SOC Ch 14- Exam 3; Final Exam

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the health of Black Americans? -By 2016, the percentage of Black men who smoked was lower than the percentage of White men who smoked. -In 2016, the percentage of Black adults between the ages of 20 and 74, who suffered from hypertension, was the same as in the early 1970s. -Patterns of physician visitation, hospitalization, and use of preventive medicine for Black people have improved. -Black women are now more likely than White women to receive mammograms.

Patterns of physician visitation, hospitalization, and use of preventive medicine for Black people have improved.

Which of the following explains the shift in society's views toward sex in the nineteenth century (e.g., the idea that masturbation could lead to blindness or that oral sex could cause cancer)? -Permissive attitudes about sexuality were replaced with more traditional attitudes. -Religious presumptions about sexuality were partly replaced by medical ones. -Men and women's differing attitudes toward sexual activities formed a double standard. -These and other sexual practices were accepted for men but not for women.

Religious presumptions about sexuality were partly replaced by medical ones.

According to functionalist theory, identify which of the following is a normative social expectation of the sick role. -If you get sick, you should change your lifestyle to avoid getting sick in the future. -If you are sick, you should still go to work. -Sick people are not to be held responsible for being sick. -If you feel ill, the choice about whether or not to see a doctor is entirely your own.

Sick people are not to be held responsible for being sick.

According to the textbook, why did diseases, such as smallpox and measles, produce epidemics that ravaged or completely wiped out native populations in the Americas after contact with Europeans in the late fifteenth century? -Europeans refused to share their medicines with the native peoples. -The native peoples lacked resistance to these diseases. -Europeans forced the native peoples to relocate to massive urban centers, where the diseases easily spread. -Europeans forced the native peoples to abandon their traditional medicines, which had kept the diseases largely at bay.

The native peoples lacked resistance to these diseases.

Why have some sociologists criticized Talcott Parsons' notion of the sick role? -Sociologists have done away with the theoretical use of the term role in analysis. -The sick role can be applied only to the American context. -Functionalist approaches are no longer studied in sociology. -The sick role fails to explain illnesses that do not necessarily lead to a suspension of normal activity.

The sick role fails to explain illnesses that do not necessarily lead to a suspension of normal activity.

What has been happening to the life expectancy of working-class White people throughout the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries? -Their life expectancy is increasing. -Their life expectancy is decreasing. -Their life expectancy has remained the same. -Their life expectancy has followed the trend of the American population in general.

Their life expectancy is decreasing.

According to the textbook, why are some men less likely to get annual checkups? -They are socialized to believe that men should be strong and self-sufficient. -Because of their work, men generally have more responsibilities than women and thus have less time for regular medical checkups. -Men are more likely to feel physically threatened by health-care personnel than women are. -Men become ill less often and therefore believe that they do not need checkups as often as women do.

They are socialized to believe that men should be strong and self-sufficient.

What suggests that eating disorders and obesity reflect social factors more than biological factors? -Max Weber clearly showed that the origins of eating disorders and obesity lie in the cult of beauty present in the Roman republic. -If physical or biological factors were responsible, physicians would have found a cure for such important health issues. -Only women suffer from these conditions. -They are very recent health problems.

They are very recent health problems.

What happens to us when all foods are available all the time? -We have much less control over our own bodies than before. -We can no longer decide what to eat because there are too many choices. -This situation creates anxieties as well as positive possibilities. -This situation causes new anxieties and problems that far outweigh any advantages that food availability bestows.

This situation creates anxieties as well as positive possibilities.

Why might differences in occupational status lead to inequalities in health and illness even when medical care is evenly distributed? -Hospitals are located closer to where professionals and white-collar workers live. -Manual laborers often come from immigrant backgrounds and bring many health problems with them from their places of origin. -Government health programs offer a wider variety of solutions to people from professional backgrounds. -Those who work in offices or in domestic settings have less risk of injury or exposure to hazardous materials than some manual workers have.

Those who work in offices or in domestic settings have less risk of injury or exposure to hazardous materials than some manual workers have.

Although Latinos in the United States have poorer socioeconomic resources than White people, on average, their health is just as good as, if not better than, that of White people. -True -False

True

Sick role theory does not account for instances when doctors and patients disagree about a diagnosis or have opposing interests. -True -False

True

The effect epidemiologist Arline Geronimus calls "weathering" is particularly acute in women during, and shortly after, pregnancy. -True -False

True

Which of the following questions would a symbolic interactionist most likely ask? -Why do some humans become ill whereas others do not? -How do people put themselves at risk of contracting illness? -How does illness become lucrative business for pharmaceutical companies? -What does the way we define illness tell us about healthy practices?

What does the way we define illness tell us about healthy practices?

Which of the following people would most likely practice alternative medicine? -an oncologist -a chiropractor -a pediatrician -a cardiologist

a chiropractor

An example of an "obesogenic environment" is -a school that has milk and fruit snacks as well as soda and candy in its vending machines. -a restaurant that offers a portion size of meat that is about 4 to 5 ounces. -a fast-food restaurant that prices fresh produce like it does French fries. -a fast-food menu on which hamburgers are less expensive than healthy salads.

a fast-food menu on which hamburgers are less expensive than healthy salads.

Kelly is a Black American girl who suffers from obesity. She lives in a poor inner-city neighborhood characterized as a food desert. Which of the following factors is most likely to be a component of her condition? -failure to take a daily vitamin -a dislike of healthy foods -a lack of healthy food choices at school and at home -living in an impoverished society where food is scarce

a lack of healthy food choices at school and at home

Paul has an enlarged prostate and is thus forced to go to the bathroom frequently. He is embarrassed by his condition and avoids telling others about his condition. When he goes out with his friends to dine and is asked why he leaves the table so often, he tells others that he is calling home to check on the children. What type of work, as defined by Corbin and Strauss, is Paul incorporating? -illness work -coping work -everyday work -biographical work

biographical work

Which of Corbin and Strauss's types of work involves the process of incorporating an illness into one's life, making sense of it, and developing ways of explaining it to others? -illness work -biographical work -everyday work -adapting work

biographical work

Tiffany is sexually attracted to both sexes. According to the textbook, because Tiffany is attracted to both sexes, she is considered -bisexual. -transgender. -cisgender. -queer.

bisexual.

The communities that are most likely to be food deserts are -mostly rural areas. -both rural areas and poor urban neighborhoods. -mostly suburban areas. -mostly inner-city neighborhoods and suburban areas.

both rural areas and poor urban neighborhoods.

Yu spends most of his time in the countryside picking herbs to use in his place of work. He dries the herbs and makes teas for his customers who are cancer patients wanting to combat the side effects of the chemotherapy treatments they are receiving from their doctors. What term do sociologists use to describe what Yu offers? -alternative medicine -faith healing -complementary medicine -natural medicine

complementary medicine

One of the major barriers to the treatment of the HIV and AIDS epidemic worldwide is -the increasing number of intravenous drug users. -the increasing percentage of homosexuals who practice unsafe sex. -the increasing percentage of heterosexuals who practice unsafe sex. -discrimination against people living with these infections.

discrimination against people living with these infections.

Rosie was diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome. She manages to keep up with her housework by dividing it into small tasks and resting between tasks. What type of work, as defined by Corbin and Strauss, is Rosie incorporating? -illness work -coping work -everyday work -adapting work

everyday work

Joe lives in a neighborhood where the grocery stores there rarely sell fresh or low-cost produce. Neighborhoods like Joe's are known as -impoverished. -nutritionally challenged. -nutritionally isolated. -food deserts.

food deserts.

Rafael is a sociologist who thinks that illness can disrupt the normal flow of society. What school of sociology does he probably belong to? -symbolic interactionist -structuralist -functionalist -postmodernist

functionalist

Western attitudes toward sexual behavior -were molded primarily by Christianity for nearly two thousand years, and the dominant view was that all sexual behavior was suspect. -have rarely included the idea that sexual fulfillment can and should be sought through marriage. -have remained surprisingly constant throughout the past two or three centuries. -have reflected similar assumptions about the sexual activities of men and women.

have rarely included the idea that sexual fulfillment can and should be sought through marriage.

What is the term that sociologists use to refer to an aversion to or hatred of homosexuals? -hate crime -homosexual aversion -sexual orientation discrimination -homophobia

homophobia

According to the textbook, Paula England's study of the sexual behavior of college students revealed that -hookups are relatively rare for most college students, and only a minority of students participate in hookup culture. -hookups are relatively rare for most college students, although the majority of seniors have experienced at least one hookup. -hookups are even more frequent and common than media images suggest. -of college students who had hooked up, the majority reported at least ten partners.

hookups are relatively rare for most college students, although the majority of seniors have experienced at least one hookup.

Sigmund Freud argued that -humans are born without concrete sexual tastes, and society teaches them what to like through the socialization process. -human sexuality is usually determined at birth, although the socialization process does have a limited role in influencing people by adulthood. -female and male sexual tastes are similar at birth but increasingly vary as adulthood approaches, largely due to hormonal differences between males and females. -human sexual tastes vary widely at birth, and, although they are curbed by society through socialization, they still remain significantly diverse through adulthood.

human sexual tastes vary widely at birth, and, although they are curbed by society through socialization, they still remain significantly diverse through adulthood.

Angelique suffers from chronic neck pain. At times the pain is so debilitating that she takes strong painkillers just to be able to get out of bed in the morning. What type of work, as defined by Corbin and Strauss, is Angelique incorporating? -illness work -coping work -everyday work -adapting work

illness work

Prior to the twentieth century, which factor was most responsible for a noticeable decline in death rates? -advances in surgical techniques -the discovery of antibiotics -the increasingly widespread practice of vaccinating children -improvements in water purification and proper control of sewage

improvements in water purification and proper control of sewage

According to the textbook, traditional attitudes toward sex currently exist alongside much more permissive attitudes, which developed widely and became openly public -in the eighteenth century. -in the nineteenth century. -in the early twentieth century. -in the 1960s.

in the 1960s.

According to the textbook, U.S. attitudes toward sexual behavior have followed which of the following patterns over time? -increased acceptance of premarital sex but continued low acceptance of extramarital sex -increased acceptance of premarital sex and extramarital sex -decreased acceptance of premarital and extramarital sex -increased acceptance of premarital sex, followed by a decrease, with acceptance of extramarital sex remaining high

increased acceptance of premarital sex but continued low acceptance of extramarital sex

The direction of one's sexual or romantic attraction is referred to as -sexual orientation. -sexual preference. -sexual identity. -sexual status.

sexual orientation.

According to the textbook, which of the following terms is incorrectly used, is misleading, and should be avoided? -sexual desire -sexual orientation -sexual preference -sexual partner

sexual preference

Clellan Ford and Frank Beach, using anthropological evidence from more than two hundred societies, found that -although only slight variations existed among societies regarding natural sexual behavior, norms of sexual attractiveness varied greatly. -only slight variations existed among societies regarding natural sexual behavior, but norms of sexual attractiveness were largely universal. -striking variations existed among societies in what was regarded as natural sexual behavior, but norms of sexual attractiveness were largely universal. -striking variations existed among societies in what were regarded as natural sexual behavior and norms of sexual attractiveness.

striking variations existed among societies in what were regarded as natural sexual behavior and norms of sexual attractiveness.

Novak is a researcher who addresses questions about the personal experience of illness such as: How does illness shape individuals' daily lives? How does a chronic illness affect an individual's self-identity? What school of sociology does he probably belong to? -symbolic interactionist -structuralist -functionalist -postmodernist

symbolic interactionist

According to the textbook, what is generally regarded as the beginning of the battle for gay rights in the United States? -the Stonewall Inn nightclub raid -California Proposition 8 -Lawrence v. Texas -the Texas sniper shootings

the Stonewall Inn nightclub raid

What term refers to the set of principles—underpinning Western medical systems and practices—that defines diseases objectively, in accordance with the presence of recognized symptoms, and holds that the healthy body can be restored through scientifically based medical treatment? -the Western health-care model -the scientific method of health -the biomedical model of health -the scientific health-care method

the biomedical model of health

Which part of the world accounts for more than 90 percent of deaths from malaria? -South America -Africa -South and Southeast Asia -Pacific Island nations

Africa

According to studies, what is the most likely reason that Black women are 19 percent likelier than White women to die of cancer? -Black women are genetically more susceptible to the most serious forms of cancer. -Cancer tends to be more advanced in Black women by the time it is diagnosed. -Cancer in Black women is more likely to be accompanied by other life stressors. -Black women are at higher risk of cancer due to differences in diet.

Cancer tends to be more advanced in Black women by the time it is diagnosed.

Why did the nutritional quality of native diets become substantially depressed in many parts of Africa? -Changes introduced by European colonizers caused the spread of the tsetse fly, which damaged native crops. -The natives of the region practiced a scorched-earth policy of defense against European colonizers in which they burned their own fields. -European farmers resented the cheap imports that flowed into the continent after colonization, and colonial administrators were pressured to destroy millions of acres of crops owned by natives. -Cash-crop production supplanted the production of native foods.

Cash-crop production supplanted the production of native foods.

Although some Western societies now recognize the rights of LGBTQ persons, in most of the world there has been little progress toward greater legal protections for gays and lesbians. -True -False

False

Queer has replaced homosexual as the preferred term for all individuals who are romantically or sexually attracted to persons of the same sex. -True -False

False

For which group are eating disorders most likely the lowest? -Fijian women before American television shows started to air there -young, primarily affluent women of Hong Kong -women in urban areas of Pakistan -women of color in the United States

Fijian women before American television shows started to air there

Juliana is an American sociologist whose research focuses on why some people are homosexual and why others are not. According to the textbook, why do investigators like Juliana devote considerable time to research focusing on this question? -Heterosexuality is considered the norm for most people in the U.S. culture. -Increasing numbers of people are becoming homosexual. -It has only recently been learned that people are born homosexual. -Various religious organizations funded such research to try to counter trends that they viewed as wrong.

Heterosexuality is considered the norm for most people in the U.S. culture.

From a sociological perspective, what is problematic about the expression "sexual preference"? -It implies that the nature of one's sexual or romantic attraction is morally neutral. -It implies that one's sexual or romantic attraction is a matter of personal choice. -It implies that the person thinks one gender is inherently better than the other. -It denies the extent to which sexual attraction is a product of social learning.

It implies that one's sexual or romantic attraction is a matter of personal choice.

Max's sexual orientation is homosexual. Most sociologists would claim that -if Max has an identical twin, it is highly probable that the twin is also homosexual. -Max's sexual orientation is the result of both biological and social influences. -Max's sexual orientation is a result of biological influences. -Max's sexual orientation is a result of social influences.

Max's sexual orientation is the result of both biological and social influences.

According to Talcott Parsons, what is an expectation associated with the sick role? -A sick person should not be personally blamed for being ill. -A sick person should be isolated from society. -A sick person should always tend to their work responsibilities while sick. -A sick person should avoid modern medicine.

A sick person should not be personally blamed for being ill.

How do Edward Laumann's 1994 findings about sexual activity differ from those of Alfred Kinsey's research in the 1950s? -Americans have, on average, 10 sexual partners during their lifetime. -There were few changes in sexual behavior. -Americans have become more sexually conservative in some ways but more promiscuous in others. -There was a significant decline in premarital sexual activity.

Americans have become more sexually conservative in some ways but more promiscuous in others.

April is a woman, and Jack is a man. Which of the following statements is true? -April is likely to live longer than Jack is. -Jack is more likely to suffer from acute conditions than April is. -Jack is more likely to suffer from nonfatal chronic conditions than April is. -Jack is more likely to spend any given day sick in bed than April is.

April is likely to live longer than Jack is.

Identify one of the major reasons why people, who are better educated, tend to be healthier and live longer than those who are less well-educated. -Better-educated people have reduced stress. -Better-educated people have better eating habits. -Better-educated people have smaller families. -Better-educated people have a stronger sense of purpose.

Better-educated people have better eating habits.

What is one of the main reasons why Black Americans experience a significantly higher rate of HIV/AIDS infections than all other groups in the United States? -Black Americans are far less likely to have access to antiretroviral treatments. -Black Americans are originally from Africa, which has higher rates of HIV/AIDS. -Black Americans are unable to tolerate the needed medicines. -Black Americans are more likely to engage in same-sex behavior.

Black Americans are far less likely to have access to antiretroviral treatments.

Black and Latino populations have higher rates of mortality, unemployment, and levels of poverty. Even so, Latinos have better-than-expected health, and Black people have lower-than-expected rates of depression. Identify one of the psychosocial factors behind these paradoxes. -Black and Latino populations overall have lower levels of stress. -Black and Latino populations have better health screening. -Black and Latino populations have better social cohesion. -Black and Latino populations have improved housing and housing subsidies.

Black and Latino populations have better social cohesion.

Vanessa recently told her family and friends that she is homosexual. Now, she no longer hides the fact that her best friend, Margaret, is also her partner. According to the textbook, which of the following is the result of people like Vanessa coming out? -New York City, San Francisco, London, and other large metropolitan areas worldwide have large gay and lesbian communities. -Society embraces openly LGBTQ individuals such as Vanessa, and LGBTQ people no longer face any backlash for coming out. -The U.S. government keeps a registry of all the individuals who come out, which now includes Vanessa. -Coming out has resulted in increased rejection of the homosexual lifestyle because homophobes who were willing to ignore the presence of homosexual people when they were hidden are no longer willing to do so.

New York City, San Francisco, London, and other large metropolitan areas worldwide have large gay and lesbian communities.

Health inequalities can exist even when medical care is fairly evenly distributed. What did a study in Britain identify as a main reason for health inequalities? -Gender: women had more severe health problems than men had. -Occupation: manual workers had higher mortality rates than professionals had. -Education: highly educated individuals required fewer doctor's visits. -Age: older persons were more likely to be hospitalized.

Occupation: manual workers had higher mortality rates than professionals had.

Pat suffers from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following statements is true? -Pat is more likely to be a man than a woman. -Pat is more likely to be White than a person of color. -Pat cannot also suffer from bulimia, because bulimia involves bingeing and purging. -Pat suffers from the psychological disorder that has the lowest mortality rate.

Pat is more likely to be White than a person of color.

How do some sociologists explain the fact that, although Latinos in the United States have fewer socioeconomic resources than White people, studies have shown that the health of Latinos—and especially the health of their infants—is just as good as, if not better than, that of White people? -Latinos have more genetic resistance to many diseases than White people have. -White people are more socially cohesive than Latinos are. -Studies of the health of Latinos in the United States focus on those who successfully migrated and who may be in better health than those who did not migrate. -For cultural reasons, Latinos are more devoted to healthy activities, such as playing sports, than White people are.

Studies of the health of Latinos in the United States focus on those who successfully migrated and who may be in better health than those who did not migrate.

The leading causes of death today are heart disease and cancer, two diseases that are associated with unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, a high-fat diet, and a sedentary lifestyle. This evidence most clearly contradicts which perspective? -Corbin and Strauss's illness work -Erving Goffman's stigma -Talcott Parsons' sick role -complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

Talcott Parsons' sick role

In which country does universal health coverage not exist? -The United States -Canada -Japan -Taiwan

The United States

The twentieth century witnessed which of the following trends in industrialized societies? -a significant increase in life expectancy -a rise in infant mortality rates -a decrease in standards of health and well-being -the virtual elimination of health inequalities

a significant increase in life expectancy

Michelle is obese. As obesity is something that is devalued and labeled by society as undesirable, what term would sociologists apply to her condition? -a disadvantage -a stigma -a dogma -a sick role

a stigma

Alfred Kinsey's research, which began in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s, was surprising because it revealed -the extent to which assumptions about the sexual activities of men and women had come to resemble each other. -a tremendous discrepancy between prevailing public expectations of sexual behavior and actual sexual conduct. -the homogeneity of sexual experience in the United States. -a strong correlation between income and sexual attitudes.

a tremendous discrepancy between prevailing public expectations of sexual behavior and actual sexual conduct.

Talia often consults health-related web pages for advice about diet, disease prevention, and treatment. What trend are her activities an example of? -a trend characterized by doctors, who, lacking quality health-care training, must rely on the Internet for practical knowledge -a trend characterized by young, uninsured individuals, who must utilize the Internet in place of going to see physicians due to their economic circumstances -a trend that sees individuals increasingly becoming health consumers and adopting an active stance toward their own health and well-being -the Internet health-care shopper trend

a trend that sees individuals increasingly becoming health consumers and adopting an active stance toward their own health and well-being

Most sociologists accept that most of what we currently recognize as medicine is a consequence of developments in Western society over the past three centuries. Sociologists would include which of the following items among these developments? -a trend toward seeing the origins and treatments of disease as physical and explicable in scientific terms -the rejection of the hospital as the setting within which to treat serious illnesses -the rapid increase in malpractice suits that question the expertise of the medical profession -the inclusion of self-taught healers

a trend toward seeing the origins and treatments of disease as physical and explicable in scientific terms

What proportion of Americans support gay marriage? -about one in five -about one in three -almost half -almost two-thirds

almost two-thirds

Sonia learned many techniques from a healer in her home country of Peru. After moving to the United States, Sonia decides to offer herbal remedies to people who distrust doctors and who refuse Western medicine. What term do sociologists use to describe what Sonia offers? -alternative medicine -faith healing -complementary medicine -herbal remedy cures

alternative medicine

Most people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) -live outside of Africa. -are heterosexual. -are intravenous drug users. -are hemophiliacs.

are heterosexual.

Which health issues are associated with anorexia? -high white blood cell counts and enlargement of the heart -an increase in overall fitness and anemia -high white blood cell counts and anemia -loss of heart muscle and a weakened immune system

loss of heart muscle and a weakened immune system

The process by which the problems of social life become defined and treated like medical conditions is called -medicalization. -illness work. -socialization of nature. -professionalization of medicine.

medicalization.

Vanessa recently lost her father and also had a tough time finding work in the months prior to her father's death. She has been feeling very sad and is having a hard time accepting invitations or enjoying social activities. Her general practitioner referred her to a psychiatrist, who suggested that Vanessa begin taking antidepressants. According to the textbook, Vanessa's situation is an example of -the socialization of nature. -medicalization. -stigma. -illness work.

medicalization.

Jules challenges the gender binary of male-female, moving fluidly between the categories of male and female. According to the textbook, Jules is -noncisgender. -cisgender. -transgender. -bisexual.

noncisgender.

In which century did the plague, known as the Black Death, kill a quarter of England's population? -the fifth century -the eleventh century -the fourteenth century -the seventeenth century

the fourteenth century

From 2017 to 2019, life expectancy in the United States declined. Which factor is significantly responsible? -the increasing prevalence of so-called "food deserts" -"deaths of despair" among middle-aged high-school dropouts -increasing "anti-vaxxerism" or opposition to vaccination of children -increased auto accident fatalities due to larger, heavier vehicles

the increasing prevalence of so-called "food deserts"

Most public health experts believe that obesity is a problem caused by -obese individuals having more children than nonobese individuals. -the obesogenic environment. -the increase of eating disorders among small children. -genetic problems leading to a person's inability to lose weight.

the obesogenic environment.

Li is focusing her research on how the meanings of illness are socially constructed and how they influence people's behavior. Which sociological perspective is Li using? -the functionalist perspective -the conflict perspective -complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) -the symbolic interactionist perspective

the symbolic interactionist perspective

Which term refers to one's gender identity? -transgender -queer -gay -bisexual

transgender

According to the influential Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, homosexuality -was never considered a disorder. -was considered a disorder until 1920. -was considered a disorder until 1950. -was considered a disorder until 1980.

was considered a disorder until 1980.

Dr. Irving (discussed in the textbook) and other Black American women face multiple stressors throughout their lives that wear down their bodies and health, rendering them vulnerable to chronic diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. The epidemiologist, Arline Geronimus, calls this process -weathering. -illness work. -stigma. -heteronormativity.

weathering.

Which of the following is a contributing factor to the increasing consumption of fast food? -high traffic levels in inner-city neighborhoods -decreased availability of in-school lunch programs -increased crime rates in cities -working parents

working parents