SOC TEST 1

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a bureaucracy: 1) Explicit rules 2) Impersonality 3) Personality-based promotion 4) Clear division of labor

Personality-based promotion

True or False: Deviance is always considered a crime? 1) True 2) False

False

A cultural universal is: 1) A pattern or trait common to all societies. 2) The ideas, attitudes and beliefs of a particular society. 3) An object or a belonging of a group. 4) A written document outlining appropriate behavior.

A pattern or trait common to all societies.

The term crime can be defined as: 1) An unintended consequence of necessary action. 2) A sequence of events leading to incarceration. 3) A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. 4) A harmful action directed at the authorities.

A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions.

A hypothesis can be defined as: 1) A testable proposition 2) Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them 3) An attempt to explain large-scale relationships 4) A way to explain different aspects of social interactions

A testable proposition

Strain theory: 1) Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle. 2) Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. 3) Argues that morality is based on wealth. 4) States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.

Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.

Some sociologists have pointed out that gender roles are often determined by how a society socializes young boys and girls. Which of the following is an example of socializing a child into a gender role? 1) Taking Jimmy to the aquarium. 2) Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with. 3) Allowing Joey to sleep with his "blankey." 4) Letting Kim wear pants to school.

Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with.

Whose study described the differences in the way that boys and girls view morality? 1) Erik Erikson 2) Lawrence Kholberg 3) Carol Gilligan 4) Sigmund Freud

Carol Gilligan

Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society. 1) Anomie 2) The iron cage 3) Collective conscience 4) Bourgeoisie

Collective conscience

Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto is based on the ____ perspective. 1) Conflict Theory 2) Symbolic Interactionism 3) Institutionalism 4) Functionalism

Conflict Theory

Angelica visits Thailand with her family. When she wears short-shorts and tank tops while visiting a series of temples during her first week, she is met with hostility from the locals. She feels she no longer knows how to behave or interact with those outside her family. Angelica is experiencing _____. 1) Cultural imperialism 2) Material culture 3) Culture shock 4) Xenocentricism

Culture shock

Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of marijuana. Which theory best describes Ally's experience? 1) Strain theory 2) Labeling theory 3) Differential association theory 4) Opaque theory

Differential association theory

Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds the country quite unlike the United States. "I hate the food," she tells her family at home. "I hate the language, I hate the weird customs and awful music. America is clearly the best place to be." This is an example of _______. 1) Ethnocentrism 2) Paradigms 3) Xenocentrism 4) Moral relativism

Ethnocentrism

Quincia is studying how of the lack of comprehensive sex education is affecting a small, rural town in North Dakota. She spends two months in the town, observing and interviewing the townspeople. Quincia is conducting a(n) _____. 1) Experiment 2) Ethnography 3) Case study 4) Secondary data analysis

Ethnography

Please define C. Wright Mill's sociological imagination. 1) The process of analyzing human behavior based solely on statistics. 2) How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure. 3) The theory that man evolved slowly over time. 4) A series of interviews asking subjects about their sleep habits and dreams.

How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure.

____ believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production and greatly favored ____. 1) Max Weber; Positivism 2) Durkheim; Communism 3) Karl Marx; Communism 4) Comte; Antipositivism

Karl Marx; Communism

Christine is president of her Improvisation Comedy Troupe. When making decisions about booking gigs, rehearsal spaces, and call-times, Christine leaves the troupe to decide for themselves. Christine is a(n) _____ leader. 1) Authoritarian 2) Democratic 3) Laissez-faire 4) Republican

Laissez-faire

Which of the following is NOT an example of a formal norm within the United States? 1) Driving on the right hand side of the road 2) Paying taxes 3) Making eye contact while speaking 4) Crossing streets on cross-walks

Making eye contact while speaking

When Michael starts high school, he joins the basketball team. He begins to look to his teammate friends for cues on how to behave at dances, in the hallways, and even in the classroom. Michael's basketball team is serving as Michael's _____. 1) Reference group 2) Out-group 3) Secondary group 4) Aggregate

Reference group

Alexis wants to research the 1960's feminist movement. She reads articles from the time period, watches documentaries, reads scholarly journals on the topic, and interviews influential women from the movement. What kind of research method is Alexis using? 1) Surveys 2) Ethnography 3) Experiments 4) Secondary data analysis

Secondary data analysis

During her first day of kindergarten, Marie does not understand how the lunch line in the cafeteria works. She hesitates and watches as the older kids pick up their trays and silverware and then get in line. She follows their lead and successfully buys herself lunch. Marie's experience in the lunchroom is an example of _____. 1) Anticipatory socialization 2) Socialization 3) The looking glass self 4) Resocialization

Socialization

A class of third graders is told that the assistant principal will be visiting their class to confirm their teacher's reports of bad behavior. When the principal visits, the students behave perfectly. This is an example of ________. 1) The Regressive Effect 2) The Hawthorne Effect 3) The Authority Effect 4) The Cognizant Effect

The Hawthorne Effect

The McDonalidization of Society refers to: 1) The increasing presence of the fast-food business model in common social institutions. 2) The obesity epidemic that's rapidly sweeping the United States. 3) The increasing popularity of McDonalds as a hang-out for youths. 4) The country's increasing dependence on fast food as a daily meal.

The increasing presence of the fast-food business model in common social institutions.

Which of the following is not a purpose of the American Sociological Association's code of ethics? 1) To maintain value neutrality 2) To guarantee the safety of their participants 3) To foster professionally responsible scholarship in sociology 4) To ensure the financial gain of the researchers

To ensure the financial gain of the researchers

The term secondary deviance can be defined as: 1) When negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices. 2) When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. 3) When positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society's expectations. 4) When a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others.

When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.

Political science teacher Mr. Jones asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other's Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The first is an example of the project's ____ function, the second is an example of the project's _____ function. 1) latent; latent 2) latent; manifest 3) manifest; manifest 4) manifest; latent

manifest; latent

The concept "reference groups" can be defined as: 1) Groups a person belongs to and feels are an integral part of his or her identity. 2) People who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way. 3) Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself. 4) Groups which consist of people for whom an individual feels great disdain.

Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself.

Jeremy wrote an essay criticizing the college admissions process, arguing that heavy competition and limited educational resources make admission difficult for the average student. Which perspective would Jeremy's argument fall under? 1) Behaviorism 2) Conflict Theory 3) Symbolic Interactionism 4) Structural Functionalism

Conflict Theory

Which of the following is an example of cultural relativism? 1) Andy refusing to marry a woman who does not practice his religion. 2) Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying. 3) Joseph protesting the Running of the Bulls while visiting Pamplona. 4) Ingrid becoming upset over the course language used in the Australian Outback.

Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying.

In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience? 1) Differential association 2) Control theory 3) Labeling theory 4) Strain theory

Labeling theory

It is parent-teacher conference day at Littleton Elementary School. Jimmy's teacher is anxious to meet his parents and discuss his habit of disrupting the class. When the teacher expresses her concern that Jimmy is not being socialized properly, his dad insists that he was the same way at Jimmy's age and that disrupting the class is natural for the children in his family. Jimmy's teacher and father are arguing about which fundamental sociological theory? 1) Nature vs. Nurture 2) George Herbert Mead's theory of self-development 3) Kohlberg's theory of Moral Development 4) Freud's theory of self-development

Nature vs. Nurture

_____ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society. 1) Symbolic Interactionists 2) Conflict Theorists 3) Social Individualists 4) Structural Functionalists

Structural Functionalists

Alienation is defined by the text as: 1) The act of defying social norms in favor of group unity 2) Social forces considered real which exist outside the individual. 3) The strength of ties that people have to their social groups, was a key factor in social life 4) The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self.

The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self.

The term meritocracy is defined by the text as: 1) A status-based regime in which advancement is unlikely. 2) The removal of personal feelings from a professional situation. 3) The authoritarian devalue of an employee. 4) A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills.

A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills.

The term values can be defined as: 1) A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society. 2) The tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. 3) Federal laws and regulations. 4) Scripture found within the Bible.

A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society.

In an effort to control a total institution, and to create a community of sameness, inmates are forced to strip down, be searched by police officers, and given identical uniforms before entering prison. This is an example of _______. 1) An entry test that must be passed 2) A graduation ceremony 3) A degradation ceremony 4) An exit test that must be passed

A degradation ceremony

What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime? 1) A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics. 2) A hate crime is punishable in a court of law; a violent crime is not. 3) A violent crime is punishable in a court of law; a hate crime is not. 4) A violent crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.

A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.

Reliability is defined by the text as: 1) A measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced. 2) How close the study's results come to the experimenter's hypothesis. 3) How well the study measures what it was designed to measure. 4) How long a study is expected to remain relevant and influential.

A measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced.

The term value neutrality is defined by the text as: 1) A systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand. 2) A study's participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation of a larger population. 3) A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results. 4) The study of evolving ethics and morals in relation to sociological research.

A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results.

What is the difference between a primary group and a secondary group? 1) A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal. 2) A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small and purely instrumental in function. 3) A primary group is small and impersonal; a secondary group is large and consists of face-to-face relationships. 4) A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small, consisting of emotional, face-to-face relationships.

A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal.

The term language can be defined as: 1) Gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words that help people understand the world. 2) A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. 3) Communication grounded in ideals, norms, and values. 4) The exchange of gestures and signals for the purpose of reaching a consensus.

A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted.

The term deviance can be defined as: 1) The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. 2) A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. 3) The regulation and enforcement of norms. 4) Social reward for the violation of norms.

A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.

Which of the following is NOT one of Marx's four types of alienation? 1) Alienation from the product of one's labor 2) Alienation from one's self 3) Alienation from others 4) Alienation from one's religion

Alienation from one's religion

As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because: 1) All of the above 2) Collective norms are weakened. 3) Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness. 4) Specialization of labor lead to alienation.

All of the above

Education is important to society because: 1) It teaches children how to interact with their peers and helps them to gain social graces. 2) It teaches children how to react to authority and how to behave in group and one-on-one situations. 3) All of the above 4) It teaches children facts about the world in which they live.

All of the above

Functionalist Émile Durkheim viewed society as: 1) Split between two classes categorized by education, kinship, and religion 2) The product of class struggle, requiring social revolutions to correct rampant class inequality 3) An even playing field composed of the educated and uneducated 4) An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy

An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy

Ivanka Trump is the daughter of business mogul Donald Trump. Her role as heiress to the Trump fortune is an example of ______. 1) The Thomas Theorem 2) The looking-glass self 3) Achieved status 4) Ascribed status

Ascribed status

Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction? 1) Mario being sent to jail after robbing a CVS. 2) Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine. 3) Eleanor being given a "Teacher of the Year" award for her work as a high school English teacher. 4) Meredith receiving compliments on her hair after visiting the salon.

Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine.

Which of the following is an example of role strain? 1) Derek attends law school and becomes a lawyer, though he dreams of one day becoming the next John Grisham. 2) Krista lands a role on Days of Our Lives and begins receiving fan mail from fans across the country. 3) Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive. 4) Alex takes a sabbatical from his job as a professor of Molecular Biology to raise his two young children.

Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive.

Kellan wants to shop at Express for the new school year, but because all of his friends shop at Pacific Sun, Kellan does as well. Kellan's behavior is an example of: 1) Conformity 2) Consumer-oriented discretion 3) Laissez-faire leadership 4) Out-group dynamics

Conformity

Erik Erikson's theory explains: 1) Why Rhesus Monkeys preferred terry cloth maternal stand-ins versus the maternal stand-ins that provided food. 2) How human sexual desire is linked to the development of a personality. 3) How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life. 4) When human moral development begins in an individual.

How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life.

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, when do humans begin to think about the feelings of other people and begin to see the world through other people's eyes? 1) When they first go to school. 2) After they graduate from college. 3) When they are born. 4) In their teenage years

In their teenage years

Kendra is researching the effects of vitamin C on test-taking ability. Before the exam, Kendra gives group A orange juice, and group B water. Vitamin C is the ______. 1) Independent variable 2) Experimental group 3) Control group 4) Dependent variable

Independent variable

John wants to study whether a larger number of laptops available to students at his school lead to higher grades. Choose the independent and dependent variable. 1) Independent variable: Number of laptops; Dependent variable: Grades 2) Independent variable: John; Dependent variable: Grades 3) Independent variable: Grades; Dependent variable: Number of laptops 4) Independent variable: Grades; Dependent variable: John

Independent variable: Number of laptops; Dependent variable: Grades

An instrumental leader: 1) Promotes emotional strength and health, ensuring that people feel supported. 2) Rejects gender roles in the name of the feminist movement. 3) Refers to the main focus or goal of the leader. 4) Is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks.

Is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks.

Which of the following is NOT an example of self-fulfilling prophecy? 1) Morgan overhears a professor predicting the economic recession will prevent entry-level graduates from finding gainful employment. Morgan goes on interviews but doesn't bother preparing, convinced it's a waste of time. Morgan appears unprofessional and is not hired. 2) Charlotte is an intelligent teenager, but told by her step-sisters and cousins that she's destined to a life of poverty and failure. Charlotte begins to do poorly in school, and eventually drops out. 3) Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third. 4) Though encouraged by his parents to audition for Julliard, Jose believes he isn't good enough to attend. After his audition, he expresses this reluctance to the admissions committee. They don't admit him due to his lack of certainty.

Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third.

Eleanor is researching the effect social media has on worldwide political awareness and revolution. Felix is examining the effect World of Warcraft has on the romantic relationships of middle-aged men in his metro area. Eleanor's analysis is _____, while Felix's analysis is _____. 1) They are both micro-level. 2) Macro-level; micro-level 3) Micro-level; macro-level 4) They are both macro-level.

Macro-level; micro-level

Which of the following is an example of an in-group/out-group dynamic: 1) The Chemistry Club advertises their organization at the local science fair. 2) Chorus members of the campus's production of Hairspray practice in Theatre building's first floor, while the cast of God of Carnage practices on the second floor. 3) Organizations across a college campus come together at a yearly fundraiser to raise money for the local Breast Cancer Awareness chapter. 4) Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta.

Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta.

What is one difference between a more and a folkway? 1) Mores are legally acceptable to violate; folkways are not. 2) Mores encourage social rebellion; folkways do not. 3) Mores are constructed based on norms; folkways are not. 4) Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not.

Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not.

Many Americans pay for haircuts, trips to the dentist, or transportation on the metro and bus systems. These actions support the notion of capitalism, an example of _____. 1) A cultural universal 2) Material culture 3) Non-material culture 4) The counterculture

Non-material culture

Which of the following is an example of an unethical sociological research practice? 1) Conducting a literature review prior to conducting an experiment 2) Drawing conclusions from a study which the hypothesis did not predict 3) Using a control group and an experimental group during observation 4) Observing study participants without their consent

Observing study participants without their consent

In order to better understand the sorority pledging process at her university for her sociology thesis, Carmen pledges with a popular sorority. This is an example of _____. 1) Secondary data analysis 2) Participant observation 3) Dependent variables 4) Literature review

Participant observation

Charles Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self hypothesizes that: 1) Self-esteem is directly correlated with body image. 2) Personal identity isn't influenced by outside social forces. 3) The media encourages society to base their appearances on visible public figures. 4) People base their images on how they think other people see them.

People base their images on how they think other people see them.

A paradigm can be defined as: 1) Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them. 2) The consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated 3) Social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society 4) The social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion

Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.

Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a: 1) Negative informal sanction 2) Positive formal sanction 3) Positive informal sanction 4) Negative formal sanction

Positive formal sanction

George Herbert Mead's specific path of development for individuals is as follows: 1) Generalized other stage, preparatory stage, play stage, game stage 2) Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other stage 3) Game stage, play stage, generalized other stage, preparatory stage 4) Preparatory stage, game stage, play stage, generalized other stage

Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other stage

Alona is examining the impact of the 2011 Penn State scandal on student morale and school spirit by distributing number-scaled surveys in her Introduction to Sociology class. Alona is employing a _____ research method. 1) Logos 2) Qualitative 3) Quantitative 4) Pathos

Quantitative

In the early 2000's, The L Word and Queer as Folk debuted on Showtime. Both shows depicted the lives of members of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community, thus giving viewers a glimpse into a ______. 1) More 2) Subculture 3) Formal Sanction 4) Social relativism

Subculture

Baby Marla is always well dressed. She has ribbons, bows, and frills all over her dresses and even in her hair. Her mother, who is worried that people might mistake Marla for a little boy, is determined to communicate to the world that she has a baby girl. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? 1) Structural Functionalism 2) Conflict 3) Exchange Theory 4) Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic Interactionism

A judge and her gavel. A cop and his gun. A lawyer and her power suit. A ____ would be most concerned with the parts these objects play in impression management. 1) Symbolic interactionist 2) Feminist 3) Functionalist 4) Conflict theorist

Symbolic interactionist

Sociology is defined as the: 1) Qualitative analysis of human phenomenon. 2) Systematic study of society and social interaction. 3) Quantitative analysis of social transgressions. 4) Theoretical examination of life's origins.

Systematic study of society and social interaction.