SOC 275 Exam 2

Around what percent of homicides are classified as deadly interactions?

(Around 30-50% of homicides are classified as deadly interactions)

Trends of mass murder (did it emerge in the 1960s as a new phenomenon; two peaks in which decades, how were peaks qualitatively different)

-1/14 million people become mass murderers (.007 out of 100,000) -since 1980, we have averaged about 3 mass shootings per year -common perception: the mid 1960s marked the onset of mass murder wave -Grant Duwe Conclusion: MASS MURDER IS NOT NEW, DID NOT EMERGE IN 1960s -PEAK in the 1930s, drop in the 1950s, start to increase in 1960s and PEAK in 1980 (1930s, 1980s) -familicides more common in 1930s, drug-related mass killings more common in 1980s

Brutalization

-Brutalization Effect: executions further brutalize our society -Mechanisms: 1. executions send the message that, as a society, we do not value individual lives 2. further desensitizes us to the most extreme form of violence 3. legitimizes murder ("do as I say, not as I do") -Shepherd (2005) concluded that a brutalization effect could be observed in over 10 states in her study on deterrent effect of capital punishment (increase in murder after each execution) -difficult to study because we must make assumptions about how social messages are sent and received

Trends of hate crime (which religious groups are more/less targeted?)

-EIGHT-FOLD INCREASE in anti-Muslim hate crime between 2000 and 2016...(9/11) -conclusion: similar level of anti-religious hate crime over the years, but the type of religion being targeted has changed -targeting jews: 75% in 2000, 54% in 2016 -targeting Muslims: 1.9% in 2000, 24.8% in 2016 in the past year and a half, we have seen an even more dramatic increase in anti-Muslim crime...many scholars attribute this to Trump's influence

Policy implications of deadly interactions (what can be done to reduce this specific type of murder based on its characteristics/circumstances?)

-Initiative to increase social awareness of this problem (philadelphia obituary project) -school-based conflict resolution and emotional control training (TAB, SNAP) -gun restrictions -stricter monitoring of intoxication at bars -male socialization: anger control, no shame in apologizing, devalue shows of masculinity

Define deadly interaction + two main subtypes

-Most common type of murder -Homicides that are the result of an INTERACTION between two or more people in which there was an opportunity for either party to change the course of the events leading up to the fatal moment -the victim is qualitatively different than in other murders...the role of the victim is essential to the outcome...the victim is an active participant -two main subtypes have been distinguished in the literature: 1. violence enacted during a conflict/argument 2. violence during the context of another crime

How sentences vary (generally) for different types of murder and manslaughter

-Sentences vary by state, and depend on charge...original charge determined by prosecutor 1ST DEGREE MURDER: death penalty, life in prison without parole FELONY MURDER: usually classified as 1st degree murder, and therefore shares the same potential sentences as 1st degree murder 2ND DEGREE MURDER: punishment up to life in prison; not a capital offense MANSLAUGHTER: at least 12 months in prison -aggravating/mitigating factors should be considered -AGGRAVATING FACTORS: makes the crime worse, increases severity of punishment (women/children involved) -MITIGATING FACTORS: reduces responsibility of offender, reduces severity of punishment (environment they grew up in didn't help teach right vs. wrong) -when there is a HUNG JURY (can't decide) in the sentencing phase of a capital case, life sentence is used -penalties can also include fines, rehab programs, restitution programs

Cost of Life in Prison vs. Death Penalty

-Study in Kansas on cost of trial in murder cases...death penalty trial costs $400,000 per case, while non-death penalty trial costs $100,000 per case -Florida: $24 million per execution since 1976 (but this is an outlier...NC costs 2.16 million and Texas costs 2.3 million) -Since 1978, in CA, over $4 billion spent on the death penalty -Maryland: 5 executions for cases pursued between 1978 and 1999, costing taxpayers $186 million CONCLUSION: it costs tax payers MUCH MORE to kill someone than to keep them in a maximum security prison for life

Importance of studying Intimate Partner Violence when explaining Intimate Partner Homicide

-a discussion of intimate partner HOMICIDE must be linked to a broader discussion of intimate partner VIOLENCE -most instances of IPH are the culmination of a history of IPV...trigger for lethal event often varies by gender or victim

Copycat killings (what happens, nature of effect)

-access to media and weapons influences copycat killings (people may identify with the killer and carry out similar crime) -copycat effect is strongest among people who are similar to the original killer -copycat effect is often short lived -media should carefully consider releasing details of the mass killings

Trends of intimate partner homicides over time (by race and gender; what accounts for the major decrease in intimate partner killings of men)

-decreasing overall for both male and female victims -decreases much more aggressive for male victims (60% decrease for male victims between 1976-77, while only 23% decrease for female victims between 1993-97) -african american men and women victims demonstrated even more drastic decrease from 1980-1999, but the rates still remain higher for African Americans compared to whites -why the decline? 1. social factors that help women escape from abusive relationships 2. liberalization of divorce laws 3. de-stigmatization of being a battered wife

Multicide and the three common types

-definition: the killing of more than one person 1. MASS MURDER: 4+ victims in one location in one incident; the same emotional experience 2. SPREE MURDER: multiple victims at two or more separate locations with no cooling off period between the homicides; the same emotional experience 3. SERIAL MURDER: two or more victims, killed on diff occasions, with a cooling off period between each incident; each event is emotionally distinct and separate

Organized versus Disorganized Dichotomy

-developed to help profilers: make links between what is observed at the crime scene and the type of person the offender is -most cases can be a mix of both organized and disorganized..."atypical" means we don't have enough information (found decomposed remains) ORGANIZED -planned offense -victim is a stranger -crime scene reflects control (restraints used, not chaotic, body hidden or moved, evidence is absent or minimal) -personalizes victim -highly suggestive of sexual sadism DISORGANIZED -spontaneous offense -known victim/location -depersonalizes victim -minimal conversation -crime scene random and sloppy, sudden violence, body left in view -sexual acts AFTER death -weapon/evidence present OFFENDER OF ORGANIZED CRIME -highly intelligent, charismatic -socially and sexually capable -lives with partner -experienced harsh discipline -controlled emotions during crime -high interest in media response to crime -model inmate OFFENDER OF DISORGANIZED CRIME -below average intelligence -socially immature -seldom dates, often unemployed -lives alone, nocturnal -engages in unskilled work -low interest in media attention -high anxiety during crime

Prevalence and trends of familial homicide

-difficult to determine prevalence because official reports are very likely underestimates (undiscovered cases, difficult to determine cause of death because it is often misclassified as accidents or SIDS) -average of 650 children under the age of five murdered every year (or about 4% of all murders) -as children age, death by family member becomes less likely (majority of filicides occur before 1 year)

Deterrence Effectiveness

-does the presence of capital punishment increase, decrease, or have no effect on the murder rate? -many forms of studies include comparing rates of two diff locations with diff capital punishment statutes, compare rate before and after abolishing/permitting capital punishment, predict the effect of deterrence while accounting for characteristics of the state (unemployment, population size) -COMPARATIVE DETERRENCE = important question is not whether the death penalty deters, but whether it deters better than other options

Conclusions of empirical evidence on the death penalty (4 Topics)

-empirical evidence can't weight in on the eye for an eye vs. immoral argument 1. Deterrence Effectiveness/Comparative Deterrence 2. Cost of Life in Prison vs. Death Penalty 3. Brutalization 4. Biased Application

Common traits, potential diagnoses

-exposure to some form of traumatic event or situation during childhood, often exposure to violence -poor attachments with caregivers -for sexual murderers, overly sexually permissive or strict childhood environment -low self esteem, feelings of inadequacy, lack of control -often evidence of escalating violent sexual fantasies -homicide is a means to gain control back

Characteristics of the male filicide offender versus the female filicide offender

-general consensus that NEONATICIDES are considered the only form of murder in which there are more female offenders than male offenders MEN -characteristics = poor, working class, build up of stressors -kill older children -use more violent methods to kill -are more likely to attempt suicide (or commit familicide) WOMEN -characteristics vary depending on type of killing, esp. between neonaticides and other forms of filicide -kill younger children -use less violent methods to kill *DESPITE THESE DIFFERENCES, SIMILAR MOTIVATIONS MAY BE IDENTIFIED IN MALE/FEMALE PERPETRATED FILICIDE*

Mass murder at home/Familicide

-generally less than 30 per year -one member of the family, usually the patriarch, kills all members of the family -two common types: 1. the ANGRY offender (history of violence, triggered by threat aka spouse wants to leave, act of revenge/punishment) 2. the DESPAIRING offender (often ends in suicide or disappearance, overwhelming feeling of failure, killing to spare fan from shame, usually no criminal history, perhaps triggered by meaningful failure like loss of job)

Other-crime homicides

-homicides originate in the course of other crimes -VP is usually not an issue BUT the victim has some influence on the outcome (running, fighting back increases likelihood of fatal violence) -mostly males who are marginalized and have criminal histories -offender is willing to take extreme risks when engaging in criminal behavior EXAMPLE: robbery homicides -weapons often used for intimidation/victim compliance -murder committed for instrumental purposes, not to resolve conflict

General execution trends (What has the trend been the last 5-10 years? How many years on average do people sit on death row before execution?)

-increased from 08-09, but has been slowly decreasing since -looking at 2010-2013...average of 186-198 months of sitting on death row before execution (15.5-16.5 years)

Prevalence of serial killing

-less than 1% of all homicides, perhaps 30-500 killings per year -Why is it so difficult to determine prevalence? 1. difficulty linking cases 2. better at getting away with murder than other killers 3. often target vulnerable groups (no missing persons reports)

Prevalence of hate/bias crimes -reasons for under-reporting -degree of under-reporting

-major problem of under-reporting: 1. do not trust law enforcement to report crimes (minorities, immigrants) 2. not all states have hate crime statutes 3. not all states recognize the same types of bias 4. if LGBTQ, unwilling to out themselves 5. fear of retaliation 6. do not know if crimes were motivated by bias

-Be able to discuss the debate over the gender representation in studies of intimate partner violence (how might we reconcile these diverse findings? Hint: think about the way violence is measured, the conflict tactic scale)

-many researchers argue that IPV is a sex-specific phenomenon...men vs. women engage in IPV at diff rates for diff reasons -other researchers argue that there are reasons why we have a gender disparity in some studies, but it doesn't actually exist because a. males unwilling to admit when victim b. failure to measure female forms of violence c. males are stronger so even if engaging in similarly aggressive behavior, males will produce more physical damage CONFLICT TACTIC SCALES: -demonstrates that males and females are equally violent (study violence within families and how people deal with conflict) -criticism: men/women are usually violent for diff reasons

Workplace murder: Why the gender split? Is it always the workers?

-men are more likely to judge their own self-worth by what they do, rather than who they are...men are the earners while women are the caretakers -men more likely to view violence as an appropriate means of gaining control, while women view it as a means of protection -not just workers...disgruntled customers or clients sometimes seek revenge for mistreatment

Difference between MO and Signature

-modus operandi: dynamic practices that enable the perpetrator to get away with the murder... "method of operation" -signature: a ritual or symbolic act, performed at each homicide... often take souvenirs of the crime (perhaps 50%)

How is the high murder rate over the weekend related to deadly interactions?

-more chance of alcohol/bars/social interactions?

Spree Murder -do you think this is a useful concept?

-most spree killers may be classified as either mass killers or serial killers -major disagreement over length of time during which an offender may experience a "continuous emotional experience" --one month? (serial killers) or one day? (mass killers) -serial killers may become spree killers if they start killing more frequently -prof's opinion: forget about it

Trauma-Control Model

-no ONE factor will predict who becomes a serial killer! 7 FACTORS: 1. predisposition factors: biological, psychological, sociological 2. trauma events: leads to low self-esteem too 3. dissociation: some consciously repress trauma if unable to cope, but pain resurfaces 4. low self-esteem 5. increasingly violent fantasies: in most, if not all, serial killers 6. facilitators: not CAUSAL factors, but provide vehicles to express fantasies (alcohol, drugs, pornography) 7. trauma reinforcements: violence leads to momentary sense of return to equilibrium, good feeling **(know predispositional factors, trauma, leads to low self-esteem and fantasies, then reinforcers, dissociation and facilitators lead to homicide)

How to identify a sexual murder

-not always observable because we don't know that the offender was aroused during the crime -statements by offenders -clear signs of sexual activity (torture, mutilation, penetration)...bodily fluids at the crime scene, victim is a sex worker -removal of clothing is NOT enough to classify homicide as sexual -the motivations for these murders likely vary, depending on how sex is involved: consensual sex followed by lethal event, rape followed by instrumental murder, pleasure gained from sexual torture -useful to distinguish between sex-related murder and sexual murder

School killings

-not just killings on the school property, but also while student is commuting to and from school or at a school event -most school killings are not mass killings -despite well-publicized shootings, children are relatively safe...much more likely to be killed at home...only 1 out of 2 million school children are killed -often suburbs and rural communities (or is it? gang-related killings at schools in urban areas receive less media attention)...most mass shootings are in rural areas while single gang-related are in urban areas -changing offender-victim relationship (teacher on student, to student on student, to student on teacher) -changing context of the mass killings: early 1990s gang conflict was spilling over to school environment, late 1990s the socially outcast student seeking revenge

prevalence of MASS school killings

-number of school related violent deaths has remained relatively stable since the 1990s, but the number of MASS school murders has increased -dramatic increase in the 1990s, called an "epidemic" by media outlets -most of these publicized shootings occurred in suburban, rural areas

Characteristics of serial murderers (and common victim characteristics and weapon choice)

-older white man -criminal histories and a cunning, criminal sense -education: 4% college degree, 16% attended some college -employment: usually blue collar positions -often able to compartmentalize the world (those they care about and those they don't) VICTIM CHOICE -same race as offender (intraracial) -usually female (70%) -often has symbolic meaning or is target of convenience -those who are vulnerable -generally stranger, occasionally acquaintance WEAPON CHOICE -rarely firearms -often intimate methods (strangulation, torture)

Biased Application

-our own prof, Beckett (2014): jurors in WA are 3x more likely to recommend the death sentence for a black defendant compared to a white defendant, holding case characteristics constant -defendants who killed whites were more than 3x as likely to be given the death sentence as defendants who killed blacks -odds of being given a death sentence increased by 3.5 when the victim was white (relative to non-white) CONCLUSION: being a black offender increases the likelihood of receiving the death penalty, and killing a white person increases the likelihood of receiving the death penalty Why might this be? -racial bias at many diff stages of the criminal justice system -case characteristics are different

The killers in school shootings (do know that 70% of perpetrators acknowledged peer bullying)

-overwhelmingly male -common story: bullying, exclusion, revenge, nothing to lose, targeting individuals who wronged them -GENERAL CONSENSUS: 70% OF SCHOOL HOMICIDE PERPETRATORS ARE VICTIMS OF BULLYING -Langman's school shooting typology 1. traumatic background 2. psychopathic--feel powerful 3. psychotic--disturbed

Themes from the Bloods and Crips documentary

-restricted opportunities (due to structural and interpersonal racism) produced formation of alternative youth groups and continue to sustain the existence of the gangs (e.g. boy scouts, neighborhood segregation, heavy policing of black men, lack of job opportunities after industrialization) -each generation pushes for greater equality, occasionally in the form of attempted peaceful compromises and in other times, in the form of violent riots -constant experience of hate --> "time bomb" -gangs provide identity, status, protection, income...important things that cannot be achieved through conventional means due to circumstance

Battered Woman Syndrome (what is it, what is it used for in court)

-used in court as a defense in homicide cases since the 1970s -4 characteristics: 1. woman believes violence is her fault 2. woman has an inability to place responsibility for the violence elsewhere 3. woman fears for her life or children's lives 4. woman has an irrational belief that the abuser is omnipresent and omniscient -essentially, woman is suffering from PTSD -may lead to lesser charge such as involuntary manslaughter

Be able to discuss current issues involved in defining an act as "terrorism" (what gets labeled a "terrorist act" and why; what definition do you think we should be using and why)

-we should only label crimes as terrorism that were completed with the goal of setting a political, religious, or ideological message -however, we don't always know the motivation, and we make decisions regarding classification on incomplete information -PROBLEM: we inconsistently label what is and what isn't terrorism, BIASING OUR EVALUATION of how much terrorism there is and complicating our understanding of the causes of terrorism ex: White christian perpetrators are less likely to be labeled as terrorists compared to muslim perpetrators...we overlook real threats while we focus on exaggerated ones. When enlightened, we overcompensate so as not to appear discriminatory -some scholars argue that we need to disregard intent (because it may be unknown) and label all mass shootings terrorism -other scholars argue only cases in which clear intent is identified, and that intent is to send a political message, should be labeled terrorism

4 elements used to distinguish between different forms of multicide

1. # of victims (4+ or 2+?) 2. emotional experience (continuous or discontinuous?) 3. cool-off period (yes or no?) 4. geographical location (one, 2+, or irrelevant?)

Four explanations for why America has such high gun ownership and usage (be able to recognize all four and describe at least two in detail)

1. CULTURE: firearms are status-conferring in the US (based on historical, cultural significance; symbolize masculinity/dominance)...2nd amendment to the constitution explicitly addresses gun ownership as a right 2. AVAILABILITY: if guns are easily available, greater chance of assaults ending in fatalities (more guns in circulation, higher usage) 3. EASE: guns are relatively easy to use (can kill from a distance, easy to set off) 4. LETHALITY: obvious: gas are more deadly than all other weapons, 23x more likely to die during assault with a firearm than in an assault without one, guns allow multiple attacks, bullets may do tremendous damage

Tools of Death: Name the three tools

1. FIREARMS: used in the majority of homicides 2. ALCOHOL: linked to a large % of criminal offenses, and specific types of murder in particular 3. DRUGS: linked to homicide in at least 4 ways

Theoretical approaches to explaining intimate partner homicide

1. Feminist approaches 2. Strain theory 3. Social learning theory

Reasons for joining and staying in the gang

1. GROW UP IN IT -socialized via the gang -gang becomes bases for identity 2. LACK FAMILY INSTITUTION -mothers are required to take over the provider role -fathers are not present to engage in socialization, support -children feel the need to find a group to identify as a "family" -social support 3. PROTECTIVE MECHANISM -economic threats: lack of resources, job opportunities -interpersonal threats: other gang members

At least two effects of terrorism

1. HOMELAND SECURITY: restrictive travel and immigration policies 2. INDIVIDUAL ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR: after a major attack, we see increasing efforts in establishing and maintaining close relationships (unite against a common enemy phenomenon)

Three motivations for murder by gang members

1. INITIATION: killing someone to show loyalty to the gang before acceptance 2. DEMONSTRATIONS OF DOMINANCE: turf wars and retaliation to attacks, must not be weak because dominance is the only source of status and power 3. DRUG RELATED CONFLICTS: drug market inherently involves violence --illegal market must self-regulate

Four explanations for the drug-homicide link

1. Most violence NOT due to PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS of the drugs -some weak evidence of increased violence with PCP and cocaine -media often incorrectly relies in this stereotype -may influence violence, but may not be the primary cause -less than 7% of offenders are under the influence of illicit drugs when arrested Most violence DUE to 3 other sources: 1. ECONOMIC PURPOSES: crimes are committed to gain resources that will enable obtainment of drugs to feed addiction 2. MARKET PURPOSES: many opportunities for violence between drug dealers, sellers, and customers due to illegality of the market and the need to self-regulate 3. UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR ON DRUGS (led to heightened violence, increased penalties, entered mass incarceration era)

Three models for sexual homicide

1. Motivational model 2. Paraphilic model 3. Catathymic vs. Compulsive Homicides

Motivations for serial killing

1. Power thrill: excitement and empowerment 2. sexual: gain sexual gratification from torture and killing 3. anger: motivated by rage and hate 4. criminal enterprise: to gain status or other rewards in organized crime activities 5. financial gain: monetary gain from the killings 6. ideology: promote philosophy of specific individuals or groups 7. psychosis: serious mental illness (hallucinations, delusions, paranoia) **the most common types: KILLING IS DONE TO SATISFY SADISTIC URGES OR EXCESSIVE NEED FOR CONTROL

Four goals of the criminal justice system (definitions)

1. Punishment/Retribution: vengeance for a wrong act 2. Deterrence: to deter would-be offenders from committing crime 3. Reform/Rehabilitation: to intervene in the offenders life in a way that will alter the likelihood of future crimes (currently not the focus of our CJ system) 4. Incapacitation: to physically restrain the offender from engaging in additional crime

Theoretical approaches to explaining filicide

1. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: parents have learned to discipline and control children via violence 2. STRAIN THEORY: inability to support child, child as took to affect spousal conflict, unwillingness to be stigmatized for young...unmarried pregnancy produces strain that must be resolved

4 types of hate murder (thrill, defense, retaliation, mission; be able to recognize, not recall)

1. THRILL: (50%) thrill killing for acceptance -often committed by a group, need to feel accepted and important 2. DEFENSE: defending what is theirs from outsiders, motivated by need to protect 3. RETALIATION: responding to attack, victim from previous attack feels need to retaliate, new victims may bro only of SYMBOLIC importance (not original attacker) 4. MISSION: (most rare) mission to eliminate a certain group, message to send -seek to target every member of a particular group, attempting to send a message to public, devoted to punishing a certain type of person

Be able to recognize the 7 myths of serial killers

1. all serial killers are men (7-17% serial murders committed by women) 2. all serial killers are Caucasian (white males have received most media attention) 3. all serial killers are isolated and dysfunctional loners (ability to blend in keeps them successful) 4. serial killers travel widely to find their victims (most have a comfort zone) 5. all serial killers are mentally ill (almost none are "insane") 6. all serial killers are evil geniuses (most do not possess unusual intellectual abilities) 7. serial killers kill alone (1/4 work with partners)

Gender Symmetry in IPV: Summary

1. although there is extreme gender asymmetry in IPH, some scholars have argued that men and women are equally violent in relationships 2. if we believe there is gender symmetry, we must explain why men kill much more frequently than women (stronger? more willing to engage in lethal violence?) 3. If we believe there is gender asymmetry, it is more logical to assume that higher rate of male perpetrated IPHs is related to tendency for men to be more violent. Here, we must explain why men are more violent with their partners (evolutionary explanations? masculinity? diff purposes of violence?) 4. Why don't we know which interpretation is correct? METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS -how we conceptualize and operationalize violence (not focusing on all forms of violence, diff tendencies of men/women to label violence as such, failure to look at purpose of violence)

Social learning theory (effects on both victim and offender)

1. children will learn to respond to conflict with violence EVIDENCE: -being victimized or watching victimization between intimate partners as a child increases likelihood of victimizing partners or being victimized by a partner 2. teaching children that love is associated with violence and that those who love you have the right to hurt you 3. teaching children that physical coercion is appropriate in intimate relationships

Motivations for child-killing

1. fatal abuse/accidental/shaken baby syndrome 2. unwanted children: mostly cases of neonaticide 3. premeditated cases: insurance money 4. munchausen by proxy: make children sick of kill children for attention/sympathy 5. altruistic killings: relieve the child of real or imagined killing 6. psychosis, especially associated with severe postpartum depression *MOST COMMON CASES ARE THOSE IN WHICH THE EVENTUAL OFFENDER IS TRYING TO DISCIPLINE, PUNISH OR QUIET THE CHILD AND LOSES CONTROL*

Common Types of Mass Murder--Which type of mass murder is most common?

1. mass murder at home (the modal category) --MOST COMMON 2. workplace killings (rare...4% of 495 cases studied were at workplace) 3. school killings (appear to be on the rise)

Existing policies to address IPH and their success/drawbacks

1. orders of protection (restraining orders) 2. mandatory arrest (but must be aware of potential for backlash) 3. battered women advocacy groups (mostly effective only in urban areas) -what else could we do? a. male socialization b. gun restrictions

Models for understanding serial killers

1. organized vs. disorganized typology 2. holmes and holmes' motivational typology 3. trauma-control model

Most common circumstance leading to parricide

1. other argument 2. other (not felony) 3. unable to determine 4. other reasons 5. argument over money or property 6. brawl due to alcohol

Policy Implications of filicide (what should we be doing?)

1. permit abortions, increase access to abortion clinics 2. train medical practitioners to recognize signs of postpartum depression and provide resources for intervention 3. education for parents: classes to prepare them for parenting...including coping mechanisms and alternatives to punishment 4. empower child welfare agencies to get children into safety...50% of killed children had been previously identified as at risk by child welfare agencies

Are there risk factors we can identify for IPH?

1. prior history of domestic violence a. history of choking b. rape and sexual violence c. violence towards pets 2. obsessive possessiveness a. extreme jealousy b. stalking c. suicide attempts or threats 3. prior police involvement 4. threats to kill 5. alcohol or drug problems 6. protection orders 7. perceptions of betrayal 8. child custody disputes a. past attempts to kill or abduct children b. severe abuse of children c. sexual abuse of children 9. mental illness 10. children are hers, not his 11. her fear

Distribution of hate crimes (most against race, religion, sexual orientation, or gender identity?)

1. race/ethnicity/ancestry 2. religion 3. sexual orientation 4. gender identity 5. disability

Characteristics shared by all three types of mass murders/murderer

1. slightly older (with the exception of school mass murderers recently) 2. long history of frustration and failure (at home and work) 3. more likely to be male/white 4. history of violence: domestic violence somehow involved in up to 50% of cases 5. place blame for failures on others 6. lack support system 7. often triggered by a "final straw" 8. not cases of "going ballistic" --rather, usually well-planned 9. some (around 25%) attempt suicide

Be able to list at least two responses to school shootings, discuss their effectiveness, and suggest alternatives

1. surveillance cameras/entry control devices: security to lessen likelihood of school shooting CRITICISM: not all shootings occur inside the building ALTERNATIVE: emphasize positive environment, not controlling environment 2. armed guards/teachers: provides sense of safety CRITICISM: FALSE sense of security, they don't know what they're doing and you're just adding onto the violence to make perpetrator feel LESS safe ALTERNATIVE: reduce caseload of teachers and guidance counselors

Strain theory (economic strain)

1. the intimate partner relationship may be a source of strain that creates pressure to cope via criminal means 2. strains likely vary depending on gender of partner 3. negative emotions differentially experienced by gender 4. conditioning factors influence whether negative emotions are coped with via murder -economic deprivation/low occupational status -alcohol use (married to heavy drinker means ur 5x as likely to be assaulted) -availability of firearm

Four criteria for classifying a group as a gang

1. three or more members 2. members share an identity, often represented with symbols and names 3. the group has some permanence and degree of organization 4. groups is involved in criminal activity

Feminist approaches

1. unequal power relationships in families and society create opportunity for violence (women viewed as property of men) 2. men and women taught culturally appropriate gender roles and the roles reinforce male dominance (men are only enacting what they were socialized to do -- be aggressive/dominant) PROBLEM WITH MASCULINITY 3. men are awarded greater status, power, and privilege than women (this is not a family problem, it is a result of our historical oppression of women)

Holmes and Holmes Typology of Serial Killers (6)

1. visionary killer: often suffers from psychosis; responding to a voice or vision 2. mission-oriented killer: believe it is their mission in life to rid society of certain types of people 3. hedonistic lust killer: sexual pleasure comes from the actual killing or from having sex w the corpse or mutilating the sex organs 4. hedonistic thrill killer: also obtains sexual pleasure from killing but requires a live victim; sexual pleasure comes from torturing, dominating, terrorizing, and humiliating the victims 5. hedonistic comfort killer: kills for creature comfort (material or financial gain) 6. power/control-oriented killer: pleasure gained by controlling/exerting power over his helpless victim

Best estimate of prevalence of gang-related homicide

15% of ALL HOMICIDES (comparatively, they are thought to account for about 50% of all crime)

How the Motivational Model expands on the Trauma-Control Model

5 phases 1. ineffective social environment: perceptions of family members, quality of attachments later influence...ineffective parental bonds 2. formative events: trauma, developmental failure, interpersonal failure 3. critical personal traits and cognitive mapping process: social isolation, fetishes, aggressive, emotional detachment, daydreams, revenge...hypoarousal OR hyperarousal 4. action toward others and self: cruelty (animals and children), aggression, disregard for others 5. feedback filter: justifies acts, discovers increased arousal states, corrects errors, discovers increased areas of dominance, power and control

Percent of all homicides that involve firearms

70% percent has remained relatively stable over time (slight overall increase) percent varies by type of homicide and offender characteristics

Role of third parties in deadly interactions

70% of cases occurred with an audience 57% of cases, audience members either actively encouraged violence, blocked the encounter from outside interference, or provided lethal weapons 43% of cases, audience members did nothing This data set does not capture the cases that potentially were avoided due to third-party involvement...However, other studies have suggested that third-party involvement is very effective at stopping violence

Prevalence of hate murder according to UCR

9 hate murders reported to FBI in 2016 (18 reported in 2015) race - 7 (5 anti-white, 2 anti-black) religion - 0 sexual orientation - 1 (gay male) gender - 1 (anti-male) numbers are probably wildly inaccurate...murders of over 30 transgender individuals made headlines in 2016 but we don't know which of these were hate crimes despite being quite rare, known bias murders attract a tremendous amount of media attention

M'Naughten Rule --how many states use it?

A test applied to determine whether a person accused of a crime was sane at the time of its commission and, therefore, criminally responsible for the wrongdoing. Must know right from wrong at the time of the offense (tests for criminal insanity under EXCUSES) 26 states use this rule

Brady Bill

Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act FEDERAL legislation Must wait 5 days after purchase before receiving the weapon, during 5 days: background check for certain exclusionary factors using state law enforcement unlawful to sell long gun to anyone under 18, any other firearm under 21 **only applies to firearm sales through federally licensed dealers (gun show loophole) EFFECTIVENESS -can't precisely determine amount of lethal crime deterred -since passing, about 0.5% of purchases have been blocked (1.3 million)

Role of firearms and alcohol in Deadly interactions, IPHs, and filicide

DEADLY INTERACTIONS -presence of guns/alcohol increases likelihood of fatality in a conflict (60% deadly interactions involve a firearm, 60% deadly interactions involve alcohol use) INTIMATE PARTNER HOMICIDES -presence of a gun in the home increased likelihood of domestic homicide -married to a heavy drinker increased likelihood of assault by 5x FILICIDE -one of the few types of murder in which presence of firearms and alcohol DO NOT significantly increase likelihood of murder -rare for children to be killed by guns -only 3% of female perpetrators were intoxicated -around 10% of female perpetrators had some form of alcohol or drug dependency

Reasons for lack of empirical evidence on gun control (Dickey Amendment)

DICKEY AMENDMENT: mandates that "none of the funds made available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) may be used to advocate or promote gun control." The amendment was introduced after the National Rifle Association lobbied Congress in response to a CDC-funded 1993 study that reported that guns in the home were associated with increased risk of homicide in the home.

Differences between male and female-perpetrated IPV

DIFFER BY LEVEL OF SEVERITY (men engage in more severe forms of violence against women) DIFFER BY VARIETY OF ABUSE (women experience a greater variety of abuse than men) MEN 1. battering is often about perceptions of control and dominance 2. deadly interaction often preceded by long history of abuse 3. often extremely jealous, controlling, possessive 4. feel especially threatened during a separation or divorce 5. wolfgang classified 9% of IPHs perpetrated by men as VP WOMEN 1. battering is often about protection/self defense, or a preemptive attempt to prevent further violence 2. wolfgang classified 60% of IPHs perpetrated by women as VP 3. Between 40-90% of women incarcerated for killing their intimates were victims of previous violence 4. Angela Browne: no difference between battered women who kill and those who don't kill; the difference is in the males...(males were more abusive and threatening, and more likely to have threatened the children)

Familial homicides: Difference between filicide, infanticide, neonaticide

FILICIDE: killing of a child by a parent...about 60% of all child murders are committed by parents INFANTICIDE: killing of a child within the first year of its life (not just parent) NEONATICIDE: killing of a child within the first 24 hours of its life

Arguments for and against death penalty

FOR: 1. They deserve it (eye for an eye) 2. Deters additional murder (both general and specific) 3. Cost of keeping someone alive in prison for life is too high AGAINST: 1. They don't deserve it (immoral) 2. Does not deter additional murder 3. Cost of pursuing death penalty is too high 4. Brutalization effect: death penalty actually encourages murder 5. Unequally applied (racial bias) 6. Risk of innocence

Importance of hate groups-- groups encourage violence -Group polarization -Group think

GROUP POLARIZATION: group members tend to make more extreme decisions together than they would have alone...enhances identification with the "in-group" and increases hostility towards the "out-group"...provides motivation to translate attitude into action GROUP THINK: group of people who desire conformity in the group engage in irrational or dysfunctional decision-making -weakens feelings of personal responsibility -increases willingness to take risks

Conflict Resolution

Homicide is a resolution to a long-term simmering dispute -offender and victim know each other very well -offenders often have criminal histories -offenders often exceptionally marginal in social and economic sense -may not be able to rely on conventional resolution options -according to Polk, these homicides account for about 10% of all homicides What are these arguments about? -To outsiders, often deemed "senseless" murders (trivial arguments, relationship arguments/spilling juice/getting criticized) -To actors, necessary to defend "justice" (offenders usually don't think they are doing something bad, they stand up for what is necessary, defending their manhood)

-Circumstances of deadly interactions (important factors and themes)

IMPORTANT FACTORS 1. Sex/gender -overwhelmingly male on male violence, when women kill it is usually in defense -Polk argues this is an issue of masculinity (masculine competitiveness for resources, status, dominance, control of sexual partners; honor contest) -perhaps trend is changing; more female violence? 2. Socioeconomic status -Overwhelmingly occurs among low SES males -Men often unemployed, or blue-collar workers -How does this relationship make sense? How would our theories explain this? IMPORTANT THEMES 1. Firearms -used in at least 60% of argument-related homicides -when a machine that was created to kill is easily accessible, more violent encounters will end with the death of one party -guns often presented to control the situation in a robbery, presence increases likelihood of use 2. Alcohol: -mechanism: lowers inhibitions, dulled sensitivity, decreased rationality -empirical evidence: violence rates higher around businesses that serve alcohol, strong link between alcohol and violence, WOLFGANG: over 60% of all homicides involved alcohol 3. Location/audience -often occur during socializing situations (at home, w friends, at bars) -audience can encourage or discourage violence (depending on type of audience) -influence may depend on social setting (type of social constraints)

Reason for the death penalty moratorium from 1969-1977, and how/why it ended

INFORMAL MORATORIUM FROM 1968-1977 (moratorium = temporary execution of death sentences) -death penalty opponents challenged the constitutionality of the death penalty in federal court -biased jury selection, disproportionate administration against minorities, inappropriate for crimes other than murder (rape was a capital punishment, not barred until 1977) 1972: US Supreme court case: Furman vs. Georgia -supreme court addressed issue of standard less juries -all capital defendants had sentences reduced to life imprisonment -motivated states to alter statues to deal with too much sentencing discretion (mandatory death statues; Guided discretion statute: must consider certain mitigating and aggravating factors) 1975-76: US Supreme Court reviewed new statues (mandatory and guided discretion) and determined mandatory statues were unconstitutional, but guided discretion statues were constitutional Moratorium ended in 1977

Difference between international and homegrown terrorism (and which is more common)

INTERNATIONAL: when dissatisfaction with the US government policies and operations among individuals and groups in our countries leads to violence against US citizens, especially government members (9/11) HOMEGROWN: when dissatisfaction with the US government policies and operations among citizens living within the US

Gendered dynamics of intimate partner homicide (what percent of victims are women?what percent of all women killed are killed by an intimate partner? what percent of all men killed are killed by an intimate partner?) How do motivations for killing vary by gender?

IPHs account for 50% of relationship homicides nearly 3/4 victims are women women are much more likely to be killed by a male intimate than ANY OTHER TYPE OF ATTACKER about 33% of all female homicide victims are killed by an intimate partner only 5% of male homicide victims are killed by an intimate partner

Types of terrorism (Islamist, right wing, left wing, single issue; which are most common now and which were most common in the 70s)

ISLAMIST: committed by Muslims who may have been motivated by opposition to US foreign police and action (94% of terrorist attacks carried out in US from 1980-2005 have been by non-Muslims) (Boston Bombers) RIGHT WING: distrust the US federal government, white supremacists...mostly white males who lack college degrees...MOST COMMON NOW LEFT WING: often socialists, militant minority groups, environmentalists...more women/highly educated (The Weather Underground Organization, Black Panthers) MOST ACTIVE GROUP IN 1970s SINGLE ISSUE: the most prolific groups over the past 20 years in the US (anti-abortion)

Difference between motivation- and member-based approaches to studying gang-related homicides

MOTIVATION: murder committed on behalf of the gang only MEMBER: murder committed by a gang member even if murder is not directly related to gang activity

How are mass killings changing?

Mass killings are becoming more deadly of the 25 deadliest mass murders, 16 occurred since 1980 of the top 10 deadliest mass shootings, 4 have occurred in the past 3 years

Characteristics of the neonaticide offender versus the general filicide offender

NEONATICIDES 1. mostly female and distinct group of offenders 2. young mothers 3. rarely married 4. poorly educated, lives w parents 5. low level psychiatric disorders 6. no criminal history 7. incredible terror or shame about pregnancy 8. may dissociate/deny pregnancy 9. PASSIVE FATAL ABUSE/ACCIDENTAL 1. during types of psychosocial distress 2. parents often have limited support 3. usually a sudden impulsive act

NICS

National Instant Criminal Background Check System background check results are nearly instantaneous; if not, FBI has 3 business days to make a final determination majority of legislation has been to LOOSEN restriction obama: over 30 executive actions related to gun-violence prevention trump: already signed bills rolling back obamas actions

Definitions of Parricide, Fratricide, Sororicide, Familicide

Parricide: children who kill their parents Fratricide: killing brother Sororicide: killing sister Familicide: killing family

Types of relationship homicides (i.e. what counts as a relationship homicide)

Relationship Homicides = homicides that occur between individuals who have a familial or intimate relationship Intimate partner murders: husband/wife, common law partners, boyfriend/girlfriend Family murders: filicide, infanticide, neonaticide, parricide (killing of parent), fratricide and sororicide (killing of brother/sister), familicide

Sex-related murder versus sexual murderer

SEXUAL MURDER: any murder involving an element of sex, or must sexual arousal clearly be linked to violence? SEX-RELATED MURDER: -consensual sex followed by lethal event -rape: priority is rape, killing is secondary -hedonistic lust: sexual arousal from killing/playing with corpse -hedonistic thrill: sexual arousal from torture leading up to killing -power/control arousal

When does deterrence work?

Specific deterrence=experienced penalties will discourage offenders from repeating crimes (prevent murderer from committing more murders) General deterrence=the threat of sanction and application of sanctions against others will discourage would-be offenders from committing crimes (prevent others from committing similar murders) WHEN DOES IT WORK? -SEVERITY of penalty barely matters -CERTAINTY and CELERITY matter much more than severity (how certain are murderers that they will get caught? severity is irrelevant for the offender who thinks he/she will not get caught) (how quickly will law enforcement work to put the penalty in place?) -Deterrence depends on the following assumptions: 1. A one-time murderer will commit more crime 2. Other potential murderers are aware of the penalties 3. Offenders are rational actors

Rates of relationship homicide (of all types of relationship homicides, which are most common?)

Spousal homicide is most prevalent (25.1%) 1. spousal 2. boyfriend/girlfriend 3. child 4. other family 5. parent 6. sibling 7. ex-spouse

Top 5 States with the highest number of executions

Texas, Georgia, New York, North Carolina, California (bottom: vermont, south dakota, new hampshire)

-Polk's typology: know the general idea of the three types of deadly interactions and how the victim/offender relationship changes across the three types

Three main types of deadly interactions: 1. Confrontational homicide 2. Conflict resolution 3. Other-crime homicide UNITING THEME: in all cases, the victim plays an important role in the homicide drama Polk's typology is largely descriptive (vs. explanatory)

Definition of terrorism

US code: premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents systematic use or threatened use of violence in order to intimidate a population or government to effect political, religious, or ideological change

Theoretical approaches to explaining deadly interactions (Review Wolfgang, Luckenbill, Anderson, Cultural/sub-cultural beliefs) What values and beliefs might offenders (and victims) hold? How might cultural and sub-cultural theories explain why deadly interactions primarily occur between men?

WOLFGANG -victim-precipitated criminal homicide: connotations of homicide victims as weak and passive are not always correct -victim is sometimes the first to commence the interplay of resort to physical violence...perhaps we should consider them the real offenders -26% of homicides classified as VP -*the victim of VP homicide is more similar to offender of non-VP homicide than to the victim of non-VP homicide* LUCKENBILL -homicide as a situated transaction...almost half of the cases included previous "rehearsals" -stages: 1. opening move victim does something that offender takes offense to 2. offender takes offense 3. offender retaliates in verbal or physically non-lethal means to reaffirm face/stand ground 4. the victim doesn't step down, entering into an informal agreement that violence is suitable 5. commit to battle 6. victim fails -criminal homicide isn't a one-sided event/victim isn't passive -murder should be considered a dynamic interchange between offender/victim/bystanders -often centered around saving and maintaining face/reputation ANDERSON code of the street? CULTURAL AND SUB-CULTURAL -main focus: values and beliefs drive violent behavior 1. values: honor, respect 2. beliefs: violence is justified for the purpose of maintaining honor and respect -when an event is interpreted as hostile, a violent response may be required to save face -the homicide is rarely about the triggering event. It is about what it MEANS to the offender a. the offenders are appropriately responding to what they interpreted as disrespect b. they usually feel they are doing what is right and justified c. they are saving their reputation, protecting their honor

MacDonald triad

Warning signs...Macdonald triad is these three behaviors, when they co-occur are particularly troubling 1. Enuresis: bed-wetting, especially beyond appropriate age 2. cruelty to animals 3. fire setting NOT CAUSES, but signs of underlying issues...do not predict future violent behavior

Reasons against/in support of more gun control

YES -less guns in circulation, less use, less death -guns are rarely used in self defense -2nd amendment isn't being interpreted in the way it was intended--doesn't give right to carry a concealed firearm in public to every individual -if goal is to reduce prevalence of murder, we need to reduce capacity for harm by at least banning high-capacity magazines -reducing gun availability will reduce IPH -reduce societal costs -reduce suicide rate NO -opposite effect: guns reduce crime (crimes are stopped when a potential crime is interrupted by a potential victim carrying a gun) -2nd amendment interpreted as owning and bearing arms is a fundamental, individual right -laws deny people a sense of safety -laws infringe upon rights to own hunting and sport guns -laws will not prevent motivated individuals from obtaining guns -control won't prevent motivated individuals from committing suicide -background checks are an invasion of privacy

Compulsive murder (key idea only)

an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way (organized)

Prevalence of parricide

around 2% of all murders about 300 parents per year in the US are killed by children research on parricide is limited due to rarity of phenomenon (mostly based on in-depth case studies)

Effect of gang membership on murder

belonging to a gang is a recognized and SIGNIFICANT risk factor for being involved in a murder incident

Why hate crimes are thought to be more damaging than non-hate crimes

bias crimes are thought to have a more extreme impact on society...entire group is considered a victim

Current status of capital punishment (Preferred or not? State use?)

capital punishment = death sentence; most extreme punishment possible currently legal in 32 states, illegal in 18 legality does not automatically mean death penalty is practiced...some states haven't created laws against it yet but still don't use it (Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Pennsylvania) public support for death penalty is lowest it has been in years as of 2005, juveniles may not be executed prevalence has gone down a lot over the years illegal in: new mexico, alaska, hawaii, north dakota, minnesota, iowa, wisconsin, illinois, michigan, west virginia, maryland, new jersey, new york, connecticut, rhode island, massachusetts, vermont, maine

-Definition Hate/Bias crime

crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity intimidation, threats, assault, rapes, murders, robberies...any crime with an underlying motivation of bias or prejudice offender will receive a harsher punishment if classified as a hate crime...why?

Why is bias crime the preferred name?

defined not by anger/hate, but rather BIAS against certain individuals/groups who possess often immutable traits

Prevalence of sex-related murder...which type has the highest rate?

depends on definition no good way to identify prevalence incomplete info from UCR informs our best guess rape is highest, then other sex, then prostitution percentage has decreased from 1991-1995

How does the Paraphilic Model expand on the Trauma-Control and Motivational Models?

emphasis on paraphilia aspects -early fantasy and paraphilia development: several factors occur simultaneously to produce paraphilia development (social isolation, engaging in autoerotic activities, daydreaming, sexual abuse) -paraphilic process: 3 interactive events: stimuli and fantasy, orgasmic conditioning process, facilitators -stressors: triggering events that reactivate childhood trauma, lead to loss of control, return to fantasy -behavioral manifestations of fantasy: escalation into acts with others -increasingly violent fantasies

Presence of alcohol in homicide (best guess)

estimates of alcohol presence during homicide range from 28% to 86% of cases best research estimates around 60%

Paraphilia

experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, fetishes, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals voyeurism exhibitionism frotteurism fetishism sexual sadism cannibalism necrophilia

Mental illness and mass killing link

extreme majority of mentally ill individuals are not violent...although serious mental illness may be implicated in some violence, it doesn't predict involvement in homicide there is a stronger link between public mass homicide and mental illness than between general homicide and mental illness 25% of public mass murder offenders have a history of serious mental illness we could argue that all mass killers are experiencing some form of mental distress

Discrepancy between number of domestic terror incidents by group type and number of charges filed by group type.

from 2008-2016, almost 120 acts of right-wing terrorism were reported, along with 65 islamist incidents and 20 left wing incidents HOWEVER, almost 90% of islamist incidents had terror charges filed, while almost 70% of left wing incidents had the chargers but only less than 10% of right wing incidents had terror charges filed??

Prevalence of gang membership

gangs exist in about 30% of US jurisdictions gang problem is becoming more concentrated nationally in urban areas gangs most prevalent in largest cities approx 30,000 gangs in the US approx 850,000 gang members in the US

Importance of gun availability for mass killings

guns are frequently used in mass killings...when assault weapons are used, death toll increases guns are one of the most efficient forms of killing (ideal for the average person to produce mass damage)

Characteristics of the US terrorist (don't memorize, be able to recognize)

homegrown (2/3) extreme frustration with US politics/government, a particular category of people, or of all humankind often see social and political issues in black and white feel self-righteous in their beliefs about the world feel isolated and ignored, yet desire confirmation of the validity of their beliefs

Confrontational Homicides

homicides that result when arguments or minor conflicts escalate to lethal violence CHARACTERISTICS: -primarily male-on-male -typically occur when groups of young males are congregating and engaging in leisure activities -often involves alcohol, not planned in advance -described as an "honor contest" among men -primarily between men who are acquaintances or strangers according to Polk, this type of homicide accounts for 1/5 or 20% of all homicides

Taylor Paradigm

intoxicated participants give more shocks and stronger shocks to other participants compared to sober participants this effect is particularly pronounced when the participant is first primed with frustration and provocation

Prevalence of Fratricide and Sororicide

more than 80% of perpetrators are over the age of 19 85% of murders committed by men resemble deadly interactions/confrontational homicides

Workplace killings

older than typical homicide offender...about 45% are at least 35 years old, mostly middle aged white male who has had employment problems 3/4 offenders are white (1/4 is A.A or other minorities) males responsible for 91% of cases, similar to gender split for other homicides the employment problems signal the end of the world, blame for failure is externalized (responsibility always lies elsewhere) feel they have been a victim, especially by their superiors...many commit suicide socially isolated: have no one to lean on when things get tough often feel they are serving justice

How/why are female serial killers different?

overall less violent less often stranger victims fewer sexually motivated murders more cases of instrumental serial killing (insurance money) more cases of medical murder

Which characteristics are often the focus of bias crimes?

race/ethnicity/ancestry religion sexual orientation gender identity disability

Compartmentalization

separate those who they care about from those they don't

Overlap between serial and sexual murder

sexual homicide does not only occur within multicide some scholars, however, argue that true serial killing requires sexual motivation other scholars argue that sexual serial killing accounts for 1/2 of all serial homicides if we change our definition of a serial killer to 3 or more victims, we will see the proportion of sexual murderer cases increase

Prevalence of terrorism-related fatalities (with and without inclusion of 9/11 numbers—1 person killed every how many days in the US?)

terrorism deaths in the US EXCLUDING 9/11: 59 between 9/11 and 2014 = .01 people per day (or 1 person every 100 days) terrorism deaths in the US INCLUDING 9/11: 2961 between 9/11 and 2014 = .6 people per day (or 1 person every 2 days) more than 3 women per day are killed by spouses in the US; more than 30 americans per day are killed by guns

Prevalence of warning signs

the majority of school shooters reveal vague plans to friends and family BUT hindsight identification of signs is much easier than prediction...many angry children never engage in violence, and almost every single angry adolescent doesn't commit a mass shooting

Goal of terrorism

to inspire fear, to coerce, to intimidate, or to convey some message to a larger audience

Most common gender of parricide offender and victim

typical offender: white male, younger than 30 years of age son kills father is most common, then son kills mother, then daughter kills mother, then daughter kills father Heide's typology: 1. abused children (most common) 2. mentally ill children 3. dangerously antisocial children 4. anger fueled by drugs/alcohol

Catathymic murder (key idea only)

underlying emotional conflict creates an enormous amount of psychological tension, violent act releases emotional tension (disorganized) ACUTE: sudden, unplanned CHRONIC: three more drawn-out stages...incubation, violent act, relief

Dehumanization

view certain people as worthless and therefore, expendable target marginalized groups: prostitutes, homeless, runaways makes rationalizing the murders easier

Hate group trends (increasing or decreasing?)

was decreasing from 2011-2014, but have been recently "flourishing" increasing through 2016