Soc, Sociology - Unit 1 Milestone, Introduction to Sociology - Unit 2 Milestone, Sociology - Final Milestone, Sociology Milestone 5, Sociology - Milestone 4
Which of the following statements is true of the difference between culture and society?
Culture refers to the values of people, whereas society refers to a group of people following the same rules.
Which of the following statements best explains the phenomenon of mass incarceration in the United States?
Mass incarceration in the U.S. is a continuation of racial policing that began with slavery and continued through the era of Jim Crow.
Which of the following is the second stage in the process of sociocultural evolution?
Horticulture and pastoralism
Robert K. Merton
American sociologist who won the National Medal of Science and contributed the idea of manifest and latent functions.
Which of the following is true of deviance?
An act is considered deviant if it violates social rules and conventions.
In the scientific method, which of the following is the next step after determining the exact research plan that is to be used to conduct the study?
Collect raw data.
theological stage
Comte, the first stage where everything was God's will.
Popular Culture
Mainstream, widespread activities done by the majority of the population e.g. soap operas, football, cinema, pop music
What happened as a result of the 2013 repeal of some provisions of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?
Many states introduced new voter identification laws that reduced voting access to people of color and the poor.
Which of the following is the principle behind pursuing a value-free research question?
Research should be objective and not biased by the researcher's values.
Supporters of __________ argue that it is a way to acknowledge and capitalize on a nation's increasing diversity.
multiculturalism
Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?
Believing that the manners and customs of people from her country show they value formality and politeness.
Which of the following cultural patterns includes hippies, religious militants, militias, and organized crime groups because of their oppositional stance towards society?
Counterculture
social construction
Crime and deviance changes depending on culture and history
How do sociologists differentiate between crime and deviance?
Crime is a violation of law; deviance is a violation of social norms
Which of the following terms describes how the introduction of new technology in society can cause parts of a culture to change at different rates?
Cultural lag
Tim, a U.S. citizen, visits Spain. He is used to having dinner at 7 PM, but most Spanish people eat later, at 9 or 10 PM. Tim realizes that eating later makes sense in the Spanish culture, so it is not "wrong." Tim uses which of the following perspectives on culture?
Cultural relativism
Select the statement about fundamentalists that is true.
Fundamentalists believe that sacred texts provide general guidelines for living. They are not meant to be interpreted literally.
Which of the following is the aim of quantitative research methods in sociology?
Gathering data from experiments or studies
Iris lives in a tribal society. She doesn't consider her father's sister to be a member of her family. Which of the following systems of descent is used in Iris' society?
Matrilineal descent
Iris lives in a tribal society. She doesn't consider her father's sister to be a member of her family. Which of the following systems of descent is used in Iris' society?
Matrilineal descent
Which of the following sociologists argued that sociological research should examine the subjective or interpretive meaning of human behavior?
Max Weber
Jack and Sherry argue about deviance among the youth of different races. Jack believes that poor African-American youth may "act out" in deviant ways because they cannot achieve cultural goals, including wealth and success, by conventional means (e.g., through a college education and a good job). Jack's comments best illustrate which of the following theories of deviance?
Strain theory
Which of the following is one of the drawbacks of globalization?
The increased outsourcing of work can decrease employment opportunities in core nations.
Which of the following is true of variables in a sociological study?
The independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable.
Which of the following aspects of government are symbolic interactionists most likely to focus on?
The interplay between individuals in government committees
Manifest Functions
The known and intended consequences of a system, institution, or society.
Primary Socialisation
The learning of key basic values and norms which is taught in the early part of the child's life by their parents e.g. language.
Which of the following statements would a proponent of social disorganization theory be likely to agree with?
Societies that have not devised ways to control and monitor behavior are more likely to experience crime.
Which of the following is true according to Émile Durkheim's view of society?
Society is made up of independent parts that function together to maintain stability.
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Society results from the everyday interactions and experiences of individuals. (Theory)
Which of the following statements about sociobiology is true?
Sociobiology examines the biological factors that shape culture.
Which aspects of life in a society least likely reflect the culture of the society?
Specialization in medical practice.
Which of the following relationships occurs when we assume that a change in one variable causes a change in another, but a change in a third, underlying variable is actually responsible for the change?
Spurious
According to Rostow's stages of modernization, in which stage do luxuries become necessities to most of society?
Stage of mass consumption
survey
Standard question, sample of individuals selected randomly from a population. Statistics
Achieved Status
Status that is earned or chosen e.g. being an A Level student
Ascribed Status
Status that one is born with, that is fixed e.g. being someone's child, the sex one is born with
Secondary Socialisation
The learning of norms and values which continues throughout ones life and involves peers, the media the workplace, religion etc.
Which of the following statements best describes the difference between lab experiments and natural experiments?
The researcher can control variables in lab experiments but cannot control them in natural experiments.
Which of the following occurs in participant observation?
The researcher joins in with the activities of the group of people being studied.
Sociology
The scientific study of society and of the social behavior of people in groups
Which of the following skills best helps you gain a deeper understanding of yourself so that you can work collaboratively with others?
The self and social awareness skill
Which of the following was a characteristic of preindustrial societies?
They depended mostly on resources available locally.
In the trajectory of societies, which statement best describes agricultural societies?
They developed long-lasting tools for farming.
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of people in a minority group?
They have less access to privileges than the dominant groups in their society.
Which statement is true of charismatic leaders?
They often emerge in times of crisis.
Which of the following is true of the bourgeoisie in the Marxist view of society?
They own and control the means of production.
According to conflict theory, why do high-status, white collar criminals sometimes receive special treatment, including less-severe sentences, than people of lower socioeconomic status?
They possess the resources necessary to avoid the deviant labels.
Which of the following is true of symbols in a culture?
They provide clues to understanding experiences by conveying recognizable meanings.
What role did the establishment of Indian boarding schools in the late 19th century play in the United States? They sought to eradicate Native American culture by assimilating children into white society. They sought to undo the cultural damage inflicted on Native Americans by centuries of subordination. They required the forced relocation of all Native Americans east of the Mississippi River. Their purpose was to close the educational gap between Native American children and those of white Americans.
They sought to eradicate Native American culture by assimilating children into white society.
Select the true statement about symbolic interaction theory's approach to the family.
This approach is based on the idea that people create reality through their interactions.
Which of the following is the last step in the scientific method?
Use the results obtained to make new predictions and suggest new ways to research the issue further.
Most young children learn to imitate the behavior of their parents from a very young age.
Young children consider their parents to be their reference group.
Using statistical data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, Gary studies the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in the United States. This is an example of studying society at the __________.
macro-level
Eric is an anthropologist who is studying semi-nomadic sheep herding societies in Mongolia. Eric notices that all the shepherds wear a red pendant around their necks. The pendant is believed to have religious significance. The red pendant is an example of __________.
material culture
In the __________ system of descent, property passes from mothers to daughters, and the mother's side of the family is most prominent.
matrilineal
A professor has social prestige, but not much economic wealth. A professor, therefore, does not have __________.
status consistency
According to __________ theory, the family plays an important role in society, serving in many ways as society's backbone.
structural-functional
Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing?
Dramaturgical analysisLife is dramatic
Status
Social rank or position
Which of the following is an effective method of social control?
Using negative sanctions to deal with deviant behavior
Judiciary
courts
formal control
official sanctions
values
why a behaviour is seem as important.
Which of the following characterizes class consciousness in the Marxist view of society?
A common group identity as exploited proletarians and potential revolutionaries
Theoretical Approach
Applying a theory to all thinking and research.
crime
Illegal
Big Three
Karl Marc, Max weber, Emile Durkheim
Which of the following is an example of a folkway rather than a more?
One should not belch loudly after eating dinner.
Norms
Rules indicating what is deemed to be appropriate and inappropriate behavior
informal control
everyday sanctions
Interviews
long form, open ended conversations that allow respondents to explain and elaborate.
Symbolic-Interaction Approach
A sociological approach which views society as the result of many individual, everyday interactions.
Who was Edwin Sutherland?
A sociologist and criminologist who theorized differential association
sanctions
rewards and punishments
Gender Conflict Theory
A specific variation of social conflict theory that prioritizes the inequality and conflict between men and women.
Herbert Spencer
A 19th century thinker who gave us the idea of "survival of the fittest" and applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to society.
Which of the following occurs during the pre-industrial stage of demographic transition theory?
Birth and death rates are high.
Which of the following was a driving force of urbanization?
Industrialization, as people took jobs at factories in cities
Which of the following statements is true of Jane Addams and her work?
Neither of the answer choices is correct.
__________ research emphasizes the need for the researcher to be as objective as possible.
Value-free research
Which of the following is an example of a primary group?
You and your siblings
magistrates court
for less serious crimes
The argument that people behave according to their interpretation of a situation, whether the interpretation is true or not, is called __________.
the Thomas Theorem
The theory that socially-constructed ideas have real consequences is called __________.
the Thomas Theorem
Theory
A statement on how and why facts are related.
hich of the following individuals would the U.S. unemployment rate include? A 35-year old woman who was fired from an office job two months ago and is looking for a new job to support her family. A 16-year old high school student whose summer job as a lifeguard ended three months ago. A 65-year old man who retired from teaching last year and does not plan to work anymore. A 24-year old recent college graduate who was laid off from his job at a graphic design company last week.
A 35-year old woman who was fired from an office job two months ago and is looking for a new job to support her family.
In an ideal capitalist society, which of the following is the desired outcome of increased competition?
A better quality and variety of products for consumers
From the perspective of conflict theory, what is society built around?
A competition for limited resources
Sub-culture
A culture within a larger culture that possesses some of its own norms and values but shares others with the wider society e.g. Goths, Punks, Emos
Jamie has collected data on her research interests and has formed a hypothesis. She wants to test whether her hypothesis has merit, so she meets with several interview respondents to discuss her ideas. Which research method is Jamie using?
A focus group
Which of the following statements highlights the difference between a formal norm and an informal norm?
A formal norm is a written and established rule, but an informal norm is the casual behavior that people widely conform to.
Which of the following would you expect to see in most societies?
A large number of people in the lower stratas of society.
Global Perspective
A look at an individual society with respect to the larger global system.
In the world systems approach to global stratification, which of the following describes a semi-peripheral nation?
A nation that actively participates in the industrial economy and produces manufactured goods, but that lacks political and economic power relative to some others.
In the World Bank's approach to global stratification, which of the following describes a low-income nation? A moderately-urban nation with a large population and a per capita gross national income of approximately $10,000. A mostly-urban nation with a population that enjoys a dominant global economic position, but which may be dealing with capital flight. A mostly-urban nation with a large population, which has taken on large amounts of debt to finance its industrial development. A non-urban nation with a large population, which has very limited access to resources like formal education and healthcare.
A non-urban nation with a large population, which has very limited access to resources like formal education and healthcare.
How does a paradigm differ from a theory?
A paradigm is an approach to sociological work, while a theory is developed as a result of the work.
Identity
A person's view of who they are in terms of both internal and external factors.
Emile Durkheim
A pioneer of sociology famous for his studies of suicide and religion, and for the idea of "social facts."
Which scenario best exemplifies that the TV show's cast is a reference group for Holly?
A reference group is a group or an individual that people compare themselves to, providing a standard of measurement. For Holly, imitating what she sees on the show exemplifies that the show is a reference group for her.
Which of the following is NOT part of due process in the United States?
A right to be granted parole
Positivism
A scientific approach to knowledge based on observable facts.
Which of the following is true of paradigms in sociological theory?
A single event can be viewed through different paradigms.
Power Elite
A small group composed of the top corporate, political, and military people.
Which of the following accurately describes a gemeinschaft community?
A small, close-knit community characterized by family bonds and obedience to tradition
What is the difference between a social structure and a social function?
A social structure is a stable, routine pattern of interaction. A social function is any act or process that contributes to the maintenance of a social system.
Which of the following situations best exemplifies role exit?
A student graduates high school and gets a full-time job. Role exit is a transition where a person disengages from old roles in order to start something new. A student who graduates high school and gets a full-time job has exited the role of a student.
Social Darwinism
A theory of society that views society, like nature, to be a survival of the fittest.
Sanctions
A way of authorising or formally disapproving of certain behaviour
Consumer Culture
A way of life which is dominated by buying material goods.
Interpretive Sociology (Theory)
A way to study society that focuses on the meanings that individuals attach to their actions (Patterns) (Theory)
Micro-Level Orientation
A zoomed in look at specific situations and individual interactions.
Macro-level Orientation
A zoomed out look at the social structures and institutions that shape society.
Select the true statement about structural-functional theory's approach to the family.
According to this theory, the family helps to ensure that society runs smoothly.
Being a pediatrician is an example of which of the following types of status?
Achieved status
Being an Olympic gold medalist is an example of which of the following types of status?
Achieved status
Cultural capital
Activities that can help or hinder one's social mobility.
Global Culture
Activities, norms, values and customs done and shared on a global scale due to globalisation.
In which of the following examples is the media acting as an agent of socialization?
Adolescents frequently adopt slang and mannerisms of speech from popular TV shows.
Adrian is a structural functionalist, and Drew is a conflict theorist. How is Adrian's view of society likely to differ from Drew's view of society?
Adrian focuses on how each part of society works to maintain stability, whereas Drew focuses on the inequalities that cause social differences.
In which of the following stages of life do we accomplish the most?
Adulthood
Janelle is a 53-year-old attorney who worries that she will not be taken seriously at work as her appearance becomes less youthful, because there are many younger attorneys at the firm where she works. Janelle fears that she will be a victim of which of the following?
Ageism
__________ is a prejudiced and biased attitude toward older people.
Ageism
Which of the following are the components that form the sociological imagination?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following is a computer technology?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following is a function of schooling?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following is a key principle of holistic medicine?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following is a potential advantage of modern reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following is an area of focus for the labeling theory of deviance?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following statements about symbolic interaction theory is true?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following statements best describes symbolic interaction theory?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which the following is an example of colonialism?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following is a key finding of Solomon Asch's research?
All of the answer choices are correct: - Many people are willing to compromise their beliefs so that they will not be labeled as nonconformists. - Groups have a powerful way of producing conformity. - People will bow to social pressure in small-group settings.
Which of the following is an aspect of a sociological theory developed by Erving Goffman?
All of the answer choices are correct: - The idea that we live our lives as performers on a stage - The idea that society is best conceived of as a theater - The idea that social life is divided into a front stage and a back stage
Which of the following is a potential advantage of modern reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization?
All of the answer choices are correct: - They may increase the odds of couples having a healthy baby. - They may help to reduce serious birth defects. - They provide couples who cannot conceive the opportunity to have a child.
__________ theory argues that people turn to social movements to find purpose in an impersonal society.
Mass-society
Which of the following is a question raised by modern reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization?
All of the answer choices are correct: - When a woman's child has developed from another woman's egg, who is the mother? - Is it acceptable for parents to use genetic screening to select their child's traits? - Following a divorce, does one spouse have the right to use or discard previously frozen embryos?
Which of the following is an example of nonverbal communication?
All of the answer choices are correct: Gestures Facial expressions Eye contact
What type of social movement seeks to convince individuals to make changes to their personal lives? Alternative Reformative Revolutionary Innovative
Alternative
Social Function
An act that contributes to the maintenance of a structure, such as system, institution, or society.
Ida Wells Barnett
An activist, journalist, and lecturer who spoke out against lynching. (Emancipated)
Jane Addams
An applied sociologist and founder of the Hull House.
Social-Conflict Approach
An approach to social theory that argues that society is characterized by various conflicts which cause people to act socially, producing change.
Social Conflict Theory
An approach to social theory that argues that society is characterized by various inequalities and conflicts that cause people to act socially, producing change.
Race Conflict Theory
An approach to sociology that emphasizes inequality and conflict between different racial groups.
Structural Functional Approach
An approach which sees society as a complex system with interlocking parts that each work together to maintain the system as a whole. (Approach)
Karl Marx
An economist and sociologist who argued that class is the fundamental inequality in society. (laborers)
Scandinavians (people who live in northern European countries including Norway, Sweden, and Finland) are an example of which of the following?
An ethnic group
Which of the following is a quantitative research method that aims to observe the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable?
An experiment
In the scientific method, which of the following should a researcher do after gathering raw data?
Analyze the data collected and check to see if they support the hypothesis
Which example illustrates a society with high status consistency?
Andre is a doctor; he is married to a lawyer. Societies with high status consistency, such as those with a caste system, have more uniformity in an individual's rank among income, education, and occupation. Because Andre and his wife both have high-status occupations, they illustrate high status consistency.
Which example illustrates a society with low status consistency? Andrew is a U.S. senator; he grew up in a working-class family. Shara's parents attended an Ivy League university; she attends one also. Raef is a corporate CEO; he is well-respected in his community. Hank only has a high school diploma; he works as a car mechanic.
Andrew is a U.S. senator; he grew up in a working-class family.
Steven is researching the effects of text messaging, Facebook, and the Internet on dating on college campuses. He interviews 20 college men and three college women, and writes a report. Steven's findings could be critiqued because of which of the following?
Androcentricity
Being a daughter or being a widow are examples of which of the following types of status?
Ascribed status
Aster and Jodi are both studying religion within a society. Aster uses the perspective of structural functionalism, whereas Jodi uses symbolic interactionism. Which of the following statements best describes Aster's and Jodi's examination of religion?
Aster examines the role religion plays in promoting social solidarity and stability, whereas Jodi examines the role it plays in shaping a person's life and experiences.
Increasingly, people prefer to use the Internet and other forms of new digital media rather than use physical newspapers to stay up to date on current events. How has this change impacted society?
Audiences have more opportunities to choose what they want to read and what they want to avoid.
Which of the following was the main idea behind Rousseau's theory about societies?
Authority or power cannot be assigned without consent.
Which of the following companies best exemplifies communication in Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy?
Axil Inc., which prioritizes written communication over face-to-face communication.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates anticipatory socialization?
Before leaving for Army boot camp, Steve speaks with a friend who completed the same training to get an idea of what to expect, and how to be successful.
Ben no longer believes in the legitimacy of the authority and power figures in his life. According to control theory, he is now more likely to act out in deviant ways. According to control theory, which of the following forces of control no longer restrains Ben's behavior?
Belief
Which of the following is true of beliefs?
Beliefs are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. Individuals in a society have specific beliefs, but they also share collective values.
Unemployment data collected since 1972 shows that unemployment is not distributed evenly across the U.S. population. Select the answer the correctly reflects how unemployment is distributed across the U.S. population.
Blacks tend to have a higher rate of unemployment than Hispanics
In what way have the Chinese American and Jewish American immigration experiences been similar? Both groups have historically been shielded from anti-immigration sentiment and laws. Neither group is considered a minority in present-day America. Both groups were at some point considered model minorities. Neither group is currently allowed entry into the United States.
Both groups were at some point considered model minorities.
Which of the following is a characteristic of fundamentalism?
Both of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following is a potential advantage of modern reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization?
Both of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following is a type of reference group?
Both of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following statements about social groups is true?
Both of the answer choices are correct: - Members of primary groups interact frequently over a long period of time. - Members of secondary groups engage in goal-driven relationships for a limited time period.
Which of the following was a result of the 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case Reynolds v. Sims?
Boundaries of districts were redrawn to include equal numbers of voters.
This problem, which is associated with bureaucracies, happens as workers begin to feel more like objects or tools than people. Which of the following best fits this description?
Bureaucratic alienation
Which of the following is a problem associated with bureaucracies that is related to the tendency of formal organizations to dehumanize employees?
Bureaucratic alienation
Which of the following problems that can be associated with bureaucracies refers to the tendency of a formal organization to continue operating even when its original purpose is no longer relevant?
Bureaucratic inertia
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a crime against the person?
Burglary and vandalism of a convenience store
Following the principles of control theory, how does the social bond of attachment reduce the likelihood of deviant behavior in a society?
By encouraging people to conform socially to gain approval from their peers
According to the theory of mercantilism, how does a country generate wealth?
By exporting large quantities of goods for sale in foreign markets
Which of the following statements about socialism would Karl Marx be likely to agree with?
Capitalism is a necessary element as a precursor to setting up a socialist state.
The I-PAT equation measures the impact of human activity on the environment. Why do small changes in one variable in the equation (e.g. technology, population, or affluence) have a big impact on the environment?
Changes in one variable may produce large impacts because all of the variables - affluence, technology, and population - are multiplied.
Wealth and status are important social indicators in America. Although he wouldn't admit it, Bob feels a sense of satisfaction when he puts on an expensive suit, drives his new car to pick up his date, and takes her to an exclusive restaurant. Bob's behavior illustrates which of the following?
Conspicuous consumption
The communist party, feminist political parties, the Tea Party, and the hippies of the 1960s are all examples of which of the following?
Counterculture
In the early stages of industrialization, many urban families were so poor that children had to work to provide income for the family. This is an example of which of the following kinds of slavery?
Child slavery
Which of the following statements accurately defines urban ecology?
Cities are ecosystems in which meaningful interactions between people and the environment occur.
Jeremy and Christina are a couple in their twenties who live in New York City. They move in together to reduce the cost of living in such an expensive city. Previously, they paid high rents to live in separate studio apartments. Together, Jeremy and Christina are an example of which of the following?
Cohabitation
How did the first cities in America get started?
Colonial settlers established the first cities when they settled permanently and began farming.
metaphysical stage
Comte second stage. During this stage, God as an explanation for everything begins to drop out of the picture, with the onset of the Copernican Revolution.
The argument that everyone is prejudiced in some way is central to which of the following theories of prejudice?
Culture theory
Which of the following steps should a sociologist perform before selecting variables to study?
Deciding on the research questions
Which of the following best describes Weber's characteristic of hierarchy in a bureaucracy?
Decision-making is the responsibility of higher levels within the organization.
Deterrence is the belief that harsh prison sentences will scare people away from committing crimes. Which option best describes what researchers have found about deterrence?
Deterrence does not work, and harsh prison sentences increase the likelihood of recidivism. It has been found that fear of harsh sentences does not have an impact on crime rates. Long prison sentences serve to isolate people from their families and communities, which increases recidivism.
Which statement is true of social stratification? Most societies have the same amount of stratification. Different societies have different degrees of social stratification. There are roughly equal numbers of people in each strata of society. There are typically two strata in societies: the top and the bottom.
Different societies have different degrees of social stratification
Which theory claims that people adapt their mores, norms, and behaviors to conform to those of the people with whom they spend the most time?
Differential association theory
zero tolerance
Direct and strict on even the smallest crime
Which of the following statements about the causes of the divorce rate in the U.S. is FALSE?
Divorce has become less socially acceptable.
Which of the following refers to Dmitri's achieved status as opposed to his ascribed status?
Dmitri was imprisoned for embezzling money from his company.
Which of the following terms is used to describe what sociologist Erving Goffman called the "theater of everyday life?"
Dramaturgical analysis
What was the key difference between Durkheim and Weber's views on religion?
Durkheim believed religion brought about steadiness in society; Weber believed it brought about change.
Which of the following is a correct pairing?
Ecosystem Interactions of organisms with each other, and with the environment, in a specific location
According to George Ritzer, which of the following lists the four principles associated with the McDonaldization of society?
Efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and control
Which of the following exemplifies socialization by a social agent?
Ella's grandmother teaches her how to eat using a fork and knife. Families and peer groups are social agents of socialization that teach a child what he or she needs to know about life. They show the child how to use objects and tools such as clothes, toilets, utensils, and books. Among the given examples, Ella is being socialized by her grandmother, a social agent, to use utensils while eating.
Which of the following refers to Emiko's ascribed status as opposed to her achieved status?
Emiko was born with a genetic condition.
Emily was born into a wealthy family who could afford to send her to an Ivy League college, immediately after which she went to law school. In the context of status and roles, which of the following inferences is most likely to be accurate?
Emily's ascribed status has strongly influenced her achieved status. Sociologists recognize that ascribed status strongly influences a person's achieved status. In this example, Emily's achieved status (her educational accomplishments) has been influenced by her ascribed status (her family's economic profile).
__________ refers to marriage between people of similar social standing, while __________ refers to marriage between people from different social backgrounds.
Endogamy, exogamy
Which of the following actions relates to maintaining confidentiality in a research study?
Ensuring that information that could cause a study's participant to be identified is not published
People in the United States believe that everyone, regardless of race, class, or gender, should have access to the same level of basic education. This value illustrates which of the following?
Equal opportunity
Which of the following would sociologists do when undertaking a meta-analysis?
Evaluate all previous studies on a specific subject together
norms
Expectations or the unwritten rules about behaviour
Sociological Theory
Explanations for the social behavior of people in groups.
High Culture
Extracurricular activities and customs done by the elite groups in society e.g. opera, ballet, orchestra
Social Dysfunction
Factors that lead to the breakdown of a system, institution, or society.
Which of the following statements about family violence is FALSE?
Family violence is considered a legal matter only when a man attacks a woman.
Sociological Perspective
Finding general patterns out of details from particular people's lives.
field research
First hand data collection either as a direct participant or observer in the "real world"
Maya is a sociology student who is required to submit an assignment analyzing the job market from the perspectives of first conflict theory and then symbolic interactionism. Which of the following should she do when writing her paper?
First, she should examine the differences in power among people at different levels, and then she should analyze the one-on-one interactions between employees.
Which of the following would a sociologist do immediately after identifying a research topic?
Formulate a hypothesis
Auguste Comte
French philosopher who founded sociology and looked for laws of society.
Tom was not a good student. He got through school with the help of his peers, but he doesn't read or write well. Tom has difficulty getting a job due to his inability to read and write effectively. Tom suffers from which of the following?
Functional illiteracy
Tom was not a good student. He got through school with the help of his peers, but he doesn't read or write well. Tom has difficulty getting a job due to his inability to read and write effectively. Tom suffers from which of the following?
Functional illiteracy
Which of the following sociologists interviewed accomplished African-American men and women?
Lois Benjamin
Which of the following is the focus of qualitative research methods in sociology?
Gathering information in a narrative format
What does field research involve?
Gathering primary data from people in their natural environment
Which of the following is a correct pairing?
Gender rolesSocially-structured responsibilities that are part of being male or female
One of the reasons why this perspective should be adopted is that societies around the world are increasingly interconnected. Which of the following perspectives best fits this description?
Global perspective
Which of the following is a correct pairing?
Global warming The rise in global air, water, and surface temperatures due to human consumption of fossil fuels
Which of the following is a correct pairing?
Global warmingThe rise in global air, water, and surface temperatures due to human consumption of fossil fuels
Which statement about globalization is most accurate?
Globalization causes rapid industrialization, which is sometimes detrimental to an economy. Globalization is the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. Globalization often leads to rapid industrialization, which can cause widespread economic damage due to the lack of regulations.
What was Emile Durkheim's contribution to the field of sociology?
He suggested that people suffer when they lose their sense of social connection.
A nation that has increased its standard of living so that most people can now acquire many products and services whenever they want, is in which of Rostow's stages of modernization?
High mass consumption
Which of the following is an example of intragenerational mobility?
Hillary began working for a company as a secretary; now she is the CEO. Intragenerational mobility is class mobility within one's own lifetime. Hillary's professional change illustrates this concept.
Stacy is an upper-class white woman from Minneapolis who marries an upper-class white man, Ken, who is from Cincinnati. Stacy and Ken have which of the following types of marriage?
Homogamous
Stacy is an upper-class white woman from Minneapolis who marries an upper-class white man, Ken, who is from Cincinnati. Stacy and Ken have which of the following types of marriage?
Homogamous
Which of the following aspects of government are conflict theorists most likely to focus on?
How different groups in society strive to gain power
Which of the following does the symbolic interactionist perspective focus on with regard to media?
How media and technology create our reality
Samantha is a sociologist who uses the structural functionalist perspective. She is analyzing the family structure in a particular society. Which of the following is she most likely to focus on?
How the organization of the family contributes to the stable functioning of the society as a whole
Which of the following statements highlights the difference between the ideal and real culture of a society?
Ideal culture is based on values that a society aspires to follow, whereas real culture is based on the values actually followed in a society.
Which of the following depicts the micro-level view of society?
Looking at a particular event or circumstances and noting how people interact
Which of the following is an example of how normative gender expectations shape work in the U.S.?
In the medical field, there are typically more female nurses than there are female doctors and surgeons.
In the context of the sociological imagination, what did C. Wright Mills believe?
Individual stories are connected to larger social forces and historical events.
Which of the following is NOT a variable in the population growth equation?
Infant mortality rate
Which of the following is NOT one of Max Weber's six key characteristics of bureaucracy?
Informal communication
Before affirmative action laws were implemented as a result of the civil rights movement, there was nothing to prevent employment discrimination against people of color. What type of discrimination is illustrated by this example?
Institutional discrimination
Emma is researching how different statuses, inlcuding race and gender, overlap to impact overall socioeconomic status. Emma's research pertains to which of the following theories?
Intersectionality theory
Which person most clearly lives in a society with an open class system?
Isham goes to college so that he can hold a more prestigious job than his parents. d.)Correct. An open system is a social stratification system that is based on achievement and allows movement and interaction between layers and classes. Because Isham can move between layers by educating himself, he likely lives in an open system.
What role is rehabilitation supposed to play in a criminal justice system?
It aims to change the behavior of offenders through therapy or education to make them less dangerous to society.
Which of the following statements is true of the final literature review?
It analyzes and discusses the sources used in the research study.
Which of the following is a criticism of the structural-functional approach?
It cannot effectively explain how society changes over time.
Which of the following is a drawback of the survey method in sociological research?
It captures what people think and believe but not how they behave in real life.
Which of the following is a criticism of symbolic interactionism?
It does not consider the structural constraints people have while interacting with one another.
What is a criticism of the functionalist perspective on social stratification?
It does not sufficiently explain the differences in income among all professions.
How did mercantilism impact society?
It enabled companies to monopolize foreign markets that led to an imbalance in the system of trade. Mercantilism is the economic theory that a country builds wealth by exporting more goods than it imports. Mercantilist governments controlled colonial and foreign markets through taxes and other charges. The resulting restrictive practices and exacting demands included monopolies, bans on certain goods, high tariffs, and exclusivity requirements.
Which of the following best describes specialization as one of Weber's characteristics of bureaucracy?
It facilitates efficiency by dividing work into specific, skill-based tasks.
How does studying sociology benefit people's thinking?
It helps people be more open to diverse cultures and different perspectives
What is a major criticism of Cold War era terminology for global stratification?
It implies that industrialized nations are superior to others.
How does technological stratification impact society?
It increases the divide between social classes.
Which of the following statements best describes a literature review?
It involves the in-depth analysis of published scholarly or peer-reviewed articles for a specific research topic.
What is a key feature of the American middle class? It is a broad grouping that contains great variability with respect to economic security. Women are more likely than men to be members of the middle class. Everyone in the middle class is protected from the effects of economic recessions. The middle class is comprised primarily of the working poor.
It is a broad grouping that contains great variability with respect to economic security.
Which of the following statements best describes race?
It is a socially-constructed category of people according to their physical characteristics.
Select the true statement about the McDonaldization of society.
It is a way of describing the standardization of our society.
Which statement is true of poverty in the United States?
It is possible to work full-time and still fall below the poverty line. In the United States, the poverty line is a measure of relative poverty, or the income needed for a basic standard of living in the country. Because of low wages and a lack of benefits, it is possible to work full-time and still fall below the poverty line.
What is the best summary of the U.S. unemployment rate?
It is the percentage of people in the U.S. who are of working age and are trying to find jobs, but do not have one.
Which of the following is true of a hypothesis?
It is the researcher's guess about the answer to a research question.
Which of the following was a drawback of the barter system that led to the use of money?
It only worked if both parties had something the other person needed.
Which of the following was a provision of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
It outlawed literacy tests for voting.
Which of the following is true of field research?
It produces data much of which are based on correlation
Which statement best describes impersonality as one of Weber's characteristics of bureaucracy?
It promotes equal treatment of all employees within the organization.
Which of the following is a criticism of conflict theory?
It tends to focus on conflict to the exclusion of recognizing stability.
Jackson and Ramone are identical twin boys. Jackson really enjoys and excels at playing basketball, and Ramone is more inclined toward academics. According to advocates of the nurture theory, which statement is most likely true in this scenario?
Jackson and Ramone have been largely influenced by their social environment.
Jackson and Ramone are identical twin boys. Jackson really enjoys and excels at playing basketball, and Ramone is more inclined toward academics. According to advocates of the nurture theory, which statement is most likely true in this scenario?
Jackson and Ramone have been largely influenced by their social environment.
What did Jane Elliot's experiments reveal about expectations and behavior?
Jane Elliot's experiments showed that people are sometimes victims of self-fulfilling prophecies.
Alienation refers to feelings of helplessness and despondency that stem from a lack of control over one's life and resources. The theory of alienation in capitalist societies was advanced by which of the following sociologists?
Karl Marx
__________ refers to a social connection based on marriage, having relatives in common, or adoption.
Kinship
What is the primary basis for cultural transmission that enables us to share beliefs and perspectives from one generation to the next?
Language and symbols
Which of the following statements is consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein's model of the capitalist world economy?
Low-income countries form the global economy's periphery.
Which of the following is a trend in voting in the United States?
Lower-educated, less wealthy workers vote at lower rates than people with higher socioeconomic status.
What was the main difference between Karl Marx's and Emile Durkheim's views of religion?
Marx believed that religion facilitates inequality and injustice; Durkheim saw religion as a source of social stability.
Which of the following statements is consistent with the conclusions anthropologist Margaret Mead drew from her research on societies in New Guinea?
Mead discovered that cultural differences are more important than biological differences in shaping gender role expectations.
Which option best summarizes the functionalist perspective on the influence of media and technology?
Media and technology help society increase access to knowledge and opportunity by connecting people across time and space.
Which of the following is a correct pairing?
Megalopolis A huge (in terms of population and geographic area occupied) urban center that contains a central city surrounded by suburbs
Compared to other countries, China and Peru have an average standard of living. China and Peru, therefore, are examples of which of the following?
Middle-income countries
Which of the following statements highlights the difference between mores and folkways?
Mores are norms that are not always written but can result in severe punishment when broken, while folkways are norms that direct casual and routine interaction.
__________ refers to exploitation and domination by multinational corporations.
Neocolonialism
Which of the following statements describes the nonmaterial culture of a society?
Nonmaterial culture includes the values and beliefs that make up the culture of a society.
Which of the following statements about personal space is true?
Notions of personal space vary by culture.
Sandeep and Tory have been best friends since kindergarten. They are now in middle school and have a new friend, Amar. Their dyad has now become a triad. Which of the following changes is most likely to take place in the group now that Amar has joined?
Now that it consists of three people, the group will be more stable.
Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?
Observe and pick an issue to research further.
Which of the following would be focused on by a sociologist who applies symbolic interactionist thinking?
One-on-one communication between people
Which of the following practices should a researcher follow while writing a literature review?
Organize the selected sources either chronologically or by methodology
What do sociologists call a social character that is focused on making good impressions, and living up to them?
Other-directedness
Which idea was George Herbert Mead's contribution to the field of sociology?
Our sense of "self" comes from our interactions with others.
Which of the following is an example of a community-based correction?
Parole
While evaluating the results of an employee-wide survey, leadership at a company noted that female employees felt there were fewer opportunities for mentorship available to them than to male employees. Leadership addressed the feedback by developing new, more equitable mentorship programs and pathways. Which of the following skills was leadership displaying by making this change?
Problem solving
In which political system does a ruler maintain power by using favoritism to appoint and dismiss officials?
Patrimonialism One form of traditional authority is patrimonialism, which is traditional authoritarianism facilitated by an administration and military that are purely personal instruments of the ruler. In this form of authority, all officials are personal favorites appointed by the ruler. These officials have no rights, and their privileges can be increased or withdrawn based on the caprices of the leader.
What role do peer groups play in the gender socialization of individuals?
Peer groups often reinforce normative gender roles by requiring conformity as the price of inclusion.
According to Durkheim, which of the following is a feature of anomie?
People are less likely to follow established rules.
Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the social foundations of deviance?
People are perceived as deviant when they view their own behavior as deviant.
Which of the following is a key tenet of symbolic interactionism?
People assign different meanings to different things and respond accordingly.
Which of the following is NOT a key finding of Solomon Asch's research?
People feel less pressure to conform in small groups than they do in larger ones.
Which of the following best illustrates how the media reinforce social norms?
People learn new ways of speaking, thinking, and behaving from TV shows and movies.
Qatar has a higher per capita GDP than Malawi. Based on the statement above, what is most likely true about both countries?
People living in Qatar have a higher standard of living than people living in Malawi.
Which of the following was a key finding of Solomon Asch's research?
People will compromise their personal beliefs to fit in with a group.
Which of the following best describes sexism? The assertion that there are biological differences between men and women Implementation of policies to ensure that people of different sexes are treated equally in the workplace The belief that there are no differences between genders Prejudiced beliefs that value one sex or gender over others
Prejudiced beliefs that value one sex or gender over others
Which of the following highlights a difference between primary groups and secondary groups?
Primary groups share close emotional bonds; secondary groups have a more task-oriented relationship.
jason wants to attend college, but he lost his job in the pandemic. He asked the admissions office what he could do, and they told him to apply for financial aid. He also researched and applied for a lot of scholarships. As a result, he was able to follow his dream of a college degree so that he could get more stable employment. In this scenario, what skill is Jason displaying by finding a more reasonable alternative?
Problem solving
Successful entrepreneurs create new products and services to fulfill a missing niche in the market.I n this scenario, establishing a business to fulfill a need shows what kind of skill?
Problem solving Global economies can significantly benefit by developing their problem solving skill. Problem solving relates to making decisions using the scientific method and by incorporating diverse and ethical perspectives.
Pam tells her husband about everything their daughter is learning in school. "She is learning Microsoft Excel and Word, and there is even a class on online safety." Pam's husband laughs and says, "We were never taught anything like that when we were in school. The world is changing." This conversation illustrates which of the following aspects of the American education system?
Progressive education
Which of the following is NOT one of the key principles of feminism?
Promoting the superiority of women over men
Which of the following theoretical approaches analyzes how racial conflicts affect society?
Race conflict theory
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
Race is based on physical markers; ethnicity is based on cultural ones.
Which of the following quantitative research methods uses a relatively small group of people for testing and is most helpful in obtaining data that are representative of the whole population?
Random sampling
Which type of authority forms the basis for most modern governments?
Rational-legal Most modern governments are formed on the basis of a rational-legal type of authority. According to Weber, power made legitimate by laws, written rules, and regulations is termed rational-legal authority. In this type of authority, power is vested in a particular rationale, system, or ideology and not necessarily in the person who implements the specifics of that doctrine.
Which of the following exemplifies socialization by a social agent?
Raymond's group of friends helps him learn how to interact with others.
What is the difference between real and ideal culture?
Real culture describes how people behave. Ideal culture describes a culture's positive image of itself.
Which of the following ideas is the foundation of symbolic interaction theory?
Reality is socially constructed.
After several months of job-searching, Bella has been offered a teaching position. She has two days to decide whether to accept the offer, which will require her to move across the country, far from her family and friends. Bella considers how they might react when she tells them about the offer, and how they will be impacted if she accepts it. Bella uses which of the following to make her decision?
Reference group
How should a social movement that seeks only a specific piece of legislation be classified?
Reformative Sociologist David Aberle developed four categories that distinguish among social movements by considering their goals and scope. Reformative movements focus on everyone but want limited change, like a specific piece of legislation.
Bill and his team of environmental activists want to stop global warming. Bill has calculated that if every American drove 100 fewer miles a year — which amounts to a few extra trips on public transportation — the U.S. could reduce carbon emissions to year 2000 levels. Bill is part of which of the following social movements?
Reformative social movement
Bill and his team of environmental activists want to stop global warming. Bill has calculated that if every American drove 100 fewer miles a year — which amounts to a few extra trips on public transportation — the U.S. could reduce carbon emissions to year 2000 levels. Bill is part of which of the following social movements?
Reformative social movement
Which type of social movement seeks limited social change, but tries to get everyone in society involved in it?
Reformative social movement
According to Comte, positivist sociology views society at which of the following stages?
Scientific stage
In a suburban neighborhood, there was a growing problem with speeding on residential streets. To avoid a terrible accident, Mr. Chin started a petition and held neighborhood meetings to get the city to install speed bumps. Families that had not been friendly until then were suddenly getting together to express their shared fear and anger over reckless driving in the neighborhood. Despite the negative implications, which skill was most likely strengthened among the families in the neighborhood?
Relationship building
Which of the following was NOT a core American value identified by Robin Williams Jr.?
Religion and faith
According to Max Weber, which of the following is true of religion? Religion facilitates stability in society. Religion causes social transformation. Religion is a distraction from what is truly important. Religion perpetuates injustice in society.
Religion causes social transformation.
Which of the following is NOT a function of religion, as theorized by Emile Durkheim?
Religion lessens the severity of deviance in society.
Which of the following best reflects Max Weber's view of religion?
Religion promotes social change and economic advancement.
Which of the following is a consequence of the doctrine of separation of church and state in America?
Religious freedom was supported for minority communities in America.
Which of the following must researchers do to ensure confidentiality in a research study?
Remove all identifiable data about study participants
Max Weber
Renowned sociologist who theorized that conflict in society was also about power and social prestige. (social honor)
Which of the following was one of researcher Philip Zimbardo's key findings in the Stanford Prison Experiment?
Research has the potential to harm the physical and mental well-being of participants.
Which of the following statements about the demographic divide is true?
Rich countries are closer to zero population growth than poor countries, which have higher rates of population growth.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects world systems theory?
Rich countries form the core of the world economy and economically exploit poor countries that are situated on the periphery.
Abel wanted to open a restaurant that serves fusion cuisine. However, since he lacked sufficient funds to open the restaurant, he decides to open a food truck instead. He plans to use the profits obtained through the food truck to eventually open his restaurant. According to Merton's strain theory, what pattern of adaptation does Abel display in the given scenario?
Ritualism Merton's strain theory notes that access to socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates. Merton defined five ways people respond to this gap between having a socially accepted goal and having no socially accepted way to pursue it. People who ritualize lower their goals until they can reach them through socially acceptable ways. These people focus on conformity rather than attaining a distant dream.
Charles is struggling to manage the roles associated with his statuses, which include being a husband, a father, and an engineer, as well as a caregiver to his elderly parents. Which of the following sociological terms best describes what Charles is experiencing?
Role conflict
The long hours that Cindy works as a waitress are interfering with her college coursework. This is an example of which of the following?
Role conflict
Malik graduated from college and began working as an energy analyst. His primary duty is to help businesses to become energy-efficient. Malik's primary duty is an example of which of the following?
Roles
Which of the following is one of Max Weber's six key characteristics of bureaucracy?
Rules and regulations
During a pandemic, Seema was forced to spend most of her time at home with her parents. Although social interaction was minimal, Seema was happy because home was where she always felt loved and appreciated. When she went back to school after a year, she found it challenging to establish a place within her school and demonstrate her ability to her teachers. This had an impact on her self-esteem. Which statement best characterizes the socialization that Seema underwent?
Seema was positively impacted by a social agent and negatively impacted by an institutional agent.
Throughout much of American history, black and white people were separated from each other. People were restricted to designated restaurants, schools, and public places, based on their race. They were not allowed to use facilities designated for the other race. This period in American history is an example of which of the following?
Segregation
Which of the following is the difference between a person's sex and their gender? Sex is based on biology, while gender is based on a person's self-perception. Sex is fluid over an individual's lifetime, while gender is not. Sex is a fact of culture, while gender is a fact of biology. Sex is a social construct, while gender is not.
Sex is based on biology, while gender is based on a person's self-perception.
Which of these options best describes the queer theory perspective of sexuality? Sexuality is determined by more than simply the gender of a desired sex partner. Sexual activity should only be encouraged within the confines of a marriage. Family support is a crucial element of social structure and society. Men who embrace qualities associated with femininity are abnormal.
Sexuality is determined by more than simply the gender of a desired sex partner.
Which of the following criteria is most often used to determine the ethnicity of groups?
Shared values and beliefs, such as religious ones Ethnicity is a term that describes shared culture: the practices, values, and beliefs of a group. This culture might include shared language, religion, and traditions, among other commonalities, and is often based on country or region of origin.
Mirasol lives in a society with an open class system, and she was born to a wealthy family. Which of the following conditions best applies to her? She has a low degree of power and control over her life. She has no power or control over her life. She has a high degree of power and control over her life. She has complete and total power and control over her life.
She has a high degree of power and control over her life.
Together, shopping and consumer retail spending are an important part of the U.S. economy. A sociologist who takes the functional approach would note that shopping and consumer spending serve important functions in American society. Which of the following is a manifest function of shopping malls?
Shopping malls provide a place to purchase goods and services, and to consume entertainment.
Informal Social Control
Situation where one's behaviour is directed as part of the socialisation process e.g. by parents
Which of the following statements is an accurate description of the Thomas Theorem?
Situations we think are real have real consequences for how we act.
Which of the following approaches emphasizes issues that arise due to differences between races?
Social conflict theory
One of the reasons why American schools are important is that they teach children about American culture. School shapes us so that, as adults, we all understand and participate in the same culture. This illustrates which of the following functions of schooling?
Social integration
Judy's mother, who was raised in a working class family, became a physicist. This is an example of which of the following?
Social mobility
Which of the following is NOT a claim made by the Davis Moore Thesis?
Social stratification will decrease (or vanish) when a society reaches the period of post-industrialism.
Francisco is a social studies teacher at a high school in Chicago. He tries to make his lessons interesting for his students. Although some of them value his lessons, most students don't care about social studies. They would rather be somewhere else. Most of Francisco's students illustrate which of the following school problems?
Student passivity
In which of the following examples has the global perspective been used?
Studying how economic structures in different countries affect the lives of the people who live in those countries
Feminism
Support for the equality of men and women.
Which of the following best exemplifies the typical influence of a reference group?
Suzie changes her clothing, hairstyle, and behavior to emulate her older sister.
Which of the following statements about symbolic interaction theory is true?
Symbolic interaction theory focuses on the meanings that individuals give to actions in specific situations.
Which of the following statements describes symbols in a society?
Symbols include material artifacts with nonmaterial cultural meanings attached to them.
The Kuznets curve is a graphical representation of which of the following ideas?
Technological advances increase inequality in society before decreasing it.
Which of the following statements is a proponent of differential association theory most likely to agree with?
Teenagers are more likely to engage in socially deviant behavior if their friends do.
Socialisation
The act of passing on culture to the next generation.
In the 1970s, feminist theory highlighted the fact that "the personal is political." What was the implication of this insight?
The best way to remedy personal crises or challenges is to address them collectively as a society.
Which statement would be most true of a company that divided labor across different skill sets and in which people did not need to switch between tasks?
The company has a specialized workforce.
How would you compare the functional perspective on religion with the conflict theory?
The conflict theory said that religion was restrictive and dysfunctional; the functional perspective stated that it provided opportunities for socialization.
Which of the following would be an area of focus for symbolic interactionists?
The different status symbols recognized by different social classes. Symbolic interactionists are interested in everyday interactions, like how individuals and communities symbolically communicate their social standing. Therefore, the different status symbols recognized by different social classes would be an area of interest for symbolic interactionists.
According to conflict theory, how does the structure of society develop?
The disagreements and differences between groups in society allow people to drive change in society.
Sociologist Richard Gelles made which of the following arguments about the family?
The family is the most violent institution in society.
In the context of sexuality, which statement best describes the beliefs of functionalists?
The family unit is the primary component of society.
Sheila is a single mother who works but can't seem to get ahead. Most of Sheila's friends, and many of her coworkers at the diner where she is employed, are single mothers who live in poverty too. Sheila and her friends reflect which of the following trends in society?
The feminization of poverty
Harriet Martineau
The first female sociologist; she fought for women's rights to education.
Benefits of the Sociological Perspective
The four benefits of the sociological perspective are: challenges familiar understandings, recognizes the constraints individuals face, enables more informed civic participation, appreciates human diversity.
Which of the following is true according to the functionalist view of society?
The government serves the purpose of regulating conflict in society and maintaining order.
Values
The ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important that help guide the way one lives
Which of the following is an example of cultural imperialism?
The loss of traditional languages and customs in countries due to westernization.
Which of the following aspects of government are symbolic interactionists most likely to study?
The meaning of emblems of power, such as the flag or seal of the government
Which of the following does the theory of symbolic interactionism focus on?
The meaning people gain in society through social communication
Which of the following would be an area of focus for conflict theorists?
The negative effects of the wealth gap in the U.S. Conflict theorists focus on the creation and reproduction of inequality. They are critical of stratification and how it perpetuates inequality. The negative effects of the wealth gap in the U.S. would therefore be an area of interest for conflict theorists.
Which of the following compose material culture?
The objects created for use by humans.
Which of the following statements is true of a monarchy?
The position of a monarch is inherited through noble ancestry.
Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes a primary group from a secondary group?
The primary group is usually fairly small and is made up of individuals who generally engage face to face in long-term, emotionally significant ways. A secondary group is a larger and more impersonal social group that joins together for a specific purpose or goal.
Which of the following skills helps you resolve issues by making decisions only after considering diverse and ethical perspectives?
The problem solving skill
socialisation
The process of learning norms and values.
Sociological Imagination
The process or skill of connecting individual personal troubles to broader societal issues. This is a skill that takes time for you to refine: connecting the general with the particular, personal problems with historical transcendent trends.
Which of the following is a feature of a good research question?
The question should be broad enough to have universal merit.
Which of the following highlights the formation of the real culture of a society?
The real culture consists of the actual values practiced in a society.
Which of the following skills will enable you to strengthen your ability to relate to others in the best way possible?
The relationship building skill
Which of the following was one of researcher Philip Zimbardo's key findings in the Stanford Prison Experiment?
The social conditions and structures in the prison led to violence.
Agents of Socialisation
The social institutions that influence us e.g. family, the media, education, peers, religion and work
What is the likely impact of a dictatorship on its society?
The society often becomes victim to fewer rights and liberties.
Which of the following is true of sex and gender?
The term "sex" is based on biology, but "gender" is a social construct.
Latent Functions
The unintended and often unforeseen consequences of a system, institution, or society.
The World Bank stratifies countries according to their gross national income (GNI), which measures what?
The value of a country's goods and services and the total money earned by its people and businesses.
Which of the following items would be considered part of the culture of your society?
The values that the people of your society hold in common.
Deviance
The violation of norms and values
Culture
The way of life of a social group including its norms, values and meanings.
Social Control
The way society manipulates and directs the behaviour of its members
Which statement is true of social stratification?
The ways in which a society is stratified tell us about the society's culture and values.
Personal troubles of milieu
These troubles occur within the immediate life of the individual and within her/his proximate milieu. "They have to do with his/her self and those limited areas of social life of which s/he is directly and personally aware."
Which of the following correctly summarizes the current state of undocumented workers in the U.S.?
They are highly vulnerable to mistreatment by employers.
Which statement accurately describes the modern-day situation of people who identify as queer in the U.S.? They are not legally allowed to marry. They are well represented in the media. They are still subjected to stereotyping and discrimination. They benefit from heterosexism.
They are still subjected to stereotyping and discrimination.
According to Robert Merton, which of the following is true of the latent functions of a social process?
They are the indirect effects of a social process.
Suppose you earned a B on your last Sociology exam, but you want an A on the next exam. To get an A, you increase the amount of time you spend studying. After increasing your study time, you earn an A. What are the independent and dependent variables in this example?
Time spent studying is the independent variable, and your grade is the dependent variable.
Which of the following is the purpose of an operational definition of a concept?
To provide a basis for measuring the concept in a particular study
Which of the following is the aim of qualitative research methods?
To understand society from the participants' viewpoint
Which statement highlights the fact that this disease was an effect of nature?
Trevor's parents were diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in their 60s. Nature refers to your biology, whereas nurture is the relationships and environments that surround us as we grow. For Trevor's disease to be an effect of nature, it would have to be genetic, which means someone in his family would have had it.
Which of the following exemplifies socialization by an institutional agent?
Tyrone's faith prevents him from missing church on Sundays as he believes it keeps him focused and disciplined.
According to George Ritzer, which of the following is a principle associated with the McDonaldization of society?
Uniformity
Which of the following is a question that would be asked by functionalist theorists who study social stratification? How long has global inequality existed? How is poverty in the U.S. experienced differently than poverty in India? What social purpose is served by global inequality? What harm is caused by U.S. companies who move overseas?
What social purpose is served by global inequality?
deviance
When a norm of value is broken, and this is frowned upon by other members of society.
Which of the following best defines role conflict?
When you are faced with the contradictory demands of different roles.
When does role strain occur?
When you are overwhelmed by the pressures of a single role.
Formal Social Control
Where one's behaviour is directed by authorative figures e.g. police
Which of the following terms describes crimes committed by people of relatively-high social standing while doing their jobs?
White collar crime
Both white ethnic Americans and white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) are white. What is the difference between these two ethnic groups?
White ethnic Americans descend from disadvantaged Europeans; WASPs descend from English Protestants.
Which of the following sociologists produced research demonstrating the challenges of the participant observation method?
William Foot Whyte
Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between media and technology?
Without technology, media would not exist.
Which of the following statements about the causes of divorce in the United States is FALSE?
Women are more dependent on men.
How do sexism and gender bias manifest in social structures such as the health care system in America?
Women are more frequently diagnosed with mental disorders of mood and behavior than men.
Which of the following is true of sexual harassment?
Women experience more sexual harassment than men.
Taken together, what do feminist theories of deviance assert about why women are labeled as deviant more often than men?
Women have been subject to control by men. Because they have had less power to label behavior as deviant, they have been labeled as deviant more often than men.
Which of the following is an example of a secondary group?
You and the other people protesting a law that you consider unjust
According to Goffman, how does impression management influence your presentation of self?
You present yourself based on how you want others to perceive you. Goffman believed that we use impression management to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. We do not present ourselves in the same way in every situation.
A controlled environment that is set apart from the rest of society and attempts to fundamentally change all past behaviors is called __________.
a total institution
Abigail enrolls in a large university that is several hours away from the small town in which she grew up. There were only 50 students per grade in her high school, but more than 40,000 students attend the university. As Abigail prepares to pledge to a sorority, she conforms to the attitudes and behavior of sorority members. The process in which Abigail learns the social behaviors of the group to which she wants to belong is called __________ socialization.
anticipatory
Abigail enrolls in a large university that is several hours away from the small town in which she grew up. There were only 50 students per grade in her high school, but more than 40,000 students attend the university. As Abigail prepares to pledge to a sorority, she conforms to the attitudes and behavior of sorority members. The process in which Abigail learns the social behaviors of the group to which she wants to belong is called __________ socialization.
anticipatory
When evaluating sources, it is important to look for evidence of __________, such as expertise and advanced degrees.
authority
Which of the following statements accurately describes the functional theory of religion?
b.) Religion often provides emotional sustenance. Functionalism seeks to find the parts of society that support and work well in the greater society. Religion serves several functions, like providing answers to spiritual mysteries, offering emotional comfort, and creating a place for social interaction and social control.
Nelson Mandela was an influential leader who led a peaceful resistance against apartheid in Africa. As the leader of a movement, Nelson Mandela is an example of __________ authority.
charismatic
Thorstein Veblen coined the term __________ to describe the outrageous display of wealth and symbols of wealth.
conspicuous consumption
Most people in developing economies are employed in the secondary sector. The secondary sector focuses on __________.
converting raw materials into finished goods The development of different types of societies (like agricultural, industrial, and postindustrial) can be examined by their economies in terms of four sectors: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Each has a different focus. The secondary sector focuses on turning those raw materials into finished goods. In underdeveloped countries, the majority of the people work in the primary sector. As economies develop, more and more people are employed in the secondary sector.
The nine-month school year was developed in the 19th century to coincide with the farming calendar. Although most Americans no longer live or work on farms, most school systems continue to use the nine-month calendar. This is an example of __________.
cultural lag
The theory that asserts that symbols can be used to boost participation in social movements is called ___________.
culture theory
courts
decide whether a person is guilty
mitigating factors
decrease a prison sentence
C. Wright Mills' concept of the sociological imagination enables sociologists to __________.
determine how personal problems relate to social issues
Wright Mills' concept of the sociological imagination enables sociologists to __________.
determine how personal problems relate to social issues
One justification for punishing criminals is that fear of punishment will prevent people from breaking the law. This is known as __________.
deterrence
community policing
direct and personal links with the community
The idea that compares the environment to a bank account from which humans are withdrawing too much while not depositing enough is called __________.
environmental deficit
A(n) __________ includes grandparents, cousins, aunts, and uncles, in addition to the parents and their children.
extended family
Secondary anyalysis
focus on artifacts and historical events (no human subjects) often by comparing findings across societies or across time. Two geographic areas or time periods.
After moving to a new school, Anthony wants to join a new group of friends. He notices that the people he sits with at lunch on the first day of class use words in ways that are new to him (e.g., they say "bad" to mean "good"). They also shake hands in a unique way. Trying to fit in, Anthony adopts these subcultural behaviors. Anthony attempts to learn the __________ of the group.
folkways
crown court
for more serious crimes
Karl Marx
founder of modern communism. Communism is everyone is equal with dictatorship. Saw economic consequence of industarlization.
August Comte (1798-1857)
founder of sociology; applied science to the social world. Wanted to fix and manipulate world. Used hard science. Wanted to call is social physics
The concept of "doing gender" refers to the idea that __________. gender is something we perform, not something we are gender is something we look for in others, but not in ourselves gender is a biological imperative, not a social construct gender is assigned, not chosen
gender is something we perform, not something we are
In a __________, the political power of the ruling class increases as it ages.
gerontocracy
Crimes targeted against someone due to their race are known as __________ crimes.
hate
If you utilize the sociological imagination as proposed by C. Wright Mills, you would connect your personal problems with __________.
historical trends
Gender identity refers to __________.
how a person feels and connects with their own gender
social control
how society keeps control and order
According to the theory of structural functionalism, which of the following is an example of a social fact?
iThe shared morals and values of people in a society
aggravating factors
increase a prison sentence
C. Wright Mills
sociological imagination. 1. personal roubles, public issues
Getting fired for violating your company's code of ethics is a __________.
negative formal sanction Sanctions are the means of implementing and exercising rules. Sanctions can be positive or negative. Positive sanctions are rewards for conforming to set norms, and negative sanctions are punishments for failing to conform to set norms. Sanctions can be formal and informal as well. Informal reactions received on complying to or violating rules are called informal sanctions, whereas official recognitions received on complying to or violating norms are called formal sanctions. Getting fired for violating your company's code of ethics is a negative formal sanction.
Caitlin is an archaeologist who is writing her dissertation on the Mayan rite of human sacrifice. She travels to Central America and examines Mayan ruins and cultural artifacts. She attempts to make inferences about their cultural worldview and beliefs. By doing do, she hopes to better understand the sacrifice ritual. Caitlin tries to understand the Mayans' __________ by investigating their material culture.
non-material culture
Rita asks four women on the street in Chicago if they are Cubs fans. Three of the four say yes. Based on this, Rita concludes that 75% of all Chicagoans are Cubs fans. This is an example of __________.
overgeneralization
The __________ research method focuses on people in their natural settings, and is useful for generating hypotheses that can be tested in other settings.
participant observation
The Social Imaginaiation
perspective for understanding any human behavior and social phenomena
The concept that describes a move away from many social institutions, rejection of many aspects of modernity, and the rise of consumer society is known as __________.
postmodernism
public issues of social structure
problems whose causes lie outside the individual
Veronica practices a solo she will perform at her school's talent show. While choosing her music, costume, and choreography, she considers how the audience might react. In this scenario, Veronica uses a __________ to evaluate the impact of her creative choices.
reference group
Elizabeth moves to a large city several hours away from the small town where she grew up. The city has 10 times as many residents as Elizabeth's hometown. As Elizabeth adjusts to the norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors of the big city, she will experience __________, which occurs whenever people learn something new as a result of changing their environment.
resocialization
In a well-known experiment on stereotyping and discrimination, teacher Jane Elliott divided her students into groups based on eye color. Next, she told the students that people who have a particular eye color are superior to those who do not have it. She found that students in the group she labeled as "superior" performed better in the classroom. Those in the group labeled "inferior" performed poorly. The dependent relationship between student performance and group assignment is an example of __________.
self-fulfilling prophecy
In a well-known experiment on stereotyping and discrimination, teacher Jane Elliott divided her students into groups based on eye color. Next, she told the students that people who have a particular eye color are superior to those who do not have it. She found that students in the group she labeled as "superior" performed better in the classroom. Those in the group labeled "inferior" performed poorly. The dependent relationship between student performance and group assignment is an example of __________.
self-fulfilling prophecy
According to the concept of sociological imagination, the term "issues" relates to __________.
social and cultural factors that are beyond a person's control
The field of __________ examines the combination of population demographics, physical and social environments, and disease-causing agents.
social epidemiology
scientific, or positive, stage
where we know things based on scientific facts. These facts are based upon our observations--literally, going out and observing things.
According to sociologist Richard Gelles, a considerable amount of violence occurs __________.
within the family
W.E.B. Dubois
A harsh an outspoken critic of white privilege who founded the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory. First person of color to receive a doctorate from Harvard. (Double Conciseness)
C. Wright Mills
Famous American sociologist who saw personal problems as societal issues AND famous for the "sociological imagination" and for the concept of the power elite.
