SOC 150 MIDTERM
How do they depict networks as being important
Claim you cannot understand economic behavior without understanding social context Economists define market structure as number of buyers and sellers, sociologists understand market structure buy understanding the social relationship between buyers and sellers Difficulty of foreign firms to enter Japanese domestic market → explained by "keiretsu" which is a network of Japanese corporations who favor each other over working with outsiders; without understanding the social relationship, this could not be explained Networks affect economic performance; firms can have higher profits and people can have better careers Networks operate at an interpersonal level and an interorganizational level
What was Weber's thinking about bureaucratic administration
Command chain Bureaucracy rountinize administration. When you rountinze it you make it smooth. In the same way just as a machine Rountinizes production. Bureaucracy means that you have a fixed Division of Labor (you have the job description which is good) Hierarchy of offices: This divides responsibility as well as set up a command chain. Fixed set of performance rules: Whatever your job may be Separation of personal and official property/rights: meaning that if someone owned a place they ran a place, but then it meant that you don't need one owner, you have multiple chains of commands.
How are emotions and families linked to these findings?
Computer orphans/widows are found because of advanced technology, people can now work more at home and overly work and neglect the family. Most married mothers choose temporary employment to handle house work as well Work spillover is the transfer of mood, affect, and behavior between home and work
three discourses of emotional labor
Concerning labor • Jobs now call for more interpersonal skills and fewer mechanical skills • Work is deskilled and the worker belittled Concerning display • Goffman- prevents us from dismissing the small as trivial by showing how small rules, transgressions, and the punishments add up to form the longer strips of experience we call work Concerning emotions • Deals with the timeless issues of what an emotion is and how we can manage it
What are some basic network shapes, types of brokerage, etc.?
Consultant- outside person who helps coordinate w/in a network A->B->C Gatekeeper- outside person gives information to brokerage to give to person in own company A->B->C Representative- sending a representative from own group to coordinate with outside group A->B->C Liaison- all from different groups; a third party sent to message between two different groups A->B>C Basic network shapes: star, line,loop/circle
findings of the Vallas study
Creation of new technical positions along with introduction of DCS, TQM, and information systems increased the amount of process engineers within the plants Work methods have become standardized The more important role of process engineers has effectively lowered the opportunities for manual employees to promote and created a barrier between expert and non-expert labor Essentially the engineers have taken the higher jobs and opportunities from the lower workers and you can no longer work your way up to the top (managerial) from the bottom (craft/ manual labor) Legitimate knowledge now defined as that of the engineers or machines, the craft knowledge is no longer seen as legitimate except by the craft workers themselves Instead of a relaxation of constraints like the model infers, there are tightened constraints Engineers believe that problems occur more with the manual workers and would rather have machines control everything HOWEVER, it is true that worker's skills have increased because they have needed to learn how to work and use the new technology and systems
Employee Involvement Programs (EIPs) were a new "paradigm of participation" that emerged why; what did they involve, and how widespread were they?
EIP's emerged because companies believed everyone should participate and could be beneficial by applying previous knowledge from workers to problem solving. Workers can have more responsibility and respond better to change Very widespread in US because they had a range of possibilities Involved making workers more flexible and subsidiarization- having decision making rest at level where it makes the most sense. Involved triage- completing what needs to be done first
What is involved with Hochschild's research and findings about airline attendants Managed Heart: emotional labor
Emotion and display norms. When you attempt to change a feeling Emotion and impression management. -Surface acting: when a person has to fake emotion to meet certain social or work rules. -Deep acting: about a person trying to feel a specific emotion that they are thinking about in their mind. Emotion labor (face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact) -Intended to create emotions in the customer -Training involves control of other's And one's own feeling states.
What are the biological aspects of social emotions we discussed (Ekman's work on facial recognition of emotions),
Emotions are culturally universal, we recognize expressions not matter who or what culture a person is part of. Biological in origin ( its built into us which is why we are able to do this. Anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness and surprise. ( 4 negative, one positive, and surprise can be either or. coined the term display rules: rules we learn in the course of growing up about when, how, and to whom it is appropriate to show our emotional expressions.
Fayol's thinking
Engineer and scholar That brought forth how management should happen by tweaking it. Lets concern ourselves with the actual management portion of running a business. Practical Problems No one knows how to respond to problems If we're gonna be practical and realize that we need to fix problems then that means everyone is an administrator. Everyone needs to be able to say those effective decisions. When things go wrong, then your company wont run well if you dont have people that take responsibility to control the situation at hand. !!
Interorganizational
Exchange relations → corporations transact w each other Personnel relations → persons go between them Property relations → formal ownership
What's involved with the approaches taken by Fayol and Taylor toward scientific management and organizing work; how do they contrast?
Fayol: Upper Level Administration: For him its a manager, and these managers need certain qualities, Taylor: Workshop/technical Level (PYRAMID) Once you design the best way to work you need people to make sure these workers do it and do it right. !!!
What was Weber's thinking about bureaucracy,
Fixed division of Labor ( fixed job description) Hierarchy of offices -Sets up a chain of command -Simplifies who listens to who Set of performance rules Separation of personal and official property/rights -At one point if the person runs the place then they ran they place, now you can have multiple owners
Generally speaking, what are the various approaches taken by Taylor in explaining how capitalism, organization, and rationality operate?
Frederick Taylor- Scientific Management Tried to find ways for workers to work more efficiently without hurting worker 1. Manager responsibility Make the worker responsible for THEIR job 2. Scientific Method Design and specify that task 3. Select the best person to fill the task 4. Training Want them to work YOUR way 5. Monitoring Ex- video: Organization "worker control" (Ford's Model T Factory)
three major theoretical approaches in sociology
Functionalism conflict symbolic interaction
How did workers/management interpret and cope with the transformation of work?
High school popularity • Attributes o SES, religion effort, etc. !!!
What are homophily and triadic closure?
Homophily refers to the tendency of people who are similar to each other to hang out together. People seek out people who are like them. Triadic closure aka clustering is when a network of 3 where A and B are connected and B and C, usually closes in on itself over time so all three become connected.
What about Clark's research on sympathy (socioemotional economy
Human exchange that goes on in everyday life
What was involved with Kang's research on Korean nail salons and what were her findings?
Illustrate three dimensions of body labor 1. The physical labor of attending to the bodily appearance and pleasure of customers 2. The emotional labor of managing feelings to display certain feeling states and to create and respond to customers feelings regarding the servicing of their bodies 3. Variation in the performance of body labor as explained through the intersection of gender with race and class These vary and emerge three district patters of body labor provision 1. High service body labor 2. Expressive body labor 3. Routinized body labor o Drawing from Hochschild' define important parallels between concepts of body labor and emotional labor
Vallas and Beck applied to real life
In that, these Post-Fordism tactics are currently being utilized within the warehousing industry here in the IE, For instance, Amazon is notorious for being a SHIT employer that uses tactics such as contingencies to exploit both the IE's environment and it's workers; as well as using technology as a DCS tactic for the purpose of intensely monitoring its employees. So much so, that these ********, don't allow their employees to take bathroom breaks, which forces them to piss in a plastic bottle while working at their stations. Which is completely unsanitary and unethical but they can get around all of this, via the temp agencies that they utilize for employing these workers. Thereby legally insulating these pricks from any wrongdoing, because technically, these workers Amazon employees.
How do IEPs "build the self: 4 skills for learning interaction";
Interpreting (leave anger aside) Taking the roles of others Depersonalizing confidence
• Part time workers
Largest segment of contingent workers Regular on-going jobs but reduced hours Low skill, low wages Get sent home if slow But also, high end part timers Creative professions They possess professional value, status
Consumerism and globalization: things to worry about
Linguistic difficulties Cultural meaning -Food -Interactional scripts
conflict
Looking at structures in society and saying " WHY?!?" there are many inequalities but the main reason is why. Why do we have to have things set up the way they are. Why? Marx approach.
Functionalism
Looks at any society as a machine or an organism. There is a set of interconnected structures that form a function. Looks at the bigger picture and asks what are the functions and what are the structures and how do they work. Interested in how things work and how things don't work . problem: if there's a structure, there must be a need for it. You must need both pieces if they are there in order to work.
Folgers Ad
Man berates wife over bad coffee and says that the women are work make better coffee with less equipment Wife talks to friend about it and says if she could make a decent cup of coffee, she could relax Friend introduces her to Folgers and her husband loves it Implies that a woman's sole responsibility is to make their husbands happy
Fayol's managerial qualities
Managerial ability depended on certain qualities. Physical mental and moral types of qualities General/special education: If you're gonna be a manager you need certain types of education but other type of knowledge as well. Experience: Having experience in things really does help ( How you have grown as a student through experience)
Can you explain the following four ideas and how they operate/interact/integrate with one another 4) Altheide's discourse of fear?
Marketing of things not just to consume, but the marketing of information. Altheidies talks about discourse of fear, discourse is an expression or a way of talking about things. Fear is a very powerful motivation for people. Normally if someone's fearful you will often choose to do something about it. If that's the case, then fear seems like a resource, something that we can use, and if it motivates people, then you can modify it and it becomes a commodities. Don't like car accidents? Who does, so let's get rear view cameras to stay safe. Something that might motivate you to do something but if you can market it you can use it like propaganda to make money. Propaganda profit entertainment: Motivation, Resource, Commodity You can get people to do a lot of stuff if they are fearful Specific incidents: 9/11 causes a discourse of fear outside that specific incident ( people being scared of middle eastern people even they havent done anything wrong. the pervasive communication, symbolic awareness and expectation that danger and risk are a central feature of the effective environment
Commodities as gifts
Must be proportional to the relationship Social meaning of gift matters more than individual utility
What is Weber's classical definition of power; how do coercion and legitimacy relate to power and its stability?
Naked fist, a possession, something you have more or less of. He talks about it as an ability, an ability to realize your will against the opposition of resistance of others. Power in the real World Coercive power is usually unstable Power is more stable when considered legitimate. ( if you can get people to Accept your authority then they will usually follow along)
Commodities
Objects with physically useful characteristics Embody social relationships Marx: relationships between humans were distorted to appear as if relationships between things Current: being both dependent on social relations and constitutive of social relations Depend on systems of cultural meaning
Vicki Smith tells us that contingent, non-standard, temp, part-time, and other forms of alternative work arrangements create choice & constraint, flexibility & uncertainty, opportunities & compromises- and so forth. What do her findings shows us about those topics?
Only 30% of Americans work a regular schedule (9-5, M-F) Underemployment is when people want to work more but can't find any permanent jobs, just temporary Independent contractors are just highly skilled temporary workers Well-paid home based contractors take multiple jobs to save up a cash reserve in case they become unemployed
What were Blumer's three premises for symbolic interaction (SI)?
People act towards things on the basis of the meaning those things have for them. ( Things can be physical, or an expression, or a tone of voice, or the silence in a room. However, people act upon each of those things that are presented in that situation.) Meanings are a product that emerge from social interaction. (what something means tends to emerge as we interact.) Meanings are modified in an interpretive process by each individual using signs. (we have no choice but to use signs in order to construct or share meaning) ( we have to interpret what's going on) ( Just because you hear something doesn't mean you actually understood what a person might have been telling you.)
problem of succession
Problem of Succession: Has to do with who succeeds next, or whos the next leader or whos the next in charge, this is a problem because there is different factors that can determine whos in charge.
Interpersonal
Referrals increase chance of getting the job Affect who gets access to capital (lenders more likely to lend to people they know and trust, forgive their debt, give them lower interest rates) Direct Sales Organizations (DOS's) rely on this for sales bc salesperson will sell to friends family etc Heavily influence business activity in terms of employment, lending, and sales
SMITH what were the subject/topic, participants, and methods of her study; the lacunae we discussed?
Repreco → "organizational boundary spanning workers" → officially an employee of repreco Balancing out → status differences The issue → problematic tone of unscriptable interactions Lacunae - a gap; left out white professional jobs → blue collar production Used archival records Semi-structured interviews
Generally speaking, what are the various approaches taken by Ritzer in explaining how capitalism, organization, and rationality operate?
Ritzer's McDonaldization Principles of fast food are something that has been applied to all aspects of life Efficiency: product/ service that moves us from one state to another Quantification: efficiency, predictability and control = "replaceability" Someone doesn't go to work, fill in the spot Predictability: Same thing everywhere: ex: "food tastes the same as it did last time" "The 'Big Mac' in China taste just like the 'Big Mac' back home in the US" Control: "We need exact regulation to use the service Replaceability: If someone doesn't show up... production does not stop Everyone is replaceable
What are some EIP effects that workers describe?
Self- validations via self efficacy Gender differences (in interaction with people, amount of interruptions made, wording used) Linguistic competence listening/silences "Procedural resistance": learning how to avoid confrontations with clients
What about Clark's research on sympathy: micro-stratification
Self-directed emotions (at themselves, pride, shame embarrassment Other-directed emotions • Displays (all of the above are displays,
How does Goffman's dramaturgy operate (performances, regions/stages, audience segregation, deception, etc.)?
Series of 3 performances Actor/audience • Sometimes you are self aware of what you're doing and then that creates distraction to what you're actually doing so Face • Our reputation, how we are perceived • Our performance has to reflect what our face "says" Front/back region • Front: foster the desire of impression in people • Back: where we contradict the front stage • Difference: barrier to perception
explain the following ideas and how they operate/interact/integrate with one another 2) WI Thomas Theorem,
Situations defined as real, are real in their consequences. In other words, the interpretation of a situation causes the action. This interpretation is not objective. Basically, it means that the outcome of a situation depends upon an individual's perception of it, and not on the situation by itself. Thomas theorem actually provides an explanation for the norms and values that society strictly adheres to. Superstitions, actions based upon religious beliefs, recognizing a leader in the crowd, panicking to baseless rumors
What does Braverman say about the division of labor (DOL) and its effects?
Talks about the work and when you break it down in individual processes it causes: separation of work (DOL) Dual effects: 1. Breaking up work into steps 2. Disassembles the worker too
explain Taylor's scientific management
The king of efficiency. The guy we associate with scientific management For him, he was very precise in finding ways for their workers to work more efficiently without hurting workers. 1.) the manager needs to take responsibility for designing the work. Employees should just do the task given ( if we hired you to flip burgers, then just flip the burgers, nothing else. ( Find the best person to fill the positions and begin training them. 2.) Scientific methods: you have to design and outcome and try to do it right. And if there was a warning it could help eliminate error for next time. 3.) Select best person the person you know will do the job that you want them to do. 4.) Training: then you begin training the person how you want them to work. They have to be trainable. They have to do it your way. 5.) This requires Monitoring. We have to monitor them in order to see just how capable of doing the tasks you asked correctly.
2) Total Quality Management (TQM)
The principles of TQM include (1) Statistical Process Control, refers to engineers using statistics to determine production progress/outcome, and whether these outcomes are satisfying the "target values" or "Centerlines." Hence, managers use these statistics to manage their employees by having them meet the organization's "centerlines' and SPC's" goals/quotas/requirements. Moreover, this concept of TQM legitimatizes managers' hierarchal rank over their employees, because they have statistical data to back-up their claims that their subordinates are lacking efficiency and effort at work, or, that they are meeting said standards (143-145).
What does Granovetter teach us about the strength of weak ties?
The strength of weak ties provide a resource you wouldn't have with a strong tie; shorter path ways example: a classroom Weaker ties tell you new information you did not know before if you sever them, you damage networking more compared to severing a strong tie, bridging a gap most placements did not occur through the formal mechanism of job allocation but instead informally when it comes to leaning about new job opportunities, weak ties perform better bc give access to different or more distant social circles weak ties- useful to obtain information strong ties- help supply influence
Commercialization
They market to creat meaning and these things are very important and become more important through interaction (ex: hallmark cards)
How do workers perceive EIPs and why are they motivated to participate?
They recognize previous troubled situations and now have new tools to work with. Motivated by self sense survival → which then leads to self efficacy - there was positive outlook because they had recognized that they might learn new skills and strategies to combat issues from previous causes .. a sense of self-survival
Why do workers tolerate that inequality; from what things do they become alienated?
They were alienated from the process, product self, and others
What are Weber's three types of legitimate authority/domination, how are they defined, and how do they relate to the problem of succession?
Traditional authority, based on long standing principles, (Why is he in charge? Because he's the king) ( easy solution to succession: the next up, usually their kids. ( Not the nest way to solve succession) Charismatic: a little more complicated, they just appear, they have a persuasive appeal, ex: Gandhi and Jesus ( legitimate as well) ( even worse way to solve succession) Rational-legal direction: a succession from one president to the next. (we vote and the next leader is chosen) analytically they are the same thing, but really they are not. Not really about the message but more about the messenger. The benefit of choosing an authoritative figure in this type of authority is that there's always someone else who wants the job who is also qualified.
Generally speaking, what are the various approaches taken by Marx in explaining how capitalism, organization, and rationality operate?
Two classes: property owners (bourgeoisie) and property workers (proletariat) Workers become commodities Worker becomes poorer the more wealth he produces, devaluation of worker The more invested the worker is in their product; the more their life belongs to the product eating , drinking, and procreation is animal behavior; creativity makes us human
• Temporary employment
Typically earn low wages, strict hours, close supervision Underemployed: employment options are limited and temporary positions are often the only ones they can find Independent profession contractors -Earn good money, highly skilled -Choice to work like this Married mom w children Chooses this bc allows her to spend time w/ kids
1) Distributed Control Systems (DCS):
Uses computer terminals to monitor workers' production process, "diagrams, graphs, and maps to represent" institutional maintenance, quality and functioning. DCS, provides production data, and monitors and controls workers activity and records their effectiveness. However, DCS has created alienation among workers, which produces workers feeling stressed out and at times having difficulty "adapting to this new work method ["I'd rather be bored to death than work to death"
commodities: things and meanings
Using products can make statement about kind of person you are Commodities possess public meanings that their producers have deliberately cultivated Ad about the personal relationship of consumer rather than the commodity itself Association of distinctive meanings w/ particular commodities gives consumers ability to embrace those meanings Tell world what they are or aspire to be
What was Weber's thinking about administrative staff (10)
We have a job description and were expected to do just that, nothing more. Subject to authority only with respect to their impersonal official obligations. Clearly defined hierarchy of offices ( each person had their specific role or position makes it easier to ask for direction because you know whos above and below you. Clearly defined sphere of competence. ( schmitt teaches soc. Nothing else, he knows what he knows) Free Contractual relationship ( can't force you to take your two weeks) People are supposed to be selected on the expertise that they have. ( Selected on basis of technical qualifications. Remuneration and resignation: what kind of pay do you get what kind of benefits that you have, and you have a right to quit/ move up in the ladder at your job Primary occupation of the incumbent. (many people work multiple jobs now as though before people had one main occupation Career, Promotions Promotion is usually a hint of whos above you Separation of ownership from administration: This has to do with stock owners serpeation to their corporation. Ultimately you end up with stock percentages from multiple people that all own the company; your separating the relationship between you and the company Strict and systematic discipline and control in the conduct of the office. ( Write up, warning, care form, fired. What are the consequences for discipline in the workplace
Generally speaking, what are the various approaches taken by Weber in explaining how capitalism, organization, and rationality operate?
Weber: rationality Efficient means = desired outcome Rules provide protection "Iron Cage" we become locked in the rules that were put to help us
Civil inattention
When you're courteous (civil) but you're inattentive (ignoring people politely, in class people right next to you, ignoring them atm)
What is the iron cage/steel-hard housing (stahlhartes gehause)
You have a Desired Outcome You must find the efficient means in order to reach you desired outcome. "Stahlhartes Gehause" steel hard housing in german "Iron Cage" germans are very literal so this means that if we move towards a more rational world then we are more constrained by rules. So in reality it's more like a cage
explain the following idea and how they operate/interact/integrate with one another: 1) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,
a hypothesis, first advanced by Edward Sapir in 1929 and subsequently developed by Benjamin Whorf, that the structure of a language determines a native speaker's perception and categorization of experience. The idea behind this is linguistic relativity. Society groups and cultures tends to have a rich vocabulary for things that are important. And remember language shapes our perceptions of reality. We've developed a vocabulary for something because it is important to us.
economy of scope
ability to use the same machine to make different products
Product differentiation
advertisers distinguish their own products Denim pair of pants, prison blues, true religion, levis, wranglers, these product differentiation gives these things its own reality and people gravitate towards things they like or things celebrities like.
What is involved with Hochschild's research and findings about airline attendants Managed Heart: costs
affects the degree to which we listen to feeling and sometimes our very capacity to feel Stressful and de-personalizing Surface acting (phony) Deep acting (alienation/authenticity)
Methods of the Vallas and Beck
analyzed 4 paper mills to evaluate the accuracy of the post-Fordist model work. They found many flaws and inaccuracies in the theory analyze their (1) "work methods," (2) machine tenders (Note that "machine tenders" are highly skilled employees who are based at the "control systems" of production), (3) system controllers. Further, these sites were important, because these paper mill sites have been impacted by organizational & technological changes, which began in the 1970s.
What is rationality
and efficient means to an end thinking. Rationality may have a desired outcome or goal but it may be leaving out other considerations. about 3 things: calculability, methodical behaviors and reflexivity worried when become locked
What do Babbs and Carruthers tell us about the history of markets, exchange, and capitalism?
are influenced by social interactions and vice versa. Markets are embedded: markets exist with, are shaped by, and depend on, other social relations . Ex: the same market can operate in a variety of ways depending on location, time, and circumstance. four PreConditions medium of exchange existence of buyers and sellers existence of property reliable information
Symbolic Interaction(SI)
brought upon us by Blumer. Connections that arise due to networking or meeting people. How people use symbols to create meaning, societies is a product of social interactions.
fordism
building a lot of things, huge volume to be created
post fordism
change in financial market, globalization Post-Fordism is a business strategy that abandons traditional tactics such as (1) Centralized Bureaucracy and (2) Standardized Tasks. In place of new strategies such as (1) Flexible specialization, (2) Post-Hierarchical Workplace, and (3) Learning Organization. HOWEVER, It appears that Post-Fordism Theory has not completely abandoned these old outdated concepts, which creates ambiguity, confusion, and "conflicting formulations" pertaining to Post-Fordism
consumerism
change is important part of consumerism Determine what's in Planned obsolescence through steady introduction of innovations
how do they describe networks as operating (centralized/decentralized, cliques, etc.)?
characterize the position of particular persons or firms within the network person more centrally positioned often have higher social status than marginal persons cliques- those inside subgroup traded more within their group and less to outsiders - ^ had the effect of increasing price volatility
How have they applied to the commercialization/branding of goods and services found in Carruthers and Babbs' Marketing and the Meaning of Things?
commodities embody social relationships Kind of meanings attached to commodities draw from: o Social status, attractiveness, gender, age, social relationships, ethnicity, group membership commercialization, branding, product differentiation, celebrity endorsements, diversity, globalization !!!!!
3) The Changing Nature of Shopfloor Life:
direct result of the changes in technology and organization management. AND these changes have produced "3 decisive shifts," via (1) Increasing Centrality of Process Engineers;" (2) Redefining and Re-Legitimizing Worker Knowledge; (3) The growth/expansion of standard decisions that workers can execute
The growth/expansion of standard decisions that workers can execute
dominant tendency has involved a pattern of tightened constraints upon manual workers judgement rather than the relaxation of constraints
Redefining and Re-Legitimizing Worker Knowledge;
epistemology revolution- an inversion in the criteria that define legitimate knowledge of the work process which means an overturning of traditional craft methods for generating knowledge about production and replacement by newer set based on scientific and engineering discourse
explain the following ideas and how they operate/interact/integrate with one another 3) Mintz's history of sugar,
found sugar westerns loved it —> England acquired barbados and other sugar islands —> vastly expanded trade —> english made into commodity —> sugar changed from luxury item to affordable —> all classes loved it the power that was originally given to the upper class citizens who consumed sugar transitioned to those who produced and sold it at first only wealthiest used sugar sugar relied on slave trade
Increasing Centrality of Process Engineers;"
happened bc - of hiring engineers to newly created positions - creation of new technical positions -increasing representation in supervisory and second line management jobs prob: not as many opportunities for promotion which solidified a credential barrier between expert and non expert labor
institutions and market
institutions help provide critical market preconditions markets are embedded in institutions, culture, set of meanings conditions usually satisfied by formal government action but also informal social relations (not written down) - diamond merchant ex - trust created thru strength go families ties and specific ethnic religious community
Objectification of labor
labor which has been embodies in an object, which has become material
Block modeling
made DeMedici successful Focus: external ties to outsiders • No one had ties to outside like DeMedici did • Not internal ties and cliques Block modeling shows structural equivalence -Which of these families is like the other -Social comparisons o Have a way of comparing social groups -Imitation and isomorphism o When you occupy a structurally similar place you see a lot of imitation -Identical/ similar environments
ford formula
mass production + low cost + high wages = cheap cars and well paid workers
Mintz's history of sugar meanings are categorized into two process:
meanings are categorized into two process: 1. intensification in which people replicate others of a higher status - the poor wanting to consume sugar because they witness the wealthy consuming it 2. extensification - where sugar becomes important to the poor as a source of calories rather than status - need energy to work
Consumer durables
more expensive items
maximum prosperity
not only large dividends for the company or owner but the development of every branch of the business to its highest state of excellence so that prosperity permanent
• Downtown nails
o Located in predominately black working and lower middle class residential o Expressive body labor o Focus their emotional management on communication a sense of respect and fairness o Based on technical skills than emotional o Black working-class women expect minimal pampering and focus on appearance and durability of nails
• Crosstown nails
o Located in racially mixed lower middle class and middle class residential o Routinized body labor o Use as utilitarian measure to enhance their self-presentation o Class prevails over race as both black and white view the nails as instrumental
• Uptown nails
o Located predominately white, middle- and upper-class commercial area o High service body labor o Try to please white women but hard o Race, gender, and class intersect to produce an emotionally and physically pampering form of body labor that conforms to expectations of white middle class women
• Airline worker smile
o One way no more than delivering a service but seen in another way it estranges workers from their own smiles and convinces customers that on the on the job behavior is calculated o Labors calls for a coordination of mind and feeling o Both physical and emotional labor: the worker can become estranged or alienated from an aspect of self
What is Marx's thinking about social classes/social relations and their effect on owners/workers?
o Owners vs workers o Exploitation and surplus o Tolerating inequality o Types of alienation
Moonlighting
o Part time during night and regular during day
Soldiering:
o Underworking o Working solely to avoid doing full day's work o Almost universal in industrial establishments o Directly affects the wages and prosperity of working men o Elimination of this would lower cost of production
• Contingent, nonstandard and part-time work
o are important and widespread in the alternative employment landscape o Uniquely shape the quantity and quality of time we experience w/ families o Polarize Americans into an advantaged class and disadvantaged class • Contingent work arrangement pushes the boundaries of work even further into homes bc the site of home literally becomes site of work
disenchantment?
people are constrained by the rules we've created in the first place
Conspicuous consumption.
public signaled membership of elite group some people buy get, and do stuff just to show that they can have those things. It is for the purpose of displaying yourself.
Branding
set of stable meaning attached in the minds of consumers ex. everyone uses q tips but in reality they are called cotton swabs, you're use to the name that it becomes the actual object
Multivocality
single actions can be interpreted from multiple perspectives simultaneously
What is involved with Hochschild's research and findings about airline attendants Managed Heart: feeling rules
standards used in emotional conversation to determine what is rightly owed and owing in the currency of feeling govern our emotion display. Recognizes that these feelings control what we are and not suppose to feel Shape expression and experience subject to social roles, power. Learned through social interactions negotiable
• Hochschild's claim about tripartite division of labor on which families depend
the first shift of the paid job; the second shift of unpaid housework; and the frustrating and little appreciated third shift of "noticing, understanding, and coping with the emotional consequences of the compressed second shift
What's involved with Ritzer's McDonaldization? (5)
the principles of fast food restaurants applied to aspects of social life. He checks to understand how fast food operates. EFFICIENCY: Lead to principles of Efficiency, providing a product or service so that you move from one state to another. ( Move from hungry to full) Their form of efficiency is to get your food and leave, or for example the efficiency in a restaurant. ( The calm, cooperative reactions are part of the extraction of getting what you want from ac customer: Satisfaction. Quantification: We do this for school for example, GPA, for sports, Hit trajectory, stats, etc. PREDICTABLE: Also the want their product or service to be predictable. They want their product to be the same everywhere. Control: This is where the exact regulations or exact planning for delivering a product or service, then we need regulations for providing these services. REPLACEABILITY: Now if you do all of these things then it provides a Replaceability. The means that when someone doesn't show up, the production does not stop. This makes everyone replaceable so that production never stops. Ritzers work is build on the foundations of organizations.
What is economy of scale
tools
how does the QWERTY effect apply to rationality understanding?
typewriters. People were capable to typing super fast. Mechanical device to type fast. It works very well until it gets jammed. So since it slowed people down then they changed the set up of the keyboard. So they sacrificed speed for the stoppage of jammed keyboards. QWERTY EFFECT: continue to rely on a solution to a problem that doesn't exist anymore (we dont use typewriters anymore so no problem of getting jammed but still use that keyboard
networks
vary in quality and intensity , degree of formalization, duration, direct and indirect introduce stickiness into the market what ppl and corporations depends on kinds of networks in which embedded influence who gets capital, how firms sell their products two kinds go resources flow through social networks: information and influence
PATH DEPENDENCY:
we continue to follow this whether it benefits us or not.
Dramatic realization
where common public performances typically match public expectations
Audience segregation
• Different performances depending on the audience • Kids not wanting parent to take them and friends somewhere because they don't wanna figure out how to behave with both groups
The managed Hand Kang study
• Focuses on the case study of Korean immigrant manicurist and their relations with racially and socioeconomically diverse female customers in New York City nail salons • Study compares nail salons in three racially and socioeconomically diverse settings, employing participant observation and in-depth interviews
What gives social pattern to our acts of emotional management?
• When we try to feel we apply latent feeling rules • Acts of emotion management are not simply private acts; they are used in exchanges under the guidance of feeling rules
one increases sales by
1. Invest in product improvements 2. Spend more on advertising
When are workers working (2004)
20% outside reg. hours 16% at least one weekend day Moonlighting
o Feeling
Define as a sense We experience it when bodily sensations are joined with what we see or imagine
o Transmutation of the emotional system
Means to point out a link between a private act and a public act Expose the relation between the private act of trying to dampen liking for boyfriend and public act of bill collector suppressing empathy Affects the two sexes and the various social classes differently • Lower class work more with things; higher class more with people
"The Labor Process Before Automation
(1) Communication between workers at different processing sites was essential; (2) Organizational rank/hierarchy impedes progress of work; (3) De Facto Apprenticeship; (4) "Black Books" refers to workers recording their work notes, which states what worked well for them while on the job; while also refusing to share their tips of the trade with others. Hence, there is a high level of internal competition
Adler's (1992) 4 Distinctions of Post Fordism
(1) Upgrading: Refers to the "automation of manufacturing;" (2) Deskilling: Refers to employers simplifying work by using "new technologies" that made it easier for employees to handle; (3) Contingent (i.e. dependent): Refers to how "social conditions" are dependent upon the organizations' technological changes. For example, Amazon warehouses workers in the IE are dependent upon Temp agencies for employment, because of their various social conditions such as, being an immigrant, ex-con, college student, etc.. (4) Post-Taylorist or Post-Fordist: Refers to organizational Flexibility. Meaning that as market consumption (rise in purchasing more items) changes, it creates a fast quick response among organizations that function within the market.
Place claims
(a claim of your place in someone else)
"place markers"
(emotions that remind us of our status in a situation)
Deception
(unique) central to social life, goes on all the time
How did Padgett and Anselm's network approach explain the DeMedici family success?
***NETWORKS Marriage, economic, and patronage networks "The Medici party was a heterogeneous mixture of contradictory interests and cross-cutting networks" (1262) Medici network was a centralized spoke/star system, mainly direct ties Greater cohesion of the Medicis Medicis did not marry families with whom they engaged in economic relations (business) and vice versa Multiplex ties were discouraged Filled structural hole Using ambiguity
arms length
- akin to the proverbial business relationships: self interested
rotating credit association
- an informal social group in which member agree to make periodic monetary contributions to a central fund, and the find is then made available to each contributor in turn - operates at least long enough for everyone to get turn - unlike names fo not have a deposit insurance or any similar gov guarantee - work only on the basis of a substantial level of trust - big with ethnic immigrant groups
law of indifference
- competitive markets are characterized by this - this means that market traders really dont care about each others personal characteristics or about social relationships - the only things that matter are the price and quantity of the good - so network that forms is random
paper
- each of the production areas was closely dependent upon the others - requires frequent communication among workers in different areas but despite technology communication across production areas is often difficult - minor changes in production methods are often not effectively transmitted - intensify problem by seniority rules and promotion sequences are typically intradepartmental - pro: rewards workers for the slow and patient accumulation of knowledge concerning area - Con: isolates hourly workers from their counterparts in other production areas and spawns departmental allegiances and identities that limit border forms of cohesion among workers - production process provides little opportunity for workers to see whole process - to get skills needed for jobs, operators have to serve de facto apprenticeship, moving from jobs as fifth or fourth hands to backtender - black books- have notes of info gained but do not share
structural hole
- individuals will enjoy more success if they position themselves here - holes are where relations are absent by putting themselves into a structural hole of an existing network, a firm can broker between different groups and link into multiple networks
embedded ties
- much closer, special relationships - involve repeated transactions over long periods of time - not formal contracts so can be easily modified - provide three kinds of benefits - trust, information, and joint problem solving - bc of ^ can improve a firms performance - prob: incest- the firm becomes trapped in a closed network cut off from new sources of information
The Most Sexist Ad of All Time - Goodyear Polyglass
- polyglass means more than mileage - women driving crazy - man comes sits in front -Implies women are naturally bad drivers
Ford and Taylor Scientific Management
- process took several weeks - took their time bc they were hand made - really expensive so separated the rich and poor - Ford model T then assembly line • Workers became part of the machine and they could not slow or stop it • Mgmt forbade unions and fired anyone trying to recruit for them • As many men were quitting, Ford decided to double the wages to attract more workers • Simple, but strict method: you work hard and you get a high wage • Workers were powerless b/c they were lucky to have a job o Enforcers kept the workers from having a good time at work
Uzzi study
- research on New York garment industry illustrate the kind of firm level benefits that particular kinds of networks can bestow - the manufacture sits at the middle of a network of contractors, coordinating and monitoring their specialized activities - firms relate to each other in two ways - arms length - embedded ties
Remaking the Labor Process: Beginning in the 1980s, 3 distinct changes in labor and technology emerged within in the paper mills.
1) Distributed Control Systems (DCS): 2) Total Quality Management (TQM) 3) The Changing Nature of Shopfloor Life:
Fayol's list of principles (14)
1. Division of work: when you have all these small parts and bits makes it really boring, so you need to maybe provide incentment? 2. Authority: He recognized that people have a personal authority to the job. (Some people are occupying the boss role yet the regular employee are more commanding) 3. Discipline: To flow between the employee and the employer. (Mutual respect) 4. Unity of Command ( You have one boss to whom you are responsible) This is important so you know who is in charge of you specifically. You report to that main person 5.Unity of DIrection: The idea that each person in their particular group is all on the same page for that ultimate goal. 6. Subordination of Individual Interests; The idea that people aren't going to be free writers. ( You don't want people to be careerists) 7. Remuneration: More than just pay, it is not just wages, it needs to be fair in other aspects too. There should be some kind of fairness in systems ( benefits, the shifts, and the treatments 8.Centralization: Seeking an optimal amount of control in each level. Power and decision making are allocated according to what makes sense for the operation ( Giving certain levels power in order to function properly. 9. Scalar Chain: Line of Authority; ( Maybe there's a way to create shortcuts in certain circumstances-- The gang plank plank that pirates used to cross the sea from boat to boat. ( Someone to help keep production going) going over someone's head, for example if you have a question you can go straight to the TA, but instead you go straight to the professor. 10. Order: PEople just like things, being in the right place, this is where ambition and nepotism comes in. sometimes when people move up in rank without reason is when peoples nepotism comes out ( Look up nepotism) 11. Equity: You invest your time and you invest you effort. 12. Stability of Tenure: recognized that keeping the same people can be a really great idea, because if nothing else, when people leave you have to retrain others. Training people sucks. 13. Initiative: Holistic portion where he recognizes that if people want to do a good job they need some type of autonomy, they need to have that drive to want to help. Ex: kids wanting to help with chores because they want to feel useful, the beauty of it is is that they begin to learn, and now they know how to do it. 14. Esprit de corps: Comradery among people you want people to have a job and you want people to love what they do ( Spongebob with the krusty krab)
Nail salon work is generated in 4 major dimensions
1. Involves mostly females as both service and consumers 2. Focuses on the construction of beauty according to feminine norms 3. Situated in feminized semiprivate spaces 4. It involves the gendered performance of emotional labor
What does Smith mean by her 2 clusters;
1. Macro level o Power structure of firms o Typically unionized, goods-producing manufacturing o Example: workers bargain for how policies are written/enacted 2. Micro level o Improving production/provision of goods/services o Theoretically: workers help to actually reorganize work o Greater opportunities (for workers) o AND vía job rotation, enrichment, self-management
What are EIP Goals
1. More flexibility 2. Greater ability for subsidiarization (where it makes more sense) 3. Triage (what needs to happen first - prioritize) 4. Bottlenecks (remove a problem) 5. Increased profit
Fayol's 5 elements of the management process.
1. Planning/Prevoyance : A kind of foresight, when you're planning for stuff you're trying to forecast, and budget. ( recognition that there's things you need to look forward to in order for your skills to improve over time)--Plan for a trip and budget out gas because you know that's an expense that guaranteed ( Resources, tasks, future trends) This is one of the reasons why he is a forerunner in participative management. 2. Organizing : a matter of providing the organization with everything you need. ( the land, the labor, etc) the main thing is that everything is accounted for like the land, labor, and resources. -Span of control: refers to how many people report to a boss, how many people report to a manager. When you move to the next tier of management should be no more than 6 because that span of control needs to think. -Selection/ training. 3. Commanding/Directing : You have to delegate efficiently to make the job work. 4. Balancing : out things so knowing every aspect of the job. Once you've done that you can start to coordinate activities and balance out things. 5. Control : where the record keeping and monitoring happen. ( if expectations are not met then readjustment and re-coordination are needed.
• What constitutes the externalization and alienation of labor?
1. The fact that labor is external to the worker Labor not voluntary but coerced: forced labor 2. External charter of labor for the worker appears in the fact that it's not its own Therefore, worker only feels himself freely active in his animal functions
If max prosperity result of determined effort of each workman to work his best, do they do the opposite?
1. The fallacy that a material increases in the output of each man or each machine in the trade world would result in the end in throwing a large number of men out of work 2. Defective systems of management Common tendency to take it easy because of ignorance from employers 3. Ineffective rule of thumb methods Save time by doing things the quickest and efficient way
• Species being
Adopts species as own, object He treats himself as the actual species; as a universal and therefore a free being Man is only species being because conscious life activity distinguished man from immediately from animal life activity In estranging from man 1. Nature and 2 himself, his own active functions, his life activity, estranged labor estranges the species from man 1. Estranges the life of the species and individual life 2. It makes individual life in its abstract form the purpose of the life of the species
vallas conc
Although work under these conditions should be favorable to the flexibility thesis, there are instead many obstacles to flexibility obstacles to flexibility: - centering on the power of engineering knowledge and its -symbolic devaluation of skilled manual labor management has sought to cultivate workers normative committee to the mill new process technologies brought an increasing level of skill requirements long manual employees (this contradicts Bravermans point- as easy as "leaning to tell time") pioneer engineers play increasing role, more of them and more power which limits workers career opportunities -shift to favor scientific discourse over local or experiential knowledge work methods are subject to increasing levels of standardization
What about Clark's research on sympathy: sympathy margins, biography, and etiquette, etc.)
Amount that you owe people and vice versa (sort of like a bank account but instead of money it's emotion) No unwarranted claims (example: someone has one final but you have 3 on the same day) Not too much or too readily (there's etiquette to when to ask for sympathy) Keep accounts open (if you leave it dormant for too long it'll eventually close, friendships) Repay with gratitude, sympathy, or both
How are these "organizational boundary spanning workers" at Repreco doubly accountable; how do their statuses and other differences affect work experiences?
Balancing act -Have to keep boss and client happy !!!!
how do IEPs they help workers in lieu of formal education, mentors, etc.?
By providing meta-skills, entrepreneurship
Self enhancement with social emotions
By using emotions properly "Put downs"/ flattery Eliciting more emotion than expending Eliciting obligation Giving emotional; gifts that highlight another's problems or lower position example: saying you're going to Coachella when you know others can't afford it