SOC318

Research has discovered that females and males use the same basic criteria in defining their personal health.

FALSE

The amount of disease, impairment, and accident in a population is called

Morbidity

Syringe exchange programs:

are still controversial, but they are becoming more common

A substance or agent producing or inciting cancer is called a:

carcinogen

The rate of cancer:

(NOT!!) - has continued to increase in recent years--this is a long term trend - after a long-term decline, the rate has risen sharply in recent years

In the world's developing countries today:

(NOT)--> Chronic diseases but no longer acute infectious diseases are at high rates

An expanded epidemiological focus that gives attention to such social factors as socioeconomic status, race, gender, lifestyle, and exposure to toxic substances in investigating disease and illness.

(NOT-->None of the answers are correct)

The significant decline in infant mortality in the United States in the last 100 years can be attributed to which of the following?

- improvements in socio-environmental factors - medical discoveries such as antibiotics and immunizations, better prenatal care and delivery, and technological breakthroughs - the advent of legalized abortion

What is the name of the nationwide system of surveillance for disease in the United States?

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

What percentage of the population experiences at least one of the mental disorders listed in DSM-IV(R) (not counting substance abuse) each year?

25 percent of the population

What percentage of the population is estimated to experience at least one mental illness during the lifetime?

50 percent of the population

Topics that medical sociologists study include:

All of the above are correct

Which of the following is/are assumptions of the biomedical model for defining health? The presence of disease, its diagnosis, and its treatment are completely objective. Only the medical professional is capable of defining health and illness. Health and illness can be accurately defined solely in terms of physiological malfunctioning. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

According to the Health Belief Model, which of the following influences whether or not an individual will engage in a certain health action?

All of the above are factors influencing health action.

Which of the following statements about the history of the stress concept is true?

Consideration about harmony in body and spirit dates back to early civilizations.

The "Hispanic Epidemiological Paradox" describes what current pattern?

Despite having lower-than-average incomes, Hispanics have a life expectancy that exceeds the national average

Underlying social conditions of disease such as socioeconomic status, social inequality, community and neighborhood characteristics, exposure to stressful life events, and access to a supportive social network are referred to as:

Fundamental Causes of Disease

The disease that occurs when cells in the body begin to grow abnormally obesity cancer heart disease HIV/AIDS

cancer

Which of the following statements is true regarding identification of the causes of disease?

Identifying the causes of chronic degenerative diseases is more difficult than identifying the causes of acute infectious diseases .

In recommendations to developing countries, the "health transition" approach recommends all of the following except one. Which strategy do they oppose? Trying to reduce social inequality Investing in public health efforts such as cleaner water Encouraging healthier lifestyles Investing money in modern medical technologies

Investing money in modern medical technologies

"The study of health care as it is institutionalized in a society, and of health, or illness, and its relationship to social factors" is known as:

Medical sociology

The amount of death in a population

Mortality

This statistic measures deaths among infants in the first 28 days of life.

Neonatal Mortality Rate

Which of the following statements about disability is accurate?

Older persons are much more likely than the young to have a disability.

Which of the following statements about maternal mortality is/are true? The vast majority of maternal deaths in the world occur in developing countries Most of the maternal deaths which occur in the world are easily preventable with proper prenatal care The maternal mortality rate in the United States has increased in the past few years All of the statements are correct Only a and b are correct

Only a and b are correct

as discussed in the Stress:Portrait of a Killer documentary, what was one of the important findings of the Whitehall study of British civil servants?

Only a. and c. are correct.

The definition and ability to cope with illness are culturally and socially determined within the socialization process. This is is called

Social construction of illness

This statistic measures the effects of specific special characteristics on death within a population. (Ex. Chile and USA similar death rates, but age specific death rate needs to be taken into account. USA has more seniors dying of more chronic diseases and Chile has more infant death rates.)

Specific death rate

The sociological theory that views society as a system of interdependent parts that work together to produce relative stability. Each of these parts (like the medical institution) is assumed to have positive consequences for society as a whole.

Structural Functionalism

(T/F?): As discussed in the Stress:Portrait of a Killer documentary, researchers have shown that stress can change the way that fat is distributed in the body.

TRUE

According to self-assessments and physician evaluations, the level of health among the elderly has improved in recent years

TRUE

According to the documentary Unnatural Causes, chronic activation of the body's stress response wears down our organs over time and increases disease risk.

TRUE

An overwhelming percentage of climate scientists accept that climate change is now occurring and that human behavior is contributing to it.

TRUE

As discussed in the Stress:Portrait of a Killer documentary, Robert Sapolsky's research has shown that chronic stress can kill brain cells.

TRUE

Environmental concerns, such as climate change, deforestation, and the global trade in production of animals for food, are some of explanations for the appearance of new infectious diseases in the last several years.

TRUE

The major causes of death in the United States changed substantially during the 20th century.

TRUE

Which of the following is/are mechanisms for transmission of the HIV/AIDS virus?

The virus can be transmitted through any of the above. (NOT TRUE--> There is still no drug to reduce the likelihood of transmission in sexual contact.)

David Mechanic's theory of help-seeking behavior identifies several factors that determine how a person responds to an illness. Which of the following is among these determinants?

all

Most people use coping strategies to deal with stress in their lives. Which of the following is a coping "behavioral technique"?

all of the above are behavioral techniques to cope with stress

Which of the following is correct regarding gender and health?

Women are more willing than men to acknowledge symptoms of ill health and more readily seek care.

Chronic stressors mentioned in the documentary Unnatural Causes include having little control at work living in an unsafe neighborhood being uncertain where food will come from all of the above are correct

all of the above are correct

The leading health surveillance organization in the world; it is located in Geneva, Switzerland.

World Health Organization

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between race and morbidity? a. Overall rates of morbidity are higher for blacks than for whites, but chronic conditions are less prevalent among blacks. b. Hypertension is more common among whites than blacks due to their more stressful jobs. c. Asians and Pacific Islanders born in the U.S. have similar rates of morbidity as the population as a whole. d. All of the above are true (NOT--> Overall rates of morbidity are higher for blacks than for whites for MOST diseases)

a

What has been the dominant epidemiological trend in the United States in the last 100 years?

a dramatic reduction in rates of acute, infectious disease

Which of the following is/are true regarding infant deaths in the United States? a. Low birth weight is the single most hazardous condition for infants. b. There is insufficient evidence to link maternal smoking and use of alcohol/drugs to higher infant death rate. c. There is little discrepancy between the infant mortality rate of white infants and racial/ethnic minority infants.

a. Low birth weight is the single most hazardous condition for infants.

The health of children has changed dramatically in the past four decades. Which of the following is/are true? a. Major infectious diseases have been nearly eliminated. b. Violence toward children is decreasing. c. The age at which cigarette smoking is initiated is declining. d. Alcohol consumption among teenagers is slowly declining. e. All of the above are correct.

a. Major infectious diseases have been nearly eliminated.

Robert Straus gave which name to research in medical sociology that is designed primarily to answer practical questions of interest to health care professionals and sponsoring agencies rather than to test sociological hypotheses? a. sociology in medicine b. sociology of medicine

a. sociology in medicine

College students are most likely to experience which of the following types of mental health issue? eating disorders impulse control and addiction obsessive-compulsive disorder anxiety

anxiety

Health Locus of control:

asserts that healthy behaviors are selected by individuals based on the expectancy that they will lead to positively valued health outcomes.

High rates of mental illness are associated with which of the following? a. upper-class business executives b. the lower class c. rural residency d. being married

b

Which of the following is the number one cause of death in the United States? a. cancer b. cardiovascular disease c. AIDS d. accidents

b

Which of the following statements about the genetic influence on transmission of disease and illness is true? a. All diseases and illnesses can be directly traced to genes. b. Some disease and illnesses can be directly traced to genes, while others result from an interplay of genes and the environment. c. No diseases or illness can be directly traced to genes.

b. Some disease and illnesses can be directly traced to genes, while others result from an interplay of genes and the environment.

Which of the following is/are true regarding the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease? a. It is estimated that over 25% of persons 65 and over are afflicted by the disease. b. The prevalence is expected to rise significantly over the next several decades. c. Diagnosis of the disease is relatively simple and accurate. d. None of the above is true.

b. The prevalence is expected to rise significantly over the next several decades.

Categories of disorders in the DSM include: a. homosexuality, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and Alzheimer's. b. anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and dementias. c. drapetomania, dementia, and depression.

b. anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, and dementias.

Which of the following approaches defines health as "complete physical, social, and mental well-being." a. the sociological approach b. the World Health Organization approach c. the biomedical approach

b. the World Health Organization approach

As described in the documentary Unnatural Causes, the health-wealth gradient means upper classes have better health than middle classes middle classes have better health than lower classes all classes have equal health outcomes both a and b are correct

both a and b are correct

Pakistan, the world's seventh largest country, continues to experience a high level of infant mortality. According to research by Agha (as summarized in the text), which of the following factors most contribute to the high IMR?

both a and c are true

Which of the following is true concerning the DSM and homosexuality? a. the first DSM did not include homosexuality b. the most recent version of the DSM includes homosexuality c. homosexuality was included in earlier versions of the DSM but removed later d. the DSM has never included a diagnosis of homosexuality

c

In a study comparing the stigma felt by cancer patients and HIV/AIDS patients, what conclusion was drawn by Fife and Wright? a. Both types of patients felt equally stigmatized. b. Both types of patients felt stigmatized, but cancer patients felt more stigma. c. Both types of patients felt stigmatized, but HIV/AIDS patients felt more stigma. d. Neither type of patient felt stigmatized.

c. Both types of patients felt stigmatized, but HIV/AIDS patients felt more stigma.

Which of the following statements best captures the sociological perspective on human behavior? a. Every individual is unique; the explanation for human behavior usually can be found in investigating these individual traits and characteristics. b. While the social environment does have an influence, human behavior is largely shaped through our genes. c. Human behavior is largely shaped by the groups to which people belong and the social interaction that occurs within those groups.

c. Human behavior is largely shaped by the groups to which people belong and the social interaction that occurs within those groups.

Which of the following statements accurately describes infectious diseases today? a. They are a regional (Asia, Africa) rather than a global problem. b. Infectious diseases no longer exist in the United States. c. Many antibiotics that have been effective against infectious diseases have lost their effectiveness.

c. Many antibiotics that have been effective against infectious diseases have lost their effectiveness.

Education is an example of a _________________ and exercise is an example of a _________________.

c. fundamental cause of disease; proximate risk factor

Which of the following is the sociological theory that views society as a system largely dominated by social inequality; whatever societal order exists is thought to be dictated by powerful groups of people. a. structural- functionalism b. symbolic interactionism c. social conflict theory d. social order theory

c. social conflict theory

With which of the following groups is higher life expectancy associated? a. racial and ethnic minorities, the middle and upper classes, and men b. whites, the middle and upper classes, and men c. whites, the middle and upper classes, and women d. whites, the lower class, and women

c. whites, the middle and upper classes, and women

The relatively enduring problems, conflicts, and threats that many people face in their daily lives are called

chronic strains

The types of diseases that usually occur in later life because they are caused by a gradual or long-term deterioration of the body or a particular organ. are called

chronic, degenerative diseases

The number of deaths per year per 100,000 population is called

crude death rate

Rodney Coe has suggested that the development of medical sociology was facilitated by several factors, including which of the following? a. the shift in patterns of morbidity and mortality to lifestyle-related diseases b. increasing attention to preventive medicine and public health c. the increasing complexity of the health care system d. all of these factors were identified by Coe

d

Which of the following are classified as health protective behaviors? a. seat belt use b. not smoking c. getting adequate physical exercise d. all of the above e. only a and b

d

Which of the following statements about incidence and prevalence of disease is correct? a. Incidence indicates increases and decreases in the spread of a condition while prevalence determines the extent of a condition in a population. b. Prevalence indicates increases and decreases in the spread of a condition while incidence determines the extent of a condition in a population. c. Measurements of incidence are most helpful in studying whether the progression of a disease is accelerating, stabilizing, or decelerating. d. Both a and c are correct.

d. Both a and c are correct.

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the relationship between gender and use of health services?

d. Women use many more health care services than men, even after the effects of reproductive services are controlled.

Which of the following is/are the primary cause(s) of the dramatic declines in the death rate from heart diseases over the past several decades? a. major medical advances b. decline in the smoking rate c. changes in diet d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following limits access to diagnostic screening devices? a. lack of health insurance b. cost c. work conflicts d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Irving Zola has identified five "social triggers" which influence the judgment that symptoms require professional health care. Which of the following is among them? a. perceived interference with work-related activity b. knowledge of technical aspects of medicine c. perceived interference with social relationships d. both a and c

d. both a and c

Medical sociology, as a sub-discipline of sociology, formally came into being in what time period? a. in ancient Greece with Hippocrates' writings on medical ethics (NOT) b. in the late 1800s and early 1900s as a consequence of the forces of industrialization and urbanization c. in the 1920s and 1930s as a consequence of the forces of the Depression d. in the 1950s and 1960s as the field was institutionalized within the discipline of sociology

d. in the 1950s and 1960s as the field was institutionalized within the discipline of sociology

Which of the following groups have traditionally been underrepresented in medical research? a. white males b. females c. racial minorities d. only b and c

d. only b and c

One of the four key dimensions of health behavior; it involves activities to detect disease, injury, or disability before symptoms appear.

detection

Several techniques have been used to study the effects of specific life events on level of stress. Which of the following techniques has/have been used? a. general community surveys asking respondents both about exposure to life events and indicators of illness b. experiments in which the experimental group but not the control group are intentionally exposed to several stressful life event c. comparison of the number and type of life events experienced by psychiatric patients prior to hospital admission with the same information in a non-patient control group d. all of the above e. only a and c

e

Which of the following is/are true regarding the etiology of cancer? a. It is estimated that up to 90% of all cancers are environmentally induced or related. b. Inhaling others' cigarette smoke can cause cancer. c. There is a clear link between diet and cancer. d. Obesity increases the risk of cancer. e. All of the above are correct. f. Only b, c, and d are correct.

e. All of the above are correct.

Which of the following factors helps to explain the higher infant mortality rate among blacks than among whites? a. a greater likelihood of living in poverty b. a greater likelihood of living in a toxic environment c. poorer maternal health prior to pregnancy d. insufficient access to health care services e. all of the above

e. all of the above

________ is defined as the causes of disease or The cause of a disease is called _______

etiology

Basic social conditions, such as social inequality, race, gender, socioeconomic status and neighborhood, that impact health are called

fundamental causes of disease and illness

Deaths during the first year of life

infant Mortality Rate

The HPV vaccine:

is used to protect against cervical cancer and STIs.

The average number of years that a person born in a given year can expect to live is called

life expectancy

Regarding mental illness: men and women have about the same rates of all types of mental illnesses men and women have about the same overall rate of mental illness, but some types of mental illness are more common in men and some more common in women men are much more likely than women to have all types of mental illness

men and women have about the same overall rate of mental illness, but some types of mental illness are more common in men and some more common in women

Factors located within individual behavior, such as diet, exercise, control of stress, and use of tobacco and alcohol, that impact health.

proximate risk factors?

A situation in which an individual is in an unwanted role and feeling an obligation to do one thing while preferring to do something else (e.g., a student who is attending college only because of parental pressure).

role captivity

Which of the following is the type of role strain that occurs most often in the workplace and in homemaker roles?

role overload

The most commonly used data collection techniques in sociology; it involves the collection of information through questionnaires and interviews.

survey theory

The sociological theory that focuses attention on small-scale, day-to-day interactions among people.

symbolic interactionism

When a person sets a deadline for him or herself, such as "If I'm not better by a certain day, I will call the doctor", this is called

temporizing of symptomatology

Persons who hold more than one disadvantaged status may experience worse health than their counterparts who hold only one or no disadvantaged statuses. This is called:

the double disadvantage hypothesis

Charles Horton Cooley described the development of self-image as a process whereby people come to view themselves the way that they perceive others view them. What term did he use to describe this process?

the looking-glass self

The double disease burden refers to: the position that many developing countries are in today with high rates of both acute, infectious diseases and chronic, degenerative diseases an individual who has both heart disease and cancer individuals who do not eat a healthy diet and are not physically active none of the above

the position that many developing countries are in today with high rates of both acute, infectious diseases and chronic, degenerative diseases

Which of the following models defines health as "the state of optimum capacity of an individual for the effective performance of the roles and tasks for which he/she has been socialized?"

the sociological approach

According to the World Health Organization, which of the following is the single biggest cause of premature adult death throughout the world?

tobacco