter fifth component to the control theory model was ____ A mismatch/ ____ between identity and behavior will lead to ____ emotions' which motivate a person to 1. behave __ 2. ___ internal standards
inconsistency negative differently change
Social stigmas Persons are stigmatized because of some ____ characteristic... [e.g.] laziness "Others are stigmatized because they are members of certain group that is, because of a shared ___ ___ ex. bipolar... obesity... minority status. Some stigmas are ___ others are ___ "Once recognized during interaction, stigmas spoil the identities of the persons having them" (e.g., drug addiction) Some level of ___ is typical of interactions between stigmatized and non-stigmatized persons due to the uncertainly of 'appropriate ___ ' or the risks related to ___ "The mere belief that we have a stigma... leads us to perceive others relating to us negatively." Finding:"People who believe they are stigmatized perceive others as relating ____ to them
individual certain groups social identity concealable visible discomfort behavior association negatively
1. FAMILY The family is the most important initial socializing agent in the life of the individual What facilitates the socialization process: ____ attachment to caregivers and significant others "Moreover, being cared for... provides the foundation of the infant's ___ __ __ 2. SCHOOL The "school is intentionally designed to socialize children" (80). "The teacher ___ what skills are taught and relies heavily on ____ learning techniques. "School is the child's first experience with formal and ___ evaluation of performance Social comparison has an important influence on the behavior of schoolchildren Due to public evaluation,"each child can judge their performance ____ to the performance of others "A consistent performance [e.g., positive or negative] will affect a child's image of self as student" (80).One specific outcome of the socialization process is the acquisition of gender roles GENDER ROLES IN SCHOOL A gender role refers to the "behavioral ____ associated with one's gender" (88). Conditioning:"Schools... teach gender roles.Teachers may ___ appropriate gender behavior" (89). "Becoming a Gendered Body," findings Formal Behaviors: Girls were more likely to be encouraged to pursue_____ behaviors (82%) Controlling Voice: Girls were 3x more likely to be i____ to use 'quieter' and 'nicer' voices Bodily Instructions: Girls were more likely to be issued substantive and directive instructions (116) Gender is a 'social institution' A pattern of expected action of individuals or groups enforced by social sanctions, i.e., rewards and punishments Conformity to cultural expectations of femininity is ____ while nonconformity is ____
emotional sense of self determines instrumental public relative expectations reward formal instructed rewarded disciplined
"Managing Emotions in Medical School," by Allen Smith and Sherryl Kleinman Q: How do medical students manage the "physical intimacy inherent in medicine" (56)? "Students experience a variety of uncomfortable feelings, including embarrassment, disgust and arousal Hence, medical students adopt '___ ___ ' strategies to cope with these new experiences 1. Transforming the context ( or ___ of __ parts) Students transform the person into a set of esoteric body parts into a complex intellectual puzzle... 'scientific outlook,' one that is analytical, impersonal and _____ 2. clinical language helps sustaining this scientific outlook — redefining __ __ Redefinition aids in the process of ____ the body — transforming it into a nonhuman object E.g., 'Palpating the abdomen,' not 'feeling the belly' 3. Accentuating the positive It's not a 'morbid curiosity,' but a 'search to bring healing' to the living 4. Using the patient empathizing or blaming patient ..Shifting their awareness away from their own feelings to the patient's" — by __ or ___ the patient Laughing about it: Finding and creating humor Avoiding the contact:They "avoid the kinds of contact that give rise to unwanted emotions" 5. Affective neutrality' "Analytic transformation is the students' primary [emotion management] strategy, and it does tend to produce affective neutrality" (67). Scientific nomenclature and a redefinition of motive are important emotion management strategies
emotional management 1. puzzle of body detached 2. redefining detached human contact tp dehumanize 3. not serial killers but healers 4. empathizing or blaming patient
"Moods are also more ____ than emotions." "A mood is a psychological condition that characterizes our experience and emotional orientation for hours or even days" (184). individual's __ __ __ (e.g.,'bad mood').
enduring HOURS DAYS STATE OF MIND
What is the diff between conscious awareness and self consciousness? conscious is awareness of ____ and self consciousness is awareness of the ____ as a ___ or ___
environment self being object
Hierarchy of identities Our many role identities we enact do not have __ __ for us "Rather they are organized in a hierarchy according to their ____ aka their relative importance to the __ ___
equal importance salinece self schema
Shame: Shame... is about how you ___ yourself as a person." "There is something wrong with your ___ character, and it is not something that can be easily rectified" (199). "The likely response is to flee... run away... hide"
evaluate intrinsic
Self-esteem ones positive or negative ____ of yourself i "In contrast to your self-concept, which is who you are, self-esteem reflects ___ ___ ___ about who you are
evaluation how you feel
we manage emotion in two ways 1. E___ a prescriptive You should feel sad' (desired feeling) 2. S_____ a prospective You should not feel so guilty' (undesired feeling)
evocation- what you should feel suppression undesired feeling.
(ii) Evolutionary theory "Evolutionary psychology locates the roots of social behavior in our genes and, therefore, intimately links the psychological and social to the biological" (22). "Social behavior... is encoded in our genetic material and is passed on through reproduction Characteristics that promote survival are passed on — occurring "more frequently in the population" "Predispositions for certain behaviors are coded in genes, and these preprogrammed mental modules affect the behavior of... offspring" (22). E.g., Mate selection and parenting practice
evolutionary
Define social interaction - the self arises in the process of social ___ and ___
experience activity
affect valuation theory western separate from group membership, and so parents encourage the experience of emotions related to ____ eastern [group] membership... the __ __ emotion expressions... are seen as potentially harmful to relationships and so are. discouraged
individualism ego focused
Jealousy: a negative emotional reaction we feel when something good happens to someone else... is also an ___social emotion." "An individual cannot... experience jealousy without the participation of someone else" (201). "The emotional state is ____ on the... context.
inherently dependent
3. PEERS + MASS MEDIA INFORMAL AGENTS Socialization is not the _____ purpose of these agents — they provide friendship or entertainment However, they relay consistent cultural messaging in terms of how to ___ ___ and ___ "As the child grows, peers become increasingly important as socializing agents" (77). Peer groups are typically (i) homo___ (ii) ___ associations (iii) composed of relative ___ Researchers found substantial gender homophily in grades 3-9 (GENDER) and racial homophily in grades 7-12 (RACE) "Peer associations make a major contribution to the development of the Childs ___ This new role-identity enables the differentiation of the self and often leads to resisting adult culture Some analysts argue that the peer group is the most important socializing agent during adolescence (strength in numbers) 4. MASS MEDIA "In recent decades the mass media have become very influential agents of socialization." "Media portrayals — social media, television programs, videos, films, Internet sites, print articles — present information... that shape our ___ Of people, places and events 'Information, images and portrayals' from mass media influence our____ toward the world "Media portrayals shape the child's image of self... and their expectations about and treatment of others based on gender... race and age Present guidelines (or scripts) for social relationships
express think look act homogenous voluntary equals identity perception attitudes
Components of the life course : (i) careers, (ii) identity and self-esteem (iii) stress and satisfaction 1. "A career is a sequences of roles... each with its own activities... that a person enacts during their lifetime." "Three major social domains: ___ ___ ___ "The careers of one person differ from those of another in three ways... In the roles that make up the careers, the order in which the roles and performed, and the timing and duration or role-related activities" (99). Variation in ___ ___ and ___ e.g., Content (family):"Infant, child, adolescent, spouse, parent, grandparent, and widow" (99). E.g., Order: Parent before college or college before parent? Duration: 50-year marriage or divorce at 40? "A person's total life course consists of intertwined careers in the worlds of work, family and education."
fam friends work content order timing and duration
What are the three major sources of self esteem 1. ___ experience 2. ___ feedback 3. ___ comparisons
family performance social
Successful passage through MEADS Three stages results in the creation of an abstract unity of the ___ ___
generalized other
"When taking the role of the generalized other we imagine what the ____ expects of us
group
Universality of emotions what are the six recognized emotions :) :( :0 x:( :/ bleh'' C____
happy sad surprise fear anger digest contempt
2. Schachter and Singer (1962) study: "Students in the uninformed group... lacked an adequate explanation for their symptoms..." (192). Thus, they "adopted the label for their arousal suggested by their environment" — consistent with their exposure to the ___ or ___ confederate
happy or angry
Rights and responsibilities set out the properties as to the ___________ of an emotion (i) Direction (e.g., __ or __) (ii) Extent (i.e., ____ ) (iii) Duration (i.e.,___ __ )
happy or sad intensity how long
Self esteem and behavior People with ___ self-esteem are more confident, ambitious, academically successful and have higher occupational aspirations people with ___ self esteem tend to be socially anxious... view inter- personal relationships as threatening, feel less positive toward others, and are easily hurt by criticism
high vs low
identities "Another issue... is for people to agree on the ___ they will grant one another and, relatedly, on the ___ they will enact" (152). "...People must agree on the type of person they will ___ each other as being The frame places limits on the identities that any person might claim." Claimed identities are usually ____ relevant situated identity defines as a conception of who one is in ____ to the other people... in that situation
identities roles treat situationally relation
Q: If identity amounts to 'internalized roles,' which of these roles best predict behavioral choices? answer what is behavior 1. Behavior is a function of ___ salience:"A person's identity ___ ordered within the ___ ___ in a salience hierarchy." 2."The relative salience of identities is a function of the ______ to the [enactment of] roles to which identities are attached."
identity rank self concept commitment
Styker and Serpe (1994) found that student ___ ___ was associated with ___ ___ in role: Finding: the Academic __ ___ and ___ __ in role were positively and significantly associated
identity salience time spent role identity Time spent
Control Theory To better understand how identity influences behavior consist of four keys 1. I___ S___ 2. O___ 3. I___ 4. C_____
identity standard output impute comparator
ROLE TAKING: is the process of ____ occupying the position of ___ ___ and viewing the ___ and the ___ from that person's perspective
imaginatively another person self situation
looking glass self Cooley "The person ____ how they appear to someone, how the other ___ that appearance, and experiences pride or shame as a result
imagines judge
tactical self-presentation (a lie of impact to receive rewards aka a YouTube James Charles) a person cares only about the___ of the image presented to others NOT about whether that image is ___ with the real self of ideal self these are calculated to ____ the impressions formed by others... Tactical self-presentation typically involves ____ motives — motives that are intentionally hidden "... They want others to view them positively because it will enable them to get some ____ that others control
impact consistent manipulate Ulterior rewards
The 'social learning perspective (cultural acquisition "...The social learning perspective emphasizes the child's acquisition of cognitive and behavioral skills come from ____ with the environment" (69). Theorists stress the significance of ____ social stimuli — i.e., ____ — on development
interaction external reinforcement
"The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory," by Sheldon Stryker and Peter Burke Identity theory posits that "identities are ____ role expectations" (286).
internalized
"Social psychologists argue that much of our emotional experience is a matter of ___ research reveals that "aspects of emotion (facial expressions) ... are influenced by __ __ and ___
interpretation cultural norms experiences
Guilt: We feel guilt when we __ that we have done something we __ __ have done." "Guilt is e____ "When we feel guilt, we are engaged in an appraisal of ourselves using standards that we may have accepted but were ____ by others."
judge should not evaluative constructed
LANGUAGE STAGE: Mastery of ___ is critical in children's efforts. to ____ themselves as ___objects
language discriminate social
what are the three stages in mead theory of self development 1. ___ learning __ 2. ___stage learning__ 3. __stage learning___
language language play roles game rules
"The central emotion in passing is fear Fear of the consequences of being identified by others as stigmatized ___ to passing, and fear of discovery ____ the passing experience" "...Disclosure would ruin cover in the form of status degradation..." 5. therapy In terms of psychological therapy, this may assist in dealing with negative emotions and responses 6. join in a social movement intended to change the ___ .. of normals."
leads dominates perceptions
What is socialization? "The ways in which individuals ___ and ___ ___ skills, knowledge, values, motives, and roles appropriate to their ____ in a group or society the process through which people learn the ___ of their society It answers the question: "How does an infant become 'human' that is, an effective participant in society? Through ___ acquisition': By learning a society's language, its interaction rituals, social roles and goal orientations
learn and recreate positions culture cultural
Attitude formation "Where do attitudes come from? How are they formed? The answer lies in the processes of socialization That is, attitudes are ___ through O___ c____ and r____ and is a predisposition to respond to a particular object in a generally favorable or unfavorable way" (248). "A person's attitudes influence the way in which they ___ and ___ to the world." "Every attitude is about something... an object."
learned observation conditioning reinforcement perceive respond
'Identity degradation' (Harold Garfinkel) process of destroying the offender's identity and transforming them into a ____ social type" (172). "Degradation establishes the offender as a non-person" — often due to an egregious, reprehensible act "Identity degradation imposes a severe loss on the offender, so it is usually done____ Discredited:'This individual cannot be trusted' "Identity degradation often involves a dramatic ceremony — such as a criminal trial, sanity hearing, or impeachment proceeding..." (172). Once considered 'credible' persons... "They are... denounced for serious offenses against the moral order" (e.g., legal violations) If successful,"offenders are forced to give up their former identities and to take on new ones like 'criminal,' 'insane,' or 'dishonorably discharged'" (172). Identity degradation often occurs "when prior relationships entailed ____ intimacy... Or when alternative identities are not readily available E.g.,"Persons found guilty of sexually molesting youth are degraded and transformed into child molesters."
lower forcibly little
Display rules _ These cultural norms direct us to ___ our facial expressions to ensure they are ___ for the social situation." they modify facial expression by requiring ___ or ___ intensity in the expression of an emotion or ___ ___ making one emotion with. a completely diff one
modify approprite greater or lesser complete neutralization
The relationship between identity and behavior... Was examined through an analysis of (a) survey data and (b) laboratory experiment results The survey component measured the relationship between (i) individuals' moral identities and (ii) their reports of 'past immoral behavior to find that "The higher the ___ ____ the l___ ____ it is for a person to report immoral behavior in the survey scenarios."
moral identity less likely
Embarrassment: Another social emotion is embarrassment — an uncomfortable feeling of _____ or exposure" (202). "We become embarrassed when we fail to live up to an image or identity...". 'connected to Generalized other': How we ____we appear to other
mortification think
LANGUAGE STAGE: Learning one's own ____ is one of the earliest and most important steps in acquiring a __
name self
what is the clear definition of the ME- is the ___ ___ ___ aspect of the self and __ the I
observing supervising overseeing watches
'Definition of the situation' Groups must agree on the 'type of social ____ and on the ____ the participants claim' "For ___ ___ to proceed smoothly, people must somehow achieve a _____ definition of the situation and ___ identities, what their goals are, what actions are proper and what their behaviors mean." "People may invoke preexisting event schemas to provide a definition of the situation" (e.g., class) Or,"they can establish a shared definition by actively ____ the meaning of events" (151).
occasion identities social interactions shared situated negotiating
selective info processing attending more to the ___ that are consistent with our self-evaluation "Memory also acts to protect self-esteem" as we ___ those events consistent with our self-image
occurrences recall aka omg that one day I saved that cat. from the middle of the road
the self is an ____ ___ based on the exchanges between the ___ and the __
ongoing conversation I and the ME
Three 'other-focused' ingratiation tactics: 1. O___ conformity 2. O___ enhancement 3. S___ SIMP 4. S___ self presentation 1. Opinion conformity getting favor by expressing) ____ agreements on important issues is successful because people tend to like others who hold opinions similar to their own." 2. Other enhancement refers to "using ____ on the target person and it works because of VANITY "People like to be evaluated positively." 3. supplication convincing a target person that you are ___ and ___ "Students... use this tactic in attempts to get an instructor to change a grade:'But I studied really hard and I knew a lot more than was on the exam'." 4, self-focused ingratiation tactic is selective self-presentation "There are two distinct forms. self ____ and self-____ 1. self-promotion, a person advertises their strengths, virtues and admirable qualities 2. self-deprecation, a person makes only humble or modest claims "To be effective, however, self-deprecation must be used in ____ Best used as an "assured, matter-of-fact modesty that UNDERSTATE one's achievements."
opinion other supplication selective insincere flattery needy deserving promotion deprivation modiration
PLAY/ROLE STAGE: is where children learn to ____ different ____ into meaningful __ like __ or __
organize activities roles nurse doctor
GAME STAGE: comes later, when children enter ____ activities such as ___ games...".
organized complex
"In authentic self-presentation our goal is to create an image of ourselves in the eyes of ___ that is ____ with the way we view ourselves "In IDEAL self-presentation... Our goal is to establish a ___ image of ourselves that is consistent with what we ___ we were.
others consistent public wish
Tripartite consistency: People work to make their ___ and ___ feelings ___ with social situations Various techniques of emotion work: 1. ____ (e.g., thinking positive thoughts); 2. ____ (e.g., breathing slower); 3.____ (e.g., trying to smile)
outer inner consistent cognitive bodily expressive
ROLE TAKING: In this stage one looks at oneself as if from the ____
outside
George mead asked - How can an individual get ___ of himself in a way to become an __ to himself
outside object
Socialization and punishment "By definition, punishment is the presentation of a ____ or ____ stimulus... Or the removal of a positive stimulus (by a socializing agent) that decreases the probability that the preceding behavior (by the learner) will occur" "Punishment is one of the major child-rearing practices used by parents" (83). Parental use of corporal punishment varies by the age of the child (e.g., 94% of parents with 3 and 4 yr olds) It is effective? That depends on (i) timing and the (ii) reason given for verbal and physical punishment
painful discomforting
"The situated self is the self we know in a ___ ___ "The self-concepts of the situated self are those distinctive to the __ and ongoing ___
particular situation setting activities
Emotional labor "When emotion work is done for___ and the emotion is one of the important ___ or ___ worker is producing ex. "Employers can demand emotion work from their employees as a part of their job requirements." also related to ____ of feeling' Hochschild (1983) studied flight attendants:"They were constantly reminded that their own job security and the company's profit rode on a smiling face." "Really work on your smiles... your smile is your biggest asset — use it."
pay good servoces aka Giselle working at the PT clinic must attempt to change her emotions to happy and non anxious commodification
'Cooling-out' (Erving Goffman) "When people repeatedly fail to meet ____ standards or to present ___ identities, others cease to help them save face." "Instead, ____ the offenders' identities "The term cooling-out refers to gently persuading a person whose performance is unsuitable to ____ a less desirable... reasonable, alternative identity." E.g.,Weak student is advised to adopt an easier major "Persons engaged in cooling-out seek to ____ offenders, not force them" (171) Cooling-out often occurs "when the offender has had prior relations of empathy and solidarity" with those engaging in cooling-out... And when alternative identity options are available." E.g., "During a breakup, lovers... can cool-out their partners by offering to remain friends" (172).
performance Appropriate modify accept persuade
Self-reinforcement Standards--> Judge--> Efficacy During the process of socialization, individuals learn ___ ___ over time become apart of the self Individuals then use them to ____ their own behavior and thus becomes capable of self-reinforcement "Successful experiences with an activity over time create a sense of competence... or self-efficacy and avoid what u are bad at and stay at what u good at "This, in turn, makes the individual more likely to seek opportunities to engage in that behavior." Conversely, the "perceived lack of efficacy is likely to lead to the avoidance of the task" (85).
performance standards judge
GAME STAGE: This experience teaches children that organized groups of people share common ____and ____
perpectives attitudes
The 'developmental perspective' These "theorists view socialization as largely dependent on processes of____ and ____ maturation, which are ____ determined." Development is "...primarily due to physical and neurological maturation, NOT social factors The appearance of social skills, behaviors and abilities "follow a uniform ____ pattern" (67) Biological maturation determines the parameters of development — what is ____ possible E.g.,Visual activity, interpersonal activity, vocal activity, bodily movement and manual dexterity
physical psychological biologically developmental developmentally.
PLAY/ROLE STAGE: in this stage the Roles include ___of ____' and general ideas about how to relate to ____ in specific social situations you ___ the __ and ___ of others
points of view others infer thoughts expectations
Role identities "Each of us occupies numerous ___ ___ ___ such as ___ or ___ therefore "enact many _____ social roles... for each role we enact, we ___ a somewhat different___ of who we are — an ____
positions in society like student daughter diffrent develop view identity
Stress and satisfaction "Performing career activities often produces ____ feelings, such as satisfaction, and __ feelings, including stress" (101). "These feelings reflect how we experience the quality of our lives" (these are two 'quality of life' factors ___ in career roles (e.g., becoming a parent), ___ between roles (e.g., employee and parent)... And the intensity of role demands (e.g, parenting a teenager) can lead to stress (i.e., pressure or tension) Stress:When "the demands made on a person exceed the individual's ability to cope with them
positive negative changes conflict
"Becoming a World-Saver," by John Lofland and Rodney Stark A study of the social process of religious conversion — adoption of a cult perspective or cult world-view Model of conversion: Identifies the ___ and ____ conditions for successful recruitment Predisposing conditions "comprise attributes of persons prior to their contact with the cult or ones ___ self the exhibit (i) Presence of____ (problem) ( belief) ii) affinity for a __ problem-solving perspective (iii) religious ___ Turning point (situational):"Opportunity... of doing something different with their lives SOCIAL SITUATIONAL CONDITIONS (i) Affective bonds between potential recruits and cult members are present (ii) Affective bonds with extra-cult individuals are either weak or absent (iii) Intensive interaction with cult members is a daily or hourly occurrence — reinforcing the D.P. worldview Controlled interaction is essential for conversion: For total conversion,"one must be intensively exposed to the group supporting [D.P.'s] standards of conduct." "In the presence of persons who reciprocally supported each other, such a transformation of one's life became possible" (874).
predisposing situational previous self tension religious seeker inner group love outsider removal only exposed to cult. people
Outcomes of socialization Gender roles, linguistic and cognitive competence, moral development and work orientation Language acquisition: Enables the learning of abstract schemas, moral judgment (i.e., moral reasoning) and meaning of work (e.g., self-direction vs. conformity "Socialization continues throughout one's life" (98). 'Life course' refers to "the individual's ____through a series of age-linked social roles embedded in institutions... ...And the important influences that shape the life course that one experiences" (99).
progression.
Define the SELF The self is a _______ _____ that enables a person to think ____ _____about one self
psychological apparatus self consiously
Embarrassment "Embarrassment is the feeling we experience when the ___ identity we claim in an encounter is discredited usually experienced through exposure, mortification, awkwardness, and chagrin. We also experience embarrassment when the identities of people with whom we are _____ are discredited being Discomfort due to empathy, association or 'duped'
public interacting
Identities and self-esteem "As we engage in career roles, we observe our own performances and other people's ___ to us." "Using these observations, we construct role identities — _____ of the self in specific roles" (100). "As we enact major roles, especially familial and occupational roles, we evaluate our performances and thereby gain or lose self-esteem..." (101). Self-esteem refers to "one's sense of how good and worthy one is." Achievements, failures and feedback affects self-esteem
reactions conceptions
Resocialization A socially interactive process through which individuals are _____ to internalize new attitudes, values and beliefs "When an individual gives up one way of life and one set of values for another" (Ferguson 2013:158) An extreme form of secondary (adult) socialization It typically occurs within____ institutions,' in which subjects are intentionally isolated from wider society Characterized by ___ access to the outside world, behavior is heavily controlled and subjects are stripped of their civilian identity
reprogrammed total restricted access
Responses to embarrassment SAVE FACE a continuing state of embarrassment is uncomfortable it is in everyone's interest to restore face (___) that is, to ___ the conditions causing embarrassment" (170). "The major responsibility for restoring face lies with the person whose actions ___ the embarrassment... But interaction partners frequently try to help the embarrassed person as norm is to support others' social identities
respect eliminate produced
"Justifications admit ____ but also try to define the behavior as ____ under the circumstances Such accounts "are intended to reduce the perceived ____ of the behavior Justifications are more favorable than excuses
responsibility appropriate wrongness
What leads to identity crisis ___ ___ influenced by __ ___ creating a need to exit from one or more roles, adopt new roles, and change the salience hierarchy
role change life transitions
altercasting use of tactics to impose ___ and ___ on others . for our advantage." "People frequently use altercating to put someone on the ____ an effective technique, because a ____ identity is difficult to escape." Targets are pushed to use excuses and justification
roles identities defensive negative
Frames A frame is a set of widely understood ___ or ____ pertaining to a social situation..." EX. 'This is a job interview.' "The type of social occasion that people recognize themselves to be in is called the frame of the ____ frames indicate "which ___ should be enacted and which ___ are proper "Participants usually know the frame of interaction in advance, or else they discover it quickly once interaction commences." E.g.,A wedding or a funeral
rules conventions interaction roles behavior
Historical trends and events "Historical trends and events are another major influence on the life course "The lives of individuals are shaped by trends that extend across historical periods... and by events that occur at particular points in history. Birth cohort Refers to "a group of people who are born during the ___ ___ one year or several years." "What is most important... its members are all approximately the same age when they encounter particular historical events ex. 9-11 "A person's membership in a specific birth cohort locates that person historically in two ways." 1. "First, it points to the trends and events the person is likely to have encountered 2. Second, it indicates a person's location in the sequence of normative life stages when events occur " mold the unique values, ideologies, personalities, and behavior patterns that... Characterize each cohort through the life course.
same period
each of us who answer "who am I" have unique answers that reflect our self ___ or self ___
schema concept
The function of attitudes "Attitudes provide a simple and efficient means of evaluating objects Like or dislike:"We group people, objects, and events into categories or ___ with time, attitudes are formed about___ ___ of objects Three components to an attitude: (i) Cognition BELIEF (ii) affective evaluation. FEELING (iii) behavioral disposition RESPONSE 1. Social psychology is empirical, 2.it is interesting and 3. lectures are worth watching Mass media play a role in the formation of attitudes "How important is fame? What about self-acceptance? Benevolence? The messages children...glean from TV play a significant role in their development... influencing attitudes...". — UCLA Newsroom UCLA study analyzed the 'values' in tween TV programs Media have an especially powerful socializing effect because many children and adolescents are exposed to media content several hours per day "Children 8 to 10 are exposed to media content almost 8 hours per day while... Older children spend more than 11 with media" (81) While TV remains an important socializing agent, more of teen socialization is taking place online "Fully 95% of teens have access to a smartphone, and 45% say they are online 'almost constantly'.
schemas entire categories belief feeling response
"Four primary agents of childhood socialization 1. family 2. peers 3. school 4. mass media WHICH ARE FORMAL AGENTS ___ and ___ transmiting cultural knowledge to the individual (e.g., language, norms, values, beliefs)
school family
THE I- is actions that involved the __ with an impulse to__
self act
A being that posses a ___ can answer what question "____ ____ ___" and who coined the 20 statement coon
self who am I
Adopting a social identity involves ____ _____ Defined as defining the self as a ___ of a social ___" "Enacting a social identity involves adopting styles of ___ ___ and ___ associated with the___ ____ aka vegan
self categorization member social dress behavior thought social category aka being VEGAN free lee the banana girl
3. Internalization "Internalization is the process by which initially external behavioral standards become internal and subsequently guide the person's behavior" (87). When actions are performed "without considering possible rewards or punishments. It "results in the exercise of ___ ___ "People conform to internal standards even when there is no surveillance of their behavior by others and, therefore, no ____ for their conformity" E.g., Internalized standards often take the form of ____— i.e.,'Because it's the right thing to do'
self control morals are internalized rewards ethics
protecting self esteem "People are motivated to protect their self-esteem whether it is high or low — that is, to experience s___ ____in the feedback they receive.
self verification
GAME: Role taking at the game stage requires children to imagine the viewpoints of ____ ____ at the ___ ___
several others same time
manipulating appraisals Manipulating appraisals "We choose to associate with people who ___ our views of self and ___ people who do not." "Another way to maintain our self-esteem is by interpreting others' appraisals as more favorable or unfavorable than they actually are
share avoid aka I hang out with gisslee and not Renee also ex. my yessi called me pretty once so I stick with that appraisal and throw away the bad ones
successful social learning socialization is absorbing specialized knowledge "...Socialization is primarily a process of children learning the ____ meanings of the groups in which they are reared" While developmental theorists view socialization as dependent on ____ maturation... ...Social learning theorists view socialization as dependent on the presence of cultural influences aka ____ "Both nature and nurture influence behavior" — biological readiness and environmental stimuli (69)
shared physical future
"The people whose reflected views have greatest influence on the... self" are called __ ___ Self-worth is based on how much we think, imagine or ___ our significant others value us
significant others perceive
The projected identity is based on the ___ ex. can be 'film critic' or 'reliable friend' "Situated identities usually facilitate smooth interaction" (152).
situation
What influences the decision to enact one rather than another identity? Situational opportunities "Social situations are restrictive "Thus... the identity we choose to enact depends partly on whether the ___ offers ____ for ___ ___ "
situation opportunities profitable enactment
Q:What are the sources of self-esteem? According to Charles Horton Cooley,"the origins of both the self-schema and self-esteem are ___ "...Our view of self" — who we are and how we feel about it — "is modified by the ___ we receive from others" (122).
social feed back
Love: Love is... an inherently ___ emotion as it involves at least two people — one who loves and one who is the ___ of love" (199). "The type of love involved... depends very heavily on the relationship to the object of love...". E.g., Friend, spouse, child, etc.
social object
'Two-factor theory of emotion' proposes that we draw on ___ and ___to attribute emotion to arousal 1. An event in the____ produces a ____ reaction "___conditions strongly influence people's labeling of their physiological arousal" (192). 2. We notice the ___ reaction and search for an ___ explanation" (192). the emotional label sometimes even precedes the awareness of arousal as We search our bodily sensations for signs that will verify our belief
social cues context environment psychological psychological appropriate
Role identities are rooted in ___ ___ identity= commitment to relationship These relationships may stand or fall depending on whether we continue to enact ___ ___ __ The greater the dependence on ____ the more ___ we become to that identity and the The more ____ we have to a role identity, the higher that identity will be in our ___ hierarchy
social relationships particular role identities ex. student relationships committed commitment salience
The 'social structural perspective' This "perspective emphasizes the influence of ___ ___ Socialization is not a ___ process" (70). "Socialization is organized according to the ____ of roles that newcomers to society ordinarily pass through. Age-linked roles: Child/student to parent/employee "We expect ______ from one role to another to occur at certain ages" (70).
social structure random sequences transitions
Social emotions "Emotions that simply cannot be understood or even defined without reference to the ___ ___ Such emotions involve 1. awareness of the social ___ 2. merge out of social ___ 3. experienced in reference to some social __
social world context. interaction standard
The adoption of a role identity involves socialization into the ____ or ___ of which the role is a part of enacting a role identity involves behaviors ____ to a role.. but Individuals can perform role identities ____
socialization group organization conforming differently
In our society,"there is a sequence of roles and a corresponding sequence of ____ agents" (70); e.g., School: teachers and students Social roles establish expectations and obligations "Social structure designates the persons or organizations responsible for producing desired outcomes" (70). Throughout life, we age___ and age ___ of social roles — moving from targets to agents of socialization
socializing in out
"Socialization has four components (1) an agent — someone who serves as a ___ for what is being learned (2) a learning process; (3) a target — a person who is being ____ 4) an outcome — something that is being learned Socialization varies by the age of the 'target' Primary socialization: occurs during ____ the target is characterized by vulnerability, dependency and restricted agency Secondary socialization: occurs during adolescence and _____ the target exercises autonomy
source socialized childhood adulthood
what are role identities: concepts of self in ___ ____ that depend and develop on the ____ ____ available to us in society As a result, the self we know is linked to ____ fundamentally through the roles we play
specific roles social positions society
Defining yourself as a member of a group ...These characteristics become _____ for your ____ ____ and ___ they become part of the ___you ___as the ___ of self are derived from____qualities
standards thoughts feelings actions self know qualities group
"Salvaging the Self from Homelessness," by David Snow and Leon Anderson 'Homelessness' is not only a physical condition (living without a home) it is a ____ ____ Q: How do individuals manage the stigmatized identity of 'homeless person'? Homeless persons engage in 'identity talk' Identity talk involves ___ ___ claims or assertions to be a person of a particular kind consistent or inconsistent with an imputed social identity 1. Talk 'speaking in order to express ideas and feelings' is a basic resource for identity construction 'Social identities' are attributed, assigned or imputed to individuals by other people (e.g., homeless) 'Personal identities' are self-designations — 'who we think we are or who we claim to be' 2. Distancing Occurs when a person's actual or desired self-concept is inconsistent with their social identity 3. Embracement Occurs when a person confirms their acceptance of and attachment to a social identity 4. Fictive Storytelling Occurs when a person exaggerates or fabricates some aspect or element of reality
stigmatized identity self designations
The self is at once both __ and ___ to itself both __ and __
subject object passive active
Emotion management strategies 1. ___ acting only changes the_____ of emotions... 2. ___ acting Deep acting... transforms our ___ state... to produce the required feeling."
surface expression deep emotional
SI: "The basic premise of symbolic interactionism is that human nature and social order are products of Symbolic communication among people" (8). The most important determinant of human action Is meaning which emerges out of social interaction 1.We act toward things on the basis of their meanings. 2. Meanings are not inherent but are negotiated in interaction with others. 3. Meanings can be modified and changed through interaction. "An object's meaning for a person depends... on what the person might do with the object" (8). The meaning of something lies in its practical utility — i.e., truth is a function of usefulness Something is meaningful because it is purposeful — it is valued for its effect (i.e.,'meaningful utility') An object's meaning is also influenced by social situations and social roles What is the meaning of water? It has different uses and purposes for the chemist, athlete, firefighter and gardener (uses correspond to roles) Roles establish purpose, thereby shaping meaning Meaning is 'negotiated' Human behavior is purposeful — cooperation with others (to accomplish goals) requires that "meanings must be shared and consensual" (9). Goal attainment requires cooperation; cooperation requires consensus — and this involves negotiation
symbolic interactionalism SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION meaning out of social interaction
what is the typical development of meads stage theory Children begin to ___around 1 year old, __ ___ at 2-3 years old and play ___ around 4 years old
talk role play games
Erving Goffman (1922-1982), dramaturgical approach', analyzed social life as a ___ production arguing that everyday life includes different ___ and ____ that together shape the ___ of appearances STAGES/ ___ regions denote settings in which people carry out ___ performances and exert efforts to maintain appropriate ___ Social performances here are ___ and conform to the ___ expectations' of audiences E.g., Presentation at an academic conference Back regions are settings ____ to outsiders in which people knowingly ___ the appearances they present in front regions" (157). "People feel free to express themselves in ways that are suppressed in the front stage" (Ritzer 2015:152). E.g.,Waiters venting behind kitchen doors people in back regions p___ r____ , and r___ the performances that occur in front regions "Front and back regions are often separated by ____ or locational barriers to perception...".
theatrical stages audiences management front interactions appearances idealized stereotyped inaccessible violate prepare rehearse rehash physical
Emotional socializationIt refers to the process by which individuals are ___ to experience and express emotions "In some cultures, children are taught individualistic emotion competence... parents are accepting of 'ego- focused' emotions... that support... INDEPENDENCE "other focused emotions" sympathy and shame that build ___ emotional competence
trained relational
Competence: Life course mastery refers to the belief that an individual has directed and managed the _____ of their life" (102). "Attaining occupational prestige and accumulated wealth... related to a sense of life course ____ 'Unfair treatment' and 'economic hardship' low LCM
trajectories mastery
Moral identity standards do influence behavior: Why? Self-verification People strive to___ their moral identities by behaving in ways that are___ with their moral identity ____ _____ creates a reward in the form of ___ ___ whereas inconsistency creates a _____ in the form of ___ ___
verify consistent standards consistency positive emotion punishment negative emotion
SELF ESTEEM SOCIAL COMPARISON "Social comparison is crucial to self-esteem because the feelings of competence or ___ we derive from a ____ Depend in large part on with whom we are compared, both by ourselves and by others" (141).
worth performance
