soc 134 practice questions ch 1

which of the following is an example of a homogenizing heading?

Native American

Which of the following statements about institutional racism and interpersonal racism is accurate?

Neither institutional nor interpersonal racism is necessarily overt; both forms of racism often operate in the habitual commonsense and largely unconscious practices of daily life.

Consider the following scenario: School board members are debating a policy change that would increase the police presence at the local high school. What course of action might a sociologist recommend before making a decision?

analyzing the factors that are of concern, including social and historical patterns

Race is a ___________________category that is misrecognized as a _____________ category.

symboli; natural

While many people assume that "obvious physical differences" explain racial categories, this logic fails to appreciate:

(all of the above) that classificatory schemes are not rigidly linked to skin tones/ physical traits vary enormously among those who are classified as the same race/ classification schemes vary widely, both historically and across national boundaries

Historically, racial oppression has been justified through explanations grounded in scientific language. Modern scientists tell us that we share _________ percent of the same genes with other humans and there is much greater genetic variation within traditionally defined racial groups than among them.

99.9%

Which explanation for why are whites less likely than people of color to identify themselves in racial terms is discussed in the textbook?

Whites often do not think of themselves as belonging to a racial category

George's father is an African American, and his mother is white American. Mike's father is a white Italian, and his mother is a white American. Why does Mike have a higher degree of fluidity and freedom when self-identifying ethnically?

because George's black identity is stigmatized

Stephen Jay Gould argues that ________________ reappears, even when disproven, during eras of political retrenchment or during times when elites are fearful of changes to their status.

biological determinism

Two friends are arguing over the results of a recent NBA draft. Alex tells Jorge that his favorite team should have picked more black players because they naturally have more athletic skill and everyone knows "white men can't jump." Jorge calls Alex out for basing his argument on:

biological determinism

___________ is best described as the argument that social and economic differences between races are the result of immutable, inherited, and inborn distinctions.

biological determinism

Race is often described with reference to __________, but there is much more genetic variation within _______________ groups than between them.

biological markers; traditionally-defined racial groups

A _____________________ is a social and symbolic hierarchical system of classification and social division that organizes people into rigid groups.

caste system

in the United States, whiteness is the _______________ racial category, that with which all other categories are compared and contrasted.

dominant

n the United States, __________ often creates distinctions and identities within _____________. For instance, four people may be considered white, yet they may each have ancestry and cultural traditions originating from different countries, including Poland, Ireland, England, and Norway.

ethnicity; racial groups

Comparisons across ________________ reveal variation in racial categorization between countries, highlighting the importance of _______________ in making race.

families; race

Which of the five fallacies or misconceptions about racism best describes this example?"You read a newspaper article on changing racial attitudes declaring that young adults ages eighteen to twenty-four are the least racist in American history. While you hope this is true, you are worried that the research is using a static definition of 'racism.'"

fixed fallacy

Racial categories are bound to their specific social and ___________ contexts, meaning that such boundaries are not the same in India as in South Africa.

historical

Raul is an African American, but he has many other social identities in addition to his racial identity. He is also a young, middle-class college student who identifies as bisexual. Rather than thinking of any particular racial group as a monolithic category, scholars who take an intersectional approach pay attention to:

how multiple dimensions in individual lives intersect

Which of the following best summarizes the process by which systemic white domination of people of color occurs?

institutional racism

According to the textbook, what are two key forms of racial domination?

institutional racism and interpersonal racism

Which of the five fallacies or misconceptions about racism best describes this example?"Your friend does not believe that racial segregation in schools is a problem today. After all, she argues, the courts ruled segregated education unconstitutional many decades ago."

legalistic fallacy

Racial categories are ________________ when symbolic groupings, the products of specific historical contexts, are mistakenly considered natural and immutable.

naturalized

A person's ___________________ is his or her physical appearance, including skeletal structure, height, hair texture, eye color, and skin tone.

phenotype

Institutional racism is facilitated by different types of power. Which of the following is one of these modes of power?

political power

n an attempt to resist stigma, some people of color, especially new immigrants, may highlight their ethnicity and resist American _________________.

racial categories

The current _______________ in the United States delineates five major groups.

racial taxonomy

The courts have played an important role in adjudicating racial categorization processes. Understanding court decisions around racial categorization processes further underscores how race and ethnicity are _____________ and ______________ constructs.

social; historical

The authors of the textbook invite you to understand race and ethnicity through a sociological lens. C. Wright Mills coined the term "_________________," which means understanding and interpreting everyday life not only through one's own personal experience but also through the exploration of ________________ that structure and direct our social world

sociological imagination; broader historical forces

Race, ethnicity, and nationality are mutually overlapping _____________ that are mutually reinforcing and cannot be understood in isolation from one another.

symbolic categories

The _____________________ of race organizes people into bounded groupings based on their phenotype, ______________, or both.

symbolic category; ancestry

Prejudice surrounds us, and people of color may internalize negative attitudes aimed at their own racial group. Psychologists describe this as "internalized oppression," while sociologist Pierre Bourdieu labels it:

symbolic violence

The cartoon below offers us an insightful look at how ________________ can take form in everyday interactions.

symbolic violence

While blacks were granted the right of citizenship in 1870 as part of the Reconstruction Amendments after the Civil War, other nonwhites were denied citizenship until:

the 1940s

Which of the following is a key feature of symbolic power?

the ability to categorize and name

As it relates to racial domination, symbolic power is best described as:

the power to define and classify groups as normal or aberrant

Sometimes speakers invoke examples of individuals—say, Madame C. J. Walker, Oprah Winfrey, or Barack Obama—to suggest that if these individuals were able to triumph over racial barriers, the path is clear for everyone. What type of fallacy best describes such thinking?

tokenistic fallacy

__________ is the collection of unearned cultural, political, economic, and social advantages and privileges possessed by people of Anglo-European descent or those who pass as such.

white privilege

Which of the following best exemplifies the advice offered by the textbook authors on how whites can contribute to fighting racial injustice?

Join an antiracist group on campus to suggest improvements that would make residential life more inclusive.

According to the textbook, which of the followingbest defines "racial domination"?

Racial domination is an organizing force in society that disproportionately offers benefits to some groups and not others.

One of the fundamental tenets of the _________________________ is that history does not structure our experiences and that these experiences can either compound as advantages—or privileges—or increase barriers to opportunities. What type of fallacy best describes such thinking?

ahistorical fallacy

A person's ___________________ is his or her family lineage, which often includes tribal, regional, or national affiliation.

ancestry

Although many people think of Tiger Woods as African American, he considers himself multiracial and as a child invented the term "Calabanasian" to describe himself. This example helps us understand the complex relationship between _______________.

ancestry and phenotype

According to the historian Mae Ngai, laws and policies that made ethnic or racial identity a determining factor in the opportunity to immigrate during the 1920s resulted in:

decreasing racial identification for white immigrants

The Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, with its imposition of national quotas and racial restrictions, contributed to the U.S. racial order by:

distinguishing all Europeans as part of a white race, distinct from all those considered nonwhite