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SOC FINAL TEST PREP- TOPIC

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The Vietnam War might be viewed as an example of what source of social change? A. changes in the physical environment B. clashes over resources and values C. population change D. innovation

The _______ theoretical perspective focuses on the concepts of wealth, status, and power. A. functionalism B. conflict theory C. interactionism D. behaviorism

The _________ is NOT one of the Breakfast Club characters that Bonnie Barber and her colleagues used in their research. A. Brain B. Dork C. Basket Case D. Princess

The __________ thesis views social inequality as an exploitative mechanism arising out of a struggle for valued goods and services in short supply. A. functionalist B. radical C. interactionist D. conservative

Correlation A. is synonymous with cause and effect. B. exists if one variable changes and the other remains constant. C. is not necessarily the same as causation. D. is the equivalent of spuriousness.

In a market economy, _______________ determine(s) which goods and services should be provided and in what quantities. A. the state B. manufacturers C. consumers D. the ruling class

In a research investigation that focused on nannies, sociologist Julia Wrigley combined _____________ research methods. A. survey and interview B. experiment and archival C. intensive interviewing and participant observation D. participant observation and survey

In an analysis of more than 100 G-rated movies released between 1990 and 2005, ____ percent of the speaking character roles are female. A. 12 B. 18. C. 28 D. 52

In examining the relationship between values and norms, we generally can say that A. values are based on norms. B. values are based on mores. C. norms are based on values. D. there is no relationship.

______________ has to do with those socially shared ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that have as their focus the realm of the supernatural or "beyond." A. Government B. Astrology C. Astronomy D. Religion

________________ percent of African-American families do not live in poverty. A. Forty B. Fifty-five C. Sixty-two D. Seventy-seven

________________ refers to the rapid dissemination of behaviors involving contagious anxiety that is usually associated with some mysterious force. A. Crowd behavior B. Panic C. Rumor D. Mass hysteria

_________________ is commonly credited with being the founder of sociology. A. Max Weber B. Emile Durkheim C. Harriet Martineau D. Auguste Comte

Social mobility occurs because of A. social change and availability of talent. B. a shift in the "culture of poverty." C. random, unexplained factors. D. genetic transitions in the population.

The "divine right" of medieval kings and queens in Europe would be an example of A. legal-rational authority. B. traditional authority. C. charismatic authority. D. instrumental Marxism.

The "medicalization of deviance" refers to A. cases of behavior previously viewed as illness now being labeled as immoral. B. cases of behavior previously viewed as sinful now being redefined as sickness. C. criminals being found not guilty by reason of insanity. D. the data that show more criminals being treated for medical problems while in prison.

The "underclass" A. typifies most urban populations in the United States today. B. constitutes a minority of the poor in the United States. C. has drastically declined in number during the 1980s. D. has grown mainly in the outlying areas of America's cities.

The Thomas Theorem states that A. if something can go wrong, it will. B. if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. C. work expands to fill the time available to complete it. D. people rise to their level of incompetence.

. Cross-cultural research found that one of the least preferred or least ideal types of marriage around the world is A. monogamy. B. polygamy. C. patrilineal marriages. D. matrilineal marriages.

. Movement of people from one nation to another is called __________ migration. A. international B. global C. inter-country D. internal

. The _________ model of urban development was originated in and represented by the city of Chicago. A. concentric circle B. sector C. multiple nuclei D. "doughnut structure"

. The form and content of culture is A. heavily affected by economic, organizational, legal, and technological factors. B. unaffected by technology. C. almost totally determined by its economic system. D. separate from the legal system.

According to the text, the key characteristic of a minority group is that A. it lacks power relative to the dominant group. B. it possesses distinguishable physical or cultural traits. C. its membership is involuntary. D. its members are endogamous.

Americans moved from handling relationships with Native Americans through forced relocation to handling relationships with Native Americans through A. forced assimilation. B. annihilation. C. negotiation. D. forced segregation.

Americans typically find themselves to be members of two nuclear families. First is the A. family of orientation. B. family of procreation. C. dislocation. D. socialization.

Conflict theorists argue that racial prejudice and exploitation arose in the Western world with the rise of capitalism in four ways. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors? A. Racism is not profitable. B. Racist ideologies divide the working class. C. Capitalists need minority workers as a reserve that can be fired during times of economic stagnation. D. Racial superiority ideologies make colonialism and racist practices more easily acceptable to the white masses.

Crime is a normal characteristic of capitalism. This view is most likely to be expressed by A. conflict theorists. B. functionalists. C. labeling theorists. D. cultural transmission theorists.

Cultural transmission theory emphasizes the impact of ________________ in gender identity acquisition. A. socialization B. Oedipus conflict C. hormones D. gender-specific biology

Delinquents, social dropouts, or the militia movement are examples of A. countercultures. B. ethnic groups. C. cultural relativists. D. noncultures.

High American wages served as a _____________ factor contributing to the illegal immigration patterns of people from Mexico. A. pull B. push C. neutral D. positive

Highly egalitarian societies should A. produce levels of aggregate income that are fairly similar, percentage-wise, to each other. B. be modeled after the United States, which currently has a very small gap between rich and poor. C. experience substantial inequalities between "haves" and "have-nots." D. maintain relatively high levels of inequality in wealth, with income remaining relatively equal.

Historically, population planners have focused on A. how to keep the world's poorest women from having more babies. B. Thomas Malthus' theory. C. Karl Marx's perspective. D. demographic transition theory.

In 2002, the National Opinion Research Center asked U.S. adult survey respondents to rate the importance of various life transitions and events as indicators or adulthood. _________ was NOT mentioned. A. Reaching sexual maturity B. Being finished with school C. Being employed full-time D. Being financially independent

In 2003, world population had reached __________ billion. A. 6.48 B. 7.23 C. 8.63 D. 9.74

Three theoretical frameworks that developed in contemporary sociology include A. critical theory, feminism, and postmodernism. B. feminism, functionalism, and neolocalism. C. critical theory, feminism, and posthumanism. D. postmodernism, theoreticalism, and neoculturalism.

Three theoretical frameworks that developed in contemporary sociology include Select one: a. critical theory, feminism, and postmodernism. b. feminism, functionalism, and neolocalism. c. critical theory, feminism, and posthumanism. d. postmodernism, theoreticalism, and neoculturalism.

When we speak about the "things" that people own, we are referring to their A. wealth. B. income. C. prestige. D. power.

Groups defined in terms of such characteristics as language, folk practices, dress, gestures, religion, or mannerisms are called A. nationality groups. B. ethnic groups. C. racial groups. D. oppressed minorities.

In 2004, __________ percent of all American children were living in poverty. A. 6.7 B. 17.8 C. 26.2 D. 36.6

Karl Marx focused on ______________ as a primary cause of the evolution of history. A. physical environments B. class conflict C. genetic behavioral codes D. the psychology of the individual

Polygyny A. refers only to the number of sexual partners a man may experience while married. B. has been practiced by over 80 percent of the societies around the world. C. is the same as group marriage. D. represents freedom of sexual choice for women.

Reflexive behavior is A. rooted in conflict theory. B. a component of symbolic interactionism in which people observe, interpret, evaluate, communicate with, and attempt to control themselves. C. a major feature of parapsychology. D. behavior that is totally dominated by one's genetic heritage.

Sociologists define a(n) _____________ as a collection of people who share a characteristic that is deemed to be of social significance. A. culture B. category C. aggregate D. group

Some analysts blame our surprise at the 9/11 attacks partly on A. cultural relativism. B. ethnocentrism. C. anomie. D. ethnicity.

Some communication experts argue that fictional media presentations provide images that influence attitudes and behavior about such policies as crime, violence, and welfare. This phenomenon is referred to as a(n) __________ effect. A. anomie B. cultivation C. restrictive D. Hawthorne

Spurious correlations Select one: a. are those where the apparent relationship between two variables is actually produced by a third variable. b. are an ideal toward which researchers strive. c. are nonexistent in true scientific research. d. have no bearing on the researcher's search for truth.

Studies by Messner and Rosenfeld suggest the strain toward deviance, particularly crime, is A. stronger when the economy is a relatively weak institution in the society. B. stronger when the economy is the dominant institution in the society. C. not related to the position of the economy in the society. D. weaker when penal institutions dominate the society.

The "sticky floor" is the metaphor commonly used to depict the A. problems women have being promoted to top executive positions. B. occupational frustrations experienced by the majority of America's working women. C. attachment of women in America to their housekeeping duties. D. None of the above is correct.

The Civil Rights Movement occurred during the A. 1950s. B. 1960s. C. 1970s. D. 1980s.

The _____________ approach to measuring social class views social class as a social category in which people perceive themselves as sharing attributes with others. A. objective method. B. self-placement method. C. reputational method. D. distributional method.

The apartheid policy of South Africa was an example of A. equalitarian pluralism. B. inequalitarian pluralism. C. assimilation. D. symbolic racism.

The development of the settlement on Pitcairn Island serves as an example of A. the founding of a capitalist economy among a group of primitives. B. the development of a new culture. C. the establishment of religion in a previously satanist society. D. how to maintain order in a military setting.

The developmentalist strategy for population reduction is based on A. a family planning device. B. demographic transition theory. C. coercion. D. a passive-resistance approach.

The discipline that studies the interrelationships between the living and nonliving organisms and their environment is A. environmentalism. B. ecology. C. tree-hugging. D. symbiosis.

The discovery of glass gave birth to lenses, costume jewelry, windowpanes, and test tubes. Such developments reflect A. the relatively static level of social change. B. the exponential principle. C. arithmetic growth. D. the role of clashes over resources and values.

The dysfunctions of deviance A. help society through the reinforcement of social organization. B. include the undermining of our willingness to play our roles and contribute to the larger social scene. C. result in a stronger family life. D. help us to better trust our social institutions.

The example of the Etoro of New Guinea shows that A. morality has no basic importance to human experience. B. deviance is relative and a matter of social definition. C. "anything goes" in matters of human sexuality. D. moralities across different societies tend to be very similar in content.

The existence of polygyny is based primarily on A. the heightened sexual prowess of men in those societies that permit the practice. B. status and economic concerns. C. the animalistic desire to sexually exploit women in such societies. D. modernization and industrialization, which make it easier to afford multiple wives.

________________ is one aspect of socialization, by which people acquire the behaviors essential for effective participation in society. A. Bureaucratization B. Education C. Urbanization D. Modernization

A survey of tenure-track college faculty shows that A. the fewer hours an instructor spends teaching classes per week, the lower the pay. B. faculty who teach only graduate students get paid less than those who also teach undergraduates. C. the more hours an instructor spends teaching classes per week, the lower the pay. D. the more time an instructor spends doing research, the lower the pay.

According to George H. Mead, the key to children's development of the self resides in the children's A. ability to separate themselves from their parents. B. reliance on the outside world for survival. C. acquisition of language. D. physical maturity.

According to Goffman's dramaturgical view of human interaction, when we dress up for a special event such as a job interview, we are engaging in A. egoistic bias. B. calculated deception. C. impression management. D. ego enhancement.

According to Karl Marx, the primary source of change in society is A. material culture. B. technology. C. constant conflict between opposites. D. conflict between the material and nonmaterial culture.

According to Merton, anomie represents society's struggle between its A. conformists and deviants. B. values and attitudes. C. goals and means. D. successes and failures.

According to studies by Finke and Stark, religions that gain members tend to A. see themselves as mainline denominations. B. avoid competing with other churches. C. hardline ones that "compete" for souls. D. be somewhat rigid, with clergy who utilize a theology that is above the heads of most people.

According to symbolic interactionists, the most important agents of socialization are A. the schools. B. the peers of the child. C. dependent on how they are defined and interpreted by people before they actually influence behavior. D. members of the mass media.

Comparison of an individual's social status over time is known as ________________ mobility. A. vertical B. intergenerational C. intragenerational D. horizontal

Decency, justice, worth of the individual, and equal opportunity illustrate basic American A. norms. B. mores. C. values. D. folkways.

Deviance is A. a property inherent in certain forms of behavior. B. a property conferred upon particular behaviors in an absolute manner. C. what people say it is. D. a behavior that often exists independently of norms.

Early American sociology A. developed a rather pessimistic approach to the study of human behavior. B. believed that American society was in a lot of trouble. C. used a generally optimistic, forward-looking approach that was rooted in a belief in progress. D. A and B are correct.

Emile Durkheim focused his sociological perspective on A. why social classes always seem to be in conflict with one another. B. the way societies seem to be made up of tiny relationship units. C. how societies hold together and endure. D. None of the above is correct.

Erving Goffman calls our presentation of self in ways that will lead others to view us in a favorable light A. self-actualization. B. the looking-glass self. C. impression management. D. the self-concept.

Erving Goffman defined _________ as places of residence where individuals are isolated from the rest of society for a significant amount of time and where behavior is tightly controlled. A. formal organizations. B. bureaucracies. C. total institutions. D. universities.

Evidence suggests that A. women progress through a different set of stages than men. B. the stages women pass through take longer than those passed through by men. C. women progress through the same developmental periods as do men, but there are important differences. D. men take longer to pass through their stages than do women.

Examining how the aging of the American population affects jobs and promotions for younger people in an historical context would be an example of using A. social psychology. B. microsociology. C. macrosociology. D. clinical psychological analysis.

Fashions and fads represent short-term A. rumors. B. social movements. C. folkways. D. mores.

In 2000, __________ percent of the electorate voted in the presidential election. A. 30 B. 40 C. 60 D. 80

Regarding murder, A. most were committed through the use of a "sharp instrument." B. a majority was precipitated by arguments. C. a majority of the victims knew their assailants. D. a majority was associated with robbery, arson, and other crimes.

Regarding social stratification, the text observes that A. the process of stratification results in benefits to all members of society. B. social arrangements are neutral. C. most societies of the world are organized so that their institutions systematically distribute benefits and burdens unequally among different categories of people. D. All the above are correct.

Regarding the challenges facing the American family, A. conservatives tend to see the family as needing more and more governmental assistance. B. liberals decry the decline of "family values" within the structure of the family itself. C. the centralist position is that "valuing the family should not be confused with valuing a particular family form." D. both liberals and conservatives agree the family is disintegrating.

Scott Atran recommends that the United States respond to terrorist acts A. with extreme deadly force. B. by taking an "eye-for-an-eye" approach. C. by addressing the grievances of terrorist organizations. D. by surrendering.

Urban gentrification A. is a sociological panacea for urban ills. B. leads to further declines in urban tax bases. C. displaces the poor into other neighborhoods, resulting in more deterioration. D. is on the increase in every major U.S. city.

Utilitarian organizations include A. the League of Women Voters. B. mental hospitals. C. universities. D. prisons.

We tend to select marital partners A. who are far more physically attractive than we are. B. who are generally less physically attractive than we are. C. who are similar in physical attractiveness to ourselves. D. almost totally on the basis of personality and temperament.

While culture provides the meanings that allow people to interpret their daily lives, _____________ is the concept that represents the networks of social relations that develop among a group of people. A. material culture B. socialization C. society D. ethnocentrism

________ research design best meets the scientific need to control all relevant variables in a study. A. The survey B. Archival C. The experiment D. Participant observation

__________ involves aspects of social life that have to do with order, stability, and social organization that allow societies and groups to hold together and endure. A. Social dynamics B. Organic solidarity C. Social statics D. Mechanical solidarity

. In the United States, most people make the transition to adulthood by about the age of A. 16. B. 19. C. 23. D. 26.

As a distinct institution, medicine A. is an ancient system. B. emerged at the time of Christ. C. emerged in the Middle Ages. D. emerged in fairly recent times.

Based on research conducted with chimpanzees, which of the following is a specific behavior found among some chimps? A. leaf clipping B. drumming C. nut-cracking D. All the above are correct.

Collective behavior is characterized by A. being highly institutionalized. B. established, routinized group behavior. C. ordered ways of doing things. D. spontaneity and lack of structure.

Conflict theorists argue that Western financial assistance to Third-World nations A. promotes agricultural progress and independence. B. creates a growing indebtedness. C. is recycled through building projects to Western corporations. D. B and C are correct.

Discrimination is A. entirely dependent on individual attitudes. B. not connected with attitudes. C. not affected by anti-discrimination laws. D. not entirely dependent on individual attitudes.

Early bureaucracies were based on A. patrimonialism. B. a traditional system of authority in which people were committed to serve traditional leaders. C. a set of codified rules and procedures. D. A and B are correct.

Egalitarian power arrangements in the family A. distribute power equally between wife and husband. B. have never existed in the United States. C. are on the increase in recent years in the United States. D. A and C are correct.

In 1865, the __________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution outlawed slavery. A. 10th B. 11th C. 12th D. 13th

In 2001, there were __________ confirmed cases of child maltreatment. A. 603,000 B. 703,000 C. 803,000 D. 903,000

In much of the world, adolescence A. occurs before puberty. B. does not occur until the late twenties. C. is more pronounced and pervasive than in the United States. D. is not a socially distinct period in the human life course.

In regard to value-free sociology, Max Weber A. argued for experimental research. B. rejected the scientific model as a basis for sociology. C. felt that sociologists must see the world as they believe it should be, not as it is. D. argued for objectivity and control of personal biases.

In some nations like Sweden, the welfare state is expected to provide A. welfare benefits to the rich. B. tax incentives to the poor. C. abortions on demand. D. a basic standard of living to their citizens.

In some social dilemmas, when one member of a group may make a contribution to the general welfare of his or her group that makes other members feel that their contribution is unnecessary, it is called the A. easy-rider mechanism. B. sidecar mechanism. C. transit-rider syndrome. D. free-rider mechanism.

In the United States, the family model -made up of a married couple, breadwinner husband and homemaker wife, raising children - now is A. the majority of the nation's households. B. a growing number of the nation's households. C. about half of the nation's households. D. about 20% of the nation's households.

Problems of bureaucracies include A. oligarchy. B. high levels of redundancy. C. trained incapacity. D. All the above are correct.

Restoration ecology A. refers to the restoration of land altered by human activity. B. has been increasingly successful. C. is a figment of futuristic imagination. D. A and B are correct.

Sociologically speaking, ____________ is behavior that a considerable number of people in a society view as reprehensible and beyond the limits of tolerance. A. crime B. mental illness C. social control D. deviance

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 is an example of A. equalitarian pluralism. B. acculturation. C. assimilation. D. inequalitarian pluralism.

The formal organization of American schools and colleges generally consists of A. a chain of command. B. remarkably standardized environments. C. four levels, including a board of education, administrators, teachers or professors, and students. D. All the above are correct.

The rise of the state had a number of social consequences, including A. the development of relationships between dominant groups and minority groups. B. the advent of subject peoples. C. the disintegration of heterogeneous societies. D. A and B are correct.

Today, _____ percent of mothers with children under school age are in the workforce. A. 30 B. 40 C. 50 D. more than 60

________ is one of a number of conditions that enhance the chances that primary group relationships will develop. A. Small group size. B. Face-to-face contact. C. Frequent and numerous contact. D. All the above are correct.

Most divorced people A. remarry. B. stay divorced. C. become social outcasts. D. become healthier as a result of their divorces.

A 2003 study showed that __________ of each dollar spent on health care in the United States pays for administrative costs. A. 21 cents B. 31 cents C. 51 cents D. 71 cents

The blending of peoples and cultures to form a new people and culture is A. the melting pot perspective. B. the Anglo-conformity view. C. population transfer. D. symbolic racism.

According to the text, alienation is a pervasive sense of A. powerlessness. B. meaninglessness. C. self-estrangement. D. All the above are correct.

According to the text, in 2004, __________ were reported to the police. A. 37 percent of property crimes B. 49 percent of violent crimes C. 85 percent of motor vehicle thefts D. All the above are correct.

In 2004, the poverty threshold for a family of four was A. $18,244 B. $19,157 C. $20,125 D. $21,765

The graying of the population is an example of which source of social change? A. population change B. change in the physical environment C. clashes over resources and values D. diffusion

Two or more people who share a sense of unity and who are bound together in relatively stable patterns of social interaction are known as a A. group. B. social class. C. society. D. culture.

________ are NOT an example of nonmaterial culture. A. Physical artifacts B. Values C. Norms D. Customs

________ is a successful example of a virtual corporation. A. Verifone, Inc. B. Borders Bookstores C. Office Max D. Wal-Mart

________ is the large-scale provision of illegal goods and services. A. Organized crime. B. White-collar crime. C. Corporate crime. D. Business-related crime.

The methods and strategies that regulate behavior constitute A. social structure. B. social control. C. deviance. D. norms.

A(n) _________ is not a total institution. A. mental hospital B. public school C. prison D. army boot camp

According to Durkheim, those things that have to do with the mundane, everyday, and commonplace are the A. sacred. B. profane. C. secular. D. existential.

Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association illustrates the ________ sociological perspective on deviance. A. structural strain B. cultural transmission C. conflict D. labeling

The new form of urban organization referred to as edge cities A. has been a consequence of the "back-to-the-farm" movement among babybusters. B. has been facilitated by the development of a service-based economy that is electronically based through the use of computers. C. shows few signs of interest. D. has been aided by proactive government policy changes.

Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of crime outlined by Richard Quinney? A. crimes of ultimatum B. crimes of domination C. crimes of resistance D. predatory crime

. A majority of Liebow's "streetcorner men" were A. drug addicts and AIDS carriers. B. unemployed. C. employed. D. white derelicts.

________ is NOT one of the traditional purposes of imprisonment? A. Punishment B. Rehabilitation C. Recidivism D. Selective confinement

Microsociology is the study of Select one: a. the family in America. b. large-scale, long-term social processes. c. up-close and personal studies of people in real-life settings. d. cultures and societies.

Political parties A. are basically the same thing as interest groups. B. operate out of a philosophy of separation of the individual from the state. C. are after control of the government as an end. D. end up being dramatically different from one another.

Populations assumed to differ on the basis of the incidence of various physical characteristics are called A. ethnic groups. B. ethnocentric groups. C. racial groups. D. societal groups.

The social respect, admiration, and recognition associated with a particular social status is known as A. wealth. B. power. C. prestige. D. income.

Which ecological process occurs in a city when new people or activities encroach on an area and eventually displace earlier inhabitants? A. segregation B. invasion C. succession D. urban encroachment

Which of the following was NOT one of Ann Meier's operational hypotheses? A. More permissive attitudes toward having sex will increase the probability of having sex. B. Having sex will result in adolescents having more permissive attitudes about having sex. C. Higher levels of religiosity will increase the probability of having sex. D. All the above were among Meier's operational hypotheses.

________ is not a sociological approach to understanding deviance. A. Cultural transmission theory B. Anomie theory C. Hereditary predisposition perspective D. Labeling perspective

__________ is NOT a form of government recognized in your text. A. Totalitarianism B. Authoritarianism C. Elitism D. Democracy

. According to sociological studies of the "empty nest" period, A. most couples do not experience difficulty with this stage in the family life cycle. B. the majority of couples view this stage as a time of "new freedoms." C. this is typically a period of great turmoil and unhappiness for middle-aged women. D. A and B are correct.

"A racially or culturally self-conscious population, with hereditary membership and a high degree of in-group marriage, that suffers oppression at the hands of a dominant segment of a nation-state" defines a(n) A. in-group. B. bureaucracy. C. reference group. D. minority group.

. In 2002, __________ percent of all children lived in families with incomes less than $30,000. A. 5 B. 10 C. 20 D. 30

According to the text, _________________ are often referred to as the "model minority" in the United States. A. Cuban Americans B. Jewish Americans C. Latinos D. Asian Americans

A 1994 poll cited in the text found that __________ percent of American adults agree that "a good, hard spanking" is sometimes necessary in disciplining a child. A. 37 B. 47 C. 57 D. 67

A good example of a closed stratification system is the A. British class system. B. American class system. C. American caste system. D. Hindu caste system.

Regarding health, functionalists note that A. health is essential to the preservation of the human species, as well as organized social life. B. there must be a reasonable supply of productive members to carry out vital tasks. C. the medical institution serves both a cure and preventive health function. D. All the above are correct.

The process that led to the NASA Challenger tragedy in 1986 involved people who A. ignored warnings against the launch. B. experienced considerable pressure to launch from outsiders. C. functioned according to the principles of groupthink. D. All the above are correct.

Irrational, uncoordinated collective actions brought on by immediate, severe threat is A. panic. B. fetishism. C. fadism. D. psychogenic illness.

The Tajfel experiments are now referred to as the __________ paradigm. A. minimal group B. groupthink C. group polarization D. reference group

The _______ theoretical perspective of sociology views society as a system. A. functionalism B. conflict theory C. interactionism D. behaviorism

The _______ theoretical perspective of sociology views society as a system. Select one: a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. interactionism d. behaviorism

The _________ states that bureaucracy leads to the concentration of power in the hands of a few people. A. iron law of oligarchy B. preventive checks theory of bureaucratic development C. "Peter Principle" D. law of the informal group

The __________ principle states that the social relations of work find expression in the social relations of the school. A. correspondence B. pedagogical C. screening D. selection

The economic dimensions of social stratification include A. wealth and income. B. prestige and power. C. wealth and power. D. power and status.

The family of __________ consists of oneself and one's father, mother, and siblings. A. orientation B. procreation C. socialization D. recreation

The number of live births per 1,000 members of a population in a given year is the __________ rate. A. crude birth. B. general fertility C. age-specific fertility D. fecundity

When the social norms require that we marry within our group (race, class, religion, region), this is called A. endogamy. B. tyranny. C. exogamy. D. monogamy.

__________ represent(s) the most comprehensive and complex type of social structure in today's world. A. Societies B. Institutions C. Culture D. Groups

"Status spheres" are A. classes established on the basis of wealth and income. B. based on a person's location on a dimension of value, such as ethnicity, lifestyle, or occupation. C. areas within cities that form social class "islands." D. None of the above is correct.

"Work expands to fill the time available for its completion." This statement is known as A. the Thomas Theorem. B. Parkinson's Law. C. the Peter Principle. D. Vander Zanden's Law.

. At the institutional level, sexism A. is the belief that the two sexes are equal to one another. B. involves policies, procedures, and practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women. C. involves policies, procedures, and practices designed to produce equal outcomes for men and women. D. assumes men and women are naturally suited to similar occupational roles.

. Between 1970 and 1990 the number of Americans living in poverty increased by 50 percent, but the number of poor neighborhoods has A. declined due to higher density segregation. B. more than doubled. C. stayed about the same. D. nearly disappeared due to urban sprawl.

. Drought is an example of which source of social change? A. population change B. change in the physical environment C. clashes over resources and values D. diffusion

. Emile Durkheim is often remembered for his scientific study of A. consumerism. B. suicide. C. dialectical materialism. D. political attitudes.

. In 2002, the poverty rate for the elderly was __________ percent. A. 10.4 B. 21.4 C. 35.2 D. 41.3

. Married couples who have sex infrequently A. tend to have short-duration marriages. B. tend to have relationships that last as long as those who have sex frequently. C. tend to be political conservatives. D. are religious fanatics.

. Societies with open social stratification systems have a greater reliance on A. ascribed statuses. B. achieved statuses. C. caste statuses. D. inverted class statuses.

. Sociologist Talcott Parsons suggested that societies tend to become increasingly differentiated in their structures and functions, leading to A. societal prerequisites. B. adaptive upgrading. C. multilinear evolution. D. unilateral functioning.

. The amount of money people receive from jobs is referred to as A. wealth. B. income. C. investment potential. D. K-1 retirement plans.

. The secularization thesis proposes that A. the sacred is gaining over the profane in the course of human evolution. B. the profane is gaining ascendancy over the sacred in the course of human development. C. TV evangelists now control the beliefs of most Americans. D. denominationalism has taken over fundamentalism in the search for the human spirit.

. __________ are the actions others can legitimately insist that we perform. A. Rights B. Duties C. Roles D. Statuses

. __________ is an economic arena in which large differences exist in the price of labor at the same occupational level. A. Supply-side policy B. A split labor market C. Oligarchy D. Competitive ruthlessness

A predictive statement or question regarding a possible relationship between variables is called a(n) A. theory. B. hypothesis. C. sample. D. experimental design.

A representative sample A. is an impossible research goal to achieve. B. is a sample that accurately reflects the composition of the people being studied. C. means the researcher hand-picks the research subjects. D. is the technique most apt to result in sampling bias.

A subculture whose values and lifestyles are substantially at odds with those of the larger society is called a(n) A. anomaly. B. counterculture. C. protest culture. D. contradictive culture.

Acts or objects that are socially accepted as standing for something else are called A. norms. B. symbols. C. values. D. signs.

Adding something new to our present knowledge base is called A. diffusion. B. discovery. C. invention. D. an accident.

All social interaction involves A. verbalization. B. communication. C. vision. D. hearing.

Ann Meier's investigations supports the hypothesis that states A. students who are more religious are less likely to engage in sexual activity. B. students who have more positive attitudes about sex are more likely to engage in sexual activity. C. students who had had their first sexual experiences became less religious. D. All the above were supported.

In 2003, a U.S. Department of Education study ranked the eighth graders of many countries in mathematics and science. U.S. eight graders ranked behind ____ countries in mathematics. A. 2 B. 14 C. 9 D. 22

In 2004, the poverty rate was __________ percent. A. 5.7 B. 12.7 C. 25.7 D. 42.7

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational stage A. involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them. B. includes the learning of symbols and language. C. involves the child's development of abstract thought. D. includes the development of logic.

In __________________ authority, power is legitimated by explicit rules and logical procedures that define the rights and duties of the occupants of given positions. A. bureaucratic B. legal-rational C. traditional D. charismatic

In discussing inequality on campus, the text points out that A. unlike the rest of society, campus life involves very little inequality. B. social stratification is a pervasive component of campus life. C. ethnicity, prestige, and wealth tend to dissolve as significant aspects of student life on campus. D. students and teachers are essentially alike in their experience of classroom freedom.

In the Trobriand Islands, where gardening is a major focus of people's lives, the calendar is based on A. outdoor activities. B. lunar cycles. C. the darkest nights. D. the longest days.

In the ____________ family, spouses and their offspring constitute the core relationship. A. patrilocal B. nuclear C. extended D. matrilineal

In the case of victimless crime, if there is any suffering, it is by the A. criminal justice system. B. offenders themselves. C. wider society. D. citizenry.

In the real world, norms allow some latitude for behavior that is not strictly conformist. This is called A. classic anomie. B. a zone of permissible variation. C. nonsense, sociologically speaking. D. social disorganization.

In which setting are we more likely to find "intruders," "outsiders," or "mediators"? A. dyads B. triads C. monads D. None of the above is correct.

Individuals who have normal sexual organs, but who psychologically feel like members of the opposite sex are called A. hermaphrodites. B. transsexuals. C. homosexuals. D. heterosexuals.

Juvenile involvement in violent crime A. just recently started a significant increase. B. increased over the past several decades. C. followed almost exactly the rates of adult crime. D. resulted in a significant increase in arrests.

Karl Marx believed the key to social stratification is the A. prestige of the "haves" vs. the "have-nots" in socialistic societies. B. division between those who own and operate the means of production and those who sell their labor in capitalist societies. C. informal communication network between workers and owners. D. bureaucratic structure of modern times.

Legitimate power is A. force. B. authority. C. subjugation. D. oppression.

We ___________ a status and ____________ a role. A. play; occupy B. occupy; play C. enhance; play D. play; emulate

__________ have long argued that traditional investigations of stratification overlook the key underlying issue of one's relations to the means of production. A. Functionalists B. Marxists C. Interactionists D. Developmentalists

__________ is a general framework or perspective that provides an explanation for a specific social phenomenon. A. A research method B. Theory C. Science D. Observation

__________ is the difference between the value that workers create (as determined by the labor-time embodied in a commodity that they produce) and the value that they receive (as determined by the subsistence level of their wages). A. False consciousness B. Surplus value C. Class consciousness D. The "haves-have nots thesis"

. The most important symbols are found in A. music. B. mathematics. C. language. D. art.

A command economy is A. often very good at producing a wide array of consumer goods. B. not very good at moving a society toward industrialization. C. often very good at moving a society toward industrialization. D. the essence of a market-driven system.

A conference held in 2000 to discuss the impact of the Internet on various sectors of the U.S. economy concluded that it could increase productivity growth by A. significantly elevating the cost of producing and distributing goods and services B. decreasing management efficiency C. increasing consumer choice, convenience, and satisfaction D. decreasing competition

A correlation exists when A. a dependent variable causes change in an independent variable. B. a lack of control is evident in an experimental research design. C. a change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable. D. None of the above is correct.

A decision-making process in which group members become so preoccupied with maintaining consensus that their ability to think critically is impaired is called A. management by objectives. B. zero-based decision-making. C. groupthink. D. zero-based critical thinking.

A group with which we identify and to which we belong is called a(n) A. instrumental group. B. secondary group. C. in-group. D. out-group.

A megalopolis is A. sociological terminology for a city. B. the same thing as a metropolis. C. a strip city connecting outlying rural areas with urban development. D. not found in current areas of urban development.

A self-concept differs from a self-image in that the self-concept is more A. accurate. B. subjective. C. long-term. D. temporary.

Hirschi's research showed that A. religion is ineffective as a social control mechanism. B. having an intact family seems to be irrelevant to the reduction of juvenile delinquency. C. attachment to school and having positive attachments to teachers reduces the chances of becoming delinquent. D. attachment to school has no bearing on rates of delinquency.

History shows that A. passing anti-discrimination laws has an immediate impact on human behavior. B. passing anti-discrimination laws results in lower levels of prejudice. C. passing anti-discrimination laws does not immediately translate into equal treatment for all. D. fewer acts of symbolic racism occur as more laws against discrimination are passed.

Labeling theory essentially argues that A. society needs to place more emphasis on the labeling of deviants so deviants can be singled out. B. labeling deviants helps them come to grips with their personal problems. C. often those who are labeled as deviant develop a deviant identity and embark on a career of deviance. D. the labeling of people as deviant is a latent function arising from the world of crime and delinquency.

Recent interest in the roles of nature and nurture in the development of human personality centers on the issue(s) of A. which factor is more important. B. to what degree the differences between people can be attributed to each factor. C. how specific hereditary and environmental factors interact. D. which factor ultimately determines personality traits.

Recently, studies of gender differences on standardized tests indicate that differences in female vs. male performance on A. verbal and math tests have disappeared. B. verbal and math tests have become slightly greater. C. verbal tests have disappeared and on math tests have lessened. D. verbal and math tests have become significantly greater.

. A social institution is a A. structure to house the mentally impaired. B. mechanism that organizes, directs, and executes the essential tasks of living. C. structure that offers a standardized solution to a set of problems. D. B and C are correct.

. Conflict theorists note that A. people of a lower social class are more likely to enjoy good health. B. people of a higher social class are more likely to live a long life. C. people of a higher social class are more likely to receive good medical care. D. B and C are correct.

. Critical theory A. grew out of dissatisfaction with Marxism. B. criticized sociology because it viewed individuals as passive and helpless entities locked in social structures. C. grew out of conflict theory. D. All the above are correct.

. Deviance depends to some extent on A. who does the defining. B. who has the power to make the definitions stick. C. the time and place in which the deviance occurs. D. All the above are correct.

By the end of 2001, HMOs had _____ subscribers. A. 4.5 million B. 14.5 million C. 55.5 million D. 79.5 million

Experiments, surveys, observation, and archival research represent A. theories. B. hypotheses. C. samples. D. research designs.

For most social scientists, the most significant aspect of race is its A. effect on brain capacity. B. effect on athletic ability. C. well-supported relationship to intelligence and musical ability. D. significance as a social definition.

Formal organizations include A. voluntary organizations. B. coercive organizations. C. utilitarian organizations. D. All the above are correct

From Merton's perspective, those who abandon or scale down the goals of success, but compulsively abide by the rules as some bureaucrats do, are A. innovators. B. rebels. C. retreatists. D. ritualists.

From the functionalist perspective, the state A. enforces norms. B. plans and directs change. C. protects against other societies. D. All the above are correct.

Fundamental modifications in the patterns of culture, structure, and social behavior over time are called A. diffusion. B. historical accident. C. the dialectic. D. social change.

Groups are A. constructed realities. B. not tangible things. C. a clear application of the Thomas Theorem. D. All the above are correct.

In 2000, __________ percent of white families were married couples. A. 51 B. 61 C. 71 D. 81

Index crimes are those that are A. most widely covered by the mass media. B. most feared by the public at large. C. most denounced by political officials. D. All the above are correct.

Social change involves fundamental alterations in A. the patterns of culture. B. structure. C. social behavior. D. All the above are correct.

The U.S. "car population" is __________ vehicles per 1,000 people A. 474 B. 574 C. 674 D. 774

Throughout history, societies have felt it necessary to protect their members and interests against outside groups. A primary method for achieving this goal is A. war. B. improving the economy of the country. C. diplomacy. D. A and C are correct.

The "sandwich generation" is A. teenagers with bad eating habits. B. elderly people who look after grandchildren. C. middle-aged adults caught with responsibilities for their own teenage and college-age children and for their elderly parents. D. middle-aged adults who have developed health problems as a result of poor eating habits during their earlier years.

In the early 2000s, __________ percent of retail trade sales were in e-commerce. A. 1 B. 10 C. 30 D. 60

"Social dilemmas" in the text represent situations of conflict between A. maximizing personal interests and maximizing collective welfare. B. maximizing primary interests and maximizing secondary interests. C. maximizing in-group interests and maximizing out-group interests. D. maximizing personal interests and minimizing collective welfare.

Among Hispanic groups in the United States, _____________ have the highest income and most education. A. Cuban Americans B. Mexican Americans C. Puerto Ricans D. Guatemalans

"The state has its origin in the desire of ruling elites to give permanence to social arrangements that benefit themselves." This statement reflects the views of A. conflict theorists. B. functionalists. C. social-contract theorists. D. nominalists.

. Cases of children raised in conditions of extreme social isolation show the A. inadequacy of our biological equipment to produce a normal human personality in the absence of social interaction. B. inadequacy of social interaction in overcoming biological limitations. C. ability of rehabilitation to correct the effects of childhood deprivation after puberty. D. tendency of parents to isolate illegitimate children.

. In 2000, __________ percent of Americans identified themselves as environmentalists. A. less than 50 B. 60 C. 70 D. 90

. In Piaget's theory, the sensorimotor stage of development A. involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them. B. usually lasts about 5 years. C. involves the child's development of language. D. involves the child's development of abstract thought.

. In recent decades the Spanish-speaking population has A. grown rapidly through immigration. B. declined slightly through emigration. C. declined rapidly due to out-migration. D. remained stable in its growth pattern.

. In the context of collective behavior, the sense that something is wrong and needs to be remedied is defined as A. generalized belief. B. structural strain. C. precipitating factors. D. structural conduciveness.

. __________ is not a dysfunction of bureaucracy. A. Clearly defined jobs and duties B. Trained incapacity C. Oligarchy D. Redundancy

. ____________ is not an ethical consideration in sociology? A. Choosing a biased sample B. Abusing power as a researcher C. Misleading subjects as to the research purpose D. Exposing subjects to personal harm

. _____________ have to do with the customary ways and ordinary conventions by which we carry out our daily actions, and we ordinarily do not attach moral significance to their violation. A. Folkways B. Mores C. Laws D. All the above are correct.

42. The "sociological imagination" allows us to explore the relationship between personal problems and A. social and historical events. B. the global climate. C. genetic heritage. D. the psyche.

A ________________ is a relatively dense and permanent concentration of people who secure their livelihood chiefly through nonagricultural activities. A. city B. megalopolis C. corporation D. suburban area

A good example of the application of symbolic interactionism to organizations is the classic study by Anselm Strauss and his colleagues of organizational behavior in two Chicago-area psychiatric hospitals. These researchers treated a formal organization as a(n) A. negotiated order. B. backstage behavior. C. frontstage behavior. D. imaginary entity.

A group of people gathered together to construct a house is an example of an A. instrumental tie B. expressive tie C. interactional tie D. extrapolative tie

A position within a group is called a A. status. B. role. C. norm. D. folkway.

A position within a group is called a Select one: a. status. b. role. c. norm. d. folkway.

A researcher must take abstract concepts and translate them into a form that allows them to be measured. This is the development of a(n) A. operational definition. B. theoretical model. C. conceptual abstraction. D. experiment.

A variable that causes an effect is called a(n) A. independent variable. B. dependent variable. C. control variable. D. spurious variable.

A variable that causes an effect is called a(n) Select one: a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. control variable. d. spurious variable.

A(n) __________ is a collection of anonymous individuals who are in one place at the same time. A. aggregate B. category C. group D. institution

According to Neil Smelser, the first necessary precondition for collective behavior is A. structural conduciveness. B. structural strain. C. the growth of a generalized belief. D. a precipitating factor.

According to Talcott Parsons, when one is ill, he or she will experience a set of cultural expectations that define appropriate and inappropriate behavior for people with a disease or health problem. This is referred to as A. the sick role. B. role strain. C. role conflict. D. role redefinition.

According to labeling theorists, behavior that violates social norms but goes unnoticed by agents of social control is called A. primary deviance. B. secondary deviance. C. tertiary deviance. D. ambulatory deviance.

According to psychologists who studied the September 11 attacks, the 19 men who carried out the plans of Al-Qaida were motivated mostly by A. peer pressure. B. religious zeal. C. hatred for the United States. D. None of the above is correct.

According to the text's discussion of crime measurement, A. the rates of various crimes in the United States are substantially higher according to the NCVS than the UCR. B. Justice Department studies reveal that over 75 percent of all crimes are reported to the police. C. perceptions of crime vary little from community to community. D. statistics on crime are among the most satisfactory of all social data.

According to the text, A. differences in earnings vary by race and ethnicity. B. in 2001, Hispanic women earned 74 cents to every dollar earned by white men. C. in 2001, African American women earned 36 cents per dollar earned by white men. D. None of the above is correct.

According to the text, the greater number of ________________ increases the frequency of discovery and invention. A. cultural elements on which innovators may draw B. college graduates and doctoral students C. computers and fax machines D. intellectual elites employed by the government

Among the Trobriand Islanders, the methods for constructing calendars link to other elements of culture, and this illustrates A. cultural integration. B. ethnocentrism. C. cultural relativism. D. linguistic relativity.

Among the Trobriand Islanders, the methods for constructing calendars link to other elements of culture, and this illustrates Select one: a. cultural integration. b. ethnocentrism. c. cultural relativism. d. linguistic relativity.

An argument against demographic transition theory is that it does not apply particularly well to A. developing nations. B. modern nations today. C. Africa. D. the United States.

An important concept in the analysis of deviance is that A. whether something is deviant depends on who is evaluating it. B. determining whether an act is deviant is an objective, absolute process. C. when important norms are violated, social control is lost. D. deviance can only be considered as a specific act and it never can be viewed in a relative manner.

Apprenticeships, internships, or children playing house are examples of A. the process of anticipatory socialization. B. impression management. C. status seeking. D. egoistic bias.

Attitudes of aversion and hostility toward a minority group are termed A. prejudice. B. discrimination. C. cultural relativism. D. syncretism.

Cognitive-development theory emphasizes that A. children actively seek to acquire gender identities and roles. B. biologically driven intellect causes the development of gender roles. C. hormones produce gender differences. D. Freud was right in his view of the Oedipus conflict.

Compared to heterosexual married couples, gay and lesbian couples A. are more likely to split up household tasks so that each partner performs an equal number of different tasks. B. are less likely to live an egalitarian lifestyle. C. have sex more often. D. exhibit a lifestyle more like that of the "traditional" framework of the American family.

Demographically, a fertility rate is A. related to actual reproductive behavior. B. data dealing with the potential to reproduce. C. the equivalent of fecundity. D. data regarding ZPG.

Developmental social psychologists, like Erik Erikson and Daniel Levinson, emphasize the A. passage through stages that must each be resolved before successful advancement to the next stage. B. ability of adulthood stages to compensate for early childhood crises. C. reliance of psychological development on biological precipitators. D. reliance of psychological development on economic conditions.

Deviance is often A. defined by those who have the power to make the social definitions stick. B. nonrelative to time and place. C. seen as decadent, depraved, and evil, but not as an illness. D. B and C are correct.

Durkheim found that A. individuals enmeshed in a web of social bonds are less inclined to suicide than individuals who are weakly integrated into group life. B. individuals dependent on a web of social bonds are more inclined to suicide than individuals who have a stronger, more self-sufficient sense of self. C. individuals from cultures emphasizing individual worth are less inclined to suicide than individuals from cultures emphasizing group worth. D. individuals from cultures with greater economic opportunities are less inclined to suicide than individuals from cultures with fewer economic opportunities.

Educational self-fulfilling prophecies also are known as A. teacher-expectation effects. B. tracking consequences. C. hidden curriculum effects. D. the "black box" effect.

Equality of opportunity A. does not necessarily produce equality of outcome. B. (if realized in American life) automatically produces equality of outcome. C. has no affect on outcomes. D. historically has produced equality of outcome, but not in recent years.

Examples of liberal market economies include A. the U.S. and Great Britain B. China and North Korea. C. Cuba and Argentian. D. None of the above is correct.

Functionalists emphasize the need for human beings to become more sensitive to the A. consequences of their actions on the ecosystem. B. ways they can exploit the environment to human benefit. C. effects of the environment on human life. D. changes humans can make in the environment.

Garrett J. Hardin's social dilemma called the tragedy of the commons illustrates A. the issue of personal interests versus collective welfare. B. the fact that social welfare is a parasitic system. C. the value of authoritarian leadership. D. how laissez-faire leadership and economics lead to the best of all possible group environments.

Genocide represents the systematic _____________ of a racial or ethnic group. A. extermination B. exclusion C. subjugation D. transfer

Goffman's dramaturgical approach to human interaction emphasizes that A. we may radically alter our self-expression as we move from situation to situation. B. the self is a fixed, rigid entity defined by a social script. C. the frontstage and backstage selves are signs of a disturbed psyche. D. the self is not influenced appreciably by setting or context.

Herbert Spencer viewed society as a system, having important similarities with A. a biological organism. B. a finely tuned automobile. C. a modern factory. D. a jigsaw puzzle.

In Yankee City and Old City, W. Lloyd Warner identified six classes. Which of the following is NOT one of these? A. working B. upper upper C. lower middle D. upper lower

In general, the first step in the scientific method is to A. select a researchable problem. B. review the literature. C. formulate a hypothesis. D. collect data.

In reference to the economic integration of less developed nations into the structures of a world economy, __________ regions consist of areas that provide raw materials and are exploited by other regions. A. periphery B. multinational C. core D. global

In the U.S., our voter-turnout rate for presidential elections tends to be A. much lower than in other nations. B. about the same as in other nations. C. somewhat higher than in other nations. D. much higher than in other nations.

Individuals learn deviance primarily in intimate groups of deviant others, such as small groups of friends. This view typifies A. differential association theory. B. control theory. C. Freudian theory. D. labeling theory.

Instrumental ties are A. means-ends oriented to achieve some sort of goal. B. based on strong emotional investment. C. based primarily on sexual exploitation - a form of sexual harassment. D. the foundation of in-groups.

Karl Marx saw alienation as rooted in A. capitalist social arrangements. B. bureaucracy. C. social institutions. D. pluralist interest groups.

Labeling theorists promote the idea that A. we all engage in deviant behavior by violating some norms. B. deviance is something inherent in the "badness" of the act. C. we engage in deviant acts only when pushed beyond normal stress limits. D. deviants perceive right and wrong differently than nondeviants.

Many nonconformist patterns do not occur to us because A. we are culture bound. B. Americans are quite relativistic in their views of other ways of doing things. C. what we see in other cultures we tend not to like. D. conformity is so ingrained in our attitudes.

Max Weber's term verstehen suggests that A. sociologists must put themselves in the shoes of others to know how they think and feel. B. sociologists, to be objective, must avoid putting themselves in the shoes of others. C. sociologists must engage in criticism of self in order to understand others. D. ideal types must be refuted to make sociology a real science.

Men and women both engage in acts of family violence, but A. men do more physical damage than their female partners. B. women do more physical damage than their male partners. C. they both do very little physical damage to each other. D. the children are the primary cause of their violence.

Most democratic societies are actually A. representative democracies. B. totalitarian systems. C. direct democracies. D. total institutions.

Native Americans make up __________ percent of the total U.S. population. A. less than 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5

One of the major shifts in U.S. welfare state policies was A. the managing and financing of medical benefits for elders through the private market during the 1970s. B. a significant increase in welfare expenditures during the 1970s. C. a radical reduction in benefits for older adults. D. a dramatic increase in private expenditures for school-age children.

One of the principal factors that contributed to the fighting effectiveness of the German military units in World War II was A. strong primary-group ties. B. strong secondary-group ties. C. fear of the Waffen SS troops. D. the effectiveness of Nazi ideology that made them feel that they were the master race.

Our __________________ emerge(s) as we enact gender roles and as others react to those roles as being either male or female. A. gender identity B. primary sex characteristics C. secondary sex characteristics D. sexism fantasies

Over the twentieth century, two fundamentally different types of economic systems have competed for people's allegiance. They are A. a capitalist market economy and a socialist command economy. B. a capitalist market economy and a communist command economy. C. a socialist management economy and a communist command economy. D. a socialist command economy and a socialist management economy.

Postmodernism A. is an intellectual view that suggests deep distrust of science and the research principle of objectivity. B. is no different from the views of critical theory. C. assumes the modern period of history is an ongoing, never-ending process. D. supports the idea that we are entering an age dominated by a goods-producing economy.

Power A. is institutionalized in a patterned, recurrent manner. B. is distributed randomly and arbitrarily. C. that flows from the individual to organizations and institutions makes the most difference in our lives. D. is not a part of stable social arrangements.

Primary methods for enforcing folkways include A. gossip and ridicule. B. ostracism. C. death. D. fines and imprisonment.

Recent developments in the Western world A. lengthened the transition to adulthood. B. forced children to grow up faster. C. decreased life expectancy. D. decreased the need for adolescence.

Recent research on gender differences in leadership indicate that A. female leaders exhibit more characteristics of effective leadership than male leaders do. B. male leaders exhibit more characteristics of effective leadership than female leaders do. C. few differences exist between male and female leadership capability. D. older male leaders are more effective than younger female leaders.

Regarding social change, the exponential principle states that as the cultural base increases, the possibilities for change A. multiply. B. grow arithmetically. C. grow in a curvilinear shape. D. gradually level off.

Research findings consistently indicate that A. married people enjoy better health than nonmarrieds. B. marriage has little impact on psychological well-being. C. married people tend to have worse health than nonmarrieds. D. early-married couples enjoy worse health than later-married couples.

Richard Quinney contended that to understand crime we have to understand the development of the political economy of capitalist society. This is a reflection of which perspective? A. conflict B. functionalist C. interactionist D. developmental

Since the 1960s, hospitals have come to be A. big, for-profit businesses. B. broken into smaller, not-for-profit systems. C. run mainly by religious charities. D. focused on health care instead of disease cure.

Social Darwinists equated the biological struggle for survival with _________________ in the social world. A. free competition B. governmental regulation C. socialism D. diffusion

Social learning theory includes the importance of ____________ in the socialization process. A. conditioning B. sensorimotor development C. meaning conceptualization D. schools

Societies with closed social stratification systems are characterized by A. little social mobility. B. a great amount of social mobility. C. little social differentiation. D. a great amount of social differentiation.

Sociologists define _________ as the ranking or grading of individuals and groups into hierarchical layers. A. social stratification B. social structure C. social status D. social differentiation

Sociologists have found that industrialization A. possibly encouraged the formation of extended family households in the early industrialization of the United States. B. had no effect on the prevalence of the extended family. C. had an adverse effect on the status of the extended family. D. increased the need for the family of orientation.

Sociologists traditionally viewed the ___________ as a social group whose members are related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption and who live together, cooperate economically, and care for the young. A. family B. peer group C. secondary group D. in-group

Sociologists use the term bureaucracy to refer to A. a social structure that is a complex system of statuses, roles, rules, and authority. B. a social structure that is fundamentally inefficient, incompetent, and decadent. C. informal organizations. D. voluntary organizations.

Sociologists, like other scientists, assume that ________________ relationships dominate the universe. A. cause-and-effect B. primary and secondary C. genetic D. physical and psychological

Sociologists, like other scientists, assume that ________________ relationships dominate the universe. Select one: a. cause-and-effect b. primary and secondary c. genetic d. physical and psychological

Spencer and Social Darwinists represent the _________ approach to social change. A. evolutionary B. cyclical C. functionalist D. conflict theory

Spurious correlations A. are those where the apparent relationship between two variables is actually produced by a third variable. B. are an ideal toward which researchers strive. C. are nonexistent in true scientific research. D. have no bearing on the researcher's search for truth.

Studies of people's values, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions most frequently use A. the survey method. B. experimental methods. C. participant observer techniques. D. archival research.

Such social policies that we take for granted in modern societies as the limited work day or factory safety rules can be traced to the ideas of A. Karl Marx. B. Herbert Spencer. C. William Graham Sumner. D. William J. Wilson.

The "competence gap" refers to A. the physician's assumption of authority and the client's trust, confidence, and compliance. B. the egalitarian nature of the doctor-patient relationship. C. the legal principle of doctor-patient privilege. D. the justification utilized by physicians in claiming higher income opportunity within the society.

The "culture of poverty" theory views poverty as A. a chronic, self-perpetuating pattern that occurs because of the different values of the poor. B. situational. C. structural. D. the result of a conflict between goals and means.

The "second wave" of women's movements, shows that the primary focus has been on ___________ since the 1960s. A. social equality, including jobs and education. B. legal equality, such as ownership of property. C. the right to vote. D. free speech in the work place.

The 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, argued that the naturally perverse and destructive nature of human beings led to A. a social agreement that gave power to a central authority as a way to rid society of rampant brutality, violence, and chaos. B. the fall of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 and the beginning of the French Revolution. C. the creation of the American Constitution. D. the Marxian doctrine of dialectical materialism, the surplus value thesis, and the concept of worker alienation.

The __________ theory of social equality holds that stratification exists because it benefits individuals and groups who have the power to dominate and exploit others. A. conflict B. functionalist C. interactionist D. evolutionary

The ____________ contends that we do best with a mate who has traits that differ from, but provide a sense of completeness to our own traits. A. complementary needs perspective B. principle of most interest C. homogamy principle D. matching hypothesis

The ____________ method of identifying social class views social class as a statistical category. A. objective B. self-placement C. reputational D. distributional

The _____________ is NOT a feeling typically held by dominant group members? A. feeling that developing an understanding of the nature and meaning of intergroup differences and similarities is important B. sense that they are superior to members of minority groups C. feeling that minority group members are by their nature different and alien D. belief that they have an in-born claim to privilege, power, and prestige

The actual behavior of the person who occupies a status is termed A. role performance. B. master status. C. role set. D. duties.

The mass media's involvement in politics is A. primarily that of "agenda setting." B. very limited, since most people remain unaffected by its content. C. very limited, since it is only a reflection of the public's opinion on various issues. D. a relatively minor source of news for most Americans.

The old order Amish and the youth culture both represent examples of the ___________ within American society. A. subcultures B. roles C. peculiarities D. cultural universals

The older people get, the more likely they are to be A. stereotyped negatively. B. stereotyped positively. C. not stereotyped at all. D. accorded high status due to their age.

The person in a small-group who is devoted to appraising the task at hand is known as the A. instrumental leader. B. expressive leader. C. harmony and unity specialist. D. interpersonal leader.

The public appears to be most concerned about A. oil spills, underground storage, and hazardous waste. B. global warming and destruction of natural habitats. C. big environmental threats that could unleash catastrophe. D. air pollution.

The religious organization that is alienated, viewed as deviant by the dominant society, and that has no previous religious tradition is called a A. cult. B. sect. C. denomination. D. church.

The requirement that a worker have a degree for its own sake, rather than having one because it certifies skills needed for a job, is known as A. credentialism. B. job training C. social integration. D. functionalism.

The self is formed A. through interaction with others. B. before birth. C. from hereditary influences. D. before communication is possible.

The simplest and cheapest approach to identifying social class is usually provided by the A. objective method. B. self-placement method. C. reputational method. D. distributional method.

The term mana refers to people A. compelling a higher power to act. B. asking a higher power to act. C. pleading with a higher power to act. D. taking communion and breaking bread.

The text describes the __________, where the primary, or core, sector of the economy offers "good jobs" and the secondary, or periphery, sector offers "bad jobs" that provide poor pay, poor working conditions, and little room for advancement. A. dual labor market B. socioeconomic life cycle C. social class spectrum D. American dream

The type of society in which people can change their social status is a(n) A. open system. B. closed system. C. ascribed status system. D. B and C are correct.

The view that people may assemble into an acting crowd because they already share certain similar predispositions would be characteristic of the __________ theory. A. convergence B. game C. contagion D. emergent-norm

The ways we think, feel, and act are A. shaped by our interaction with others. B. largely determined by our genes. C. mainly a result of our unique individuality, rather than of society. D. B and C are correct.

The world average for percentage of women in the national parliaments has risen to A. 16.4 B. 25.2 C. 35.2 D. 45.2

Thomas Friedman, in The World is Flat, describes a world coming to a single global economy with a playing field "flattened" by A. technological changes. B. a scarcity of resources. C. a few large companies. D. None of the above is correct.

Thomas Malthus focused primarily on the paradox of A. the human being's need for food and desire for sex. B. the social classes. C. contraception and higher birth rates. D. the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.

Those aspects of social reality considered mysterious and forbidden are considered by Durkheim to be the A. sacred. B. profane. C. secular. D. mundane.

Unlike such informal norms as folkways and mores, laws are A. rules enforced by the state. B. written descriptions of immoral behavior. C. universal. D. rules agreed to by a majority of the population.

When ________, it illustrates Goffman's idea of "frontstage" behavior? A. waiters serve guests in a restaurant B. waiters interact with each other in a kitchen C. friends talk with each other D. parents converse with each other about their children

When biologists and psychologists look at deviants, they typically ask A. what is wrong with them or at least different about them. B. why some acts are defined as deviant in one setting and not in another. C. why some people are severely punished while others are not punished for the same behavior. D. why the incidence of deviance varies from group to group.

When individuals incorporate within their personalities the standards of behavior prevalent within the larger society, the process is called A. internalization. B. socialization. C. conformity. D. normative intervention.

When people are inducted into a total institution, they are often deprived of personal items such as clothing in order to make them vulnerable to the control of the institution. This process is called A. mortification. B. degradation. C. initiation. D. bureaucratization.

When sociologists observe that minorities are typically endogamous, they assert that minorities A. tend to marry within their group. B. tend to marry outside their group. C. have sexual desire for members of other groups. D. are often separatist in their outlooks.

When we speak of "a government of laws, not of people," we are referring to A. legal-rational authority. B. traditional authority. C. charismatic authority. D. bureaucratic authority.

When we talk about level of living and options for choice, we are considering A. life chances. B. social differentiation. C. inducements. D. status spheres.

Whereas Marx emphasized freedom from social constraint as the source of human happiness, Durkheim stressed that human happiness depends on a society that A. provides people with rules. B. fights alienation. C. has a socialist economy. D. lacks a political core.

Which of the following is TRUE? A. Social stratification depends upon but is not the same as social differentiation. B. Social stratification is analogous to social differentiation. C. Social differentiation depends upon but is not the same as social stratification. D. There is no relationship whatever between social stratification and social differentiation.

Which of the following is most purely an ascribed status in the United States? A. age B. education level C. occupation D. political candidacy

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the current state of medical practice? A. medical care that has become more and more a matter of practitioners trained in general medicine B. a disease-cure system C. a field dominated by specialization D. a field increasingly governed by high technology

Which of the following is not a factor causing the increase in cost for health care? A. The classical rules of the marketplace have finally been applied to the health industry. B. Labor costs have risen sharply. C. Upgrades in the scope and intensity of medical service has been costly. D. The population is getting larger and older.

Which theoretical perspective focuses on the essential tasks performed by families? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. developmental

White ethnicity A. was viewed by Gans as contributing to individual identity, but not as creating or sustaining strong ethnic group ties. B. is a deep, stable identity. C. includes Hispanic Americans. D. has a tremendous impact on the everyday lives of most white ethnics.

William Chambliss' study of two teenage gangs - the Saints and the Roughnecks - illustrates A. the labeling perspective. B. differential association theory. C. the functionalist perspective. D. the cultural transmission perspective.

________ is(are) NOT one of the major value configurations within the dominant American culture. A. The assignment of high importance to leisure and relaxation B. Work and activity C. Efficiency and practicality D. Material comfort

________ may be the most dramatic and widespread of the new high-tech crimes? A. Identify theft B. Child pornography C. Mail bombings D. Software piracy

_________ was NOT a type of authority described by Max Weber. A. Bureaucratic B. Legal-rational C. Traditional D. Charismatic

__________ is NOT a factor identified in the text as a critical source of social change? A. Changes in the workplace B. Changes in the physical environment C. Changes in population D. The mass media

__________ is probably the most powerful single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality worldwide. A. Lower socioeconomic status B. Race C. Ethnicity D. Religion

__________ percent of all out-of-wedlock births were to cohabitating parents. A. 40 B. 50 C. 60 D. 80

__________ refers to processes of social life that pattern institutional development and have to do with social change. A. Social dynamics B. Social statics C. Organic solidarity D. Mechanical solidarity

__________ refers to processes of social life that pattern institutional development and have to do with social change. Select one: a. Social dynamics b. Social statics c. Organic solidarity d. Mechanical solidarity

__________ represent(s) the most comprehensive and complex type of social structure in today's world. Select one: a. Societies b. Institutions c. Culture d. Groups

___________ is NOT a component of the conflict view of racism. A. Equilibrium of racist attitudes B. Ethnocentrism C. Competition D. Unequal power

____________ is NOT one of the recurrent functions that families typically perform. A. Recreational B. Socialization C. Care, protection, and emotional support D. Assignment of status

____________ promote the view that the state is an instrument manipulated by the capitalist classes. A. Instrumental theorists. B. Structural theorists. C. Neofunctionalists. D. Neofascists.

____________ was the first university to create a department of sociology in the United States. A. University of Chicago B. Harvard University C. University of Virginia D. Yale University

______________ involves the combination of existing elements in a culture plus new elements. A. Innovation B. Invention C. Discovery D. All the above are correct.

________________ refers to a socially approved sexual union between two or more individuals that is undertaken with some idea of permanence. A. Marriage B. The nuclear family C. Endogamy D. Exogamy

_________________ theorists approach the environment by examining the precarious balance among the living and nonliving components comprising the biosphere. A. Functionalist B. Conflict C. Symbolic interactionist D. Tree-hugger

____________________ requires that people be distributed within the social structure so that statuses are filled and their accompanying roles performed. A. Social differentiation B. Social gradation C. Social degradation D. Social stratification

The "Bay of Pigs fiasco" is an example of decision-making based on A. relative deprivation. B. groupthink. C. dyadic dynamics. D. cultural diversity.

The ____________ family pattern is the preferred arrangement among most Americans. A. patrilocal B. nuclear C. extended D. matrilineal

The "Trail of Tears" refers to the forced A. segregation of African Americans. B. migration of Native American Indians. C. relocation of Jewish Americans. D. internment of Japanese Americans.

Cultural expectations that define how members of each sex should behave are called A. biological roles. B. gender roles. C. family roles. D. gender identities.

Cultural relativism A. is quite similar to ethnocentrism. B. uses the value-free neutrality approach favored by Max Weber. C. recognizes that our own values are absolute. D. interferes with the ability to get to know people of other cultures.

. ________ is when societies attempt to transmit particular attitudes, skills, or knowledge to their members in a formal, systematic way. A. Learning. B. Education. C. Integration. D. Gatekeeping.

. __________ strip participants of old roles and identities through the use of mortification and degradation A. Voluntary organizations B. Total institutions C. Utilitarian organizations D. Emotional-expressive organizations

. ______________ are rules that are seen as vital to a society's well-being and survival, people who break them are viewed as sinful, evil, and wicked. A. Folkways B. Mores C. Laws D. None of the above is correct.

. ____________________ occurs when aspects of a social system seem "out of joint." A. Structural conduciveness B. Structural strain C. Social control D. Generalized belief

83. Research shows that social class is associated with mortality due to A. nonpreventable causes. B. preventable causes. C. all preventable and nonpreventable causes. D. None of the above is correct.

A collection of people having little in common except that perhaps they are looking at some common event is a(n) A. acting crowd. B. casual crowd. C. conventional crowd. D. deindividualized crowd.

A football coach whose son is a member of his football team may experience A. role strain. B. role conflict. C. ethnocentrism. D. cultural relativism.

A major component of Piaget's preoperational stage is A. children's awareness and understanding that they are "children" in the full meaning of the word. B. the children's identification of themselves as boys or girls. C. learning the meaning of religion. D. understanding the role of family.

A major criticism of the market system is that it A. spends too much on welfare. B. has little traditional morality built into the system. C. redistributes income away from the rich. D. is too socialistic in nature.

A major problem with the family planning approach to population reduction is that it A. forces people to be sterilized. B. assumes that people want to have fewer children. C. argues for economic development first, then birth control. D. sees offspring as a form of social security.

A subculture whose values and lifestyles are substantially at odds with those of the larger society is called a(n) Select one: a. anomaly. b. counterculture. c. protest culture. d. contradictive culture.

A violation of a social relationship of trust lies at the heart of much A. organized crime. B. white-collar crime and corporate crime. C. violent crime. D. victimless crime.

A(n) __________ is an organization designed to gain control of the government by putting its people in public office. A. interest group B. political party C. lobby group D. political committee

A(n) ______________ represent(s) institutional discrimination? A. white supremacist hitting an African American in the face B. university application specifying a prerequisite of graduation from a private high school C. African-American gang beating up a white youth because of his race D. Asian-American student overcoming problems with the English language in a reading class for ESL students

According to Durkheim, a social condition in which people find it difficult to guide their behavior by norms they experience as weak, unclear, or conflicting is called A. stress. B. anomie. C. deviance. D. schizophrenia.

According to Emile Durkheim, the central function of religion is A. to explain the creation of the universe. B. to create, reinforce, and maintain social cohesion and control. C. to destroy shared consciousness so the individual can be subjugated by the state. D. to melt the "social glue" of group identity for the good of the larger society. Ans: B Page: 364-367 60. Durkheim concluded that when religion is imperiled and not replaced by a satisfying substitute, A. society will continue functioning without a hitch. B. society itself is jeopardized. C. society will experience problems, but eventually find its own equilibrium. D. education will take over the functions of religion.

According to George H. Mead, when we respond to how we think others perceive us as a subject, the __________ component of the self is being illustrated. A. me B. I C. you D. significant other

According to Parsons and Bales, men specialize in _______________ tasks. A. expressive B. instrumental C. industrial D. automotive

According to Sassen, changes in the world economy are transforming major urban centers into what she calls the A. modern Mesopotamia. B. global city. C. megalopolitan sprawl. D. behavioral sink.

According to conflict theorists, the production of social surplus benefits the A. masses. B. elite. C. state. D. poor.

According to demographic transition theory, the primary factor that affects growth rates is A. the desire for sex. B. modernization. C. migration. D. fecundity.

According to existing research, chimpanzees A. do not use tools. B. have complex grooming and courtship behaviors. C. cannot solve technical problems. D. All the above are correct.

According to sociologists, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a minority group? A. A minority group suffers discrimination. B. A minority group has no sense of self-consciousness. C. A minority group has distinguishable physical or cultural traits. D. A minority group tends to be endogamous.

According to the scientific community, A. there is a clear-cut relationship between physical traits associated with race and such characteristics as intelligence and moral character. B. there is no agreed-upon connection between physical traits associated with race and such characteristics as intelligence and moral character. C. the findings noted in The Bell Curve represent an accurate social reality. D. race is a totally unusable and worthless concept.

According to the text's discussion of cheating among college students, A. cheating is uncommon. B. some studies suggest that the percentage of students who cheat in college is at least 90 percent and may be as high as 99 percent. C. the motive for cheating usually has little to do with career enhancement. D. None of the above is correct.

According to the text, A. most Americans have an uninterrupted work life. B. when women retire, they withdraw only from paid labor. C. race does not affect the retirement picture. D. None of the above is correct.

According to the text, collective behavior requires ________________, which refers to the threshold or number of participants that must be reached before collective behavior erupts. A. structural conduciveness B. critical mass C. a precipitating factor D. norms

According to the world system and dependency approaches, those areas of the world that the powerful nations exploit for their raw materials are A. core areas. B. peripheral areas. C. focal areas. D. pseudo-imperialistic areas.

Auguste Comte and Harriet Martineau both presented sociology as a A. component of the liberal arts. B. science. C. religion. D. philosophy of humanism.

Behavior prescribed by rules dictating how people should act in the presence of the sacred are called A. beliefs. B. rituals. C. offerings. D. sacraments.

Civil religion is found in A. the text of the First Amendment to the Constitution. B. such activities as national holidays, mottos, and historic shrines. C. atheistic countries like Sweden. D. the tenets of fundamentalism.

Communication A. is a nonessential feature of the socialization process. B. allows us to establish a "commonness" with one another that makes socialization possible. C. allows us to develop our innate uniqueness that makes socialization possible. D. includes only those verbal processes that allow us to talk to one another.

Compared to larger groups, dyads tend to be A. less prevalent. B. more emotionally strained. C. less fragile. D. more apathetic.

Conditioning, social reinforcement, and observational learning are components of A. symbolic interactionism. B. social learning theory. C. cognitive development theory. D. conflict theory.

Conflict is a basic source of A. stability. B. social change. C. socialization. D. social cohesion.

Conflict theorists see critical decisions affecting the environment being based on the interests of A. the total ecosystem. B. groups that can impose their will on others. C. the majority of people inhabiting the earth. D. scientists and ecologists who care about the environment.

Conflict theory suggests that gender inequality exists because A. it ultimately benefits women. B. it benefits men. C. of PMS. D. of hormonal differences between men and women, giving men more power due to competitive urges.

Cooley's looking-glass self refers to A. our fetish with examining ourselves in a mirror. B. a process by which we view ourselves as we believe others see us. C. a process by which we mirror our views of others to them. D. the process in which we "ape" the behavior of others around us.

Critics of Chomsky's language acquisition device argue that A. human interaction is not necessary for children to learn a language adequately. B. human interaction is necessary for children to learn a language adequately. C. simple exposure to language is sufficient to set the processes of learning language into motion. D. language is genetically programmed in all of us.

Cultural relativism Select one: a. is quite similar to ethnocentrism. b. uses the value-free neutrality approach favored by Max Weber. c. recognizes that our own values are absolute. d. interferes with the ability to get to know people of other cultures.

Daniel J. Levinson's view of adulthood included the idea that A. adulthood was the least complicated of life's stages. B. the overriding task confronting adults is the creation of a structure for life. C. adults were essentially children in larger bodies. D. once a life structure is established, there is little need for modification throughout the rest of the life course.

Deterioration of city services is an example of A. donutting. B. functional decline. C. descriptive decline. D. urban decay.

Durkheim found in his study of suicide that A. Protestants, people who were unmarried, and soldiers had lower suicide rates than did Catholics, people who were married, and civilians. B. Protestants, people who were unmarried, and soldiers had higher suicide rates than did Catholics, people who were married, and civilians. C. there was no statistically significant difference in the suicide rates of the above mentioned groups. D. None of the above is correct.

Durkheim found in his study of suicide that Select one: a. Protestants, people who were unmarried, and soldiers had lower suicide rates than did Catholics, people who were married, and civilians. b. Protestants, people who were unmarried, and soldiers had higher suicide rates than did Catholics, people who were married, and civilians. c. there was no statistically significant difference in the suicide rates of the mentioned groups. d. None of the choices are correct.

Exchange theory suggests that we may A. like those who punish us and dislike those who reward us. B. like those who reward us and dislike those who punish us. C. be unattracted to people who are different from us. D. tend to marry those with whom we share gift-giving on equal terms.

Exogamy is the requirement that A. people must marry a person of the same sex. B. marriage must occur outside a group such as a kin group. C. people must marry someone closer in kin to them than a first cousin. D. a brother must marry his sister.

Expressive ties tend to be more prevalent in A. secondary group relationships. B. primary group relationships. C. impersonal groups. D. coercive organizations.

Family members bound together by their love for each other are experiencing an A. instrumental tie. B. expressive tie. C. interactive tie. D. extrapolative tie.

Fines, expulsion from school, and imprisonment are examples of A. informal sanctions. B. formal sanctions. C. deviance reinforcement. D. punishments that have little to do with the normative system itself.

For Karl Marx, what is our most important activity as human beings? A. leisure B. work C. recreation D. religion

For an act to be considered criminal, A. it must also be considered immoral. B. the state must undertake the process of criminalizing it. C. it must be proven to create a significant monetary cost to society. D. it must be proven to create a significant social cost to society.

Formal organizations A. have come into being only in recent times. B. date back to ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. C. have become so out of date, they are no longer considered significant. D. emphasize the use of expressive ties.

From the functionalist perspective, ___________ is NOT a primary function of the state? A. enforcement of norms B. protection of the elite C. arbitration of conflicting interests D. planning and direction of social change

Functionalist theorists see schools and education as A. mobility inhibitors. B. mobility escalators. C. elitism enhancers. D. status quo maintainers.

Gambling, drug use, and prostitution are considered A. corporate crimes. B. victimless crimes. C. white-collar crimes. D. violent crimes.

General Motors, the neighborhood, and the church are examples of A. cultures. B. social structures. C. cliques. D. societies.

George P. Murdock's cross-cultural study of gender roles found A. surprising similarity in gender roles. B. vast differences in gender roles. C. some small differences in gender roles. D. gender role expectations very similar to those in the United States.

Germany is an example of a(n) _________ economy. A. liberal market B. coordinated market C. socialist market D. None of the above is correct.

Groups in which the relationships are primarily impersonal and instrumental are A. primary groups. B. secondary groups. C. reference groups. D. expressive groups.

If someone constructed a playhouse in your backyard for his or her children and a group of neighbors complained that he or she had violated the written deed restrictions for the neighborhood, the basis of their complaint would best illustrate a(n) A. social more. B. law. C. informal norm. D. value.

In discussing the interactionist perspective applied to the family, the text observes that one way in which families reinforce and rejuvenate their bonds is through the symbolic mechanism of A. association. B. rituals. C. body language. D. conversation.

In modern societies, the concept of the "family" is A. becoming increasingly easy to distinguish from "nonfamilies." B. an exceedingly difficult concept to define. C. typified by the "Ozzie and Harriet" model. D. characterized more by the kin group.

In the early Twentieth Century, the women's world of sociology was centered at A. the University of Chicago. B. Hull House, a Chicago settlement house. C. Smith College. D. Vassar College.

Karl Marx focused on ______________ as a primary cause of the evolution of history. Select one: a. physical environments b. class conflict c. genetic behavioral codes d. the psychology of the individual

Studies of role modification indicate that with the birth of the first child, marital adjustment ratings A. soar. B. fall. C. increase slightly. D. don't change.

Many conflict theorists, such as C. Wright Mills, argue that A. American society is modeled after a pluralistic concept of democracy. B. the United States is governed by a "power elite." C. voting in America produces consensus. D. voting produces a country "of the people, by the people, and for the people."

Max Weber's approach to bureaucracies follows a __________ perspective. A. conflict B. functionalist C. symbolic interactionist D. psychological

Max Weber's term verstehen describes an approach for understanding A. objective reality. B. subjective meanings people attach to their actions. C. people's behavior rather than their values. D. the social structure outside the individual.

Max Weber, in his discussion of the Protestant Ethic, viewed religion as A. reaffirming tradition. B. promoting secular change. C. adapting tradition to new concerns. D. All the above are correct.

Merton described five responses to anomie. An embezzler stealing money from his company to fund his high mortgage payments is an example of a(n) A. conformist. B. innovator. C. rebel. D. retreatist.

Minority status primarily is a matter of A. racial identity. B. who has power and privilege and who doesn't. C. the heritage of racial memory. D. nationalism and patriotism.

Modern, complex societies are characterized by a preponderance of secondary relationships. Consequently, they tend to rely A. more and more heavily on informal sanctions to obtain conformity to norms. B. more and more on the state to assure law, order, and enforcement of the norms. C. on such sanctions as scathing ridicule and ostracism to enforce the norms. D. more on folkways than mores to obtain conformity to norms.

More than a third of all deaths of 15- to 19-year-olds results from A. drug overdoses. B. motor vehicle crashes. C. athletic injuries. D. drive-by shootings.

Multinational corporations A. give top priority to the nation in which their head office is located. B. no longer need a geographical center. C. depend more and more on the economy of one nation. D. maintain preferential treatment for local employees over any global strategy.

Nazi Germany and socialist Stalinist Russia were examples of A. indirect democracy. B. totalitarianism. C. pluralistic states. D. authoritarianism.

Normally, a population pyramid shows the distribution of A. minorities in a population. B. population by age and sex. C. population by income. D. population by occupation.

Nuclear families that are not disrupted by divorce, desertion, or death typically pass through a series of changes across time that sociologists call A. the procreation pattern. B. the family life course. C. the family of orientation period. D. the birth cohort experience.

Objective measures of social class neglect people's A. income and wealth. B. perceptions of their social class. C. occupational categories. D. educational attainment

Our conception of ourselves as being male or female are called A. sex characteristics. B. gender identities. C. hormones. D. rites of passage.

Parkinson's Law states A. "Whoever says organization, says oligarchy." B. "Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion." C. "If something can go wrong, it will." D. "Whoops is a byproduct of committees."

Polish Americans, Russian Americans, and Greek Americans are examples of A. racial groups. B. ethnic groups. C. nationality groups. D. organic groups.

Recent data indicate that A. the economic gap between poor and affluent African Americans is narrowing. B. the economic gap between poor and affluent African Americans is widening. C. the economic gap between African Americans and whites no longer exists. D. those African Americans who were affluent are now experiencing an economic decline.

Regarding women and crime, A. the amount of crime committed by women has been steadily declining. B. a growing percentage of the criminal population is female. C. more girls are likely to be involved in juvenile gangs than boys. D. most girls are arrested for serious crimes rather than "status offenses."

Robert Michels suggests that the reasons for oligarchical tendencies found in formal organizations include A. the existence of hierarchical structures with authority exercised upward from the bottom. B. the advantages that organization officials have over the other group members. C. the lack of officials' control over administrative resources. D. the lack of officials' control over communication networks.

Social loafing refers to the tendency of people to work harder A. in occupational groups than in social groups. B. individually than in groups. C. in groups than they do individually. D. None of the above is correct.

Social revolutions are most likely to occur under all but which one of the following social conditions? A. Political power is primarily concentrated in the state. B. The military's allegiance to the established power is quite strong. C. Political crises weaken the existing regime. D. A substantial segment of the population mobilizes in uprisings.

Societies trace descent and pass on property from one generation to the next in one of three ways. The patterns are A. patrilocal, matrilocal, and neolocal. B. matrilineal, patrilineal, and bilineal. C. egalitarian, patriarchal, and matriarchal. D. homogamy, exogamy, and endogamy.

Sociologist William J. Wilson believes that racial discrimination in the United States A. has become more important than it was 50 years ago in affecting the life chances of African Americans. B. has become less important than social class in affecting the life chances of African Americans. C. has not changed much one way or the other. D. is found primarily in small rural villages or towns.

Studies indicate that when we communicate with others electronically by computer, we are A. able to pick up nonverbal cues more easily. B. less likely to hold back strong feelings. C. more likely to be courteous. D. more likely to "talk" less than the other person.

The attitude that insists that immigrants give up their cultural traits for those of the dominant American group is called the A. melting pot tradition. B. Anglo-conformity view. C. pluralistic view. D. institutional racism view.

The authors of the text suggest that the state A. has lost influence in Western societies over time. B. is a relatively recent institution. C. goes back to antiquity. D. has lost most of its bureaucratic nature in modern nations.

The average number of children per woman of childbearing age for a modern population to replace itself without immigration is A. 1.0. B. 2.1. C. 3. D. 3.5.

The baby-boom-echo generation is A. the generation born just after World War II. B. a group consisting of those babies born to the baby boomer generation. C. represented by the tiny base of the 1980 population pyramid. D. a consequence of the Social Security dependency ratio.

The boom in population in the western part of the United States is due primarily to A. declining death rates resulting from better medical care. B. internal migration. C. a rapidly growing birth rate. D. the demographic transition.

The family that consists of oneself and one's spouse and children constitutes what sociologists refer to as the A. family of orientation. B. family of procreation. C. family of socialization. D. family of sociobiology.

The foundations for the relatively recent development of the state were provided by the production of A. raw materials. B. a social surplus. C. goods and services. D. a two-party system.

The high proportion of couples who live together prior to becoming married suggests that A. divorce rates in the future will likely drop. B. cohabitation may become institutionalized as a new step between dating and marriage. C. when the couple marries, they are more likely to have children. D. the couple will have a higher commitment to marriage once they say their marriage vows.

The idea that language shapes our perceptions of reality is called the A. symbolic reality hypothesis. B. linguistic relativity hypothesis. C. sign language hypothesis. D. cultural diversity hypothesis.

The idea that language shapes our perceptions of reality is called the Select one: a. symbolic reality hypothesis. b. linguistic relativity hypothesis. c. sign language hypothesis. d. cultural diversity hypothesis.

The increase in female employment has come largely through A. the "sticky floor" evolution. B. the displacement of men by women in some low-paying categories and through rapid expansion of "pink-collar" occupations. C. a reduction in obstacles discovered in the "glass ceiling." D. changes in male attitudes toward the "working woman."

The invisible barriers that prevent women from occupational advancement are referred to as the A. "sticky floor" mechanism. B. "glass ceiling." C. dominant male syndrome. D. "9 to 5" problem.

The looking-glass self involves A. an objective definition of reality. B. a subjective definition of reality. C. a universal definition of reality. D. no definition of reality.

The magnitude and manner in which we consume our society's goods and services is called A. life chances. B. style of life. C. inducement theory. D. the law of supply and demand.

The person in a family who seems to be the member in charge of the emotional climate and interpersonal relationships might be identified as the A. instrumental leader. B. social-emotional specialist. C. task leader. D. orientation specialist.

The process of social interaction through which people acquire the knowledge, attitudes, values, and behaviors essential for effective participation in society is called A. acculturation. B. socialization. C. socialism. D. symbolic interactionism.

The religious organization that is rooted in established religious traditions, but views itself as uniquely legitimate is called a A. cult. B. sect. C. denomination. D. church.

The scientific study of social interactions and of social organization is called A. psychology. B. sociology. C. sociometry. D. socialism.

The social loafing effect suggests that there is A. a direct relationship between group size and individual motivation. B. an inverse relationship between group size and individual motivation. C. no relationship between group size and individual motivation. D. a one-to-one relationship between group size and individual motivation.

The sociological view of human beings is that A. we are born with a large set of behavioral instincts. B. we are not born as social beings, but become social only through the process of socialization. C. our culture is programmed through the genetic makeup of society. D. our humanness is no different from the abilities that characterize other living creatures.

The stage at which a child begins to learn how to assume and play many different, but complementary, roles in George H. Mead's theory is the A. play stage. B. game stage. C. generalized-other stage. D. psychosexual stage.

The structural theory of poverty contends that A. poverty is due to momentary "lapses" in the competitive drive of some individuals. B. changes in the nature of industry from manufacturing to service-sector employment produces vulnerability among some workers. C. poverty is in-born. D. the poor should be held accountable for their own problems.

The text refers to the painless putting to death of an individual who suffers from an incurable and painful disease as A. mercy killing. B. euthanasia. C. death with dignity. D. Dr. Kevorkianism.

The text suggests that a major factor in social movements and upheavals is A. absolute deprivation of goods and services. B. a feeling that there is a gap between what one has and what one expects and feels to be one's right. C. periods of economic decline followed by upturns. D. getting leadership out of the hands of the intelligentsia and into the hands of the common people.

The theory of urban development that emphasizes wedge shapes extending from the center to the periphery is called the A. concentric circle model. B. sector model. C. multiple nuclei model. D. original zone model.

The three industrialized nations that do not provide paid maternity leave by law are A. Canada, Italy, and Japan. B. Australia, Swaziland, and the United States. C. South Africa, Italy, and Sweden. D. South Africa, Canada, and the United States.

The unequal involvement of working mothers and wives in household work has come to be labeled the A. glass ceiling. B. second shift. C. sexist family structure. D. patriarchal nemesis.

The vesting of power in women for family decision-making is called A. matrilineal. B. matriarchal. C. matricentric. D. matrilocal.

Thorsten Veblen documents how A. conspicuous consumption is an accurate measure of the total wealth of the individual. B. relative success can become an established end. C. self-esteem is not connected to high status. D. conspicuous leisure has no role in the social ranking of the individual.

Thorsten Veblen's concept of conspicuous consumption asserts that A. we must merely possess power and wealth in order to gain social prestige. B. wealth and power must be put on public display. C. little evidence of wealth is required. D. we must engage in appropriate conspicuous buying rituals to maintain our personal identity.

Unsolicited flirtation, propositions, and degrading comments about an employee's appearance are all considered examples of __________________ by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. A. symbolic sexism B. sexual harassment C. institutional sexism D. corporate sexism

Values provide us with A. a legalistic approach to life, leaving no doubt as to what is right or wrong. B. ways to evaluate people, objects, and events as to their relative worth, merit, beauty, or morality. C. specific methods for judging the appropriateness of our behavior. D. stable, unchanging guidelines for behavior.

Vertical mobility is A. a shift in social status that is about equivalent in prestige. B. movement to a higher or lower social status. C. change in social status of one person during his or her lifetime. D. change in social status from one generation to the next.

We ___________ a status and ____________ a role. Select one: a. play; occupy b. occupy; play c. enhance; play d. play; emulate

When George H. Mead explained the process of role taking, he asserted that A. we consciously steal others' roles through imitation. B. we are, at the same time, the subject doing the viewing and the object being viewed. C. most people are neurotic. D. most people have multiple personalities.

When a new type of people, institution, or activity encroaches on an area occupied by a different type, this is called A. segregation. B. invasion. C. succession. D. urban encroachment.

When a shared elusion of invulnerability leads to undue overconfidence and willingness to take risks, we are often experiencing A. relative deprivation. B. groupthink. C. dyadic dynamics. D. cultural diversity.

When price movements act as signals to profit-makers, and they cut back on goods with falling prices and increase the production of goods with rising prices, it is called A. neosocialism. B. the consumer sovereignty mechanism. C. old socialism. D. the radical price-control mechanism.

When sociologists discover a correlation between variables, they have A. established causation. B. not established causation. C. proven all hypotheses. D. demonstrated generalization.

When sociologists investigate the "big picture" of social groups and societies, they are said to be engaging in A. microsociology. B. macrosociology. C. ethnomethodology. D. nonscientific research.

When testing hypotheses, A. scientists try to use their biases to the best advantage. B. scientists try to determine the connection that exists between dependent and independent variables. C. scientists are uninterested in variables. D. scientists are focused on establishing spurious correlations.

When the SARS epidemic spread from China to other countries in 2003, a panic affected the lives of millions of people. This was referred to as a(n) A. Internet panic. B. information epidemic. C. medicalization incident. D. propaganda episode.

When the social scientist notes that people tend not to interact in haphazard or random ways, she or he refers to the concept of A. material culture. B. social structure. C. nonmaterial culture. D. social values.

When the state organizes and wields power, it is called A. bureaucratic power. B. political power. C. totalitarian power. D. legalistic power.

When we notice that people's interactions and relationships are interwoven into recurrent and stable patterns, we are observing A. social psychology. B. social structure. C. counterculture. D. social Darwinism at work.

Which of the following are not characteristics of the church? A. a bureaucratic structure that carries a positive relationship with mainstream society B. a sect in an advanced stage of development C. a body that strives to dominate all aspects of social life D. a body that attaches considerable importance to grace, doctrine, and ritual

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sick role as described by Talcott Parsons? A. Sick people are exempt from their usual social roles. B. Sick people are thought to be at fault for their condition. C. Sick people have the duty to get well. D. Sick people should cooperate with medical practitioners.

Which of the following is a master status in most societies? A. occupation B. gender C. education level D. size

Which of the following is not a cultural universal? A. food quest B. automobile purchase C. social stratification D. funeral rites

Which of the following is not a cultural universal? Select one: a. food quest b. automobile purchase c. social stratification d. funeral rites

Which one of the following was not one of the "well-established" differences between boys and girls found by Eleanor R. Maccoby and Carol N. Jacklin in their survey of books and articles on sex differences? A. Beginning about age 11, girls show greater verbal ability than boys. B. Boys are superior to girls on visual-spatial tasks throughout childhood. C. At about age 12 or 13, boys move ahead of girls in mathematical ability. D. Males are more aggressive than females.

William F. Ogburn argues that the main source of change comes from the A. nonmaterial culture. B. material culture. C. subculture. D. contraculture.

Without norms for governing behavior, A. life would go on without much change. B. interaction in such groups as families would be impossible. C. we would still intuit what is permissible behavior. D. we would still be able to anticipate what people might do in different social settings.

Young adults now marry A. earlier than at any time since the Census Bureau started keeping track. B. later than at any time since the Census Bureau started keeping track. C. earlier than their parents married. D. only when they can no longer afford to live alone.

________ was one of the first people to suggest that we acquire deviant behavior much as we acquire other behaviors. A. Robert Merton B. Gabriel Tarde C. Peter Rosemont D. Karl Marx

_________ are deliberately created to accomplish some specific goal. A. Informal work groups B. Formal organizations C. Primary work groups D. Expressive reference groups

_________ does not represent a form of collective behavior? A. Rumor B. Bureaucracy C. Fashion D. Mass hysteria

_________ identifies if one is genetically male or female. A. Gender B. Sex C. Gender identity D. Differentiation

_________ is biologically determined; __________ is a socially constructed framework created by human beings. A. Sex identity; gender identity B. Sex; gender C. Gender identity; sex identity D. Sexism; genderism

__________ are networks of individuals who serve on the boards of directors of multiple corporations. A. Multinationals B. Corporate interlocks C. Global subdivisions D. International entities

__________ percent of U.S. adults meet the medical definition of obesity. A. Twenty-one B. Thirty-one C. Forty-six D. Fifty-six

_____________ argue that the state sometimes pursues policies that are not always in the interests of the capitalist classes. A. Instrumental theorists. B. Structural theorists. C. Neofunctionalists. D. Neofascists.

_____________ theorists look to the rise and fall of civilizations to explain social change. A. Evolutionary B. Cyclical C. Functionalist D. Conflict

______________ involves a new combination of old elements. A. Innovation B. Invention C. Discovery D. All the above are correct.

________________ describes the process by which a society moves from traditional or preindustrial social and economic arrangements to those characteristic of industrial societies. A. Industrialization B. Modernization C. Evolution D. Acculturation

________________ economies rely heavily on free markets and privately held property. A. Socialist B. Capitalist C. Communist D. Management

________________ entails those political processes that have to do with the authoritative formulating of rules and policies that are binding and pervasive throughout a society. A. Religion B. Government C. Economics D. Criminal justice

________________ refers to the tendency to marry people like ourselves (for example, similar age, race, religion, and education level). A. Homosexuality B. Homogamy C. Monogamy D. Polygamy

_________________ is a process of clustering wherein individuals and groups are sifted and sorted out in space based on their sharing of certain traits or activities in common. A. Gentrification B. Segregation C. Invasion D. Urban sprawl

_________________ refers to the arbitrary denial of prestige, privilege, and power to members of a minority group whose qualifications are equal to those of members of the dominant group. A. Prejudice B. Discrimination C. Ethnocentrism D. Cultural relativism

__________________ is a political system in which the government tolerates little or no opposition but permits nongovernmental centers of influence and allows debate on some issues of public policy. A. Democracy B. Authoritarianism C. Monasticism D. Totalitarianism

. In doing cost-benefit analysis of pollution regulations, the Environmental Protection Agency used a figure for the value of a senior citizen's life that was about __________ than the value for younger people's lives. A. 11 percent less B. 19 percent less C. 38 percent less D. 25 percent more

. In practice, the American medical institution operates as a dual system in which A. the poor have had to utilize private sources of health-care. B. the rich have utilized public sources of health-care. C. the poor have utilized public sources of health-care while the rich utilized private sources. D. None of the above is correct.

. In the 1980s and 1990s, divorce rates A. continued to soar. B. started on an extreme downward trend. C. stabilized and slowly declined. D. reflected more liberal, unrealistic attitudes toward marriage.

"Generation gap" studies show that adolescents are A. influenced by peers rather than parents. B. influenced by parents rather than peers. C. influenced by peers on some issues and parents on others. D. rebellious and rely solely on their own opinions at this age.

. Data on index crime, released in 2001, showed that A. serious crime has significantly increased. B. the level of serious crime has remained steady. C. crime continued to decline. D. the forcible rape rate has increased, while the other three categories have declined.

. From Merton's perspective, those who reject both culturally approved goals and means and substitute new norms are A. innovators. B. ritualists. C. rebels. D. retreatists.

. Interactionists are interested in what they call the __________, which consists of a complex of unarticulated values, attitudes, and behaviors that subtly mold children in the image preferred by the dominant institutions. A. communication principle B. self-fulfilling prophecies C. hidden curriculum D. tracking principle

. Karl Marx viewed population growth as always relative to the A. demand for resources. B. supply of food. C. availability of employment opportunity. D. family structure.

. Loss of urban jobs is an example of A. donutting. B. functional decline. C. descriptive decline. D. urban decay.

. Of the ethnic groups in the United States, __________ have the highest median family income. A. Hispanics/Latinos B. African Americans C. Asian Americans D. white ethics.

. Research evidence seems to indicate that A. children whose mothers work are less well adjusted. B. children whose mothers work are better adjusted. C. the differences in the development of children whose mothers work and that of children whose mothers remain at home are not large. D. children of working mothers are socially retarded and therefore less gregarious.

. Studies show that _______________ is needed to reduce or eradicate abuse of women and children. A. the use of capital punishment for abusers B. a strict ban on divorce C. a cultural revolution in attitudes and values D. the decriminalization of abuse

. The city centers that evolve through the multiple nuclei model of development come about for a number of reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons? A. Certain city activities require specialized facilities. B. Dissimilar activities are often antagonistic to one another. C. Activities like bulk wholesaling and storage can afford high-rent areas and thus locate wherever they choose. D. Activities such as retail often benefit by being clustered together.

. The studies by Muzafer Sherif (utilizing a fixed spot of light) and Solomon Asch (utilizing different line lengths) illustrate that A. groups have minimal impact on individual conformity. B. we are truly autonomous individuals who are not swayed by the group. C. the group often has a significant effect on our individual judgment and behavioral conformity. D. None of the above is correct.

. The text defines __________ as a preference for an individual of the same sex as a sexual partner. A. hermaphroditism B. transsexuality C. homosexuality D. transvestism

. Which of the following is NOT a component of the paradox associated with symbolic racism? A. the continued unwillingness of whites to support anti-discrimination policies B. whites increasingly embrace the principle of racial equality C. whites increasingly embrace both the principles of racial equality and the continued establishment of anti-discrimination policies D. the finding that traditional prejudice no longer has much effect on whites' support for racial policies

. ________ has the highest incarceration rate in the world? A. Iraq B. Pakistan C. The United States D. France

. __________ refers to procedures - rules and activities - that people employ in making social life and society intelligible. A. Negotiated order B. Anomie C. Ethnomethodology D. Dramaturgy

. __________ was NOT a characteristic of effective schools in Rutter's study. A. Expectations that order would prevail in the classrooms B. Emphasis on academic concerns C. Moderate achievement expectations of students D. Respect for students as responsible people

A Peace Corps volunteer living in Blantyre, Malawi reported that the post office there had two letter slots, one labeled "Blantyre" and the other labeled A. "All points West." B. "All points East." C. "Elsewhere." D. None of the above is correct.

A ____________________ is a more or less persistent and organized effort on the part of a relatively large number of people to bring about or resist change. A. riot B. crowd C. social movement D. democracy

A professor is supposed to be understanding and concerned about students, yet coldly objective while grading papers. These expectations may lead to A. role complexity. B. role conflict. C. role strain. D. role reciprocity.

A simple, small tribal society would coincide with Durkheim's concept of ______, whereas a modern, complex society would coincide with his concept of ________. A. rural; urban B. organic solidarity; mechanical solidarity C. mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity D. utopian; rational

A single status may have multiple roles attached to it, constituting a A. right. B. duty. C. role set. D. conflict.

A social movement such as the Ku Klux Klan would be an example of A. revolutionary movements. B. reform movements. C. resistance movements. D. revitalization movements.

A society's shared ideas regarding what is desirable, correct, and good are called A. norms. B. laws. C. values. D. mores.

A tool that provides sociologists with a set of assumptions, concepts, and statements about the relationship of various social phenomena is called a(n) A. hypothesis. B. experiment. C. theoretical perspective. D. social structure.

A(n) ______________ crowd is an aggregation of people who have gotten together for self-stimulation and personal gratification. A. casual B. conventional C. expressive D. acting

According to C. Wright Mills, the real rulers of America include A. labor union leaders. B. the "new rich." C. corporate executives, the military, and high-ranking politicians. D. mass media moguls.

According to labeling theorists, deviance that individuals may adopt in response to negative labels is A. functional deviance. B. primary deviance. C. secondary deviance. D. tertiary deviance.

According to most theorists, the United States is an example of A. the ideal type of a closed social stratification system. B. a relatively closed social stratification system. C. a relatively open social stratification system. D. the ideal type of an open social stratification system.

According to the Department of Education, American students seem to do more poorly than Japanese students because A. American students spend more time watching television. B. Japanese students spend more class time on science and math. C. Japanese teachers are more likely to develop math concepts in the classroom, whereas American teachers simply state the concepts without developing them. D. A and B are correct.

According to the __________ perspective, governments fashion policies designed to produce changes in demographic behavior. A. developmentalist B. coercion C. societalist D. family planning

According to the ________________ approach, people are seen as participating in a social movement as a response to a rational decision-making process where the costs and benefits of participation are weighed. A. relative deprivation B. emergent-norm C. resource mobilization D. absolute deprivation

According to the text, a current revolutionary source of social change is A. genetics. B. the global village. C. computers. D. chemical warfare.

According to the text, the primary response of a church to other competing religious groups is to A. tolerate them. B. deny their existence. C. suppress, ignore, or coopt them. D. work cooperatively with them.

Across the years, the gender division of labor has operated to bind women to their __________ function. A. affectional B. domestic C. reproductive D. None of the above is correct.

Agents of socialization A. are primarily those significant people found in the formal school setting. B. have been replaced in recent times by the peer group. C. include the school, the family, the peer group, and the mass media. D. Have minor impact on the personality development of the child.

America's "melting pot" tradition illustrates A. pluralism. B. legal protection of minorities. C. assimilation. D. diversity subjugation.

Among America's undergraduates between 18 and 22 years of age, A. 80 percent are pursuing parent-financed college education. B. 10 percent are over age 25. C. 20 percent are pursuing parent-financed college education. D. only 10 percent are part-timers.

Among the Etoro of New Guinea, A. homosexual acts between adult males and young boys are mildly rejected as a lower-level pattern of deviance. B. homosexual acts between adult males and young boys are strongly rejected just as they are in the United States. C. oral sex with boys is considered a normal and essential part of everyday life. D. homosexuality does not exist.

An effective monopoly in the use of physical coercion in a given geographical area is known as A. folkways. B. mores. C. the state. D. the community.

Ann Meier's project is best described as a(n) A. experiment. B. survey. C. secondary data analysis. D. observational study.

As groups become larger, A. they become more manageable. B. members find it easier to converse with each other. C. they become less manageable and less stable. D. knowledge is shared more easily and thus the group becomes more stable.

At the elementary and secondary levels, American schools are A. usually very informal in structure. B. loosely governed by fairly vague sets of rules. C. places that emphasize and reinforce the subordinate status of pupils. D. places that attempt to produce an egalitarian atmosphere.

Authoritarian leaders tend to A. promote stability and group happiness. B. reduce levels of hostility within groups. C. produce high levels of frustration and hostile feelings. D. promote high levels of productivity whether they are present or absent.

Behavior that adds to a "hostile working environment" is considered _______________ by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. A. symbolic sexism B. institutional sexism C. sexual harassment D. outside the realm of sexual harassment

Beyond the small work groups approach is the "__________-collar" approach, in which informally dressed employees manage themselves, use the office as a "funhouse" and are expected to work 70-hour weeks. A. green B. red C. no D. black

Both functionalists and conflict theorists see _________________ as the foundation of sovereignty of the state. A. money B. consensus C. force D. norms

Bureaucracies A. are not an inherent feature of capitalism, but they are characteristic of socialistic societies. B. are not an inherent feature of socialism, but they are characteristic of capitalistic societies. C. are an inherent feature of both capitalism and socialism. D. serve to make people's lives in a capitalistic society relatively unpredictable.

Certain racial and socioeconomic groups in society are far less likely to have access to computers and the Internet, and this phenomenon is called A. the computer class effect. B. computer poverty. C. the digital divide. D. None of the above is correct.

Conflict theorists argue that the most important question to ask regarding deviance is A. How do deviants differ from nondeviants? B. How do different groups' values and norms increase their chances of engaging in culturally transmitted deviance? C. Which group will be able to translate its values into the rules of society and make these rules stick? D. Which group will experience the anomie necessary to give rise to deviance?

Conflict theorists depict the state as an instrument of A. modernization. B. education. C. oppression and violence. D. arbitration.

Conflict theorists often argue that prejudice and discrimination is explained best by A. understanding the religious values that promote such attitudes and behaviors. B. conclusions developed through functionalist research methods. C. understanding the tension among groups resulting from competition. D. understanding the inherent dislike harbored by the proletariat for foreigners.

Conflict theorists see schools as agencies that A. promote social integration. B. promote social cohesion. C. reproduce the current social order. D. increase chances of social mobility.

Cross-national research shows that the "first wave" of women's movements occurring from 1800 to 1950 focused primarily on A. social equality. B. jobs and education. C. legal equality, such as the right to vote. D. free speech.

Crowds tend to share the characteristics of A. panic, mass hysteria, and fadism. B. psychogenesis and fadism. C. suggestibility, deindividualization, and invulnerability. D. conduciveness, precipitation, and value-addedness.

Emile Durkheim focused his sociological perspective on Select one: a. why social classes always seem to be in conflict with one another. b. the way societies seem to be made up of tiny relationship units. c. how societies hold together and endure. d. None of the choices are correct.

Erik Erikson believed that the main task of adolescence is to A. conquer and moderate sexual impulses and hormonal changes. B. graduate from high school. C. build and confirm a reasonably stable identity. D. separate from parents.

Ethnocentrism enhances the potential for A. global cooperation and consensus. B. intergroup communication and networking. C. prejudicial attitudes and stereotypes. D. intermarriage and cultural exchange.

Examples of informal sanctions are A. fines and imprisonment. B. community service as a court-mandated punishment. C. ridicule and ostracism from a group of former friends. D. probation as the result of a plea bargain.

Feelings that African Americans ask for too much, don't play by the rules, and exploit welfare could be referred to as A. "Deep South" racism. B. symbolic interactionism at its worst. C. symbolic racism. D. institutional discrimination.

For Durkheim, social facts are A. individual properties in reality. B. the tangible, brick-and-mortar institutions of society, like prisons. C. aspects of social life that cannot be explained in terms of either biological or mental characteristics of people. D. similar to the Freudian concepts of the Id and Ego.

From the sociological perspective, wearing soiled clothing might be viewed as violating a A. law. B. more C. folkway. D. sanction.

Functionalists argue that A. social conflict among racial and ethnic groups is an important foundation of social integration and stability. B. the social cleavages produced by race are actually healthy to the evolution of society. C. ethnic differentiation may be dysfunctional because it reduces consensus and increases the chances of conflict. D. ethnically differentiated societies will eventually disintegrate.

Fundamentalism A. is a movement by the Catholic Church to gain new members. B. is a Protestant movement that supports a more modern theology. C. is a Protestant movement that opposes a more modern theology and supports a return to traditional Christianity. D. views the Bible as subject to considerable interpretation.

Generally, those known as gatekeepers have been A. those who are in line to receive welfare checks. B. welfare cheats. C. white males. D. those who report welfare frauds to the authorities.

Giving advantages in housing, taxes, scholarships, and recreation to single as opposed to married people illustrates __________ of population reduction? A. family planning strategy B. developmentalist strategy C. societalist perspective D. coercive strategy

Harold R. Kerbo tried to synthesize the functionalist and conflict perspectives. His analysis is based on the work of A. Talcott Parsons B. Karl Marx C. Gerhard Lenski D. Emile Durkheim

Health care expenditures accounted for ___ percent of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 2004. A. 9 B. 12 C. 16 D. 19

Herbert Spencer applied the concept of survival of the fittest to the social world, an approach termed social A. hedonism. B. organicism. C. Darwinism. D. Freudianism.

Horticultural, agrarian, hunting and gathering, industrial, and postindustrial are all terms that signify A. subcultures in American life. B. different forms of behavior in third-world countries. C. the different forms of organization among human societies. D. a theory of societal evolution developed by Karl Marx.

Human beings are A. locked into an unchangeable body that interacts with a changeable social system. B. locked into a rigidly structured society that interacts with a changeable body. C. not locked into an unchangeable body or an unchangeable society; both can change and each influences the other. D. passive agents, shaping neither themselves nor their environments.

If we could prevent all crimes committed by persons __________, this would eliminate most conventional crimes from society. A. between 25 and 35 years of age B. between 35 and 45 years of age C. below 25 years of age D. with mental illnesses

If we employ Max Weber's approach to bureaucracy and look for similarities in such organizations as the Catholic Church, Ford Motor Company, and the U.S. Government, we are dealing with bureaucracy as a(n) A. simple organization. B. expressive group. C. ideal type. D. single set of divergent, unrelated groups.

If we take special steps to influence how another person views us, Goffman would say we probably are engaging in A. vulgar deceit. B. superficiality. C. impression management. D. self-esteem development.

In 2001, the largest category of all arrests was A. violent crime. B. property crime. C. drug abuse violations. D. prostitution.

In Marx's view, alienation is a(n) __________ condition. A. emotional B. psychological C. structural D. economic

In Piaget's theory, the concrete operational stage A. involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them. B. includes the development of language. C. is where children begin to think more abstractly by being able to separate symbols from the things they represent. D. focuses on the development of logic.

In __________________ authority, power is legitimated by the sanctity of age-old customs. A. bureaucratic B. legal-rational C. traditional D. charismatic

In examining the relationship between values and norms, we generally can say that Select one: a. values are based on norms. b. values are based on mores. c. norms are based on values. d. there is no relationship.

In modern societies, the ___________ is the mechanism by which a good many norms - laws - are enforced. A. neighborhood B. town hall C. state D. informal group

In reference to the economic integration of less developed nations into the structures of a world economy, __________ regions consist of geographical areas that dominate the world economy and exploit the rest of the system. A. periphery B. multinational C. core D. global

In studies of college campuses, low rates of rape were associated with A. campuses where females were heavily dominant. B. attitudes in which sexual assertiveness was a symbol of masculinity. C. a culture of masculinity that was not strong and where sexual assault was severely punished. D. no variables that could be discerned.

In surveying the research literature, Ann M. Meier discovered that which of the following is/are important influences on adolescent sexual behavior? A. being more religious B. being uneducated C. having more permissive attitudes about sexual activity D. All the above are correct.

In the U.S., work is A. worth little in terms of status. B. valued about the same as in nonindustrial nations. C. seen as the measure of an individual's value in society. D. not a status-related variable of any appreciable significance.

In the United States we have the technology to produce and distribute large numbers of inexpensive handguns. At the same time we lack effective legal means of controlling and identifying who gets and uses them. In terms of violence in America, this may be an example of A. syncretism. B. diffusion. C. cultural lag. D. innovation.

In the past three decades, the number of divorced people per 1,000 married people has A. declined significantly. B. doubled. C. tripled D. stayed about the same.

In their daily operations, the institutions of society may produce unequal outcomes for different groups. This is called A. symbolic racism. B. old-fashioned discrimination. C. institutional discrimination. D. timid bigotry.

Individuals whose reproductive structures are sufficiently ambiguous that it is difficult to define them exclusively as male or female are called A. transsexuals. B. transvestites. C. hermaphrodites. D. homosexuals.

Institutional racism A. focuses on the belief that some racial groups are naturally superior to others. B. depends on the idea that people may be reliably classified into racial groups. C. involves discriminatory policies and practices that result in unequal outcomes for members of different racial groups. D. gives rise to attitudes of aversion and hostility.

Interest groups set up to defeat or elect specific candidates are known as A. special-interest groups. B. public-interest groups. C. political action committees. D. social service agencies.

Internalization, the structuring of our world experiences, and formal/informal sanctions are types of A. dysfunctions of deviance. B. functions of deviance. C. social control processes. D. anomie in operation.

Karl Marx sought to A. prove the value of science in the study of human behavior. B. prove the value of maintaining the status quo in societies. C. narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. D. show the value of capitalism in developing a more humanitarian society.

Karl Marx viewed religion as an institution that A. promoted the general welfare by supporting the development of the poor. B. contributed to progress through Darwinian social evolution. C. deluded people with other-worldly concerns and led them to ignore the problems of the world. D. led to the rise of capitalism as a result of the emergence of Calvinistic asceticism.

Labeling theory does not explain A. why an act may or may not be defined as deviant. B. how situations may affect the definition of deviance. C. what initially contributed to the occurrence of the deviant behavior. D. the impact of social inequities on the definition of deviance.

Married women's labor-force participation in the United States over the past 200 years is represented by A. exponential growth. B. a gradually-declining curve. C. a U-shaped curve. D. an arithmetic-growth curve.

Max Weber argued the Calvinistic belief that economic success is a sign of one's salvation led to A. the spirit of the Protestant Reformation. B. a socialistic fervor among Catholics. C. the development of capitalism. D. the present welfare system in America.

Max Weber emphasized the importance of a A. culturally biased sociology. B. personally defined sociology. C. value-free sociology. D. subjective sociology.

Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification include all of the following except A. class. B. party (power). C. education. D. status (prestige).

Microsociology is the study of A. the family in America. B. large-scale, long-term social processes. C. up-close and personal studies of people in real-life settings. D. cultures and societies.

Migration is usually a burden in terms of costs and loss of social networks, so migrants are usually A. older. B. less educated. C. better off economically. D. less ambitious than others.

Modernization assumes social patterns where A. there is increasing conflict. B. there is a heightening of oppression. C. convergence produces societies that are increasingly urban, the division of labor is more specialized, and the knowledge base becomes larger and more complex. D. diversity of organization is the rule.

Monotheism is the belief in A. many gods with equal or relatively similar power. B. one husband and one wife in a single marriage. C. one powerful god that oversees human life. D. spirits or otherworldly beings.

Most of the "desertification" of the Sahara is due to A. climatic change. B. too little irrigation. C. introduction of Western technology and procedures. D. lack of Western technology such as tractors.

Much of the current debate about the health of the American family is based upon questionable data that utilize A. the participant observer approach. B. the conflict perspective. C. the stereotypical white, middle-class family of the 1950s as a point of departure. D. the stereotypical white, middle-class family of the 1980s as a point of departure.

New studies on leadership show that A. democratic leadership is clearly superior to other forms of leadership. B. authoritarian leadership is clearly superior to other forms of leadership. C. there is probably not one leadership style that works best in all situations. D. laissez-faire leadership is the best for high group productivity.

Noam Chomsky's observations of language suggest that A. language will develop regardless of the society in which one lives. B. language does not involve any predisposition; it is totally a learned capacity. C. human beings possess an inborn language-generating mechanism that only requires that the child learn the specific peculiarities of his or her society's language. D. genetic factors play no role in language development.

Nonverbal communication gestures A. have universally accepted meanings. B. ease cross-cultural communication problems. C. are especially susceptible to cultural interpretations. D. are impractical considerations in people's daily lives.

One explanation for the recent narrowing of the gender gap in mathematics is that A. hormonal levels in females have shown increases in testosterone. B. teachers have stopped focusing on males in mathematics classrooms. C. girls and young women are more confident about their mathematical talents and capabilities than previous generations. D. parents have begun to emphasize mathematics more to their female children.

One expression of alienation is __________ - a sense of boredom, apathy, reduced efficiency, fatigue, frustration, and despondency. A. powerlessness B. meaninglessness C. job burnout D. self-estrangement

One factor that is essential for a successful social movement is a(n) A. revolution. B. emergent norm. C. ideology. D. dialectic.

Parents reported approximately _______ of homeschooling students in 2003. A. 500,000 B. 850,000 C. 1,100,000 D. 2,000,000

Parsons and Bales argued that A. women should be instrumental leaders in the family. B. men should be expressive leaders in the family. C. it was functional and beneficial for the society if males played instrumental roles and females played expressive roles. D. both men and women should mutually play instrumental and expressive roles.

Patrilocal, matrilocal, and neolocal refer to A. patterns of tracing one's biological descent. B. patterns of family decision-making. C. where a couple resides after marriage. D. the number of sexual partners a couple has prior to marriage.

Personal efficacy is A. one of the few social processes that is unaffected by the socialization process. B. the belief that we cannot overcome environmental obstacles and achieve our goals. C. the belief that we can overcome obstacles and achieve our goals. D. a belief that does not require that we achieve things.

Pluralism promoted by dominant groups in an attempt to maintain their power and privilege by controlling the participation of minorities in society is called A. equalitarian pluralism. B. acculturation. C. inequalitarian pluralism. D. hypocrisy.

Pluralist theorists argue that A. group power is broad-based without being affected by specific issues. B. the power elite is a reality of modern social life. C. important decisions are made by different groups depending on the issue. D. corporate executives are primarily responsible for running the government.

Prejudice and discrimination A. are mutually exclusive. B. always occur together. C. may or may not occur together. D. never occur together.

Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination A. is a belief based on fact. B. is an emotional feeling. C. involves behavior that includes the outright denial of power, privilege, and prestige to members of a minority group. D. is an unchanging state of mind.

Primary groups are fundamental to us as individuals and society at large because they A. have little to do with the socialization process. B. play a minimal role in the social control of group members. C. provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. D. None of the above is correct.

Psychologist Carol Gilligan found that A. men view human interaction as central to their life development. B. the development of women involves a steady progression of stages. C. the development of women involves the recovery in adulthood of confidence, assertiveness, and a positive sense of self that are lost during adolescence. D. there is no difference in the progression of stages for men and women.

Race, class, and gender are prime examples of A. achieved status. B. socioeconomic status. C. master status. D. status hierarchy.

Race, class, and gender are prime examples of Select one: a. achieved status. b. socioeconomic status. c. master status. d. status hierarchy.

Ralph Linton's satire, The 100 Percent American, is an example of A. differentiation. B. socialization. C. diffusion. D. invention.

Recent sociological research A. shows all forms of prejudice dramatically declined over the past 40 years. B. demonstrates symbolic prejudice declined somewhat in the past 25 years. C. shows traditional forms of prejudice declined over the past 40 years, but that symbolic racism newly emerged over the past 30 years. D. demonstrates institutional discrimination declined dramatically.

Relative deprivation refers to A. the welfare gap. B. the distinction made between rich and poor. C. the gap between what we have and what we believe we should have. D. the normative function of the reference group.

Research has shown that the informal group is A. a minimal influence on the lives of workers. B. a sociological fiction. C. essential to the smooth operation of the formal organization. D. analagous to the primary group.

Research seems to indicate that the optimum group size for problem solving is _____ members. A. 2 B. 15 C. 5 D. 25

Researcher Christophe Boesch claims there are three components of culture common to humans and chimpanzees. Which of the following is NOT one of these? A. Culture is learned from group members. B. Culture is a distinctive collective practice. C. Culture is objectively obtained. D. Culture is based on shared meanings between members of the same group.

Robert Axelrod found that the simplest and most effective strategy for playing the prisoner's dilemma game is one he called A. forgiveness. B. confession. C. tit for tat. D. competition.

Smoking, child abuse, and family violence are all examples of behavior that have been A. defined downward. B. viewed always as depraved. C. redefined upward. D. receiving less media attention than they did in the 1970s.

Social rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate behavior in given situations are called A. cultural expectations. B. socialized values. C. norms. D. cognitive expectations.

Socialization A. benefits individuals, but not necessarily the society at large. B. benefits the society, but seldom works to the advantage of the individual. C. ideally blends the ideas of culture to the capacities and needs of the individual for the mutual benefit of the individual and society. D. benefits neither the individual nor society.

Sociologists call an association between two people characterized by relatively stable mutual expectations a(n) A. interconnected link. B. social tie. C. relationship. D. dyadic node.

Symbolic interactionists say that we experience the world as a(n) __________ reality. A. objective B. experimental C. constructed D. solid

Symbolic interactionists say that we experience the world as a(n) __________ reality. Select one: a. objective b. experimental c. constructed d. solid

The "new breed" of sociologists of the 1960s and 1970s often A. emphasized scientific objectivity in their work. B. were actually major supporters of traditional sociology. C. rejected the scientific neutrality view because it was insensitive to social problems and human suffering. D. despised the theoretical work of C. Wright Mills because they felt it was too reactionary.

The "situational" view of poverty argues that A. poverty is passed from one generation to the next. B. poverty is a consequence of a weaker morality structure of the poor. C. people who slip into poverty do so for a limited time after such major adverse events as divorce or illness. D. poverty is a persistent trait of some types of people.

The "sociological perspective" points out that A. we have absolutely no control over our individual behavior. B. there is scientific agreement that the subconscious is the principal source of behavioral motivation. C. as we look beyond outer appearances at what lies beneath, we encounter new levels of social reality. D. written rules and regulations are the unquestionable roots of behavior.

The "underclass" refers to persons exhibiting A. extreme poverty. B. illegal poverty. C. persistent poverty. D. homogeneous characteristics.

The German scholar and cyclical theorist Oswald Spengler A. was optimistic about the future of Western society. B. believed that Western society would flourish in the 20th century. C. believed that culture passes through stages from development, to maturity, to decline, to death. D. A and B are correct.

The Greeks saw romantic love as A. a necessary component of healthy marriages. B. a process that follows a rational path leading to marriage. C. diseased hysteria. D. an animalistic lusting that knew no bounds.

The Thomas Theorem states that A. phenomena have inherent, intrinsic meaning. B. the meaning of things is essentially unimportant. C. we respond not only to objective features of a situation, but also to its meaning, a process that has an effect on both our behavior and its results. D. A and B are correct.

The Trobriand Islander's calendar system highlights the importance of the principle of A. ethnocentrism. B. role conflict. C. cultural relativism. D. linguistic relativity.

The World Health Organization defines _____________ as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. A. metaphysics B. karma C. health D. transcendental meditation

The _______ theoretical perspective focuses on the "micro" or small-scale aspects of social life. A. functionalism B. conflict theory C. interactionism D. behaviorism

The _________ during World War II were singled out for internment in concentration camps in the United States. A. Italians B. Germans C. Japanese D. All the above are correct.

The __________ rate is the increase or decrease per 1,000 members of the population in a given year that results from people entering or leaving a society. A. demographic reduction B. emigration C. net migration D. immigration

The __________ thesis contends that an unequal distribution of social rewards is a necessary instrument for getting the essential tasks of society performed. A. conflict B. radical C. conservative D. interactionist

The ______________ approach to measuring social class focuses on the knowledge of who associates with whom and tends to be limited to small communities. A. objective B. occupational C. reputational D. distributional

The _________________ theory draws upon the work of Sherif and Asch, and it focuses on social conformity in ambiguous situations. A. value-added B. convergence C. emergent-norm D. contagion

The advantage of the self-placement approach to measuring social class is that A. it is cheaper. B. it is less complex. C. it can be applied to large populations. D. it is particularly effective when dealing with small communities.

The alternative "essentialist" view argues that homosexual orientation is A. learned through socialization. B. psychological. C. either inborn or is fixed very early in one's development and is an inherent part of what an individual is. D. sociological.

The average number of children per woman of childbearing age for a modern population to replace itself without immigration is called the level of A. fertility. B. fecundity. C. zero population growth. D. demographic transition.

The case of the boy with normal hearing but with deaf parents highlights the idea that A. learning gestures is a sufficient method of communication. B. even though isolated, he was able to form a sufficient pattern of communication for adequate socialization to occur. C. to learn a language, children must be able to interact with people in that language. D. the importance of maturational factors in the development of language.

The collapse of communism in much of the world A. increased the appeal of Marxist explanations of the state. B. reduced interest in democratic forms of power in the world. C. diminished the appeal of Marxist explanations of the state. D. resulted in a revision of Marxist explanations of the state.

The concept of childhood A. is a cultural universal. B. expresses kinship ties. C. is of relatively recent origin. D. has always existed.

The concept that represents the main features of a phenomenon such as bureaucracy is called A. verstehen. B. Gemeinschaft. C. an ideal type. D. objectivity.

The cultural transmission perspective was developed in part from the research of a group of sociologists at the University of Chicago who concluded that A. deviance was a problem of morality. B. deviance is primarily a product of economic conditions. C. deviance is culturally passed from one generation to the next. D. people become deviant genetically.

The difference between "control theory" and other theories written about in the text is that A. control theory is decidedly psychological in nature. B. control theory focuses more on hereditary factors. C. while the other theories focus on the "why" of deviance, control theory focuses on why some people do not deviate. D. the other theories tend to concentrate on environmental factors, while control theory does not.

The difference between births and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population is known as the A. demographic transition rate. B. fecundity rate. C. growth rate. D. net migration rate.

The expectation of cure in the American health system has generated A. an emphasis on people who have diseases. B. a 90-percent cure rate among patients who have such diseases as cancer, stroke, and heart disease. C. an explosion of invasive, expensive, and often risky medical interventions. D. a reduction in costs for the treatment of many health problems.

The family unit that emphasizes kinship and common ancestry is the A. secondary family. B. nuclear family. C. extended family. D. hybridized family.

The findings from 196 nations in the U.S. State Department's human rights report in 2006 showed A. domestic violence against women is not a serious problem in most of these countries. B. in Ghana, Bangladesh, and other countries, law enforcement is effective in controlling the trafficking of women and children for the sex trade. C. overall, 1 in 3 women has experienced violent victimization. D. None of the above is correct.

The goal of "having a happy marriage" currently ranks A. below the goal of "being married to the same person for life." B. below the goal of simply "being married." C. well above "being married to the same person for life." D. at the bottom of all goals pertaining to marriage.

The ideal conditions for rumors to occur are typified by A. calm and boring serenity. B. steady, calculated, progressive change. C. anxiety and tension. D. periods of fluctuating economic growth.

The learned patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting, which are transmitted from one generation to the next, are referred to as A. society. B. social structure. C. culture. D. material culture.

The looking-glass self is an ongoing mental process involving three phases with the last phase involving A. imagining how we appear to others. B. imagining how others judge our appearance. C. a sense of self-evaluation. D. imagining how we view others.

The most pervasive form of institutional sexism is A. oligarchy. B. monarchy. C. patriarchy. D. symbolic sexism.

The number of births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 is the A. crude birth rate. B. age-specific birth rate. C. general fertility rate. D. fecundity rate.

The often unavoidable process of judging the behavior of others by our standards and tending to see "them" as inferior to "us" is called A. ethnicity. B. entropy. C. ethnocentrism. D. cultural relativism.

The practice of deliberately locating hazardous waste sites near minority communities is called A. gatekeeping. B. institutional discrimination. C. environmental racism. D. symbolic racism.

The primary processes fostering the development of the global city are A. gentrification and squalor. B. invasion and organization. C. dispersal and concentration. D. suburbanization and exurbanization.

The situation in which different racial or ethnic groups coexist side by side and still maintain their separate identities, is called A. the melting pot. B. Americanization. C. pluralism. D. assimilation.

The size of preindustrial cities was restricted by all but which of the following? A. Early cities had trouble with the threats from neighboring cities. B. The absence of modern medicine and sanitation made life a deadly reality. C. Thomas Malthus's theorem D. The class structure prevented rural-urban migration.

The sociocultural distinction between males and females is called A. sex. B. sexual identity. C. gender. D. sex object preference.

The state's ultimate basis rests on A. communication. B. a government of laws. C. force. D. compromise.

The strain to achieve consistency in a culture means that A. culture is always in a state of flux. B. inconsistencies in values and behavior are always present in human societies. C. powerful social forces link the various elements of a culture. D. None of the above is correct.

The view that such poverty values as weak ego, helplessness, and dependence are passed from one generation to the next reflects the A. situational perspective. B. structural perspective of poverty. C. culture of poverty perspective. D. Marxist perspective of poverty.

The world system (and dependency) approach sees the social structure of A. advanced nations as though they were shaped by their status as colonies. B. the former U.S.S.R. as though it was shaped primarily by democratic forces. C. third world nations as though they were shaped by their colonial heritage. D. third world nations as thought they were a recap of the history of Western nations.

Theistic religion is centered in a belief in A. spirits or animals that control our lives. B. such totems as a rabbit's foot or four-leaf clover. C. gods who are thought to be powerful, who have an interest in human affairs, and who merit worship. D. abstract ideals only.

Thomas Malthus argued that population A. increases arithmetically; food supply increases geometrically. B. increases in parallel fashion; food supply increases arithmetically. C. increases geometrically; food supply increases arithmetically. D. should be checked by artificial birth control.

Thorsten Veblen called the time when bureaucrats come to rely on organizational rules and regulations in a dull, mechanical manner the A. hierarchy of authority. B. rationalized organization. C. trained incapacity. D. Parkinson's Law.

Today, _______ percent of women with children under six years of age are employed outside the home. A. between 25 and 30 B. between 35 and 50 C. nearly 60 D. more than 65

Two Americans in England note the "stupidity" of English drivers for driving on "the wrong side of the road." The Americans are exhibiting A. cultural relativism. B. syncretism. C. ethnocentrism. D. patriotism.

We use ____________ to appraise and shape our attitudes, feelings, and actions. A. primary groups. B. secondary groups. C. reference groups. D. in-groups.

When access to socially approved means of success (material wealth) is blocked or frustrated, Merton would argue this is a condition of A. high anxiety. B. justified frustration. C. structural strain. D. frustration-aggression.

Which of the following does not characterize Max Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy? A. clearly defined duties B. offices organized into a hierarchy of authority C. positions filled on the basis of personal considerations D. rules and procedures recorded in written documents

Which of the following is NOT a component of symbolic racism? A. the feeling that African Americans got more than they rightly deserve B. the belief that African Americans don't value hard work and individualism like whites do C. that African Americans have made great strides in becoming more like whites, but still have a long way to go D. that African Americans would rather be on welfare than work

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary reasons that women allow their husbands to continue battering them? A. They tend to have fewer resources such as job skills. B. The burden of family harmony is typically on their shoulders. C. They believe the burden of family harmony should be on their husband's shoulders. D. They become "entrapped" due to a belief that they should "make good" on their prior investment rather than quit.

Which one of the following nations maintains a system whereby the entire burden of voter registration falls on the individual rather than the government? A. Russia B. Costa Rica C. The United States D. Canada

William J. Wilson contends that the "underclass" exists primarily due to A. too many low-skill jobs in America's cities. B. the concentration of jobs into the middle-wage sector. C. the sharp climb in inner-city joblessness due to loss of lower-skill jobs. D. the replacement of lower-class homes by manufacturing industries within the inner city.

Younger-generation women today A. still make marriage and family the primary organizing force in their lives. B. continue to marry at about the same time in their lives as the previous generation. C. are more likely to delay marriage and childbearing than the previous generation. D. marry at about the same time, but delay childbearing to a later time than the previous generation.

________ play a major role in determining what we will become and who we will be. A. Primary statuses. B. Determinant statuses. C. Master statuses. D. Roles.

_________ is NOT a new arrangement for financing health care in America? A. Competition in the health industry "marketplace" B. Keeping people out of hospitals C. Lowering government involvement in containing health care costs D. Establishing satellite outpatient medical centers

_________ occurs when there is an uneven rate of change between social institutions and technology. A. Syncretism B. Diffusion C. Cultural lag D. Evolutionary change

__________ is defined as the decision-making process whereby people are admitted to offices and positions of privilege, prestige, and power within a society. A. Pluralism B. Assimilation C. Gatekeeping D. Diversity subjugation

__________ refer(s) to the magnitude and manner of consumption of goods and services. A. Life chances B. Social stratification C. Style of life D. Social classes

__________ refers to an incorrect assessment of how the system works and of workers' subjugation and exploitation by capitalists. A. Surplus value B. Anomie C. False consciousness D. Radical thesis

__________ research design provides the best opportunity for researchers to obtain data to accept or reject a hypothesis. A. The survey B. Archival C. The experiment D. Participant observation

__________ research design provides the best opportunity for researchers to obtain data to accept or reject a hypothesis. Select one: a. The survey b. Archival c. The experiment d. Participant observation

____________ groups are identified chiefly on cultural grounds. A. Social class B. Racial C. Ethnic D. Gender

____________ uses existing records produced by people or organizations other than the researcher. A. Experimental design research B. Participant observation research C. Archival research D. Unobtrusive observation.

______________ are rules enforced by a special political organization composed of individuals who maintain the right to use force. A. Folkways B. Mores C. Laws D. None of the above is correct.

______________ involves belief in spirits or other-worldly beings. A. Simple supernaturalism B. Existentialism C. Animism D. Theism

______________ is NOT considered a patriarchal element of society. A. Women and children taking the last name of the husband and father B. Women being responsible for most household chores and child care C. Women being able to vote, sign contracts, and get credit D. Men having more social, economic, and political power than women

_______________ have enormous consequences for the behavior of most people and influence a wide range of human activities, including how we speak, dress, walk, engage in courtship, and choose a career. A. Status sets B. Differentiation rituals C. Gender roles D. Rites of passage

________________ is the science dealing with the size, distribution, composition, and changes in population. A. Sociology B. Ecology C. Demography D. Homography

________________ were once singled out by social scientists as the only universal norm in the world, but they have since been found not to exist among the ancient Egyptians. A. Homicides B. Sex crimes C. Incest taboos D. Polygamous relationships

_________________ is the process that spreads cultural traits from one social unit to another. A. Differentiation B. Socialization C. Diffusion D. Invention

When a trait or feature from one culture is rejected as being strange or immoral by another culture, it is an example of A. syncretism. B. synchronization. C. sedition. D. ethnocentrism.

. Child marriage, social isolation, close supervision, and social pressure have been utilized as ways to A. make young people fall in love. B. lower homicide rates within the family structure. C. get the young to look after the old. D. control romantic love.

. Deviance facilitates A. conformity. B. a clearer understanding of social norms. C. stronger group ties. D. All the above are correct.

. Founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, the Hull House A. promoted women's suffrage, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. B. promoted civic, recreational, and education programs. C. invented the research techniques of community case study and demographic mapping. D. All the above are correct.

. Human socialization presupposes that A. the socialization process can overcome inadequate genetic capacity. B. adequate genetic endowment and environment are available. C. Neither of the above is correct. D. A and B are correct.

. Major sets of values within the dominant American culture include the assignment of high importance to all but ________. A. work and activity B. efficiency and practicality C. individuality D. group effort and cooperation

. Martha believes that if she doesn't wear her lucky hat, she'll flunk her algebra test. She forgets her hat, and becomes so anxious about forgetting it that she flunks the exam. This is an example of A. the power of positive thinking. B. the Thomas Theorem. C. a definition of the situation. D. B and C are correct.

. Regarding the "American Dream," A. growing numbers of Americans are not achieving prosperity. B. the middle class appears to be shrinking. C. more and more Americans are experiencing prosperity. D. A and B are correct.

. Sociologist Robert Merton noted that while we expect prejudiced people to discriminate and unprejudiced people not to discriminate, A. sometimes unprejudiced people discriminate anyway. B. sometimes prejudiced people don't discriminate. C. there is no such thing as an unprejudiced person. D. A and B are correct.

. The _________________ consists of all surrounding conditions and influences that affect an organism or a group or organisms. A. society B. behavioral sink C. ecosystem D. environment

. The earliest national poverty programs in the U.S. were A. oriented toward children, the disabled, and the elderly. B. developed as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "New Deal" in the 1930s. C. partially replaced by the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program in President Clinton's recent welfare reform package. D. All the above are correct.

A 2002 study showed _________ was a major contributor to death and disease around the world? A. smoking B. practicing unsafe sex C. eating improperly D. All the above are correct.

A 2006 study comparison of health care in the U.S. and England shows A. The U.S. spends twice as much on health care each year than England. B. U.S. residents are less health than citizens of England. C. A and B are correct. D. None of the above is correct.

A common problem found in attempting to predict the future is A. being oblivious to or unimpressed by many of the social changes. B. looking too far into the future instead of looking backward for clues. C. the "rearview-mirror effect" in which recent events occupy too much of our thinking about the future. D. A and C are correct.

A market that is dominated by a few firms is called a(n) A. gerontology. B. theocracy. C. biopsy. D. oligopoly.

A mounting body of evidence suggests that A. staying together for the sake of the children is always better for the kids, even though it is difficult for the married couple. B. divorce is worse than remaining together when kids are involved. C. there is no connection to problems for the kids and the fact of divorce. D. staying together for the sake of the children is not necessarily helpful if the marriage is marred by conflict and tension.

A movement that advocates replacement of old ways with something new and different is a A. reform movement. B. convergence movement. C. contagion movement with mass hysteria. D. revolutionary movement.

A number of forces undermine the operation of the bureaucratic model, including the fact that A. human beings tend to exist just for the benefit of the organization. B. bureaucracies tend to be immune to social change. C. bureaucracies are basically designed with the "average" person in mind. D. informal organizations develop within the bureaucracy.

A pessimistic view of American marriage suggests that A. marriage has deteriorated over the past 40 years. B. the licensing of reproduction has been compromised. C. divorce is too easy, too many people never marry, and contraception is too readily available. D. All the above are correct.

A recent study by the Gallup organization found __________ percent of employed adults in the United States are NOT engaged in their work. A. 25 B. 35 C. 45 D. 55

A relatively stable community of organisms with established interlocking relationships and exchanges with one another and their natural habitat is called A. society. B. a behavioral sink. C. environment. D. an ecosystem.

A society's values and norms act as A. censors that inhibit some innovations. B. "watchdogs" that permit some innovations. C. stimulants for social change. D. All the above are correct.

A view of the mass media presented in the text is that the media A. discharge products, ideas, and values into a passive and susceptible population who are therefore manipulated by the media. B. provide a "marketplace of ideas" for an enlightened public. C. do little to promote real changes in the society. D. A and B are correct.

According to Christopher Jencks, the "underclass" is A. perceived identically by virtually all researchers. B. a group of people who live just below the economic level of the upper class. C. a group characterized only by its homelessness and lower level of morality. D. a much more heterogeneous group than the concept suggests.

According to Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Americans are "defining deviancy down" in order to A. make "normal" what used to be labeled as "deviant." B. make tolerable what used to be viewed as intolerable behavior. C. redefine behavior that was previously viewed as illness into behavior identified as sinful and evil. D. A and B are correct.

According to English historian Arnold J. Toynbee, A. civilizations grow and decline in a uniform manner. B. civilizations arise in response to some challenge such as warlike neighbors. C. a civilization will grow and flourish when a challenge it faces is not so severe as to make an adequate response impossible. D. All the above are correct.

According to George H. Mead, the "generalized other" is the attitude of A. a significant role model. B. a caregiver. C. one's family. D. the larger community in which one is socialized.

According to Neo-Malthusian Paul Ehrlich, A. Malthus correctly suggested there were too many people in the world and too little food. B. Marx was right about the need for a conflict between the rich and poor. C. those who have enough food also will suffer the effects of ecosystem destruction and pollution. D. A and C are correct.

According to Sylvia Ann Hewlett, the economic advancement of women is complicated by A. the modern conception of the housewife. B. the social organization of child care. C. our confusion of equal rights with identical treatment. D. B and C are correct.

According to conflict theorists who disagree with Karl Marx' view of change, A. all history is the history of class conflict. B. conflict between different ethnic groups is unimportant. C. social consensus is the dominant force in society. D. different types of conflict, such as that between religious groups, may be equally important to class conflict.

According to conflict theory, religion A. is a weapon of the ruling classes. B. is a powerful force in maintaining the status quo. C. has justified inequalities such as slavery. D. All the above are correct.

According to demographer Richard Easterlin, A. small generations typically produce large generations, and large generations typically produce smaller ones. B. smaller birth cohorts may experience less competition for jobs when they enter the work force. C. smaller birth cohorts may experience more competition for jobs when they enter the work force. D. A and B are correct.

According to interactionists like Shibutani and Kwan, A. ethnic groups share a common genetic strain. B. the identity of ethnic groups is built around a common "sense of group position." C. ethnic groups are products of social interaction. D. B and C are correct.

According to sociologist Randall Collins, marriage is a socially enforced contract of A. romantic love. B. sexual obligation. C. functional prerequisites. D. sexual property.

According to the __________ strategy, fertility is a pattern of behavior tied closely to the institutional and organizational structure of society. A. family planning B. societalist C. coercion D. developmentalist

According to the functionalist perspective, which of the following is not a function of education? A. completing socialization B. screening and selecting talent C. adding to cultural heritage through research and development D. reproducing society's power structure

According to the interactionist perspective on medicine, A. the medical profession defines conditions as diseases only when those conditions are biologically caused. B. the medical profession defines some conditions as diseases even when there is little evidence of biological causes. C. some behaviors previously defined as immoral are now viewed as forms of sickness. D. B and C are correct.

According to the interactionist perspective, A. gender is socially constructed. B. cultural meanings are continuously emerging and changing through social interaction. C. everyday sexist language helps to perpetuate sexual inequality. D. All the above are correct.

According to the text's discussion of gender-based disparities in pay, A. women are less likely than men to work fulltime. B. women comprise 47 percent of the workforce. C. in 2001, women represented 41 percent of the fulltime, year-round workers in the United States. D. All the above are correct.

According to the text's discussion of group interactions and people's driving behavior, A. the death rate is lower when teenagers travel in groups. B. for older drivers, fatal crash rates go up significantly for drivers with passengers. C. the highest death rate is for teenage drivers who are operating a vehicle alone. D. None of the above is correct.

According to the text's discussion of people's statuses and health care, A. well educated people are more likely to live a healthy lifestyle. B. there is a racial divide. C. much research indicates that racial and ethnic minorities receive lower quality health services than whites, even when their incomes and insurance coverage are the same. D. All the above are correct.

According to the text's discussion of social inequalities in American politics, A. in Hawaii, only 51 percent of the state's women are registered to vote. B. four states had two female U.S. Senators at the same time. C. six states have never had a woman elected to either the Senate or the House. D. All the above are correct.

According to the text's discussion of world cultures, A. Tuesday is Tuesday in all parts of the world. B. a week is seven days long in all parts of the world. C. a twelve-month year is universal. D. None of the above is correct.

According to the text's writings about the criminal justice system, A. police officers spend over 50 percent of their time dealing with crime. B. since 1973, average prison sentences have lengthened substantially. C. the United States has an extremely high rate of imprisonment: 25 imprisonments per 100 crime victimizations. D. in the United States, the criminal justice system is an adversary system.

According to the text, A. 75 percent of American men 65 and over are married and living with their wives. B. 44 percent of American women 65 and over are married and living with their husbands. C. the higher a woman's education and socioeconomic class, the more disorganized her self-identity and life become after her husband's death. D. All the above are correct.

According to the text, A. cohabitation may serve as a substitute for marriage. B. the proportion of couples who marry after cohabiting has decreased. C. the percentage of cohabiting couples who have children and who do not marry has increased. D. All the above are correct.

According to the text, social class affects A. education. B. health and life expectancy. C. life chances in a variety of ways. D. All the above are correct.

All societies confront the basic economic problem of determining A. what goods and services should be produced. B. how limited resources should be employed. C. for whom goods and services should be produced. D. All the above are correct.

Although the abstract definition of bureaucracy may appear irrelevant to the daily lives of most people, A. it is, in fact, a description of what most of us would like to take for granted. B. it is important only to those in positions of leadership. C. most of us expect such organizations to work exactly the way Weber described. D. A and C are correct.

American sociologists assumed a critical role in the development of sociology during the A. Middle Ages. B. Industrial Revolution. C. American Revolution. D. Twentieth Century.

Among American companies, most employee participation programs have A. been modestly successful. B. been tremendously successful. C. been slightly successful. D. failed.

An achieved status is A. acquired at birth. B. exemplified by the caste system. C. based on your father's status. D. based more on individual choice and competition than ascribed status.

An optimistic view of the American family suggests that A. pronouncements concerning the death of the family are greatly exaggerated. B. the traditional family doesn't "fit" the current social setting. C. the meaning of marriage has changed over time. D. All the above are correct.

Arlie Russell Hochschild found that A. many companies in America have, in reality, become quite "family-friendly." B. executives are finally demanding fewer hours of work from employees who need time off for their families. C. a single standard of work hours is in place for men and women on the work force. D. a gap exists between the theory and practice of so-called family-friendly companies.

At the end of 2003, a New York Times/CBS News poll found that __________ percent of Americans favored a constitutional amendment that would ban homosexual marriage. A. 25 B. 35 C. 45 D. 55

At the individual level, sexism A. is the belief that the two sexes are equal to one another. B. assumes that inherent biological characteristics make both sexes naturally suited to similar roles. C. assumes that social factors produce the differences between the sexes in power, status, and income. D. is the belief that one sex is superior to the other.

By 2004, women A. increased their numbers in the U.S. Senate from 9 to 14. B. increased their representation in the House from 49 to 60. C. constituted a majority of voters. D. All the above are correct.

By the 1900s, doctors began to see their profession as having "cultural authority," meaning that A. they were able to justify claims to self-regulation. B. they were established as the sole arbiters of medicine in the United States. C. they enjoyed legal protection by the state. D. All the above are correct.

C. Wright Mills noted that A. one's personal troubles and public issues are intertwined. B. we cannot simply look to the "personal character" of individuals to explain changes in their lives, such as employment circumstances. C. the social forces of life play a large role in determining our life experience. D. All the above are correct.

Children display "people-oriented responses" A. only when they have nearly reached adolescence. B. immediately at birth. C. usually around ten years of age. D. quite early - even before their first birthday.

Conflict theorists and Marxist social scientists contend that A. organizational goals reflect the priorities of those who occupy the top positions. B. bureaucratic mechanisms arose as much from the desire of capitalists to control workers as from abstract notions of efficiency and rationality. C. the emergence of the collectivist-democratic organization is a promising development. D. All the above are correct.

Conflict theorists point to two sides on environmental issues. On one side there are those who see environmental preservation as their primary goal. The other side prioritizes A. technological development. B. population development. C. human development. D. economic development.

Control theory, as developed by Travis Hirschi, argues that young people are much more likely to conform to society's rules if their A. attachment level to friends and family is high. B. involvement level in conventional activities such as athletics is high. C. belief in conventional values and ideas about morality is strong. D. All the above are correct.

Credentialism implies that education A. functions more as a certification of class membership than of technical skills. B. has little or no relationship to social class. C. functions as a means of class inheritance. D. A and C are correct.

Critics of Merton's structural strain theory note that Merton A. doesn't emphasize conformity enough. B. ignores the ways in which people shape their definitions of the world about them. C. ignores the fact that not all deviance stems from gaps between goals and means. D. B and C are correct.

Critics of control theory contend that A. factors other than those emphasized in control theory are involved in deviant behavior around 50 percent of the time. B. when someone makes an attachment to delinquent peers, this element of the social bond is associated with more delinquency. C. the theory cannot explain deviance among those who are fully integrated into mainstream society. D. All the above are correct.

Cultural diversity in the workplace created a need for A. understanding genetic differences in the development of language. B. desensitizing workers regarding the nuances of language. C. learning more effective verbal skills. D. greater sensitivity among workers regarding people's use of nonverbal communication.

Cultural relativism is a perspective A. that does not ask whether a particular cultural trait is moral or immoral. B. that examines the role a cultural trait plays in the life of members of a society. C. that implies there is no key to understanding culture except on that culture's own terms. D. All the above are correct.

Cyclical theorists A. look at the rise and fall of civilizations. B. try to predict the course of a civilization or society, including its demise. C. compare societies in a search for generalizations regarding their stages of growth and decline. D. All the above are correct.

Denominations A. come largely from the upper classes. B. tend to be cults in advanced form. C. are quite unhappy in being one group among many, all of whom are acceptable in the sight of God. D. come largely from the middle classes.

Elliot Liebow's study of streetcorner men in Washington, D.C., found that A. the conventional stereotypes of such people were accurate. B. their lifestyles were surprisingly middle class. C. these men believed that success was inevitable. D. many of our stereotyped images of people are wrong or inaccurate.

Equalitarian pluralism is A. when cultural identity and group boundaries are maintained while participation in political and economic institutions is conducted on an equal basis. B. the goal of many American minority groups. C. not popular with many American minority groups. D. A and B are correct.

Ethnic identities are A. often "constructed" by their bearers. B. sometimes confused with images of nationalism. C. connected directly to racial traits. D. A and B are correct.

Every year, __________ people die in the United States because they fail to receive the health care that the medical profession knows they need. A. 7,000 B. 17,000 C. 27,000 D. 57,000

Expressive symbolism A. is an important way to communicate the norms, values, and beliefs in a society. B. interferes with the ability of people to understand their society. C. is a reflection of society. D. A and C are correct.

Factors that promote a social climate favorable to a stable democracy include A. the existence of conflict associated with a competitive struggle over positions of power. B. the absence of conflict. C. a strong social organization of mediating groups, networks, and institutions that sustain the public life outside the worlds of the state and the economy. D. A and C are correct.

Families vary in terms of their A. composition. B. descent patterns. C. residence patterns. D. All the above are correct.

Feminism A. is viewed as an intellectual movement in the humanities and social sciences. B. examines women's roles and experiences in society. C. attempts to avoid theories developed through the experiences and situation of women. D. A and B are correct.

Feminism Select one: a. is viewed as an intellectual movement in the humanities and social sciences. b. examines women's roles and experiences in society. c. attempts to avoid theories developed through the experiences and situation of women. d. is viewed as an intellectual movement in the humanities and social sciences and examines women's roles and experiences in society.

Feminist research methods include a commitment to A. include women's lives in social research. B. reduce inequality. C. minimize research exploitation. D. All the above are correct.

Genital mutilation of females in several countries is typically undertaken to A. ensure virginity. B. eliminate sexual sensation for women. C. make women more marriageable. D. All the above are correct.

Global warming's impact on humans will include adverse changes in the availability of A. drinking water. B. fish. C. forest and agricultural products D. All the above are correct.

Groups are A. social structures that have an existence apart from the particular relationships people have with one another. B. an example of the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. C. an example of the idea that the whole is almost never greater than the sum of its parts. D. A and B are correct.

HMOs and PPOs A. are new forms of electromagnetic brain scanning. B. represent the latest form of coronary by-pass surgery. C. are techniques for laser-guided cataract surgery. D. are managed care health care systems.

Harriet Martineau was A. an author concerned with the role of values in American life. B. a defender of women's rights. C. a supporter of the study of society as a separate scientific field. D. All the above are correct.

Helen Keller gained entrance to social life because A. she grasped the significance of symbols. B. she eventually could "see" the association between a word and an experience. C. she could conceive of things apart from their actual presence. D. All the above are correct

Important to the emergence of cities was the A. domestication of plants. B. domestication of animals. C. ability to produce surplus food. D. All the above are correct.

In 2001, __________ percent of survey respondents said that they thought doctors should be allowed to "comply with the wishes of a dying patient in severe distress who asks to have his or her life ended." A. 35 B. 45 C. 55 D. 65

In 2004, __________ percent of black women with children under age six were working. A. 44.9 B. 56.7 C. 64.3 D. 75.1

In 2004, fatherless families represented 17.4 percent of the nation's families and __________ percent of the households living in poverty. A. 23.5 B. 33.1 C. 43.7 D. 48.3

In 2004, there were __________ million Hispanics living in the United States. A. 10.1 B. 20.3 C. 37.4 D. 40.4

In 2004, there were __________ million non-Hispanic whites living in poverty, compared to 9 million African Americans and the same number of Hispanics. A. 10.6 B. 13.8 C. 14.6 D. 16.8

In 2005, the infant mortality rate in the United States A. was the lowest in the world. B. was 6 per 1,000. C. was above that of many other industrialized nations. D. B and C are correct.

In America, A. white households maintain higher levels of wealth than both African American and Hispanic households. B. for every dollar in wealth owned by white households, the average African American household owns 16 cents. C. for every dollar in wealth owned by white households, the average Hispanic household owns 10 cents. D. All the above are correct.

In Piaget's theory, the formal operations stage A. includes children's sudden realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them. B. is where children learn language. C. is where children learn abstract thought. D. is marked by a deeper, more complex way of viewing the world, including the ability to critically evaluate others' points of view.

In __________________ authority, power is legitimated by the extraordinary superhuman or supernatural attributes people attach to a leader. A. bureaucratic B. legal-rational C. traditional D. charismatic

In a 2002 survey, respondents ranked protecting the environment as a lower legislative priority than A. terrorism B. the economy C. education D. All the above are correct.

In a number of modern societies, A. political change has reduced the legal basis of patriarchy. B. patriarchal elements persist. C. women and children still take the last name of the husband and father. D. All the above are correct.

In answer to the question of how society is possible, A. functionalists say that consensus regarding core values and norms is the key. B. conflict theorists say that society is held together in the face of conflicting interests. C. interactionists say that society isn't possible; small groups are the only reality holding people together. D. A and B are correct.

In studies of the long-term effects on children while being raised in single-parent households, results show that A. juvenile delinquency is twice as likely to occur. B. parental supervision needs are often strained by poverty. C. the kids are more likely to be enrolled below a school grade level that is normal for their chronological age. D. All the above are correct.

In the United States, __________ percent of married women 16 and older are now in the paid labor force. A. 16 B. 32 C. 42 D. 66

In the final stage of assimilation, A. it becomes impossible to distinguish the ethnic groups that were formerly distinct. B. intermarriage occurs to a significant extent. C. it is called amalgamation. D. All the above are correct.

In viewing theory and research, A. theory must be emphasized over research. B. hard research is the primary emphasis of science; theory tends to be an afterthought. C. theory is mainly an "educated guessing game." D. both theory and research are necessary for the scientific enterprise.

In-groups and out-groups function to provide us with a sense of A. "we" and "they." B. social identity or self-concept. C. disgust or revulsion for others that may result in conflict. D. All the above are correct.

Increasing numbers of mothers are locating alternatives to day care, including A. a sequencing process where the person organizes a lifestyle that provides time to work, time to have kids and stay home with them, and time to re-enter the outside workforce. B. part-time work and/or in-home work. C. the "four-thirds solution." D. All the above are correct.

Individuals in bureaucracies often develop a kind of tunnel vision that limits their ability to respond to new situations. This is called A. burnout. B. groupthink. C. management by objectives. D. trained incapacity.

Internalization occurs when A. norms are "intuited" from the behavior of others. B. the individual questions the legitimacy of the norms. C. normative expectations are sharpened. D. we understand and believe in the norms.

Low agricultural productivity and low commodity prices in Mexico are examples of ___________ factors in migration patterns. A. pull B. neutral C. negative D. push

Lower-class people are more likely to drink beer, eat frozen pizza, and watch more television than are middle-class people. This is an example of A. who's better and who isn't. B. innate intelligence. C. good socialization. D. differing styles of life.

Marxists regard ________ as a product of the moral degeneration and estrangement fostered by the oppression and exploitation of the poor, women, and African Americans or other minorities? A. alcholism B. mental illness C. prostitution D. All the above are correct.

Minority status generally is A. voluntary. B. achieved. C. exogamous. D. ascribed.

Most American children have mastered the complicated and abstract structure of the English language by their __________ birthday.

Most Americans believe A. they have a good chance of getting ahead. B. they have a better standard of living than their parents. C. their children will have a better chance of succeeding than they had. D. All the above are correct.

Multinational corporations A. are increasingly taking on a transnational character. B. make it increasingly difficult to say what is an "American," "Japanese," or "Swedish" product. C. have made it impossible to purchase a completely American-made vehicle. D. All the above are correct.

Napoleon, Joan of Arc, and Hitler are examples of ________________ leadership. A. bureaucratic B. legal-rational C. traditional D. charismatic

Nearly _____ percent of adults in the United States have used illegal drugs or used prescription drugs without a physician's prescription in their lifetime. A 20 B. 30 C. 40 D. 50

Nonverbal communication A. includes body language. B. includes paralanguage. C. is considered to make up the bulk of all our communication experience. D. All the above are correct.

Norms A. are essentially no more than moral rules. B. are subjective in nature. C. vary in type from folkways to mores to laws. D. B and C are correct.

Norms Select one: a. are essentially no more than moral rules. b. are subjective in nature. c. vary in type from folkways to mores to laws. d. are subjective in nature and vary in type from folkways to mores to laws are correct.

Norms include A. folkways. B. mores. C. laws. D. All the above are correct.

Observation becomes a scientific technique when it A. serves a clear research objective. B. is done in a systematic manner. C. is carefully recorded. D. All the above are correct.

On average, women employed fulltime earn __________ for each dollar earned by males. A. 46 cents B. 56 cents C. 66 cents D. 77 cents

On college campuses, hiking and biking groups, service organizations, and intramural sports teams are prime examples of ______________ organizations. A. utilitarian B. mortification C. coercive D. voluntary

One of the major functions of in-groups and out-groups is to A. diminish differences that result from such social distinctions as race. B. reduce hostility that results from competition. C. dissolve social boundaries. D. emphasize the significance and importance of social boundaries.

Overall, new management strategies over the past 30 years A. have emphasized a lessening of hierarchy and authoritarianism. B. have emphasized an increase in worker participation and workplace decision making. C. still sometimes revert to a direct authoritarian mode. D. All the above are correct.

People attending a basketball game or a symphony performance would constitute a(n) A. mob. B. casual crowd. C. expressive crowd. D. conventional crowd.

Piaget's cognitive development theory included the importance of A. four stages of development from birth to adulthood. B. the power of parents in dictating the development of the child. C. a person's ability to understand and interpret the world. D. A and C are correct.

Power A. is a part of all aspects of social life. B. refers to the ability of individuals and groups to control human affairs even if it involves the resistance of others. C. produces change in others that would not have occurred in its absence. D. All the above are correct.

Primate researchers have concluded that great ape cultures probably have existed for at least __________ years. A. 400,000 B. 1.4 million C. 4 million D. 14 million

Primate researchers have concluded that great ape cultures probably have existed for at least __________ years. Select one: a. 400,000 b. 1.4 million c. 4 million d. 14 million

Races A. are characterized by rather fixed, clear-cut differences. B. involve physical characteristics that never change over time. C. are groups whose physical traits make it a relatively easy task to determine where one racial population ends and another racial population begins. D. are groups that are not easily identified by cut-and-dry classifications.

Recent research indicates that A. many skills improve with age, including verbal abilities and social skills. B. adult brains grow new neurons. C. the elderly have better mental health than younger people. D. All the above are correct.

Regarding rape, sociologists A. agree that rapists tend to be socially dysfunctional. B. agree that rapists are psychologically disturbed. C. found significant evidence to assert that rapists are sexually inadequate. D. turn to explanations that emphasize culture, socialization, and social structure.

Regarding the profession of nursing, A. about 60 percent of all registered nurses work in hospitals. B. 91.9 percent are female. C. more have begun to experience role conflict. D. All the above are correct.

Research on total compensation of CEOs in America's 800 largest corporations shows that the average compensation for the 100 highest paid CEOs in 1999 was A. $500,000. B. $2.5 million. C. $15.5 million. D. $37.5 million.

Research suggests ____________ influence(s) differences in household patterns (such as authority and residence). A. industrialization. B. the political economy. C. personal preference. D. a large number of interacting factors.

Same-sex marriage is legal in A. Belgium. B. Denmark. C. the Netherlands. D. All the above are correct.

Sapir and Whorf A. developed the linguistic relativity hypothesis. B. proposed that people view the world differently depending on the nature of the concepts available in their language. C. argued that language has a powerful influence on thoughts. D. All the above are correct.

Science A. makes the assumption that every event is caused by other events. B. assumes that under identical conditions, the same cause will always produce the same effect. C. is a process, and it is a form of social behavior. D. All the above are correct.

Self-esteem includes our A. perception of how others appraise us. B. comparison of our performance, ability, or other characteristics to those of others. C. belief that we are responsible for a characteristic that results in credit or blame. D. All the above are correct.

Sexual harassment A. is a concept limited to the work place. B. is a concept not limited to the work place. C. includes problems encountered in schools. D. B and C are correct.

Social inequality in the United States A. is a part of the structure of contemporary life. B. is institutionalized. C. does not occur randomly, but follows a relatively consistent and stable pattern. D. All the above are correct.

Socially marginalized groups A. tend to be vulnerable and frequently victimized. B. are typically lacking in economic, political, and social power. C. include cancer and AIDS patients. D. All the above are correct.

Sociologically, power A. is the ability to force people to do something, even if they don't want to do it. B. affects the ability to make the world work on their behalf. C. unconnected to wealth and income. D. A and B are correct.

Sociologists define a(n) _____________ as two or more people who share a feeling of unity and who are bound together in relatively stable patterns of social interactions. A. culture B. category C. aggregate D. group

Some studies of computer usage have shown that A. computers are a source of power. B. centralized accumulation of data permits the concentration of power among those who have access to computers. C. in the United States, whites have much more access to computers and the Internet than do African Americans. D. All the above are correct.

Some view the American medical institution as not being a health care system. Instead, they see it as a "disease-cure system," which means A. the public believes most illnesses are curable. B. many physicians act as if most illnesses are curable. C. most Americans view the body as if it were a machine with replaceable parts. D. All the above are correct.

Something that influences or is influenced by something else is referred to by scientists as a(n) A. theory. B. hypothesis. C. survey. D. variable.

Stone axes, computers, skateboards, and lamp shades are examples of A. society. B. nonmaterial culture. C. social structure. D. material culture.

Structural assimilation A. is commonly called integration. B. occurs when members of different ethnic groups participate with one another in the major institutional patterns of a society, such as work and school. C. typically occurs first in primary relationships such as clubs and cliques. D. A and C are correct.

Studies indicate that while stepparents attempt to re-create a traditional family, they actually function differently than a traditional family because A. the stepparent role is not like that of a biological parent. B. the family tree of a stepfamily is often very complex. C. stepparents and stepchildren have not had a mutual history or previous opportunity to bond. D. All the above are correct.

Studies of crime committed by government A. have been emphasized by conflict theorists. B. show that presidential power may be used to victimize personal enemies. C. show that today's students have grown up with at least one well-publicized scandal for every presidential administration, regardless of political party affiliation. D. All the above are correct.

Such widespread psychogenic illnesses as nausea and dizziness are A. examples of mass hysteria. B. examples of problems in people's heads. C. related to stress, monotony, and boredom, which result in hyperventilation. D. A and C are correct.

Suicide terrorists are always A. poor. B. uneducated. C. politically powerless. D. None of the above is correct.

Surveys reveal that __________ percent of Americans say they would continue to work even if they could get enough money to live comfortably for the rest of their lives. A. 25 to 37 B. 35 to 47 C. 45 to 57 D. 65 to 77

Symbolic interactionists note that the news is A. translated by the media into "events." B. a matter of social construction. C. what remains after the media ignore other events. D. All the above are correct.

The "doughnut structure" of metropolitan development is a metaphor that shows A. the decline of both the inner city and outer suburbs. B. a decaying central city and a prosperous suburban region. C. a declining suburban region with a newly prosperous central city. D. B and C are correct.

The "glass ceiling" refers to A. women having to provide sex in the workplace to get promotions. B. the problems women have in finding adequate daycare. C. the problems women have reconciling their husband's demands and the demands of the job. D. the problems women have being promoted to top executive positions.

The 2004 Federal Reserve Board Survey of Consumer Finances shows that the wealthiest 1 percent of U.S. households own __________ percent of all private wealth. A. 7.5 B. 18.2 C. 33.3 D. 42.7

The Bell Curve study A. argued a relationship between race and characteristics including intelligence, character, and competence. B. was refuted by later studies as a myth. C. is believed by many sociologists to encourage stereotyping and discrimination by promoting inaccurate presumptions about race. D. All the above are correct.

The Coleman-Rainwater approach to understanding class structure A. combined the objective with the self-placement methods of measuring class. B. is a simpler, though less descriptive method of determining social class. C. refined the reputational method of measuring social class. D. involves a somewhat unwieldy, but more descriptive approach to measuring social class by combining the self-placement and reputational approaches.

The Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore view of social stratification supports the idea that A. the most highly rewarded positions are those that are often the most dysfunctional. B. the most highly rewarded positions are those that are of marginal significance to society. C. stratification systems are inherently unjust and should be abolished. D. the most highly rewarded positions are those most critical to the welfare of society.

The Maccoby and Jacklin analysis of sexual differences between boys and girls is A. based on their own empirical laboratory experiments. B. based on a review of research literature. C. considered a highly debatable topic by some social scientists. D. B and C are correct.

The U.S. Congress defines acts of terror as acts that appear to be intended to A. intimidate or coerce a civilian population. B. influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion. C. affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping. D. All the above are correct.

The __________ involves a sequence of stages that begins with birth into a family with a specific social status and proceeds through childhood, socialization, schooling, job-seeking, occupational achievement, marriage, and the formation and functioning of a new family unit. A. mobility diagram B. social class matrix C. dual labor market D. socioeconomic life cycle

The ___________ argues that we get the greatest payoff at the least cost by choosing a mate who is very much like ourselves. A. complementary needs perspective B. principle of most interest C. the heteronomy principle D. the matching hypothesis

The ______________ theory emphasizes the part that rapidly communicated and uncritically accepted feelings, attitudes, and actions play in crowd settings. A. value-added B. convergence C. emergent-norm D. contagion

The average American child spends between __________ hours with a television every day. A. one and two B. two and three C. three and four D. three and six

The baby-boom cohort A. stands out in all the population pyramids. B. is emerging as the "power generation" in political and economic institutions. C. will need Social Security and Medicare support from the smaller generations coming behind them. D. All the above are correct.

The concept of "life course" refers to A. a process that begins with conception and continues throughout life until one's death. B. a network of age-graded stages in life. C. a subject that has produced increased interest as a sociological issue in recent years. D. All the above are correct.

The criminal justice system includes A. families, schools, and churches. B. neighborhoods, communities, and cities. C. prisons, probation, and treatment centers. D. police, courts, and prisons.

The culture context in which rapes are more likely to occur include A. masculine patterns of discussion that treat women as objects of sexual desire. B. music, movies, and television shows that portray women as sex objects. C. a general cultural norm that limits women's power. D. All the above are correct.

The developmental tasks confronting young adults typically center on two core tasks: A. sex and marriage. B. college and housing. C. job hunting and staying healthy. D. love and work.

The difficulty of handling the problem of white-collar and corporate crime is compounded because A. the U.S. criminal justice system is ill-equipped to deal with these types of crime. B. officials typically lack the skills necessary to solve such crimes. C. the sentences of white-collar criminals are less stringent than others. D. All the above are correct.

The eighteenth-century philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau, contended that A. private property was the root of human evil. B. the function of the state was to define and defend property rights. C. the state needed to protect the weak and disabled from social predators. D. A and B are correct.

The ethnicity choices for the Census 2000 were A. "Hispanic or Latino." B. "Not Hispanic or Latino." C. "Mexican." D. All the above are correct.

The existence of cultural universals is due to A. a law of nature. B. the tendency of all people to desire the same, specific activities and relationships in their lives. C. a human instinct. D. people facing the same broad problems of survival.

The family life course A. begins in modern times with the birth of the first child. B. begins with the husband-wife pair. C. becomes increasingly complex as new members are added, thereby creating new roles and relationships. D. B and C are correct.

The foundation for the metropolitan phase of urbanism is found in A. the application of science to industry. B. the widespread use of electric power. C. the advent of modern forms of transportation. D. All the above are correct.

The government that attempts to control all parts of the society and all aspects of social life is called A. democracy. B. authoritarianism. C. monasticism. D. totalitarianism.

The health care delivery system incorporates specialist roles that include practitioners who A. utilize a variety of methods from drugs to magic for explaining and controlling illness. B. serve as "gatekeepers" responsible for channeling people into the sick role. C. certify that people have been born, have died, and are fit to work. D. All the above are correct.

The highest life expectancy rate in the world is found in A. the U.S. B. the United Kingdom. C. Spain. D. Japan.

The impact of the mass media on political campaigns A. resulted in physical appearance and "good looks" becoming more important in determining voting behavior. B. includes a greater emphasis on style and personality over substance. C. forced more interest in substance over style among political candidates. D. A and B are correct.

The interactionist perspective on education suggests that A. much of classroom communication is one-way, with teachers talking and students listening. B. the teacher functions as a communication "gatekeeper." C. students are programmed for input and not communication output. D. All the above are correct.

The number of charter schools grew from zero to __________ in about ten years. A. 240 B. 540 C. 1,040 D. 2,400

The number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births is called the A. crude death rate. B. age-specific death rate. C. infant morbidity rate. D. infant mortality rate.

The number of single-person households A. still can't compete with the growth of our couples-oriented society. B. are outpacing the growth of most other household types. C. more than doubled between 1970 and 1996. D. B and C are correct.

The only area where nonverbal communication possibly may be universal in meaning is A. hand gesturing. B. proxemics. C. touch. D. facial expression.

The origins of sociology are linked to A. the French Revolution. B. the Industrial Revolution. C. Neither of the above is correct. D. A and B are correct.

The potential number of children that could be born to a woman is called A. fertility. B. the child-woman ratio. C. the crude birth rate. D. fecundity.

The primary role model for children in George H. Mead's "play" stage is a A. diffused other, such as a distant cousin. B. generalized other, such as a sense of community. C. unilinear other. D. significant other, such as a parent.

__________ refer(s) to the likelihood that individuals and groups will enjoy desired goods and services, fulfilling experiences, and opportunities for living healthy and long lives. A. Social stratification B. Style of life C. Social classes D. Life chances

The problems experienced by Genie, the social isolate, are believed to demonstrate A. that childhood is the critical period in the development of language ability. B. that once a child enters puberty, such problems cannot be overcome. C. nothing that is sociologically based. D. A and B are correct.

The reference group concept helps to explain the behavior of the A. upper-class revolutionary. B. renegade Catholic. C. reactionary union member. D. All the above are correct.

The research dilemma confronting sociologists includes A. how to avoid the distortion of their findings. B. how to avoid the manipulation of data. C. the obligation to consider people as ends and not means. D. All the above are correct.

The researchers involved in the BBC's "The Experiment" maintain that Zimbardo's original results A. can be seen as a reasonable excuse for the powerful abusing the powerless. B. prove that people do not have responsibility and choice over conditions that lead to tyranny. C. demonstrate that extreme behaviors cannot be restrained in power situations. D. None of the above is correct.

The shift in status of individuals or groups is known as A. social inequality. B. horizontal transition. C. social differentiation. D. social mobility.

The state, the law, politics, religion, higher education, and the economy are institutions historically dominated by A. men and women equally. B. men in the political sector and women in the educational sector. C. men and women in varying degrees, depending on the locale. D. men.

The study of the enzyme disorder among the inhabitants of island of Sardinia showed that A. beans activated the disease. B. the disorder was genetically based. C. the beans and genetics caused the disease. D. it is an oversimplification to think of organisms as passive objects that are programmed by either genetics or environment.

The term society refers to A. people living within a common territory. B. people who share some degree of a common culture. C. people who are not separated into subcultures. D. A and B are correct.

The three factors that determine population change within a given society are A. births, accidental deaths, and homicides. B. births, deaths, and immigrations. C. births, deaths, and out-migrations. D. births, deaths, and migrations into or out of the society.

The two primary macrolevel theories of socialization A. are symbolic interactionism and social learning theory. B. take the position that social values, norms, and beliefs play a limited role in the development of society. C. reject the notion of social determinism. D. are functionalism and conflict theory; both view socialization as having important consequences for society as a whole.

The welfare reform program that took effect in 1996 focuses primarily on A. encouraging work. B. eliminating long-term use of welfare. C. handing welfare over to the states. D. All the above are correct.

The women of Hull House are credited with using _________ as research procedures? A. experiments and surveys B. participant and nonparticipant observation C. archival and comparative research methods D. community case studies and demographic mapping

The word computer A. is a symbol. B. is part of a powerful code that helps us deal with the world around us. C. becomes a vehicle of communication because a group of people view the symbol and the object as linked. D. All the above are correct.

Theory A. helps to provide explanations for specific social phenomena. B. stands in opposition to research. C. often brings about research that can support or disprove it. D. A and C are correct.

Theory Select one: a. helps to provide explanations for specific social phenomena. b. stands in opposition to research. c. often brings about research that can support or disprove it. d. helps to provide explanations for specific social phenomena and often brings about research that can support or disprove it are correct.

Those expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupant of a status are A. simple norms. B. complex norms. C. values. D. roles.

Three microlevel theories of socialization A. focus on how socialization occurs. B. are functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic socialism. C. include social learning theory, cognitive developmental theory, and symbolic interactionism. D. A and C are correct.

To Max Weber, rock stars, super athletes, and highly exciting presidents are examples of A. bureaucratic leadership. B. legal-rational leadership. C. charismatic leadership. D. None of the above is correct.

Today, __________ percent of U.S. citizens die of long-term illnesses including heart disease, Alzheimer's, and cancer. A. 40 B. 50 C. 60 D. 70

Today, a college degree A. brings occupational status with elite pay. B. brings a middle-class status with middle-class pay. C. may be helping to produce a two-tiered society due to the earnings gap between those with a college education and those without. D. B and C are correct.

Two perceptions promote that social classes exist as distinct groups. are promoted regarding the answer to this question. They include the idea that A. classes exist, but are invisible due to the "melting pot" theory. B. classes are real and exist in a state of conflict with one another. C. American society is essentially classless, a situation in which class divisions are blurred by their continuous nature. D. B and C are correct.

Until the 20th century, English and American common law viewed women as "incorporated and consolidated" with their husbands. This was referred to as "__________ death." A. certain B. domestic C. legal D. civil

Unwed motherhood is A. increasing. B. more likely to occur among women in the lower class. C. has been increasing at a higher rate among the employed, whites, and those with a college education. D. All the above are correct.

W. E. B. Du Bois A. was a leading African-American sociologist. B. was one of the founders of the NAACP. C. helped promote the importance of investigative field work in sociology. D. All the above are correct.

When minority groups are identified as a "self-conscious social group," this means A. they tend to be aware of "oneness." B. their members tend to feel a social and psychological closeness with other people who are viewed to be like them. C. their sense of "peoplehood" tends to be accentuated by the members' common suffering and burdens. D. All the above are correct.

When social scientists examine the practice of the Inuits leaving their elderly to perish in the cold, they typically evaluate the behavior pattern in the context of the Inuit culture. This is an example of A. Christianity. B. Judaism. C. syncretism. D. cultural relativism.

When social scientists examine the practice of the Inuits leaving their elderly to perish in the cold, they typically evaluate the behavior pattern in the context of the Inuit culture. This is an example of Select one: a. Christianity. b. Judaism. c. syncretism. d. cultural relativism.

When the cultural elements of one group change in the direction of another group, it is called A. cultural assimilation. B. acculturation. C. the melting pot. D. A and B are correct.

When women work full-time outside the home, A. they bring home more than twice the share of family income than part-timers do. B. they still maintain the primary responsibility for household tasks and childcare. C. they are more likely than fathers to take time off if their children become ill. D. All the above are correct.

Which characteristic of minorities do women fail to illustrate? A. Minorities encounter prejudice and discrimination. B. Minorities possess distinguishable physical or cultural traits. C. Membership in a minority group is involuntary. D. Minorities are endogamous.

Which of the following are factors that make entrance to college difficult for minority youth? A. weak academic preparation B. the inherent lack of intellectual ability of minority people C. the cost of higher education D. A and C are correct.

Which of the following are mentioned in the text as global factors that influence our future? A. the AIDS epidemic in Africa B. the collapese of the communist bloc C. environmental problems D. All the above are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a factor in making college entrance and completion difficult for minority youth? A. weaker academic preparation B. less emotional and financial support from home. C. fewer on-campus role models D. All the above are factors.

Which of the following is NOT a major theoretical perspective of sociology? A. functionalism B. conflict theory C. interactionism D. behaviorism

Which of the following is NOT a major theoretical perspective of sociology? Select one: a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. interactionism d. behaviorism

Which of the following is a core assumption of symbolic interactionism? A. People respond to elements in their environment on the basis of the meanings attached to such elements. B. Meaning attached to environmental elements develop from social interaction. C. Shared cultural meanings continually emerge and change. D. All the above are correct.

Which of the following is not among the problems associated with day care for children? A. high turnover of day-care workers B. day-care centers operating without licenses C. inadequate toys, books, and chipping lead paint D. All the above are common problems.

Which of the following represents a secondary group? A. a family B. an intimate friendship group C. a pair of lovers D. a college class

While status symbols may affect adult status, the core of adult status is symbolized primarily by A. clothing, jewelry, and housing. B. clothing, computers, and cultural products. C. wealth and income. D. where one lives, the nature of one's occupation, the roles one plays and the people with whom one associates.

Women gained ground in achieving higher pay for their work primarily by A. changing social attitudes of men. B. entering college in higher numbers than men. C. moving into higher-paying fields traditionally dominated by men. D. B and C are correct.

Women who have children A. have a significant career advantage due to attitudes about the "responsible mother." B. gain significant ground career-wise when they have children because of a higher pay scale assigned to mothers. C. gain quicker access to the "fast track" in the work world. D. encounter a significant career disadvantage.

________ percent of the elderly function without any limitation. A. Twenty B. Twenty-five C. Thirty-three D. Fifty to sixty

________ represent(s) symbols of American culture. A. Gestures B. Language C. The U.S. flag D. All the above are correct.

_________, a common but important idea that we use to understand social life, originated in the work of Max Weber. A. Economic determinism B. The Trinity C. Suicide D. The Protestant ethic

__________ American children take prescription psychiatric drugs, despite the fact that most such drugs have never been tested for use in children. A. 100,000 to 250,000 B. 250,000 to 500,000 C. 500,000 to 1 million D. 3 to 4 million

__________ are the actions we can legitimately insist that others perform. A. Statuses B. Roles C. Duties D. Rights

__________ is a program or mode of care that attempts to make the dying experience less painful and emotionally traumatic for patients and their families. A. Euthanasia B. Mercy killing C. Managed care D. A hospice

__________ million American preschool-aged children are cared for by someone other than their parents. A. Seven B. Ten C. Twelve D. Fourteen

__________ percent of the women who head families with no spouse are employed. A. About 25 B. Close to 40 C. Approximately 60 D. More than 70

__________ percent of the world's carbon dioxide emissions come from the United States. A. Four B. Eight C. Fourteen D. Twenty-four

___________________ represent ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that develop among a large number of people and that are relatively spontaneous. A. Social institutions B. Social movements C. Revolutions D. Collective behaviors

_____________________ have been identified as the most severely disadvantaged group of any population within the United States. A. African Americans B. Hispanic Americans C. Asian Americans D. Native American Indians

When the social scientist notes that people tend not to interact in haphazard or random ways, she or he refers to the concept of Select one: a. material culture. b. social structure. c. nonmaterial culture. d. social values.

Social rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate behavior in given situations are called Select one: a. cultural expectations. b. socialized values. c. norms. d. cognitive expectations.

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