SOC2143 ch. 1-3

The Census Bureau uses which of the following terms to describe a person or a group of people residing together?

Household

Which of the following is true about the age at marriage today?

It is the highest recorded since the 1890 census

The most generalizable findings are most likely to be found in a survey with

a representative sample

To help accomplish ethical standards, most researchers now must have their research plans reviewed by

an institutional review board (IRB)

In 1957, the total fertility rate was about 3.6 children per woman. For the last 25 years, it has been __________ child/children per woman.

around two

A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might speculate about whether the children seem to be secure, insecure/anxious or avoidant towards their parents?

attachment theorists

Evolutionary psychology is an alternate term for which perspective?

biosocial

Personal experience provides us with information, but it can also act as _________, which is why we need scientific study.

blinders

Family _________ theorists posit that today's family forms need to be seen as historically expected adjustments to changing conditions.

change

Andre is a family therapist who is interested in how husbands cope when they are the victims of physical abuse suffered at the hands of their wives. He makes an intensive study of the five husbands who are currently his clients for therapy sessions because they suffer physical abuse from this source. Andre is using which type of research method?

cross-sectional study

________ in language and media convey gendered expectations.

cultural images

Deciding about, rather than sliding into, a situation involves looking at the alternatives, not just picking the ________ choice

easiest

A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might speculate about the individuals' personal power and resources relative to others in the United States?

exchange theorists

People are influenced by the society around them. Societal or structural conditions can negatively limit or positively__________ our options.

expand

A(n) __________ is possible when the researcher has a large amount of control over the various aspects of the phenomena under study.

experiment

Many households containing grandparents are __________ family households, which include other relatives besides parents and children.

extended

A researcher using naturalistic observation must assign people to an experimental group and a control group.

false

Empirical evidence includes things we know intuitively, that cannot be verified with our senses.

false

Gender socialization does not begin until late toddlerhood.

false

Males in foraging societies are more dominant than males in agricultural or industrial societies.

false

Most U.S. congregations have more males in attendance than women.

false

The family development model assumes that family life is erratic and seldom follows usual, typical, or conventional patterns.

false

Family togetherness, stability, and loyalty are all examples of

familistic (communal) values

Scholars and advocates with a __________ perspective point to what they see as a negative cultural change accentuated by excessive individualism and self-indulgence.

family decline

A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might remark on the quality of the facilities or speculate about the home that these people live in?

family ecologists

A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars would likely note that some of the woman are in the child-rearing stage of the family life cycle?

family life course developmentalists

The __________ perspective looks at the family as a whole; where change in one part sets in motion a process to restore equilibrium.

family systems

________promote recognition of women's unpaid work and the greater involvement of men in childcare and housework.

feminist perspectives

A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might point out that, typically, it is mothers and not fathers who are primarily responsible for their children's health—and ask why?

feminists

In the contemporary version of evolutionary theory, it is the survival of one's __________ into future generations that is important.

genetic material

The divorce rate

has been in decline since 1980

The text points out that each data collection technique

has strength and weaknesses

The text points out that some music videos broadcast shockingly violent misogynist messages, meaning that these presentations communicate which sentiment toward women?

hatred

Family researchers will often generate a __________, or "educated guess" about the way things are, based on their theoretical orientation

hypothesis

Life in American families reflects a tension in American culture between family solidarity and

individual freedom

Valuing personal happiness and goals and the development of distinct identity is a(n) ________ value.

individualistic

Confidence, assertiveness, and ambition can be classified as __________ character traits.

instrumental

The process by which family identity, traditions, and commitment emerge through interaction within a particular family, is an important part of which perspective?

interaction-constructionist

When researchers examine gender in relation to its linkage to race/ethnicity and class, they are stressing

intersectionality

"Chromosomes, hormones, the internal sex structures, the gonads and the external genitalia all vary more than most people realize." This statement complements a discussion of which of the following?

intersexuality

What is the primary reason, according to the text, that the transition to adulthood has become elongated?

it takes longer to earn enough to support a family

The text concludes that the best way to make decisions about our personal lives is to make them

knowledgeably

Collecting data over a period of years using documented materials would reflect a(n)

longitudinal study

If you wanted to make a knowledgeable decision about choosing which class to take,

look through the catalog at all the possibilities, consider what will benefit you in the future, and register early to get the class you consider best.

Latino men are stereotyped as extremely patriarchal, following a cultural ideal of

machismo

On the societal level, __________ is the assignment to men of greater control and influence over society's institutions.

masculine dominance

In __________________ the researcher spends extensive time with respondents and carefully records their activities, conversations, gestures, and other aspects of everyday life.

naturalistic observation

Family diversity has progressed to the point that there is

no typical family form today

The _______ family became common in industrial societies because it was better suited for city life.

nuclear

Today's family ecologists stress the interdependence of all the world's families, not only with one another but also with our planet's __________ environment

physical

Particularly among college educated women, parenthood is _________.

postponed

In Kimmel's typology of camps within the men's movement, which group supports feminists in their opposition to patriarchy?

profeminists

Some psychologists think that what comes first is not rules about what boys and girls should do, but rather the child's awareness of being a boy or a girl. This thinking reflects which theory of socialization?

self-identification

__________ refers to male or female anatomy and physiology.

sex

Through the lens of social scientific research, individual choices are shaped by

social factors

The text observes that children imitate models for behavior and are rewarded by parents and others for whatever is perceived as sex-appropriate behavior. This reflects which theory of socialization?

social learning

The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes and expectations is called

socialization

The __________ perspective once argued for the functionality of specialized gender roles

structure-functional

The _______ message is the image of a woman who attained career success and supports her family.

superwoman

According to the text, more and more women are entering nontraditional occupations such as

the military

From interviews and observations, the authors reveal that:

there are many definitions given for "family."

Traditional gender roles cause both men and women

to suffer in some way

Individuals who change their physical anatomy through sex-reassignment surgery are

transsexuals

Boys and girls tend to play separately and differently.

true

Differences among women or among men (within-group variation) are usually greater than the differences between men and women (between-group variation).

true

Many transgendered persons prefer the use of pronouns such as "they" and "them" or invented ones such as "ze" or "xe."

true

Research shows that parents, siblings, and other relatives influence a child's self-concept, having a profound influence on personal identity.

true

The U.S. Census Bureau defines a family as

two or more persons sharing a household and who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

A majority of children live in __________ households.

two-parent

Cross-culturally and historically, it appears that ___________ societies have been characterized by some degree of masculine dominance.

virtually all

A person who believed in the "family-decline" theory might say the following:

"There has been a serious breakdown in marriage and family values."

Those with a "family change" perspective view the family as ________________.

"an adaptable institution"

Sometimes we _______ into a decision rather than making a conscious one.

"slide"

After various factors associated with earnings are taken into account, research has found as much as a _______ differential in earnings that is usually attributed to discrimination.

20%

According to the text, women full-time employees earn __________ percent of what employed men do.

79