SOC 150

meritocracy means: a. advancement is based on effort b. advancement is based on skills c. advancement is based on family or personal relationships d. advancement is based on status

b. advancement is based on skills

the thoughts and action taken by people that express their individual power is called: a. master status b. agency c. individualized structure d. anomie

b. agency

which of the follow are examples of material culture? (check all that apply) a. freedom of the press b. cell phone c. social distancing d. a newspaper

b. cell phone d. a newspaper

(T/F) Conflict theorists believe the United States is a meritocracy.

false

(t/f) a reference group is always a primary group

false

T/F: The term sex and gender are basically interchangeable.

False

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. used in his public speaking abilities and magnetism to inspire African Americans to stand up against injustice in an extremely hostile environment. He is an example of a(n) ________________ leader. a. charismatic b. legal-rational c. illegitimate d. traditional

a. charismatic

which of the following is NOT one of Weber's three types of authority? a. absolute b. legal-rational c. traditional d. charismatic

a. absolute

In response to rising crime perpetrated by teenagers, local residents band together to create more opportunities for recreational activities, jobs, and leadership training for young people. This is an example of what type of social movement? A. Alternative social movement B. Reformative social movement C. Redemptive social movement. D. Revolutionary social movement

A. Alternative social movement

Assuming that modernization is always positive is an example of: A. Globalization B. Diagnostic framing C. Cultural relativity D. Ethnocentrism

D. Ethnocentrism

a nation's flag is: a. a symbol b. a value c. a culture d. a folkway

a. a symbol

_____________ describes a group's norms and values, whereas ______________ describes a group of people who live in a defined geographic area, and who interact with one another and share a common culture. a. society; culture b. culture; society c. agency; structure d. society; social institutions

b. culture; society

according to Karl Marx, what is the "Base" the primary determining social institution of society? a. religion b. economy c. family d. government

b. economy

which person or organization defined the concept of value neutrality? a. Institutional Review Board b. American Sociological Association c. Max Weber d. Peter Rossi

c. Max Weber

which of the following is the best example of a quantitative research method? a. analyzing the language style of newspaper ads b. observing children as they learn to read c. conducting a survey of how often people read d. interviewing people about the last book they read

c. conducting a survey of how often people read

the deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture is: a, ethnocentrism b. cultural relativism c. cultural imperialism d. culture shock

c. cultural imperialism

Norms and structures are taken for granted. Justifications for systems and structures are presumed to be inherently true. a. agency b. structural c. epistemic d. creation of social subjects

c. epistemic

which social thinker was also involved in the settlement house movement and co-founded Hull House in Chicago? a. Simone de Beauvoir b. Kimberle Crenshaw c. Harriet Martineau d. Jane Addams

d. Jane Addams

which approach to research starts with obersebations and moves to building theory? a. reductive b. predictive c. deductive d. inductive

d. inductive

Power made legitimate by laws, written rules, and regulations is what type of authority? a. charismatic b. value-rational c. traditional d. legal-rational

d. legal-rational

Auguste Comte

founder of sociology positivism: the scientific study of social patterns

Cross-national studies comparing sexual attitudes found: A. Attitudes towards premarital sex vary across industrial countries. B. Tolerance towards premarital sex are the same among industrial countries, but developing countries are less tolerant. C. Tolerance towards premarital sex is a cultural universal, meaning the attitudes are similar across most countries. D. Developing countries are more tolerant of premarital sex than industrial countries are.

A. Attitudes towards premarital sex vary across industrial countries.

Laws deporting illegal Mexican workers. A. Expulsion B. Assimilation C. Segregation

A. Expulsion

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced the relocation of any native tribes east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. A. Expulsion B. Assimilation C. Segregation

A. Expulsion

Irish and Italian immigrants initially being considered "not white," to eventually being included in the "white" group. A. Expulsion B. Assimilation C. Segregation

B. Assimilation

According to Gallup, which of the following social changes occurred in the United States over the past 50 years? (Check all that apply). A. Family size has increased B. Decrease in religiosity C. Increased acceptance of a woman or Black president D. Decrease in racial discrimination

B. Decrease in religiosity C. Increased acceptance of a woman or Black president

Focuses on self-improvement and specific changes to individual behavior: A. Resistance B. Revolutionary C. Alterative D. Redemptive E. Reform

C. Alternative

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we "do gender": A. Only when they apply to our biological sex. B. During half of our activities C. Only if we are actively following gender roles. D. All of the time, in everything we do.

D. All of the time, in everything we do.

Inner change or spiritual growth in individuals: A. Resistance B. Revolutionary C. Alterative D. Redemptive E. Reform

D. Redemptive

In 2010, in what racial group did the Census Bureau categorize Middle-Eastern Americans? A. Arab B. Other C. Middle Eastern D. White

D. White

The term _________ refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to act and how they should behave. A. sexual attitudes B. sexual orientation C. gender bias D. gender role

D. gender role

two ethnic or racial groups combine to form a new group. a. amalgamation b. assimilation c. segregation d. pluralism

a. amalgamation

according to Marx, the _____ own the means of production in a society. a. vassals b. anomie c. proletariat d. bourgeoisie

d. bourgeoisie

To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance? A. Functionalism B. Symbolic Interactionism C. Feminist Theory D. Conflict Theory

A. Functionalism

Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability? A. Functionalism B. Symbolic interactionism C. Queer theory D. Conflict theory

A. Functionalism

According to the Center for Biological Diversity, what is causing the current extinction crisis (unusually large numbers of species becoming extinct)? A. Human population growth B. Human migration from rural to urban areas C. Invasive animal species population growth D. Natural Disasters

A. Human population growth

Which of the following statements best reflects the sociological perspective? A. Individuals can be prejudiced or discriminatory, but racism is inherently systemic or institutional. B. Individuals can be prejudiced, discriminatory, or racist

A. Individuals can be prejudiced or discriminatory, but racism is inherently systemic or institutional.

Difference in gender: A. Of two women, one wears jeans and boots, while the other wears a skirt and heels. B. Of two men in college, one is attracted to men and the other to women. C. Of two children, one has XY chromosomes and the other has XX.

A. Of two women, one wears jeans and boots, while the other wears a skirt and heels.

Sexism: A. Prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another. B. Cultural, legal, and institutional practices that present heterosexuality as the only natural sexual identity. C. An ideology and set of institutional practices privileging heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations.

A. Prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another.

Which statement best reflects the relationship between social institutions and social change? A. Change in the Economic or Political institutions often leads to change in other institutions, but other institutions do not generally affect the economic or political systems. B. Change in any one social institution leads to changes in other social institutions. C. Social institutions are defined as autonomous entities, so change in one institution does not typically impact other institutions. D. How change in a social institution affects other social institutions depends on the political and economic systems.

B. Change in any one social institution leads to changes in other social institutions.

Heteronormativity: A. Prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another. B. Cultural, legal, and institutional practices that present heterosexuality as the only natural sexual identity. C. An ideology and set of institutional practices privileging heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations.

B. Cultural, legal, and institutional practices that present heterosexuality as the only natural sexual identity.

Difference in sexuality: A. Of two women, one wears jeans and boots, while the other wears a skirt and heels. B. Of two men in college, one is attracted to men and the other to women. C. Of two children, one has XY chromosomes and the other has XX.

B. Of two men in college, one is attracted to men and the other to women.

Seeks to completely change every aspect of society: A. Resistance B. Revolutionary C. Alterative D. Redemptive E. Reform

B. Revolutionary

Which of the following concepts are related to multiple social movement groups working or coming together? Check all that apply). A. Alterative movements B. Social movement industry C. Frame alignment D. Acting crowds

B. Social movement industry C. Frame alignment

Emergent Norm Theory reflects which theoretical perspective? A. Conflict Theory B. Symbolic Interactionism C. Functionalism D. Rational Choice Theory

B. Symbolic Interactionism

In The World is Flat, Thomas Friedman (2005), identifies which factor as the driving force behind globalization? A. Population B. Technology C. Social Institutions D. Environment

B. Technology

According to the Davies J-Curve theory, where does social change come from? A. The bottom of the social hierarchy B. The middle of the social hierarchy C. The top of the social hierarchy

B. The middle of the social hierarchy

In terms of gender inequality, what does the term "second shift" mean? A. Men are more likely than women to work two jobs. B. Women in the paid labor force do the majority of unpaid work at home. C. Men in the paid labor force do the majority of unpaid work at home. D. Women are more likely than men to work two jobs.

B. Women in the paid labor force do the majority of unpaid work at home.

The terms "masculine" and "feminine" refer to a person's ______________. A. sex B. gender C. both sex and gender D. none of the above.

B. gender

In addition to social movements, social change is also caused by technology, social institutions, population, and _____________________. A. new social movements B. the environment. C. social structure D. modernization

B. the environment

Based on a 2005 survey, which of the following is true about attitudes towards sex education and absitenence? A. Most people think teaching about abstinence is not important B. Most respondents thought that providing information about safe-sex practices would make teens more likely to have sex earlier. C. Almost half of the respondents supported and "abstinence plus" program. D. Most respondents felt sex education should be Abstinence only.

C. Almost half of the respondents supported and "abstinence plus" program.

Heterosexism: A. Prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another. B. Cultural, legal, and institutional practices that present heterosexuality as the only natural sexual identity. C. An ideology and set of institutional practices privileging heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations.

C. An ideology and set of institutional practices privileging heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations.

Which term is used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female? A. Intrasex B. Secondary sex characteristics C. Intersex D. Primary sex characteristics

C. Intersex

Difference in sex: A. Of two women, one wears jeans and boots, while the other wears a skirt and heels. B. Of two men in college, one is attracted to men and the other to women. C. Of two children, one has XY chromosomes and the other has XX.

C. Of two children, one has XY chromosomes and the other has XX.

Jim Crow laws in the former Confederate States. A. Expulsion B. Assimilation C. Segregation

C. Segregation

What was the "Defense of Marriage Act" (DOMA)? A. The Hawaii Supreme Court ruling that marriage discrimination was unconstitutional B. California's Proposition 8, banning same-sex marriage C. U.S. Congressional legislation limiting the definition of "marriage" to a union between one man and one woman. D. The U.S. Supreme Court ruling guarantying the freedom to marry nation-wide for same-sex couples.

C. U.S. Congressional legislation limiting the definition of "marriage" to a union between one man and one woman.

The response to the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, MO (2014) is an example of which social movement theory? A. Emergent norm theory B. Frame alignment C. Value-added Theory D. Resource mobilization theory

C. Value-added Theory

The Civil Rights Movement is an example of which social movement theory? A. Emergent Norm Theory B. Frame Analysis C. New Social Movement Theory D. Resource Mobilization Theory

D. Resource Mobilization Theory

Which age group population in the United States is increasing? A. Children B. Young adults C. Middle aged D. Seniors

D. Seniors

Before 1973, the American Psychological Association defined homosexuality as being abnormal or a disorder. Today the APA sees homosexuality as a normal aspect of human sexuality. The influence of this "labeling" reflects which theoretical perspective? A. Functionalism B. Rational Choice Theory C. Conflict Theory D. Symbolic Interactionism

D. Symbolic Interactionism

Using the National Urban League's Equality Index Charts, which statement below correctly describes the comparisons among Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics, between 2005 and 2018? A. The inequality between Hispanics and Whites stayed basically the same. Blacks showed a slight increase in equality compared to Whites. B. Blacks and Hispanics showed a slight increase in equality compared to Whites. C. Blacks and Hispanics showed a slight decrease in equality compared to Whites. D. The inequality between Blacks and Whites stayed basically the same. Hispanics showed a slight increase in equality compared to Whites.

D. The inequality between Blacks and Whites stayed basically the same. Hispanics showed a slight increase in equality compared to Whites.

When the League of Women Voters successfully achieved its goal of women being allowed to vote, they had to undergo frame ____________________, a means of completely changing their goals to ensure continuing relevance. A. Bridging B. Extension C. Amplification D. Transformation

D. Transformation

Which of the following statements comparing the United States to other industrialized countries is correct? A. U.S. citizens attitudes about sex are similar to other industrial countries. B. U.S. citizens attitudes about sex are less restrictive than other industrial countries. C. Whether the United States was more or less restrictive depends on what the specific issue is (e.g., pre-marital sex, extramarital sex, sex before age 16, etc.) D. U.S. citizens attitudes about sex are more restrictive than other industrial countries.

D. U.S. citizens attitudes about sex are more restrictive than other industrial countries.

Seeks to change something specific about a social structure: A. Resistance B. Revolutionary C. Alterative D. Redemptive E. Reform

E. Reform

which social theorist introduced the idea of Sociological Imagination? a. C. Wright Mills b. Michel Foucault c. August Comte d. Jane Addams

a. C. Wright Mills

a situation in a research setting where people change their behavior because they know they are being watched is called: a. The Hawthorne Effect b. lack of experimental controls c. nonreactive research d. spurious correlation

a. The Hawthorne Effect

which of the following statements describes a "group"? (check all that apply) a. a collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share a sense that their identity is somehow aligned with the group b. people who exist in the same place at the same time but who do not interact or share a sense of identity c. people who share similar characteristics but are not tied to one another in any way

a. a collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share a sense that their identity is somehow aligned with the group

An individual can make another person do something they do not want to do. a. agency b. structural c. epistemic d. creation of social subjects

a. agency

what is usually the first step in the scientific method? a. ask a question b. form a hypothesis c. design a study d. research existing sources

a. ask a question

What is discrimination? a. biased actions against an individual or group b. biased thoughts against an individual or group c. belief that a race different from yours in inferior d. another word for stereotyping

a. biased actions against an individual or group

a sociologist who focuses on the way that multinational corporations headquartered in core nations exploit the local workers in their peripheral nation factories is using a __________ perspective to understand the global economy. a. conflict theory b. feminist c. symbolic interactionist d. functional

a. conflict theory

which theoretical perspective views culture as reinforcing issues of privilege for certain groups based on race, class, sex, etc? a. conflict theory b. rational choice theory c. symbolic interactionism d. functionalism

a. conflict theory

Wallerstein's World Systems Approach terminology - dominant capitalist countries, highly industrialized, technological, and urbanized: a. core nations b. peripheral nations c. semi-peripheral nations d. developing nation e. industrial nation

a. core nations

what three factors are needed to establish causation? a. correlation, timer order, and ruling out alternative explanations b. moderating variables, ruling out alternative explanations, and time order c. a natural experiment, time order, and correlation d. correlation, a hypothesis, and alternative explanations

a. correlation, timer order, and ruling out alternative explanations

what is the relationship between the concepts of subculture and counterculture? a. countercultures are a type of subculture that rejects some of the larger culture's norms and values b. subcultures are a smaller type of counterculture c. countercultures are made up of multiple subcultures with conflicting norms and values d. subcultures reject the norms of the broader culture

a. countercultures are a type of subculture that rejects some of the larger culture's norms and values

using the sociological imagination helps sociologists (and students of sociology) a. develop the ability to see the connections between our own personal experiences and the larger forces of history b. understand the theories developed by Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim c. create an image of how individuals in other societies live d. focus on individual lives

a. develop the ability to see the connections between our own personal experiences and the larger forces of history

what is the main argument of Liberal Feminism? a. equality with men means equal rights for women b. women should assert their dominance over men c. women are justified in hating and rejecting men d. women should be given advantages over men

a. equality with men means equal rights for women

which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites? a. ethnocentrism and cultural relativism b. subculture and countercultural c. real culture and cultural imperialism d. cultural diffusion and cultural leveling

a. ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

collective conscience is related to which theoretical perspective? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. rational choice theory d. symbolic interactionism

a. functionalism

which of the following is an example of false consciousness? a. hard work is its own reward b. mechanical solidarity c. the rationalization of modern society d. when society is no longer supported by collective consciousness

a. hard work is its own reward

A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is called a(n): a. hypothesis. b. operationalization. c. natural experiment. d. reliability.

a. hypothesis

organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies? a. industrial b. feudal c. agricultural d. hunter-gatherer

a. industrial

The idea that we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation and other attributes, is called: a. intersection theory b. experiential theory c. segregation theory d. integration theory

a. intersection theory

what is the one defining feature of a minority group? a. lack of power b. numerical minority c. self-definition d. strong cultural identity

a. lack of power

The Bureaucratic Office leadership style is associated with which type of authority? a. legal-rational b. traditional c. charismatic d. value-rational

a. legal-rational

Marta decides to conduct comparative research for her dissertation on the effects of demographic policies on population growth and declined in China and Russia. Which type of sociology is this? a. macro-sociology b. functionalist c. feminist d. micro-sociology

a. macro-sociology

which level of analysis does intersectionality focus on? a. multiple levels of analysis b. cultural c. structural d. individual

a. multiple levels of analysis

in Milgram's authority-conformity experiment, he found: a. people are willing to commit harmful acts in order to conform to authority b. people can resist authority if they find the demands repugnant

a. people are willing to commit harmful acts in order to conform to authority

which of the following is an example of a total institution? a. prison b. a day camp c. public elementary school d. hospital emergency room

a. prison

identify the means of enforcing norms that includes positive and negative versions a. sanctions b. folkways c. taboos d. mores

a. sanctions

social institutions are most closely related to which other sociological concept? a. social structure b. culture c. agency d. informal sanctions

a. social structures

Which of the following best describes positivism? a. the idea of applying the natural science methods to the study of human societies b. deep understanding. understanding a social world from an insider's point of view c. studying the social world on a micro level d. using sociology to predict or improve society

a. the idea of applying the natural science methods to the study of human societies

which of the following best describes sociology as a subject? a. the study of society and social interactions b. the study of cultures c. the study of economics d. the study of individual behavior

a. the study of society and social interactions

in a study, a group of ten-year old boys are fed doughnuts every morning for a week and then weighed to see how much weight they gained. which factor is the dependent variable? a. the weight gained b. the doughnuts c. the boys d. the duration of a week

a. the weight gained

white people in the United States being reasonably sure that they will be dealing with authority figures of the same race as themselves is a result of: a. white privilege b. scapegoating theory c. intersection theory d. conflict theory

a. white privilege

how is racism different from prejudice? a. Racism is prejudice combined with discrimination. b. Racism is prejudice plus institutional power. c. Prejudice is an attitude; racism is an action. d. Racism is a social construct; prejudice is real.

b. Racism is prejudice plus institutional power.

the notion that people cannot feels or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by: a. linguistics b. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis c. bilingualism d. enthographic imagery

b. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

structural mobility occurs when: a. a member of a family belongs to a different class than his or her siblings b. a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes c. an individual moves down the class ladder d. an individual moves up the class ladder

b. a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes

Durkheim's term "anomie" refers to what condition? a. a prideful unwillingness to be ruled by other people's values and expectations b. a sense of disorientation, despair, personal unrest, due to a drastic change in circumstances c. intense boredom, resulting form an unvarying routine from which there is no hope of escaping d. overwhelming sadness over a romantic relationship that is coming to an unhappy end

b. a sense of disorientation, despair, personal unrest, due to a drastic change in circumstances

merging into the larger culture and shedding one's separate identity. a. amalgamation b. assimilation c. segregation d. pluralism

b. assimilation

If Country A has a Gini coefficient of .37 and Country B has a Gini coefficient of .49, which country has more inequality? a. the GINI coefficient doesn't measure inequality b. country B has more inequality c. country A and country B have essentially the same level of inequality d. country A has more inequality

b. country B has more inequality

the major difference between invention and discovery is: a. invention is typically used to refer to international objects, whereas discovery refers to that which is local to one's culture b. discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way c. invention refers to material culture, whereas discovery can be material or theoretic; like laws of physics d. invention is based on technology, whereas discovery is usually based on culture

b. discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way

believing one's culture is naturally superior to other cultures and evaluating and judging another culture based on one's own norms: a. positivism b. ethnocentrism c. cultural relativism d. antipositivism

b. ehtnocentrism

the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured are: a. values b. norms c. sanctions d. beliefs

b. norms

what factor makes caste systems closed? a. they exist only in rural areas b. people cannot change their social standings c. they are run by secretive governments d. most have been outlawed

b. people cannot change their social standings

Wallerstein's World Systems Approach terminology - very little industrialization, or outdated. Unstable governments. Economically dependent: a. core nations b. peripheral nations c. semi-peripheral nations d. developing nation e. industrial nation

b. peripheral nations

information societies are also known as: a. functionalist society b. postindustrial society c. industrial society d. feudal society

b. postindustrial society

an organization that fits the description of "McDonaldization of Society" has what characteristics? (check all that apply) a. hierarchy b. predictability c. efficiency d. mertiocracy

b. predictability c. efficiency

the family is generally considered which type of group? a. secondary b. primary c. a formal organization d. coercive

b. primary

research collected in numerical format that can be counted is: a. qualitative data b. quantitative data c. field data d. secondary data

b. quantitative data

which of the following statements about race is true? a. race is not real b. race is a social construct c. there is a race chromosome in our DNA d. race is defined by physical characteristics

b. race is a social construct

Social stratification is a system that: a. allows society members to choose their social standing b. ranks society members into categories c. reflects personal choices of society members d. destroys competition between society members

b. ranks society members into categories

Weber's analysis of modern society centered on the concept of: a. class consciousness b. rationalization c. alienation d. habitualization

b. rationalization

a policy maker wants to recalculate poverty based on a set percentage of the median income for each metropolitan area in the United States instead of a national average. This is an example of ___________ poverty. a. median b. relative c. absolute d. variable

b. relative

the basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification: a. is an artificial reflection of society b. serves a purpose in society c. cannot be justified d. is an outdated mode of societal organization

b. serves a purpose in society

Includes constraints, which are both enabling and constraining. a. agency b. structural c. epistemic d. creation of social subjects

b. structural

which of the following theoretical perspectives focus on the micro-level? (Check all that apply) a. structural functionalism b. symbolic interactionism c. rational choice theory d. conflict theory

b. symbolic interactionism c. rational choice theory

you do not get along with your significant other's best friend. this is an example of: a. structural hole b. the forbidden triad c. betweenness centrality d. weak tie

b. the forbidden triad

the concept of ""iron cage" refers to: a. a false idea becoming true if it is acted upon b. the individual being trapped by institutions and bureaucracy c. mechanical solidarity d. any action that is repeated frequently that becomes cast into a pattern

b. the individual being trapped by institutions and bureaucracy

which of the following statements about high culture and popular culture is accurate? a. high culture is related to the performing arts, popular culture is related to visual arts b. the labels of high culture and popular culture vary over time and place c. high culture is historical, popular culture is contemporary d. high culture stays the same over time, popular culture changes over time

b. the labels of high culture and popular culture vary over time and place

what factor makes class systems open? a. people are more open-minded b. they allow for movement between the classes c. people are encouraged to socialize within their class d. they do not have clearly defined layers

b. they allow for movement between the classes

Which company is an example of local cultures conforming to U.S. corporate cultures? a. Amazon b. Google c. McDonalds d. Starbucks

c. McDonalds

As of the year 2000, which country had the highest rate of working poverty? a. Belgium b. Spain c. United States d. Ireland

c. United States

a family that cannot afford the basic necessities of life or purchase enough to physically sustain its members lives in: a. relative poverty b. objective poverty c. absolute poverty d. marginal poverty

c. absolute poverty

one perspective is that human beings are not free in their choices and are constrained by their social world and social relations. which of the following concepts is the opposite of that? a. anomie b. organic solidarity c. agency d. false consciousness

c. agency

which dimension of power has more individual focus rather than structural? a. systemic b. epistemic c. agency

c. agency

rational choice theory proposes that people make decisions using the following process a. relying on logic and not on emotions b. using the scientific method to test alternate hypotheses. c. calculating the costs and benefits of various alternatives d. using multiple philosophical perspectives

c. calculating the costs and benefits of various alternatives

if a sociologist points out that core nations dominate the global economy, in part by creating global interest rates and international tariffs that will inevitably favor high-income nations over low-income nations, he is a: a. functionalist b. symbolic interactionist c. dependency theorist d. modernization theorist

c. dependency theorist

which of the following was NOT one of W.E.B. Du Bois' sociological roles? a. sociologist of Black community life b. early pioneer of empirical social research c. early pioneer of symbolic interactionism d. scholar activist

c. early pioneer of symbolic interactionism

what is the difference between open-ended questions on a survey, and interview questions? a. there are no difference between the two b. open-ended survey questions are quantitative and interview questions are qualitative c. in-depth interviews allow for interaction between the interviewer and the subject. the interviewer can ask follow-up questions d. open-ended survey questions are objective, while interview questions are subjective

c. in-depth interviews allow for interaction between the interviewer and the subject. the interviewer can ask follow-up questions

an ideal system based on the belief that social stratification is the result of personal effort that determines social standing, is called a: a. caste system b. class system c. meritocracy d. plutocracy

c. meritocracy

which of the following is a reward for conforming to norms? a. informal sanctions b. negative sanctions c. positive sanctions d. formal sanctions

c. positive sanctions

which type of sociology engages in dialog with audiences beyond the academy? a. critical sociology b. policy sociology c. public sociology d. professional sociology

c. public sociology

network analysis emphasizes which of the following? a. characteristics of social units b. only micro-level analysis c. relationships between social units d. only macro-level analysis

c. relationships between social units

involuntary separation of minority groups by legal or social means, based on race or ethnicity. a. amalgamation b. assimilation c. segregation d. pluralism

c. segregation

Wallerstein's World Systems Approach terminology - In-between nations. Cannot dictate policy, but are a major source for raw material. Expanding middle-class: a. core nations b. peripheral nations c. semi-peripheral nations d. developing nation e. industrial nation

c. semi-peripheral nations

culture is: a what is good and just in society b. objects or belongings of a group of people c. shared beliefs, value, and practices of a group of people d. moral views and principles of a group

c. shared beliefs, value, and practices of a group of people

what were the general findings of Asch's "line length" experiment? (check all that apply) a. the responses of confederates (experiment collaborators) had inconsistent effects on subjects b. when subjects knew the correct line, they consistently chose it, regardless of others in the room c. subjects can defy group conformity if they have some support d. subjects questioned their own judgment when confederates (experiment collaborators) picked incorrect lines

c. subjects can defy group conformity if they have some support d. subjects questioned their own judgment when confederates (experiment collaborators) picked incorrect lines

the most important difference between primary groups and secondary groups has to do with: a. size, because size influences the flow of power through the group b. the frequency of the group's meetings c. the degree of intimacy or instrumentality that people experience in these groups d. the level of competition for scarce resources within the group

c. the degree of intimacy or instrumentality that people experience in these groups

sociological studies test relationships in which change in one ___________ causes change in another. a. test subject b. operational definition c. variable d. behavior

c. variable

who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle? a. George Herbert Mead b. Erving Goffman c. Emile Durkheim d. Karl Marx

d. Karl Marx

which social think is associated with the term intersectionality? a. Harriet Martineau b. Michel Foucault c. George Herbert Mead d. Kimberle Crenshaw

d. Kimberle Crenshaw

Max Weber thought which religious group's beliefs led to the development of capitalism? a. Muslims b. Jews c. Catholics d. Protestants

d. Protestants

In the United States, the one-drop rule broadly separated people into "black" and "white." Under apartheid in South Africa, there were four racial categories. In Brazil there are up to a dozen racial categories depending on whom you ask. What general insight can we draw from these differences in racial categories? a. Brazil is a more diverse society than either South Africa or the United States, b. The United States has had stricter laws against miscegenation than either South Africa or Brazil. c. There are more blacks in the United States than in South Africa or Brazil, which influenced how racism was manifested. d. Racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place.

d. Racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place.

which of the following scenarios is an example of intragenerational mobility? a. an executive belongs to a different class than her parents b. a janitor belongs to the same social class as his grandmother did c. an editor shares the same social class as his cousin d. a lawyer belongs to a different class than her sister

d. a lawyer belongs to a different class than her sister

Stereotypes can be based on: a. race b. ethnicity c. gender d. all of the above

d. all of the above

what are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies? a. increased productivity b. increased efficiency c. equal treatment for all d. all of the above

d. all of the above

which statement best expresses the difference between power and authority? a. authority is inherited, but power is seized by military force b. authority is more subtle than power c. authority involves intimidation d. authority is based on the perceived legitimacy of the individual in power

d. authority is based on the perceived legitimacy of the individual in power

People voluntarily self-discipline to meet the norms of society. a. agency b. structural c. epistemic d. creation of social subjects

d. creation of social subjects

when Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers: a. must labor alone, without companionship b. move from one geographical location to another c. have to put forth self-effort to get ahead d. do not feel connected to their work

d. do not feel connected to their work

why is choosing a simple random sample an effective way to select participants? a. it is larger than an ordinary sample b. participants do not know they are part of a study c. the researcher has no control over who is in the study d. everyone has the same chance of being part of the study

d. everyone has the same chance of being part of the study

a ______________ perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealth corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into the local economy, and improving transportation infrastructure. a. conflict theory b. feminist c. symbolic interactionist d. functional

d. functional

intersectionality asserts that individuals experience multiple statuses that relate to privilege and disadvantage as follows: a. an individual's overall level of privilege or disadvantage is determined by adding privileged statuses and subtracting disadvantaged statuses b. individuals experience consistent degrees of privilege or disadvantage across their multiple identities c. an individual's master status is what determines their overall level of privilege or disadvantage d. individuals can be privileged in some identities, and at the same time, disadvantaged in other identities

d. individuals can be privileged in some identities, and at the same time, disadvantaged in other identities

engaged coexistence of distinct racial or ethnic groups. a. amalgamation b. assimilation c. segregation d. pluralism

d. pluralism

what intergroup relationship is represented by the "salad bowl" metaphor? a. amalgamation b. assimilation c. segregation d. pluralism

d. pluralism

what is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior? a. secondary group b. formal organization c. primary group d. reference group

d. reference group

Charles is a sociologist studying the population of gay fathers in the United States. He interviews 200 men in his data collection. These 200 men constitute what researchers call a: a. case study b. census c. participant observation d. sample

d. sample

which type of research method is considered "non-reactive"? a. ethnography b. interview c. lab experiments d. secondary data analysis

d. secondary data analysis

using a computer as an analogy, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between culture and society? a. culture is the monitor (output system) and society is the keyboard (input system) b. culture is the hardware and society is the software c. society is the monitor (output system) and culture is the keyboard (input system) d. society is the hardware and culture is the software

d. society is the hardware and culture is the software

value neutrality means: a. being unwilling to abide by ethical guidelines b. having no opinions regarding research c. not conducting research on any controversial topics d. striving to overcome personal biases in conducting and reporting research

d. striving to overcome personal biases in conducting and reporting research

social constructionism is related to which social paradigm? a. conflict theory b. positivism c. structural functionalism d. symbolic interactionism

d. symbolic interactionism

why did the Zambardo's Prison Experiment end? a. the experiment reached its natural concluding point b. the subjects could not maintain their assigned roles and they were having too much fun c. the project ran out of funding d. the subjects in the guard roles became abusive towards the subject in the prisoner roles

d. the subjects in the guard roles became abusive towards the subject in the prisoner roles

what is "homophily"? a. the tendency for people to form friendships and network ties with people who are different from them b. Entering into a relationship that creates a redundant tie between network subgroups b. entering into a relationship that creates a redundant tie between network subgroups c. bridging the gap (creating a tie) between disconnected parts of a network d. the tendency of people with similar characteristics to form friendships, or network ties

d. the tendency of people with similar characteristics to form friendships, or network ties

weak ties are valuable parts of a social network because: a. it is easier to sever them if a friendship doesn't blossom smoothly b. we do not have to invest as much energy in maintaining them c. it is easier to exert power over those to whom we have such ties d. they are more likely to introduce us to new information and ideas

d. they are more likely to introduce us to new information and ideas

what role do secondary groups play in society? a. they provide a social network that allows people to compare themselves to others b. the members give and receive emotional support c. they allow individuals to challenge their beliefs and prejudice d. they are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs

d. they are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs

(t/f) society and culture are interchangeable terms

false

(t/f) total institutions are also known as "utilitarian organizations."

false

(t/f) use of power is leading through domination.

false

T/F: Race and Ethnicity are interchangeable terms that are synonymous of one another

false