SOC 3650
The concept of migration selectivity implies that migration is selective based on which of the following characteristic(s)?
- Age - Race - Sex ALL OF THE ABOVE
Critiques of the demographic transition theory include:
- It doesn't allow for the possibility of migration - It's too Eurocentric and may not be applicable to developing countries today
Push and pull factors are strongly related to migration. Which of the following factor(s) is an example of a push factor?
- Loss of a job - Natural disaster such as a flood or hurricane - An epidemic ALL OF THE ABOVE
International migrants include
- Refugees/ asylum seekers - Migrants from former colonies - Economic migrants - Ethnic privileged migrants ALL OF THE ABOVE
Natural Increase is:
- The balance between births and deaths - One component of the demographic balancing equation
In 2012, a population had 300,000 people. In 2020, the same population is estimated to have 348,720 persons. Which of the following statements are true?
- The net growth between 2012-2020 is 48,720 persons - The annual (average) rate of change is approximately 2% per year - The total percent change between 2012-2020 is approximately 16%
The US Census
- is used to apportion the 435 House of Representatives equitable to ensure equal representation by government officials - was first conducted in 1790, and then every 10 years after that -
Natural increase is:
- the balance between births and deaths - one component of the demographic balancing equation
Based on your answer to question #3, what is the percent-change (2014-2020) for Country B?
-1.3%
According to your calculations, what is the net migration rate for the city of Oakwood during the ten-year period (2000-2010)?
-20 per 1000
Looking at the calculations you did for the state-to-state domestic migration (two tables on top of page 2), what is the net migration rate for State A?
-24.57 (per 1000)
If a country had a TFR of 2.5, which of the following might be its GRR?
1.2
What is the world's youth (ages 15-24) population in 2017?
1.2 billion
How many children are born per 1,000 women ages 15-19 in the world's LEAST developed countries?
107
Question 5B - how long would it take for the earth's population to quadruple?
115.52 years
Since about 1950, the world has been adding one billion people to our global population every ______
12-14 years
According to your calculations, what is the age-specific fertility rate for the 20-24 age group in China?
127.1 (per 1000)
How many children are born per 1,000 women ages 15-19 in the world's MORE developed countries?
16
What is the CBR for India? ___________ (per 1000)
22.2
In the year 2010, a population had 232,517,000 people. Between 2010-2015, there were 20,010,000 births and 7,490,000 deaths. This country's net migration between 2010-2015 was -845,000. How big would you estimate this population to be in 2015?
244,192,000
What percentage of Japan's population is over the age of 65?
28 percent
Question 7 - How long will it take for this population to increase by half?
32 years
Approximately how many people are in the US population today?
321 million
Approximately, how many people are in the United States population today?
328 million
Question 5A -- how long would it take the world population to grow by 50%?
33.79 years
Select "Population Ages 65+, 2050 (%)." What percentage of Japan's population is predicted to be over the age of 65 in 2050?
36
In 1950, what percentage of people living in California were born in California?
37%
What is the GFR for China? ________ (per 1000)
49.2
According to the 2017 World Population Datasheet, what percentage of the world's population is living in urban areas?
54
What is the total population size of Family Land?
5478
What is the total number of deaths that occur between ages 0 and 1?
596
According to the NY Times interactive maps showing the migration flows from state to state, what percentage of people living in Utah in 2012 were born in Utah?
62.0
What is the LE at birth for males in Kiribati?
63
What is the average age at death for someone who survived to his/her 65th birthday?
65 + 19.3
What is the life expectancy at birth for females in the least developed countries?
66
Approximately how many people are in the world today?
7.5 billion
Approximately, how many people are in the world today?
7.5 billion
Per the 2017 World Population Datasheet, the total world population is
7.5 billion
What is the life expectancy for males worldwide?
70
Select "% Married Women 15-49 Using Any Contraception." What is the percentage of married women 15-49 using any contraception in the United States?
73
At what age does Zeke Emmanuel hope to die?
75
Select "Percent Urban." What is the percentage of urban population in Colombia?
77
What is the life expectancy at birth?
78.8
What is the value of d2? In other words, how many people are expected to die between their second and third birthdays?
79
Select the "Life Expectancy at Birth (Males)." What is the life expectancy at birth for Norwegian males?
81
In 2050, the anticipated human population will be approximately:
9.7 billion
What is the world's population projected to be in 2050?
9.8 billion
In 1900, what percentage of people living in North Carolina were born in North Carolina?
95.0
What is the value of L3? In other words, how many person-years will be accumulated between ages three and four?
98,280
How many people survive to their first birthday?
98.509
Look at the NRR values you calculated for both India and China. Choose the answer below that best describes your NRR calculations.
? Could be NRR in China < NRR in India
Who is Jean Louise Calment?
A French woman who boasted the longest confirmed human life-span
Who is Paul Ehrlich
A Neo=Malthusian
Hutterites are_________
A group of conservative protestants who have high levels of fertility
Group of migrants departing from a common area of origin are arriving at a common area of destination are known as:
A migration stream (or flow, depending on which textbook you read)
I'm 35. A life table just informed me that life expectancy at birth for an American male is approximately 79 years. If I knew nothing about how life tables worked, I might be tempted to conclude that I have about 44 more years to live (i.e., 79 - 35 = 44). Why doesn't that calculation make any sense?
Because people age 35 have already survived all the previous years of life, whereas life expectancy at birth (e0) is an average life expectancy for all live births
The more developed regions of the world have a crude death rate of 10 (per 1000). The less developed regions have a crude death rate of 7 (per 1000). Why is the CDR in developed nations higher than the CDR in the developing nations?
Because the developed world has a higher proportion of people at the older ages of the life course. Because crude death rates are influenced by population age structure. Because age specific date rates are highest for the oldest age groups ALL OF THE ABOVE
Looking at your calculations for the state-to-state domestic migration of four states, what is the out migration rate for State B?
Between 150.0 and 150.99
Looking at the calculations you did to fill in the tables on the top of page 2 (state-to-state domestic migration), compare the number of gross versus net migrants in the four states. Which of the following statements is true?
By definition, the number of gross migrants can never be a negative number.
Internal migration in China differs from internal migration in the United States because:
Chinese migrants are required to obtain a permit and register their move through the Hukuo system
Looking at your answers to question #2, which of the following statements are true about the net growth for these three countries between 2014-2020
Country B is declining in size
The ratio of the dependent-age population (persons aged 0-14 and 65+) to the working-age population (person aged 15-64) is called:
Dependency ratio
The life expectancy (at birth) is equivalent to the life expectancy at age 65 minus 65.
False. Because life expectancy at birth is the average years of life for ALL persons. Some people in a population die before age 65. Life expectancy at 65 refers to the number of remaining years of life remaining for those who have already survived to age 65.
"Potential or biological capacity of producing live births" is the definition of:
Fecundity
The primary driver of population aging is:
Fertility declines
What is the difference between fertility and fecundity?
Fertility refers to to the actual production of births, while fecundity refers to the biological capacity of producing live births
If a population has negative net migration,
Fewer people are moving into the country than are leaving the country
If a population has a negative net migration
Fewer people are moving into the country than are moving out of the country
Persons in China who move without permission are called:
Floaters
Describe how you calculated your answer for question 1
For Land A: 315,900,000+(32,895,720-20,084,600)+5,122,400
According to the peoplemov.in website, the top international migration corridor is:
From Mexico to U.S.
According to the video we watched by Hans Rosling, which of the following will happen in the future:
Global population will get bigger Global population will grow more slowly
What is the main cause of the dramatic decrease in life expectancy in many sub-Saharan African countries since the mid-1980's?
HIV/AIDS
Currently, the major cause of death in developed countries is:
Heart disease
Life expectancy at birth is:
Higher for females than males
Go to page 5 of the 2017 World Population Datasheet. 1. Please summarize the information in a few sentences found in this graph in a few sentences. In other words, what is the relationship between sex and HIV transmission?
In my own words: The relationship between sex and HIV transmission shifts completely between women and men. Women in these countries face sexual violence and do not have the means to protect themselves from HIV. Chances are, these women who have HIV are being raped without contraceptives which makes them susceptible to the disease.
Lower mortality is generally associated with higher:
Income Occupational prestige Education ALL OF THE ABOVE
Much of the decline in the abortion rate in the United States can be attributed to:
Increased use of contraception
Using what you know about demographic transition theory, and what you know about these countries: Which country has not yet completed the demographic transition? In other words, which of the four is still in the process of modernization/industrialization?
India
The two most populous countries in the world are:
India and China
Looking at the list of 10 most populous countries in 2050 (compared to the ten most populous today), which of the following statements are true
India replaces China as the projected #1 most populous country in 2050
The movement of people to a new country for the purpose of establishing permanent residence and that involves crossing an international boundary is known as:
International migration
What is the CDR of Family Land, when standardized on Sun City's age structure? Express it (per 1000).
It is the CDR that would occur if Family Land had its own ASDRs, but the age structure of Sun City.
Many of the formulas for fertility measures contain a Greek symbol, sigma. What does this symbol mean?
It's telling you to add a series of values together.
In this module, we watched videos on how two different countries - Italy and China - are using policy to respond to the fertility behaviors within their country. Which statement is true?
Italy's very low fertility levels have contributed to an "aging" population
According to the UNFPA, the country with the greatest percentage of its population over the age of 65 is:
Japan
Looking at your answers to question #1, which of the three countries has the largest population size in 2020?
Land A
Immigrants primarily motivated by economic factors (i.e., the desire to get a better job or make more money) are most likely to move from ____________ countries to ____________ countries.
Less developed; more developed
What is the ASDR (for males, aged 1-4)?
Less than 1 (per 1000)
Using the data provided for both India and China and your calculations on the worksheet, what do you know about the total number of births in each population?
None of these statements is correct. China had 18 MILLION births in 2010
In countries where fertility rates are very low or below-replacement, which of the following statements is likely true:
None of these statements is likely to be accurate
Which of the following statements best represents Paul Ehrlich's views on overpopulation?
Overpopulation combined with overconsumption may have strained the Earth's resources beyond repair
This problem set is about how to calculate measures of
Population Change & Growth
The world population datasheet is a resource providing a snapshot of population characteristics of the world's nations. It is created and published by:
Population Reference Bureau
Which of the following best describes Julian Simon's views on overpopulation?
Population growth acts as a catalyst for technological innovation The free market has a means of making even scarce resources widely available
Why is the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) considered "crude"? In other words, why might the general fertility rate (GFR) be considered a better measure of fertility than the CBR?
The denominator includes some people incapable of producing children
This problem set requires you to use which mathematical equation:
The exponential growth formula
In a life table,
The l (little l) column describes how many people (out of the original number of births) survive to an exact birthday
Looking at the age structures of FamilyLand and Sun City, what can you infer about the ages of their respective populations?
The median age of the citizens of Sun City is probably higher than the median age of Family Land citizens.
Now that you have standardized the rates, you can compare the mortality risk across these two populations. Does Sun City or Family Land have higher mortality risk? Explain.
The mortality risk in Sun City is the same as the mortality risk in Family Land. Both populations have the exact same ASDRs, meaning that people are at the same risk of dying at every age in these population.
According to the article titled "China's Twilight Years," by 2040, China's current ratio of five workers for every retiree will have shrunk to 1.6 workers for every retiree.
True
According to the article titled "Feeding 9 Billion," one of the downsides to the so-called green revolution was that it relied on the intensive—and unsustainable—use of water and fossil-fuel-based chemicals to increase crop yield.
True
According to the article titled "The Vertical Farm," outdoor farming consumes about 70 percent of the world's fresh water.
True
According to the migration data estimating the region-to-region flows from the Pew Social Trends for the 1975-1980 time period, the west had positive net migration.
True
According to the table on the top of page one, the city of Beavercreek had a negative net migration of 291 persons.
True
All migrants are movers, but not all movers are migrants
True
Cause of death, while not always as easy to sort out as you might think, is classified according to definitions and protocols outlined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
True
Educating women and providing more social and economic equality for women is one of the best ways to reduce fertility in a population.
True
Fertility measures can be classified as either period measures or cohort measures.
True
For the first time ever, thirtysomething women in the United States are having more children than their twentysomething counterparts.
True
For those who survive to 100th birthday, the probability of dying is 100%.
True
Migration is more likely to occur if the mover has a social network established in the area of destination
True
Population policy is defined as a deliberately constructed arrangement or program through which governments influence, directly or indirectly, demographic change.
True
Question 6 -- you used the exponential growth formula to make a projection about the US population size in the future.
True
The combination of the One One-Child Policy and a cultural preference for male children has left China with a seriously wonky sex ratio (i.e., there are quite a few more men than women).
True
The so-called "NEET indicator" measures the percentage of youth -- typically ages 15 to 24 -- who are not in the education system, not working, and not in work training for a vacation
True
The two divisions of demography are formal demography and social demography
True
Women account for more than half (54 percent) of the population aged 60 and older, and 63 percent of the very old (aged 80+) population. This phenomenon is called "feminization of aging."
True
Worldwide, young people face a growing risk of developing non-communicable disease (i.e., cancer, heart disease, etc.).
True
Looking at the calculations you did for the state-to-state domestic migration (two tables on top of page 2), State B has the highest total (or gross) migration.
True -- if expressed as a rate (per 1000)
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
US and Chine have similar land mass
If you wanted to compare the mortality risk in Family Land and Sun City, the best comparison would be:
Unadjusted CDR of Family Land to the CDR of Sun City when adjusted to Family Land
On a life table, the radix is:
Usually refers to the 100,000 live births that comprise the starting population
Where do mortality-related data come from?
Vital statistics
How does per-capita healthcare spending in the United States compare to that of other developed countries?
We spend more on healthcare per person than any other nation
__________ states that international migration from peripheral countries to core countries is the natural result of the globalization of the market economy.
World systems theory
Question 8 - Is Japan at risk of complete depopulation?
Yes - if it maintains its negative rate of growth for thousands of years
According to this life table, how many people survive to their 100th birthday?
about 2% of the original 100,000 births
According to the demographic transition theory, which of the following statements are true?
as societies modernize, both fertility and mortality rates decline
Demography is the study of the size and distribution of human populations. What are the three processes that affect population size and distribution?
fertility, migration, mortality
Demography is the study of the size and distribution of human populations. What are the three processes that affect population size?
fertility, mortality, migration
Karl Marx, the economist and philosopher, suggested that:
higher fertility would create a surplus of workers, who would create greater profit (the goal of capitalism)
The U.S. Census uses what type of methodology
household, de jure
According to the table on the top of page 1, the city of Centerville experienced:
negative population growth (i.e. population loss)
Question #4 -- What is the average annual change for each country?
net growth / 6
Net reproduction rates (NRRs) are generally expressed:
per woman
Based on what you know about T.R. Malthus' theory about population growth, what do you think the term "Malthusian Population Prediction" means?
population growth will be checked by famine, disease, and widespread mortality
Question 7 - how did you figure out the rate of growth (r) for this population?
r = ln2 / 55.
Population pyramids show the age and sex distribution of a population. Populations that are rapidly growing have pyramids resembling which shape?
triangle (wide base at bottom, point at top)
Which of the following types of data are used by demographers?
vital statistics, census, survey
A population pyramid:
All of the above - Can be represented in terms of percentages or counts - Is a demographic tool used to represent the age-sex distribution of a population - Is two histograms (bar graphs) placed on their sides, back to back, showing the size of each age-sex group in the population
Which of the following is TRUE about the sex ratio (SR)?
All of the above are TRUE statements - It is an index used to describe the sex composition of a population - The biologically normal SR at birth is between 104 and 106 - SR of the 115 indicates an excess of males, probably a cultural preference for sons/males
Which of the following statement is TRUE about population aging?
All of the above are correct - The U.S. population is relatively "young" when compared to Europe or Japan. - The general trend shows that population aging occurs or has occurred more slowly in the developed nations, while more rapid population aging has occurred or is occurring in less developed nations.
Which of the following statements about the so-called "Mexico City Policy" is true?
All of the above are true - It has been repeatedly rescinded/reinstated by Democratic and Republican presidents, respectively - It required foreign NGOs to certify that they will not "perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning" with non-U.S. funds as a condition for receiving U.S. global family planning assistance - It was first announced by representatives of the Reagan administration in 1984
There have been three global population conferences hosted by the UNFPA. Which of the following statements is TRUE about these three conferences:
All of the above are true - They were held in Bucharest, Mexico City, and Cairo - The Cairo conference represented a dramatic shift in how to achieve population control; by way of empowering women through education and opportunities, rather than focusing on the implementation of family-planning programs or general economic development - They were held in 1974, 1984, 1994 - All were focused on how to best achieve population control
The Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) and the Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) are similar because they both:
Are measures of population replacement
Question 6 --Assuming US continues to grow at its current rate, in what calendar year will the US reach 500,000,000 people?
Around 2127
Which of the following is NOT among the four proximate determinants of fertility identified by Bongaarts (1978)?
Availability of Marvin Gaye's seminal "Let's get in on"
If a move is determined primarily by PUSH factors,
The area of origin may be changed positively by the out-migration of the movers persons
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years.
Gross Reproduction Rate
The average number of female children born to a woman during her reproductive years.
Net Reproduction Rate
The average number of female children born to a woman who are expected to survive until their own reproductive age.
General Fertility Rate
The average number of live births in a year, compared to the size of the female population aged 15-49.
According to the UNFPA, about one in eight people worldwide is age 60 or older.
True
In the "Don't Panic" video we watched by Hans Rosling, the demonstration with the blue foam blocks showed us:
That the number of children will remain stable, while overall population size will increase once a population reaches replacement-level fertility**
According to the data presented about migration in/out of the Bahamas on the peoplemove.in website
The Bahamaians that migrate are likely to go to USA, UK, Canada, or Australia
What is the probability of surviving the 0-1 age interval?
About 0.985
Question #5 -- what is the rate of natural increase for the world, according to the 2016 World Population Datasheet?
About 1.2% per year
What is the ASDR (total) for the 35-39 year olds in this population?
About 1.95 (per 1000)
What is the ASDR (for females, aged 85+)
About 140 (per 1000)
What is the life expectancy at age 4?
About 67 years
What is the CDR (per 1000) for Sun City?
The CDR in Sun City is lower than the CDR in Family Land
Which of the following countries was NOT among those that have instituted pro-natalist policies in an attempt to boost birth rates (hint: the article titled "Make Boomsa for the Motherland" might be helpful in answering this question)?
Egypt
When estimating population growth, demographers often use a formula that is based on which mathematical function or assumption:
Exponential curve
A population that has no net migration would automatically have a gross migration of zero.
False
According to the peoplmov.in website, less than 2% of international migrants in 2010 were refugees and asylum seekers.
False
Across almost every country in the world, birth rates have increased dramatically since 1950.
False
In terms of migration streams into the United States, the regions of origin have shifted from Latin America and Asia (in earlier historical time periods) to Europe (in more recent historical time periods).
False
International immigrants, both legal and undocumented, living in the US are more likely to engage in serious criminal behavior and be imprisoned than native-born persons in the US.
False
Make sweeping changes to our consumption habits in hopes of making civilization sustainable
False
Over the past 50 years, Infant Morality Rates have increased in most countries of the world.
False
Question 8 - given Japan's current rate of negative growth, its population will shrink to about half of its size in less than 35 years.
False
Recent declines in life expectancy among Americans are due entirely to the so-called opioid epidemic.
False
The United States has the highest life expectancy of all modernized nations.
False
The abortion rate in the United States hit an all-time high in 2014.
False
The vast majority of current population growth is occurring in the most developed regions (i.e., Western Europe and Japan) of the world.
False
Total Fertility Rates are typically expressed (per 100,000 women).
False
When calculating and estimating WORLD (i.e., the entire planet) population growth over time (using the methods we learned in the assignment for this unit), it is critical to have accurate measures of migration. Without them we cannot measure population growth/change over time.
False
Given what you know about how the gross reproductive rate (GRR) and net reproductive rate (NRR) are calculated, which of the following is true?
The GRR will always be bigger than the NRR.
Which of the following contribute to increases in life expectancy?
Improvement in environment. Control of infectious diseases. Reductions of infant mortality. Declines in the rate of death among elderly persons, especially from cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Question 5c - how long would it take to add the next 1 billion persons to the earth's population?
In (8418/7418), divided by 0.012
The only fertility measure to take into account the fact that not all children will survive to adulthood is:
The Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)
In order to deal with the problems of overpopulation and overconsumption, Paul Ehrlich recommends that we:
Make sweeping changes to our consumption habits in hopes of making civilization sustainable
Countries often implement policies or laws that alter the fertility behaviors of its citizens. Which of the following statements is true
Many European countries are considering pronatalist policies
According to the peoplmov.in website, which country is NOT a top migration destinations?
Mexico
Which countries are among the ten most populous in 2017?
Mexico, Russia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan, Brazil, Indonesia, China, India, US
If a move is determined primarily by PULL factors,
Migrants tend to be "positively" selected -- they have more education and resources than those left behind
Which of the following theories of migration focuses on the interpersonal ties that connect migrants, former migrants, potential migrants, and nonmigrants in the original and destination populations?
Migration network theory
In this unit, we have focused on:
Mortality
This unit is about Migration. What are the other two demographic processes that can change the size of population:
Mortality and fertility
What does it mean when a survival curve has rectangularized?
Mortality has become a predictable event, occurring primarily during late life
Which theory suggests that international migration behaviors are the result of individuals rationally weighing the cost and benefits of movement?
Neoclassical Economic Theory of Migration
The balance of migration, calculated as the number of in-migrants minus the number of out-migrants, is referred to as __________.
Net migration
According to the 2017 World Population Datasheet, which country currently has the highest Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?
Niger
Using the data provided in the table on the top of page 1, can you calculate the gross migration rate?
No -- the demographic balancing equation can be used to estimate net migration but not gross migration
Using the migration data estimating the region-to-region flows from the Pew Social Trends
The SOUTH and the WEST regions had positive net migration in 2007
Look at the TFR values you calculated for both India and China. Choose the answer below that best describes your TFR calculations.
The TFR in India > the TFR in China.
On the bottom of page 1, you saw two population pyramids. Does migration have anything to do with their curious shapes?
Probably -- Llanos County (left) is a retirement destination. Old people move in, young people move out. Brazos County (right) is a college town. Almost one-quarter of the population is aged 20-24. College students move in to this county
Fertility versus reproduction: Are they the same concept?
Reproduction refers only to the production of female babies; fertility is used to describe the production of both males and female babies
Given the data in these tables, how many total deaths would we expect to see in Family Land in a given year?
Same number as we would see in Sun City
Crude Birth Rate
The number of live births in a year, compared to the size of the population.
Age-Specific Fertility Rate
The number of live births to women of a given age compared to the size of the population of women of that age.
A life table includes what type(s) of information?
The probability of dying between certain ages. The number of survivors at each age. The number of deaths during each age interval. Life expectancy at each age. ALL OF THESE options can be found on a life table.
When you calculated the "CDR of Sun City standardized on Family Land", what did you use as the weights for your weighted average?
The proportion of persons at each age (0-14, 15-29, 30-49, 50+) in Family Land
How many births occurred in this life table population?
The same number of deaths that occurred in this life table population.
When determining fertility rates, sometimes researchers will include only women who are between the ages of 15 and 49 because:
These are the most typical child-bearing years for women
The only fertility measure to take into account the fact that not all children will survive to adulthood is:
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Which of the following best describes Thomas Morton's supervised pre-date with the girl he met at the dating event?
Total crash and burn
Populations that are rapidly growing have pyramids resembling which shape:
Triangle: wide base at the bottom, point at the top
50 percent of the population of Niger is less than 15 years of age
True
Demography is
a study of populations
Question 6 - why might the projections you made regarding when the US will reach 500 million persons be inaccurate?
because the US may implement policies that would alter the migration, fertility, or mortality behaviors, which would alter the rate of growth during the time interval between now and 2127
what is meant by the statement "we are all population actors"?
demography studies population-level trends of very personal-level decisions and events (fertility, mortality, migrations, marriage)
Who is John Graunt?
the father of demography - he used the "Bills of Mortality" from English church registers to conduct the first systematic study of populations
