SOCI 101 inquisitive questions midterm 1
Which of the following are examples of moral holidays?
-the night in a city where their football team wins the Super Bowl -Halloween
renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and lives outside the conventional norms altogether
retreatist
T or F: The location, time period, and family into which individuals are born affect their set of meanings about how the world works.
true
Place the events in the correct order on the timeline. 1830-1870
1. Harriet Martineau wrote Society in America 2. Auguste Comet wrote Introduction to Positive Philosophy 3. Karl Marx wrote Manifesto of the Communist Party 4. the United States fought in the Civil War
Social networks can influence not only an individual's health but also can spread everything from obesity to smoking and substance abuse.
Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler
Which of the following is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
an indigenous people have no equivalent words for planet, Earth, or world. they do not view a macro picture of multiple plants
An employee at the local Department of Motor Vehicles puts in an eight-hour shift and then goes to a local bar and grill to celebrate a co-worker's birthday. What aspect of bureaucracy does this situation highlight?
interpersonal interactions help humanize bureaucracies
Identify whether or not the following are kinds of conformity produced by social influence.
produced: -compliance -identification -internalization not produced: -obedience
A straight-A student who spent most of her time studying in high school joins a sorority and faces increased pressure to spend less time studying.
role conflict
experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations
role conflict
Identify the most predominant agents of socialization.
schools the media peers the family
In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?
secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, which is the initial deviant behavior
We often speak of __________ with our friends, yet this idea is only part of what sociologists mean by __________. Socialization is a twofold process. It includes the process by which a __________, culture, or group teaches individuals to become functioning members, and the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values and norms of the group.
socializing socialization society
What, according to C. Wright Mills, is the function of the sociological imagination?
the sociological imagination enables us to connect our personal experience with the larger forces of history
A new religious cult in the United States has been discovered that does not use any modern technology, lives in primitive conditions with no electricity or running water, and regards women as less valuable than men. Children born into this cult are forced to work sixteen-hour days starting at age ten. Based on this example, which of the following individuals are most likely to experience culture shock?
-a child born into the cult who escapes at age sixteen and travels to the nearest large city -a sociologist who goes undercover to learn about the cult and becomes a member
Identify the elements that are associated with Émile Durkheim's functionalist theoretical perspective.
-positive sociology -social bonds in society
While __________ is most closely associated with value-free sociology, pre-existing values are not the only reason a sociologist might be biased. The notion of __________ can be skewed by the direction and focus of prior research. Additionally, the concept of __________ suggests that researchers can also influence those who are being studied.
basic research objectivity reactivity
A citizen group sends letters to the governor of a southern state and asks her to reconsider stopping the execution of a man on death row convicted of murdering a police officer. The governor declines, stating that the purpose of the criminal justice system is to remove this convicted murderer from society so that everyone else can be protected. What type of justification for punishment is used by the governor?
incapacitation
__________ carry with them expectations that may blind people to other facets of our personalities. People quickly make assumptions about what women, Asians, doctors, or alcoholics are like and may judge them according to those expectations rather than their actual __________. This kind of judgment, often referred to as __________, is looked upon as negative or destructive.
master statuses atributes stereotyping
Which of the following are examples of cultural diffusion?
-the spread of hip-hop music (which originated in African American and Latino communities in New York City) among white youth across the United States -the popularity of anime programs like Dragon Ball in the United States during the last two decades
What is one of the biggest problems with nonacademic uses of research methods?
it often has a lack of rigorous standards
A researcher examines the effects of learning communities on a college campus. In these communities, students live in a small dorm hall together, have one faculty advisor, attend a first-year seminar together, and participate in social activities together. After completing her study, the researcher finds that compared to students living in regular dorms or off-campus, students in these communities are less likely to engage in either underage drinking or cheat on assignments and tests, and have fewer disciplinary actions on their records. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?
social conflict theory
The difference between role strain and role conflict is that role strain is about the competing demands imposed by __________, while role conflict is about competing demands imposed by __________. A worker struggling to decide what task to get done first is experiencing role __________. A worker having to leave work early to care for a sick child is experiencing role __________.
a single status different statuses strain conflict
The increased use of Facebook, Twitter, and other social media by terrorist organizations in other countries to recruit new members is an example of cultural diffusion for which reason?
Twitter and Facebook were originally products of the Western world that have been adopted by people in other countries
What, in broad terms, is the definition of deviance?
a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction
Which of the following areas may present ethical concerns for individuals conducting social science research?
deception confidentiality
passing a law that states that anyone caught stealing an item or items valued at $1,000 or more will have one hand cut off
deterrence
Identify each research method as either qualitative or quantitative.
qualitative: -Each person at a gathering of academics is invited to talk about his or her political views. -An observer takes notes on the nonverbal behavior of members of a focus group for car commercials. quantitative: -Each person in a sample group is recorded as being either a United States citizen or a citizen of another country. -The number of people in a large gathering is recorded.
Which of the following are examples of socialization?
-A parent teaches a child not to burp at the dinner table. -A child shows a parent how to check email using a smartphone. -Someone acts visibly uncomfortable when a coworker tells a sexist joke.
Identify the true statements about social media engagement and our social connections.
-Americans are no more or less lonely or detached from one another than they have ever been. -Users of social media are more connected than nonusers.
A psychology experiment (Rosenhan 1973) applied labeling theory to the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a psychiatric setting. What were the results?
-An initial diagnosis of schizophrenia tended to color the medical staff's interpretation of patients' later behaviors. -Patients initially diagnosed with schizophrenia were kept under observation for several weeks, despite behaving normally all that time.
Identify the true statements about deviance.
-What is considered deviant can vary across different cultures. -What is considered deviant can change over time.
applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of stigma
Erving Goffman
Power is the ability to __________ the actions of others and if legitimated, provides __________. Power can be __________ when it is backed by the threat of force, or __________ when it is supported by persuasion.
control authority coercive influential
Jennifer's soccer league is quite large. It includes twelve teams, and each team has approximately fifteen members. Jennifer is very popular and has the most ties with individuals throughout the league. Which social network concept best describes Jennifer's situation?
centrality
Sociobiology is a branch of science that uses biology and evolution to explain __________. The basic nature vs. nurture debate has been tweaked by sociobiologists who suggest that genes and environment __________ to influence behavior. The latest work in this area suggests that __________ can significantly alter the way a gene expresses itself.
social behavior interact social and environmental context
T or F: Although American culture is highly visible worldwide via the media, the moral and political values of the country are not highly visible.
false
T or F: Someone who admits that he has a problem, such as alcoholism, but wants to shake the stigma associated with it and change his life for the better, is experiencing tertiary deviance.
false
Documents such as memos (or e-mails) are the heart of the organization and the most effective way to communicate.
formal written communication
What cultural concept correctly classifies the idea of equality in the United States?
ideal culture
Melissa is a student studying biology at the University of Michigan. She grew up in Michigan, in a nearby town. Identify each person as being a member of an in-group or out-group for Melissa.
in-group: -a history major at the University of Michigan -a current community college student with whom Melissa went to high school -her sister who is a student at Michigan State out-group: -an Ohio State student who went to Melissa's rival high school in Michigan
A simple random sample is also which of the following?
sample probability sample
A sociologist thinks he has discovered a very interesting and unique finding. His data show a correlation between children's shoe sizes and their reading test scores. He thinks that children with bigger feet must be smarter. What is the most logical explanation based on this information?
the relationship between shoe size and reading test score is spurious
T or F: Modern cultural imperialism is most closely linked to the proliferation of Western media.
true
Identify the true and false statements about how sociologists study culture.
true: -Sociologists often focus on culture within their own society. -Sociologists may engage in the process of "othering" by studying the unusual, extraordinary, or deviant in cultural groups. false: -Sociologists debate the morals and values of an ideal culture. -Sociologists study the cultures of the past, digging for artifacts that document the historical realities of peoples long dead.
Identify the true and false statements about survey research.
true: -Survey research is quantitative in nature. -Survey research mainly uses closed-ended questions. false: -Survey research mainly focuses on the micro level. -Survey research uses only Likert scale questions.
all of the people watching Saturday Night Live on television last Saturday
a category
Identify the red flags that hundreds of researchers noted about the 2012 New Family Structures Survey (NFSS) conducted by sociologist Mark Regnerus.
-The researchers grouped all types of same-sex relations together—both long-term partnerships and brief or one-time affairs. -The article was reviewed by unqualified reviewers with obvious ties to the author. -The research was funded by conservative and religious foundations. -The researchers used analytic categories that did not distinguish between family structure and family stability.
Which of the following are aspects of group dynamics?
-how groups achieve goals -how group disintegrate -how groups form -how groups change
Signs, gestures, and language, as well as values and norms, are all part of __________ culture. __________ are specific types of norms that formally codify what is permissible or forbidden, while ___________ often include severe repercussions and public condemnation. The most powerful of all norms are __________.
symbolic laws mores taboo
Values and norms are social constructions that may vary over time and in different contexts; meaning is created, maintained, and changed through ongoing social interaction.
symbolic interactionism
Match each form of punishment for deviant behavior to its respective society: shunning
the Amish
Match each form of body modification to its corresponding culture: inserting plates to enlarge the lower lip
the Suri
Erving Goffman suggests there are three main types of stigma: physical, moral, and ___________ .
tribal
T or F: Culture is the human equivalent of instinct in animals.
true
T or F: People who play games such as World of Warcraft, Second Life, or Clash of Clans, make up virtual communities.
true
What are the distinguishing features of a symbolic interactionist theory of social deviance?
-a recognition of the impact of assigning labels to behaviors and to people -a focus on individual psychology rather than on the social dynamics of large populations
children gain a sense of self through imagination, play, and games, in which they learn various roles and take on the perspectives of others
mind, self, and society
Identify the statements as supporting either the nature or nurture side of the debate.
nature: -High levels of testosterone contribute to stereotypically masculine traits such as aggressiveness and competitiveness. -By adulthood, the IQs of adopted siblings are no more similar to one another than to those of strangers. nurture: -Facing a competitive challenge causes testosterone levels to rise. -At the age of 12 months, both boys and girls prefer dolls over cars.
Identify the original principles of conflict theory.
original: -understanding the role of conflict at all scales of investigation—from the family to the nation -understanding how conflict is essential for social change not original: -showing how short periods of conflict pave the way for long-term social stability -finding ways to replace conflict with consensus
Identify each question as applying to either practical or scientific knowledge.
practical: -How do I cross the street safely? -How do I register for classes? scientific: -How does a traffic light help to regulate traffic? -Which classes are most likely to provide me with the knowledge that employers are looking for?
Which statements correctly describe "the strength of weak ties"?
-Weak ties provide access to valuable information. -Weak ties provide benefits that strong ties do not.
Match each form of body modification to its corresponding culture: breast augmentation
Americans
Match each form of punishment for deviant behavior to its respective society: banishment from the community
Native Americans
developed strain theory as a functionalist account of social deviance
Robert Merton
The way that the My Lai massacre ended during the Vietnam War is an example of what?
positive deviance
offered a functionalist theory of deviance
Émile Durkheim
Match each form of body modification to its corresponding culture: butt augmentation
Brazilians
Which of the following are currently considered deviant behavior throughout all regions of the United States?
cannibalism cyberbullying
What is one of the main points of Horace Miner's article "Body Ritual among the Nacirema"?
it is easy to take one's own culture for granted
The __________ perspective assumes that society's larger structures are shaped through individual interactions, while the __________ perspective assumes that society's larger structures shape those individual interactions. It is useful to think of these perspectives as being on a continuum with each other; while __________ sociologists adhere to radically micro or exclusively macro perspectives, __________ are somewhere in between.
micro macro some most
Identify each question as applying to either microsociology or macrosociology.
microsociology: -How do two drivers decide who goes first at a four-way stop? -How does a family conversation escalate into a shouting match? macrosociology: -Why do some immigrant groups assimilate faster than others? -Why does the officer-enlisted relationship differ between a country's army and its navy?
C. Wright Mills was critical of social science and worked to connect the academic side of sociology to more tangible social debates of the time. Mills was convinced that sociology had something to offer everyone, not just academics. For these reasons, which term best describes C. Wright Mills?
public intellectual
renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and instead works toward his or her own goals using new means
rebel
passing a law that states that first-time offenders for any violent crime will be submitted to a psychological evaluation and given mental health treatment
rehabilitation
A sociologist begins participant observation of a group of community college students in the hopes that she can learn more about how young people form new relationships. When the sociologist is asked to teach an ethnography class, she hangs out with many of those same students and teaches them more about ethnography in a small group setting. She quickly begins to see many of the group members as her friends, and participates in social events with them. Identify the aspects of research methodology that might be problematic for this study.
replicability bias reflexivity
The introduction to this chapter discusses two types of Instagram accounts: "rinsta" (real Instagram) and "finsta" (fake Instagram). Identify the descriptions as either "rinsta" or "finsta" accounts.
rinsta: -feature the filtered version of who you are and how you want to be seen -viewable to close friends, acquaintances, and even people the user has never met finsta: -may represent a more genuine depiction of your true self -likely include inside jokes and unflattering selfies
Fraternity and sorority members are required to devote a significant amount of time to social events and community service each semester.Press Space to openrole strainrole exitrole conflict
role
the set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her status
role
A straight-A student decides to quit her sorority to focus on her grades.
role exit
experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role
role strain
One of the most significant influences on any society is its material culture. And most changes in material culture tend to be technological. Place each technological change in chronological order.
television Internet smartphones virtual assistants
Some of the following thinkers are prominent figures in the functionalist tradition. Place only those figures in chronological order.
Émile Durkheim Talcott Parsons Robert Merton
Which of the following are basic goals of social scientists when conducting experiments?
-to develop precise tools with which to observe, record, and measure their data -to attempt to control for all possible variables except the one under investigation
Using labeling theory, place in order from first to last the stages by which a student, named Evan, assumes the role of social deviant.
1. Evan is late for school twice in one week and the school principal publicly calls Evan a truant 2. Evan's teachers and friends start to treat him as a troublemaker and Evan comes to think of himself as a rule breaker 3. Evan begins to break school rules on a regular basis
Place each step of the scientific method in the correct order.
1. identify a problem or ask a question 2. conduct a literature review 3. form a hypothesis 4. choose a research design or method 5. collect data 6. analyze data 7. disseminate findings
Group cohesion is likely to be highest among which group?
a secret society at an Ivy League university
Someone who believes that humans do not have much free will and are deeply constrained by the social circumstances and system they are born into is not a big believer in which sociological concept?
agency
Cultural __________ usually occurs in the direction from more-developed to less-developed nations, while cultural __________ occurs when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar to one another. A third type of cultural change is cultural __________, or the imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through __________ rather than by __________
diffusion leveling imperialism media and consumer products military
The __________ approaches their social world with practical knowledge, whereas the __________ approaches the world by using reasoning and questions to gain deeper insights.
everyday actor social analyst
Match each quality to the correct group category based on Robert Merton's theory of group classification.
in group: -classy -laid-back out group: -snobbish -lazy
What is the most common of all nonacademic uses of sociological methods?
market research
Which of the following are disadvantages of interview research?
-Interview respondents are not always forthcoming or truthful. -Interview research may lead to conclusions that cannot be applied to a larger group.
Quinn is on a high-school volleyball team and has chemistry during first period. If she wanted to assess her team's performance, which of the following could serve as a reference group and which could not?
-the men's volleyball team at Quinn's school -another school's volleyball team
Which social theorist introduced the idea of the sociological imagination?
C. Wright Mills
a group of close friends and family members who get together to watch Saturday Night Live on television each week
a primary group
T or F: The term "deviant" refers to a moral, not a social, judgment.
false
Bureaucracies always feature the supervision of subordinates by higher-ranking managers and bosses.
hierarchy
accepts society's approved goals but rejects the means to achieve those goals
innovator
In the United States, imprisonment as a method of punishment was rare until what century?
nineteenth century
parents instill a conscience (superego) in children through rules that govern their instinctual behavior (id) until children mature and are self-governing (ego)
psychoanalysis
These are meant to make all operations as predictable as possible.
rules and regulations
Religion is an important social institution that functions as the basis for the morals and ethics that followers embrace and that are applied to both society and the individual, those promoting social order.
structural functionalism
Which of the following elements could be considered culture?
style of dress historical artifacts films
Recently, the popular Netflix series 13 Reasons Why, which centers on a high school student who takes her own life, incited a great deal of concern because of its graphic depiction of teen suicide. Critics feared that it might have a "contagion" effect amongst youth, a phenomenon that had already been well documented in other cases, resulting in a spate of copycat attempts. Which of the following were findings about viewers who watched the show?
-Google searches about suicide increased by almost 20 percent within days of the show's release. -One study looked at reactions to 13 Reasons Why in a high-risk sample of young viewers who had been admitted to psychiatric emergency rooms. Over half of the viewers believed that the series had increased their own risk of committing suicide.
Values and norms are often contested by various groups in society. Dominant culture tends to represent and protect the values, norms, and interests of the most powerful groups in society.
conflict theory
Identify the historical thinkers as either early theorists (important to the development of sociology but not sociologists, as they predated the field itself) or social theorists who are associated with "classical sociology."
early theorist: -Harriet Martineau -Herbert Spencer classical sociologist: -Herbert Blumer -George Herbert Mead
Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites?
ethnocentrism and cultural relativism
T or F: Microsociology is like a wide-angle lens perspective on society, whereas macrosociology is like a zoom lens perspective on society.
false
The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) is an example of what stigma-related concept?
in-group orientation
passing a law that states that anyone committing fraud will be imprisoned for a minimum of twenty years
incapacitation
What is the name of the governing body within a university that decides whether or not to approve research proposals?
institutional review board
T or F: Value-free sociology suggests that sociologists should not allow their personal beliefs to influence their research.
true
Identify the true and false statements about Herbert Blumer.
true: -Blumer appealed for researchers to get "down and dirty" with the dynamics of social life. -Blumer was a graduate student and later a professor at the University of Chicago. -Blumer gave Mead's theory the name it now goes by: symbolic interactionism. false: -Blumer is considered one of the founders of ethnomethodology.
What is the definition of socialization?
the process through which individuals fit into a society and internalize its values, beliefs, and norms, and learn to function as its members
The differences between a group and a __________ is whether the members identify with one another and whether interaction is temporary or permanent. A primary group consists of people such as __________, whereas a secondary group might consist of people such as __________.
crown family members students taking a course
In a bureaucracy, rules come before people; no individual receives special treatment.
impersonality
Which of the following are advantages of existing sources research?
-Existing sources research allows researchers to use the same data that has been used for previous research and thus has high replicability. -Existing sources research allows researchers to work with information they could not obtain on their own.
A sociologist thinks he has discovered a very interesting and unique finding. His data show a correlation between children's shoe sizes and their reading test scores. He thinks that children with bigger feet must be smarter. When he tells a colleague about his finding, the colleague suggests that both shoe size and reading test score are correlated with a child's age. In this case, which of the following is the correct classification for the child's age?
intervening variable
Consider how changes in the importance of different agents of socialization might occur over time within a society. Identify the following major agents of socialization as either more or less important to adolescents now than they were in the late 1800s.
more important now: -schools -peers -the mass media less important now: -family
Place the following stages of child development on the timeline in chronological order, according to George Herbert Mead's theory of the development of the social self.
preparatory stage play stage game stage
Which of the following are examples of the experimental method?
-A researcher deliberately drops a wallet in a public place and observes the reactions of passersby. -A researcher compares the attitudes of two focus groups after each group watches a corporate training video. One video has sexist content and the other does not.
Identify the true statements about social media sites according to the statistics in the textbook.
-Almost 70 percent of all adults use a social networking site. -Every month, 1.1 billion people use Instagram.
Social ties follow social-class lines and link high socioeconomic status (SES) individuals with a vast array of high-SES contacts who can provide job leads.
Mark Granovetter
Which of the following are advantages of survey research?
-Survey research is usually quick and economical. -Survey research is less concerned with interviewer or observer bias.
Based on scientific evidence about social isolation and lack of socialization, which of the following are likely outcomes for a child who is deprived of contact with agents of socialization?
-The child will be unable to relate to other humans. -The child will not learn how to communicate through language with others.
A sociologist wants to study a global community of online gamers who all play the same multiplayer game. Identify the activities that could realistically be part of the research.
-becoming a player and observing interactions in real time -analyzing player statistics, such as time played and level achieved
Which of the following hypothetical scenarios are examples of social control in the United States?
-parents often reminding their young children not to pick their noses -compulsory schooling laws for high-school-aged students
Public schools in the United States opened in the __________ and attendance was __________. Beyond the original goals of schooling, such as educating citizens and -__________, schools now have greater roles, which include physical education and discipline.
1800s uneven maintaining democracy
The year __________ saw the highest homicide rates in U.S. history, at __________ per 100,000 persons, or 24,700 murders. Between then and __________, there was a dramatic __________ in homicide rates, and the rate has stayed __________ ever since.
1991 9.8 2000 drop low
__________, an international group of cyber activists—or "hacktivists"—who carry out their attacks online, is an example of a __________ group. Their targets have included large corporations and major financial institutions such as Nissan, Visa, PayPal, Bank of America, and the New York Stock Exchange. Members of Anonymous have also sought to undermine the operations of terrorist organizations such as __________. At the same time, Anonymous has also lent its computer skills to social movements such as __________ to help advance their cause.
Anonymous countercultural ISIS Black Lives Matter
Match each form of punishment for deviant behavior to its respective society: flogging
Colonial Americans
Social networks can shape our actions, such as voting behavior, because of which individuals make up those social networks.
Duncan Watts
applied labeling theory to the question of how deviance begins
Howard Becker
The United States is one of the most powerful members of the WTO not because of its outcome in disputes but because of its centrality.
Joseph Conti
the cast members of Saturday Night Live
a secondary group
the audience at a taping of Saturday Night Live
an aggregate
What is a key difference between anthropology and sociology?
anthropology largely concentrates on traditional, small, or indigenous cultures, whereas sociology is interested in societies at all levels of development
A sociologist conducts an experiment to see how watching a documentary on young men in gay relationships affects individual attitudes toward gay marriage. Both men and women are given a survey, but only those in the experimental group watch the video before answering the survey questions. Identify the dependent variables in this experiment.
attitudes toward gay marriage
A sociologist is worried that her presence is affecting interactions between the people she is studying. Identify the concepts she should consider during her study.
bias reflexivity reactivity
Religion serves to control the masses by creating rules for behavior; sanctions against violators may not be equally or fairly applied. Culture wars reflect tensions among groups over which values and norms will dominate
conflict theory
children learn the arts of impression management and may present a different self to their parents than to other children or to teachers
dramaturgy
Identify the examples of postmodernism in popular culture.
examples: -copies of famous landmarks, such as the Eiffel Tower in Las Vegas -hip hop -The Grey Album by DJ Danger Mouse, which uses tracks from the Beatles' White Album and Jay-Z's Black Album not examples: -Liberty University, the college associated with fundamentalist Christianity
Which of the following are necessary for a behavior or characteristic to be defined as deviant?
group orientations norms
parents and significant others serve as a reflection to children, who develop a sense of self based on their appraisals, real or imagined
looking-glass self
Identify each question as applying to either microsociology or macrosociology.
microsociology: -What types of language and gestures do students use when interacting with teachers? -How does giving children different types of toys to play with affect their performance of gender roles? macrosociology: -What types of religious organizations are most effective at lobbying political entities for support? -How do the organization of education systems around the world affect the percentage of individuals who go to college?
Sociologists increasingly investigate technologically mediated interaction. Identify the following as describing either online or in-person interactions.
online interactions: -Teens use these kinds of social spaces as getaways from the pressures of parents, teachers, and other adults. -While we may have lots of connections, we experience less depth in our relationships with them. -These kinds of interactions allow us to contain and reduce risks—not risk to life and limb, necessarily, but risk to self. -Adults tweet and post to expand their social circles and spread the word about their accomplishments.
Identify each item as involving either practical or scientific knowledge.
practical: -the information needed to pay your bills online -the locations of your favorite restaurants scientific: -how much water you need to intake on a daily basis to survive -the average education level of individuals whose parents graduated from college
After watching a commercial that claimed that wearing Nike brand clothing makes amateur athletes perform better, Alfonso followed the __________ by purchasing Nike sneakers. By expecting this behavior to produce a positive reward, Alfonso is demonstrating __________.
prescription compliance
Identify the following as either a primary or secondary group.
primary: -a married couple -a close-knit group of adult friends who have been together since middle school secondary: -a tailoring shop that makes bespoke (fully custom) suits for men -a professional football team
gives up on achieving society's approved goals but accepts the means to achieve those goals
ritualist
Place the topics in the correct order on the macro-micro continuum.
society culture social institutions social inequality groups roles socialization interaction self
TV shows like Queer Eye, Naked and Afraid, and Keeping Up with the Kardashians reflect how we are all part of the same __________, and for that reason we are curious about how the others live. __________ however, is slightly different than reality television. It is the __________ or scientific study of human society and social behavior, from large-scale institutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions.
society sociology systematic
What is the definition of sociology?
sociology is the systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior
a position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations
status
Values and norms are widely shared and agreed upon; they contribute to social stability by reinforcing common bonds and constraining individual behavior.
structural functionalism
Religion consists of beliefs and rituals that are part of the interaction among followers. Reciting the Lord's Prayer, bowing toward Mecca, and keeping a kosher home are meaningful displays of different religious values and norms. Leaders may play a role in creating social change.
symbolic interactionism
A microsociologist wants to study nail salon workers. Taking a __________ approach, she might compare the conversations that workers have with their clients compared to those they have in the break room. Drawing on Erving Goffman's idea of __________, the sociologist might find that the workers have different scripts they follow when they are "onstage" with clients versus "offstage" in the break room.
symbolic interactionist dramaturgy
All members are expressly trained and qualified for their specific roles within the organization.
technical competence
August is a senior at a very expensive private high school. His father is a successful stock broker and his mother is a partner in a Manhattan law firm. August gets caught stealing a shirt and claims he was just seeking the thrill of stealing something. This example highlights what concept of deviance studied by Jack Katz?
the "foreground" of deviance
Match each form of body modification to its corresponding culture: neck stretching
the Padaung
Which of the following are examples of cultural leveling?
-The existence of Walmart, Starbucks, McDonald's and other chain stores in the vast majority of American towns. -The worldwide dominance of American music, movies, and other media in many countries throughout Europe and Asia.
Which theoretical perspective would suggest that group memberships are used to separate and differentially treat individuals on the basis of their categorization?
conflict theory
A young shopper goes to the mall looking for "cool" clothes. What would a symbolic interactionist say about this situation?
correct: -"Coolness" is a construction rather than an objective fact. incorrect: -What is considered "cool" never changes. -Neither the shopper nor the clothes is actually "cool."
All members of a bureaucracy are assigned specific roles and tasks.
specialization
T or F: Any physical object that has social meaning can be considered a part of material culture.
true
Identify the true and false statements about culture.
true: -Culture includes both symbolic and material elements. -Culture acts as a lens through which individuals view the world. -Culture is handed down from generation to generation. false: -Culture is second nature.