Soc 310 Final Exam

War on Drugs

A policy aimed at reducing the sale and use of illegal drugs. 70s and 80s

racialization of crime

drug laws, school discipline

According to sociologists Bruce Western, what are the three ways that prisons might possibly reduce crime?

rehabilitation, incapacitation, and deterrence

Bartholomew Whitehouse, a panhandler and former slave, was arrested in 1898 and imprisoned for six months without a trial. Which law allowed this to occur?

vagabond laws

Beauty and cosmetic industry

the goal is to make profit artificial scarcity- if a necessary good is restricted/ limited people will be willing to pay more for it real market interests in beauty standards appearing both unnatural and obtainable

cultural appropriation

the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit

Norman Rockwell's paintings and country music songs that reminisce over the "good old days" are examples of what concept?

racial nostalgia

What were the two goals of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC's) 18964 Freedom Summer?

Voter registration and quality education

The State

social institution that has a monopoly on violence and keeps society sufficiently unified

criminalization of race

"driving while black" targeting "illegal looking" latino Americans for searches

The white voting population grows by____ each year, and the Hispanic voting population grows by____ percent each year.

0.5 percent; 3percent

Between 1925 and 1975, the prison population remained the same. fluctuating between 100,000 and 200,000 prisoners. By 2000, the prison population reached what number?

1,400,000

Families and racial socialization

2009, 6,000 parents 10% of parents discuss race with their children (22% were black only 6% were white) less than 1/3 of parents talk about race or ethnicity "sometimes or often" (5y/o display in group bias, 3 mo old babies display preference for faces of their own race

How many citizens do sociologists estimate have been disenfranchised because they have felony convictions?

5.3 Million

plea bargaining

A bargain struck between the defendant's lawyer and the prosecutor to the effect that the defendant will plead guilty to a lesser crime (or fewer crimes) in exchange for the state's promise not to prosecute the defendant for a more serious (or additional) crime.

White feminism

A brand of feminism centered around the ideals and struggles of primarily white women.

pretrial bail

Bail is set of pre trial restrictions that are imposed on a suspect to ensure they comply with judicial process Black men receive bail amounts 35% higher Hispanics men receive bail amounts 19%

Foucault

Discipline and Punish hegemony- less interested in incarceration more focused on authority docile bodies panopticon- based on bantams prison design prisoners can be seen at all times but cannot see officers

The fact that most art museums were closed on Sunday and had high entrance fees had what effect in the 19th and 20th centuries

Limited the enjoyment of art primarily to the white leisure class

Which dominant black protest organization, which preceded the modern civil rights movement and was founded in 1909 by black and white intellectuals, primarily battled racial domination in the courts?

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Postville, Iowa, has seen a rapid influx of Latino residents in recent years. The "threat hypothesis" would predict that Postville's white population may react to this change in which of the following ways?

Opposing bilingual education

President Kennedy coined the phrase "a rising tide lifts all boats", to refer to political preference of universal, rather than race-based policies as a strategy to eradicate inequality. Which policy most reflects this strategy?

President Obama's advocating universal health care to combat race-based health disparities

Most white Americans consistently have accepted the principle of racial inclusion while rejecting many of the policy measures designed to carry it out what is this phenomenon called?

The principle-implementation gap

During and after ww2 some social constraints and pressures toward conformity and adherence to the white middle-class norms were relaxed. Which of the following was an example from the textbook that demonstrates how events during ww2 challenged American's ideas about race and families?

Some straight soldiers of color, having dated white European women and experimental interracial relationships abroad were forbidden in the United States, desired the same equality at home

Shelby County v. Holder (2013)

Struck down provision of Voting Rights Act of 1965 requiring states engaged in past discrimination to get federal preclearance before instituting changes in voting laws or practices; allowed restrictive state voter ID laws to go forward (Roberts Court)

Structural disadvantages refers to what?

The concentrated accumulation of overlapping and mutually reinforcing social problems in a single residential area

Which is a result of cases like Shaw v. Reno (1993) and Miller v. Johnson, which outlaw only race-based gerrymandering?

The courts fail to recognize white majority districts, and whiteness is rendered invisible

According to the textbook, what is the relationship between social attitudes about interracial marriage and raising the question "what about the children?"

The question is often positioned as a rationalization for being opposed to interracial marriages and comes frequently as a way to package that disapproval without being forthright.

The biggest increase in specific prison population occurred between 1980 and 2011, a jump from 15,118 to 111,387. This. represented a 587 percent increase in the number of ________ imprisoned

Women

In the 1800s immigration rates among Asian men to the west coast were much higher than immigration among Asian women. Many Asian men remained single due in part to a combination of these differential rate of immigration and:

anti miscegenation laws criminalizing interracial marriage and sex

Because many Native Americans are married to non-Natives they often fid themselves looking through the cultural lenses of their partners and expanding their perspective. This type of emotional work is called:

cultural labor

What is the sociological term that refers to the sum of ones knowledge about established and valued cultural activities and practices?

cultural capital

What is the way for nonwhite artists to free themselves from the dominance of the white gaze?

depict people of color as full, complex humans

With the weakening of the NAACP, the civil rights movement shifted its focus from legal action to which kind of action?

direct action

Felony Disenfranchisement

excluding people from voting due to criminal conviction 6.1 million ppl cannot vote 1 of every 13 African American cannot vote vs. 1 of every 56 non black cannot vote

Formalized legal restrictions against interracial marriages during the 1950s was a type of:

external sanction

How many Americans buy something each year as part of the underground economy?

four out of five

Voter Fraud

illegally interfering with the election process 1 Billion cast ballots only 31 cases of fraud

Some conservative politicians reacted to the Boston marathon bombing by calling for a freeze on immigration reform. Which belief does their behavior reinforce?

immigrants make the country less safe

Why might Black artists such as Langston Hughes reject the playing of the blues by white artists like Bob Dylan and the Rolling Stones?

it disconnected the music from the social conditions in which it was grounded

Aside from limiting professional options for nonwhite models, what is one consequence of the overrepresentation of white models in the fashion industry?

it reinforces the features of white women as the standards of beauty

In 1960, what percentage of Mississippi's black adults were registered to vote?

less than 2%

Contrary to popular belief, social scientific evidence has shown that immigrants:

make America safer

Mass incarceration in the US

nearly 25% of worlds prison population 2.3 million people in prison U.S. incarcerates people 5x higher than most countries

What is the term for a form of social organization in which the dynamics of the market are given priority over other concerns?

neoliberalism

Drug use and arrests

people of all races use illegal drugs at a similar rate but black are arrested for possession 3.7x rate of whites

The "discovery" of quilts crafted by the African American women of Gee's Bend, Alabama, did not make them more____ but it did label them_____

special; art

According to sociologist George Simmel, what happens when lower classes begin to copy the fashions of the upper class?

the upper class abandons the style and finds something new

Presenting racism as an individual psychological issue while neglecting structural and institutional racism is a part of what concept?

the white aesthetic

Your textbook mentions films like Mississippi Burning, To kill a mocking bird, black hawk down, and the matrix. What common theme do these films present?

the white savior theme

Prison Gerrymandering

when an area builds a prison and gets more political power as a result

white, racist, and antiracist aesthetics

white gaze- non white art becomes more valuable once recognized as such by white people capitalist interests are deeply intertwined w/ beliefs in and maintenance of perceived with superiority

IN 2008, Bernie Madoff, a former Wall Street broker committed an elaborate Ponzi scheme and was found guilty of making fraudulent investments totaling over 60$ billion. What type of crime is this?

white-collar crime