SOC-S 110

Gender Inequality

rooted in notions of sex roles- ideas of how men and women should be

vertical social mobility

the movement between social classes and is often called either upward mobility or downward mobility.

social mobility

the movement of individuals in groups within hierarchal system of social classes.

horizontal social mobility

the occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class.

socialization

the social process through which we develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self

poverty

those below the working class that make less than the poverty line. it is also a measure of income that is used to determine who should be considered in poverty.

Discrimination

unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group.

unconscious bias

when people consciously believe in equality but unconsciously act on prejudices or stereotypes.

Gender

The physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group of considers normal for its male and female members. It is a social process by which we consider things to be appropriate for one sex or another.

social reproduction

The process of perpetuating values, norms, and social practices through socialization, which leads to structural continuity over time.

Social Inequality

The unequal distribution of income, wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society. (power: ability to control others, prestige: honor given to a group)

Socioeconomic status

a hierarchy in which individuals or groups are classified based on social and economic factors.

Relative Depression

a relative measure of poverty based on the standards of living. people are considered poor if they have a standard of living that is less compared to other members of society.

Ethnicity

a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another common factor.

Social Class

a system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth, property, power, and prestige.

absolute depravation

an objective measure of poverty that is defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or healthcare.

expressive roles

associated with femininity, involves providing emotionally and caring for family. part of the doctrine of separate sphere.

structural mobility

changes in the social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society.

oppression olympics

competing for the position of most oppressed.

intergenerational mobility

movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next.

intragenerational mobility

movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individuals lifetime.

double-bind

notions that women cannot be seen as both competent and likeable.

Prejudice

A rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes an individual to feel, think or act in a negative way toward another person or group.

race

A socially defined category based on real or percieved biological differences between groups of people.

Racism

An ideology or set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group; justified inequality are often rooted in the assumptions that differences between groups are genetic.

Sex

An individuals membership in one or two biologically distinct categories: male or female.

symbolic interactionism

Approach that focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols

instrumental roles

Associated with masculinity, involves providing materially.

minorities

Members of a social group that is systematically denied the same access denied the same access to power and resources available to societies dominant groups who arent necessarily fewer in numbers than the dominant groups.

Social Stratification

The division of society into groups changed in social hierarchy. It is characteristics of a society rather than a reflection of individuals and persists over generations. Different societies use different criteria for stratification and is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared by members of a society.

Functionalist model of order

demands of society --> unequal rewards --> social stratification

Conflict model of order

different interests, conflict, conflict resolution --> social stratification

social roles

socially defined expectations that a person in a given social position follows.

combatting poverty

started during the great depression. there are major programs created by johnson in his war on poverty, they focus on children and the elderly.

gender socialization

the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine.