Soci 122 part 2 study

How does crime automatically play into the perception of races?

The "black male criminal" --> a stereotype perpetuated because we live in racially segregated worlds. Led to killing of Trayvon Martin as a "suspect" when he didn't have a weapon, or white police officers convicted of involuntary instead of voluntary manslaughter because "fear of black male". Black students targeted and supervised throughout their lives.

Why is mount rushmore offensive to Native americans?

The Black Hills were supposed to be sacred to the Lakotas and granted in perpetuity, but when gold was discovered there NAs were displaced. Rushmore symbolizes what white people did, desecrating their land. Indians want to add their perspective, move beyond the mountain as merely symbolic.

Social movement organizations definition

The organizations that make up a social movement, working to meet the needs of the movement. --> strategies, resources, mobilizaiton efforts...

Latino flight definition

The pattern of latinos enrolling their children in private schools to avoid sending them to school with black children.

Relative deprivation definition

The perception of a subordinate group that its situation is worse than that of the dominant group in terms of economics, power and privilege

Racial battle fatigue

The physiological and psychological symptoms, such as tension headaches, elevated heartbeat, extreme fatigue, ulcers, hypervigilance, anger, and inability to sleep, associated with the constant exposure to racial slights, indignities, and irritations, unfair treatment, and both subtle and overt racial hostilities

Civil disobedience

The practice of refusing to obey discriminatory laws (like refusing compulsory education for example)

Cinethetic racism (Hughey) definition

The presence of more people of color, interracial cooperation, and the superficial empowerment of historically marginalized people, which actually misrepresents the extent of racial progress in society. (eg "magical negro" who is still uneducated but helps the white main character, who remains central). Ultimately, it reinforces the color-blind ideology, the idea that racism is no longer a significant issue in American society.

Race pride movement

The reassertions of racial identity and cultures that have occurred since the mid-1960s

Why is the battle of Wounded Knee so controversial?

There is no memorial for Wounded Knee, two clashes between NAs and US government. First was the 1890 massacre of over two hundred unarmed lakota people by the US army, second was the 1973 occupation by AIM activists. While congress offered an apology for what happened at wunded knee, and wanted to make the national site w monuments, many lakota people were hesitant to turn over more land to the government, and also wanted the event to be acknowledged as a "massacre" rather than a war.

How do video games affect the portrayal of races?

There's still racial stereotyping in computer games - "high tech blackface" - that's also modern-day minstrelsy. Since whites can still control blacks, or where whites can try on blackness. --> this not only reflects desires to police and become the other, but also romanticises ghettos which ignores socioeconomic realities of ghetto life. In the early days people of color were portrayed in derogatory ways, but today, racial stereotypes exists and stereotypical roles - like criminals, foreign ninjas - still exist. Also intersects w gender, where black femals are often shown as victims of violence.

How did whites think against the civil rights movement, towards 1970s?

This is when white tolerance for civil disobedience began to dissipate, saw it as lacking respect for order. Whites saw Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights act, and affirmative action as end of racism This increased racial resentment among whites, decreased support for policies that benefitted ppl of color. --> negative consequences like increased incarceration of minorities and color blind ideology.

What is an alternative argument for oppositional identities to form instead of believing success comes from "acting white"? (Tyson) + racialized tracking definition

Tyson argues that oppositional identity is formed in mostly racially integrated schools instead of predominantly white/black schools, and emerges out of racialized tracking - where higher level classes are overwhelmingly populated with white students while lower level classes are composed predominantly of minorities.

How does the functionalist view popular culture?

Understanding pop culture allows people to develop social solidarity and cohesiveness through symbols/rituals/practices of pop culture. --> can also create imagined communities.

racial hoax

When a crime occurs, or someone fabricates a crime, and the perpetrator falsely blames someone because of that person's race Eg when Susan Smith claimed that a black man had killed her two boys, and it drew national attention, when in reality she killed those two boys herself.

How do millennials react to confederate statues and symbols?

When asked if they see the confederate flag more for southern pride or racism, AAs Latinos and Asian Americans mostly saw it as racist, vs white millennials who were evenly split. When asked about if they supported efforts to remove confederate statues and symbols from public places, millennials of color were more likely to support removal of monuments than white respondents.

Cultural diffusion definition

When cultures borrow from one another. Eg Boo yaa Tribe who play hip hop music (african american origin) for a largely Chicano audience. But, cultural diffusion is not always on a level playing field, groups with more power are likely to have their views reflected more.

Structured absence definition (Krabill)

When one group has the power to keep others invisible in the media. Different from total absence because structured absence is about power, an intentional exercise of power. Historically never showed colored people, but today is more misrepresentation

How did television help dismantle apartheid?

When television was introduced in 1976, one of the most famous shows in south africa was the Cosby Show. While some white americans watched it and thought the black people were "too american", some began to relate to the black people and deconstructed race as biological and real. Before, black people were almost completely invisible to whites (because of "the ban" removing antiapartheid leaders from public) , but the cosby show filled that void.

Brownface definition

When white actors/directors portray blacks, latinos, Asian americans. Not explicitly blackface but still, has more to do with opportunities in hollywood.

Ethnic characterizations definition (Thakore)

Where nonwhite characters in TV and film reflect assimilationist stereotypes held by media producers and who, in turn, reproduce these stereotypes on screen. --> instantly relatable mental shortcut for white people.

How does white racial frame view the law? (Joe Feagin)

Where our beliefs, perspectives and stereotypes about people of color that are pervasive in our culture help legitimize forms of systemic racism. This inhibits people from challenging their own racial/ethnic stereotypes and results in discriminatory actions. This is a cultural ideology rather than an individual attitude. Eg when a white woman locks her doors cause a black man is coming it makes him seem like a criminal.

Racial profiling definition why is it so significant?

Which is when race is a significant factor in a police officer's decision to pull someone over. Because if police are looking for more minority criminals, will find more minority criminals.

Whitewashing definition

Which refers to the film industry practice of using white actors to play racial/ethnic minority characters, which contributes to the erasure of people of color not only from Hollywood but from history.

Discipline gap definition

a disproportionate disciplinary response to behaviors engaged in by students of one race compared to others. Eg AA studetns 3 times as likely as white students to get suspended.

SNCC (student nonviolent coordinating committee)

a formation of college students trying to fight racism. Was an interracial, group centered organization building grassroots leadership. Led civil disobedience acts like sit-ins.

Civil religion def

a set of sacred beliefs/values so commonly accepted that it becomes part of the national culture. Expressed through public rituals, symbols, ceremonies etc.

Moral panic definition

a widespread feeling of fear, often an irrational one, that some evil person or thing threatens the values, interests, or well-being of a community or society. Since 9/11, US faces moral panic from arabs, which result in irrational responses like racial profiling. "flying while arab"

How did brown II emerge and what did it state?

although Brown was passed, it was often a slow and painful process, and white resistance took many forms. A year after Brown Brown II came in response to the concerns of schools, who said immediately desegregating would incur financial burdens. Brown II said that school integration could proceed "with all deliberate speed" - which was largely unclear, could even suggest noncompliance with desegregation.

What is the conflict perspctive on law?

argues that law helps maintain the power of the dominant group in society, and is used as a form of social control of subordinate groups. Dominant groups influence what behaviour gets defined as criminal and how severely certain crimes are punished, which advantages them. --> racial inequalities in justice system is bc of economic/political inequality.

Culture wars def

clashes within mainstream society over how racial/ethnic groups should be represented in culture.

Collective behaviour - not to be confused w social movements

collective behaviour refers to unorganized, spontaneous, and often short lived actions of a large group of people, such as riots, fashion, fads.

Imagined community

community that's created when people feel they are members of a collective despite lackin in proximity to another. --> television contributes to creating this like a livestreamed concert or political speech.

How has alt right reacted to BLM? What are millennials' attitudes to both sides?

critique the movement w claim that "all lives matter", and speak of their civil rights being violated. --> white nationalist groups as main opposition Overall, milennials are more supportive of BLM than alt right even though results vary by race. Whites are more evenly split to acknowledge that the two sides are pretty similar.

cultural activism

efforts to be able to freely live their Native cultures by participating in traditional ceremonies, fighting for more racially inclusive education, and learning and preserving native languages --> efforts to sustain their own cultures white ppl try to destroy

What are some stereotypical portrayals of latinos in film/tv?

el bandido/criminal (always perceived as a threat to america), the harlot (prostitute), the male buffoon (a clown)/ the female clown, the Latin lover, and the dark lady/the law enforcer.

Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies perspective on pop culture

emphasize subordinate group resistance to dominant group ideologies through mass media. Don't agree w marx or gramsci that see subordinate groups as being duped, but can send counterhegemonic messages through media and their culture.

What were the brown berets?

formed in 1967, primarily by college students and embraced militant self defense and community organization against police brutality. Also focused on educational equality, organized high school walkouts throughout the country.

What caused Standing Rock (#NODAPL)?

from april 2016 to feb 2017, native people and supporters were at the Standing Rock Indian Reservation protesting construction of an oil pipeline that threatened the reservation's pipe supply. This pipeline would've passed through 4 states, threatening more than just the reservation. This movement united all seven nations of Dakota, Nakota, Lakota speaking people, who called themselves the Water Protectors. But faced violence at the hands of police, military, TigerSwan (private contractor). Despite protests construction continued and it has since been built w oil spills happening.

What was freedom summer?

goal was to bring the civil rights movement to mississippi, one of the most dangerous places for activists, most stringently enforced places but w highest black population. Goal was to register voters throughout mississippi and establish "freedom schools" for black kids, but SNCC deliberately sought northern white students of privilege to come volunteer (since they were more immune to injury from gov) but there was resistance from white mississipians, beat civil rights workers and black businesses/homes

why did Indians occupy Alcatraz Island

group of indians (mostly college students) called the Indians of All Tribes used this as another strategy for the movement. Arrived at alcatraz and read the "Alcatraz Proclamation" --> basis was in the 1868 Sioux treaty that granted Indians the right to unused federal property,. Goal was to attain the land and establish different centres (like Native American Studies, American Indian Museum...) to reclaim NA culture. Goals didn't materialise but drew national attention.

what was the Crusade for Justice?

in 1966, urban Chicanos organizing in Denver. At the time, Chicanos were urbanized an dealing with poverty, UE, poor housing... movement was organized to fight police brutality in Denver.

Pretextual traffic stops definition Why is this allowed?

in which police use minor traffic violations as reasons to stop someone and then use the stop to search for drugs. --> largely ineffective and ppl innocent. Law allows police to pull over anyone for any traffic offense, regardless if the police's intent is actually for that offense or to search for drugs etc.

diversity penalty definition, and why does it exist?

in which schools serving the neediest students lose funds aand are even less able to meet the needs of their students. Seen among No Child Left Behind, where schools that don't show improvements in AYP are penalized through withholding of funds. But schools with higher percentage of english language learners and disabled learners are already at a disadvantage of meeting AYP.

blackface definition

is a form of theatrical makeup used predominantly by non-black people to portray a caricature of a black person.

How is slavery shown in public history?

oftentimes, even in plantation tours, people don't want to mention slavery because its unpleasant and contradicts with perception that American history is about freedom/equality. In montecello, slaves are portrayed as "treated well, like family" etc. In 1990, director of National Park Service began a campaign to modernize the historical interpretations at National Park Service sites, placing emphasis on subject of slavery at Civil War historic sites. But groups were opposed to these moves, committed to honor soldiers, and only talk about specific battles rather than slavery (even though sites on Japanese bombing of pearl harbour reflect larger context etc) Still ongoing struggle to memorialize slavery

What did Arab American activism look like?

one of the only ethnic groups who experienced increasing racism in the last few decades, despite all the other minority group protests. --> racialization began in the 1970s w Nixon's special measures, like immigration restrictions and FBI surveillance...all the way to 9/11 In response to this, American Arab Anti Discrimination committee founded in 1980 to defend rights of ppl of Arab descent. --> organized opposition, legal support. Activism generally centered around Palestine/Israel, wars in Iraq, violation of liberties since 9/11

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

organized in 1942 in Chicago, used nonviolence to challenge segregation - like in freedom rides.

what is pan asian identity, and how was it formed

pan asian identity is to see something as relating to all of asia/asian people as a cohesive group. Formed in the 1960s because immigration restrictions meant there were more US born asian americans than immigrants, so shared a common language and oppression. + US treated them all similarly

Social dominance orientation definition (Jim Sidanius and Felicia Pratto)

people's belief that their group is the dominant group in society and their perception of this dominance as legitimate. --> extends to a wide range of attitudes including those that perceive abuse against non dominant groups as legitimate. Hence "excessive force" might not be the case in their eyes for police brutality.

Why is bordieu's cultural capital argued against, and what do CRT ppl argue for (community cultural wealth definition)?

ppl think that Bordieu only highlights the cultural competencies of whites, and sees it as the norm. It doesn't see cultural capital of people of color, and assumes they're at a deficit. CRT ppl suggest an alternative to standard definition of cultural capital: community cultural wealth = seeks to broaden what qualifies as cultural capital to include the unique assets that communities of color are able to provide to their members, specifically different sets of skills that aren't recognized by the dominant institution.

How was incarceration culture after jim crow racialized?

racism was the norm in incarcerating after the civil war, blacks were assumed guilty at every step of the process. Also blacks more likely to be arrested if the victims were white, whereas crimes against blacks were less serious. Racism manifested from treatment of black 'criminals' to also not giving black victims justice. --> like slavery.

Police brutality definition How was tennessee v garner (1985) racialized?

refers to instances in which police use force beyond what is necessary to make an arrest or address a situation. the case passed that under certain situations, police officers may use deadly force if the offender poses an imminent threat to the officer or to bystanders. But what qualifies is certainly unclear. In fact it has contributed to many unarmed minorities being shot or killed because they were seen as threats, even minority women experiencing same violence. --> this has always existed but now its being brought to more attention.

Unconscious racism definition

refers to the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs about race that help create and perpetuate negative feelings and opinions about people of color in our culture.

Freedom rides what was it?

started by civil rights organization CORE to protest segregation in transportation. Took rides and violated norms along the way. Eg whites in the back and blacks in front of the bus, blacks entering white only areas and vice versa. --> often encountered enraged mobs, beaten w bats and bombed. Police often stood by.

Asian portrayals in film/tv

stereotyped as violent gangsters in drugs, human trafficking; perpetual outsiders/foreigners when using broken or heavily accented english; asian women are sexually erotic but untrustworthy, "dragon lady"

Collective memory

that set of belief about the past which the nation's citizens hold in common and publicly recognise as legitimate representations of their history

What happened with Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers?

the United Farm Workers united filipino and chicano farmworkers of the 60s. Led by Cesar Chavez, who was focused on earning farmworkers the same protections as other workers under the National Labour Relations Act. Also focused on low wages and poor working conditions/environments. Cesar Chavez also organized voter registration drives for chicanos and taught mexican americans. Hosted a nationwide grape boycott in 1970 --> led to right to unionize, ban on DDT pesticide, better conditions.

Sense of efficacy

the belief that people can change their situation

Collective memory def

the beliefs about the past that the nation's citizens hold in common and publicly recognize as legitimate representations of their history.

Mobilization

the crucial recruitment of movement participants

Furman V Georgia 1972

the defendant challenged the constitutionality of capital punishment by bringing racial bias to the court. Supreme Court declared death penalty unpredictable and abitrary, and noted its discriminatory uses. No guidelines existed on when to sentence capital punishment vs life sentence without parole, hence capital punishment was another way to discriminate. --> death penalty was not in use in US.

Model minority definition

the idea that Asian Americans academically excel and achieve a higher degree of socioeconomic success than other racial/ethnic groups.

Collective identities

the recreation/resurgence of a racial/ethnic group's culture, traditions, or history

Vagabond laws definition Convict leasing program definition chain gang definition mass incarceration definition How did our 'culture' of incarceration emerge? How was the 'loophole' in the 13th amendment used?

vagabond laws = enacted that made a long list of behaviors illegal, including begging, loitering, panhandling, and looking for work. Convict leasing program = someone who broke a vagabond law could be sent to hard labor camp w/o a trial. Legalized forced labor, convicts hired out. chain gang = convict labor mass incarceration = where rates of imprisonment are so high that incarceration is no longer the fate of deviant individuals but a defining feature of entire communities. Before it was seen as a device to control former slaves. 13th amendment prohibited slavery unless it was a 'punishment to a crime' which included vagabond laws. Black women were sent to become domestic laborers, black men were sent to plantations and to build infrastructure (also white men), capitalists grew rich. Chain gangs built highways, bridges etc and were often worked to death. --> ended after WWII

what were the conditions that facilitated activism after WWII?

→ period of economic growth: If most of your needs are being met, have the ability to think about other things like political freedoms → period of increased educational attainment: You start noticing differences between rights learned on paper vs the one you have in real life. → Television. Nightly news covered protests, AAs, made other races feel discriminated too → Increasing urbanization. Population density will fuel discrimination? → minority soldiers were still facing discrimination, and came home as second hand citizens → Anti colonial movements were happening across the globe, like Ghandi, african nations --> increased pressure on US to change → baby boom generation: coming of age in around the 60s, felt that you could make change if you just made enough noise → movements influenced one another: a whole lot of borrowing from prior movements

What happened w the Japanese campaign for redress?

"Campaign for Redress" fought for an official apology and reparations for Japanese internment during WWII. Made Reagan sign civil liberties act in 1988 which authorized 1.25 billion in reparation payments to seventy thousand Japanese American survivors.

What are the stereotypical african american portrayals in minstrel shows/tv? "musical old darky" "uncle tom" // The mammy "coons" "black buck" "The matriarch" "hypersexual Jezebel"

"musical old darky" who was simple minded and only good for playing music. "uncle tom" or the good negro, who was passive, servile, and did not fight his oppression. --> argument in support of slavery. The mammy is the devoted female servant version of this, who is still a popular cultural image of black women. "coons" were black buffoons with eyes that almost always looked as though they were popping out. --> portrayed a useless black man, who is lazy, crazy and good for nothin. "black buck" brutally violent, big, bad, oversexed black man, specifically with a desire for white women. "the matriarch" - black mothers in black homes who are bad mothers, who has low morals and doesn't make family her priority. Doesn't properly school children "hypersexual Jezebel" - emerged during slavery as a way to justify white sexual assault. Jezebel is an unrestrained woman

Why does it matter that racist images are perpetuated through the media and popular culture?

1. Because most americans still live in racially homogenous communities, our images of racial/ethnic others emerge disproportionately from popular culture rather than from personal experiences --> sterotypes can fuel misconceptions 2. racial ideologies that justify exploitation/inequality/hierarchy are also perpetuated 3. The history that is told on our landscape/monuments/historical monuments validate white culture and a eurocentric view, denigrate the history of people of color. What is defined as history is an exercise of power

4 Primary causes of modern mass incarceration

1. Law and order were a key part of nixon and reagan's campaigns in the 1970s and 1980s, with "war on crime" w drug abuse as a priority and "war on drugs" being central themes despite substance abuse declining. Led to the passing of harsh legislation like minimum sentences, punishing ppl w a minimum number of years for things like carrying drugs on you - regardless of if it was your first offense. Laws spread across country 2. Prison privatization, where states contract out their correctional services for private orgs to manage (paid for by tax dollars) : whether its the entire prison or some service as part of it. Prisons as businesses has created many side effects, like businesses lobbying congress for tougher legislation to send people to prison for longer, prisons moving to impoverished communities that welcome them, prisons also getting inmates to work for them. Interconnected between private and public 3. Since nixon began the war on drugs, every presidential administration has used the banner for political advancement. This declaration also affected policing, where blacks and latino imprisonment skyrocketed despite white users also equally using drugs. Anti Drug Abuse Act punished crack users equally to cocaine dealers, yet crack cocaine was associated with urban America and AAs even though white users still used it (didn't really get caught). But also in policing, pretextual traffic stops are often excuses for arresting people --> but police departments are incentivised to make arrests for federal funding. 4. Rising crime rates - explain around 12% of mass incarceration since crime rates exploded in 1970 but began to level off towards the 1990s.

Oppositional identities definition (Fordham and Ogbu) How is this formed sometimes in schools?

A collective sense of identity formed in opposition to that of white Americans. Believe children at a young age begin to perceive succeeding in school as "acting white". Hence good grades, taking school seriously were stigmatized as an affront to african american identity.--> leads to opposition

Criminogenic condition definition

A condition that contributes to the occurrence and perpetuation of deviance. Eg. poverty leads more to crime.

What was AIM (american indian movement)

AIM was a militant self defense organization founded in minneapolis, which was initially centered in urban areas to tackle poverty, discrimination, police brutality.

Little Rock Nine what was it, how did it show school desegregation?

After Brown v Board (which desegregated schools), the local NAACP at Little Rock, Arkansas (chose this place since it was relatively desegregated) chose 9 stellar black students seeking best high school education to join Central High. Shows conflict over state's rights at the time: first day governor didn't let them into the school, but the judge ordered they should be allowed so second day 8 of 9 kids showed up. 9th kid didn't know to go with them and she was prevented access to school and treated w massive hostility. Ultimately federal guard had to come and control the mob, and provide a bodyguard. --> often times, conflict between federal and state law. Governor and judges

What is the southern manifesto

After brown, created by political leaders in the south to refuse the law of the land, was created with no intention to live up to the Brown decision.

cultural hegemony idea, how it builds off Marx (Antonio Gramsci)

Argued that dominant groups could control subordinate groups through hegemony, which refers to how dominant groups gain the consensus of subordinate groups instead of using military power. Using the media, and spreading propoganda, you can achieve cultural hegemony and maintain consent of lower classes.

What was Mexican Americans' history with education? How did they challenge in between?

As a result of the Mexican American war (around 1848), Mexican americans went from being part of mexico to being part of the US when they acquired the land. Mexican Americans comprised most of the latino identity. Early on, their language differences were used as justification to segregate them from white kids in schools, sent to Mexican schools/ mexican classrooms in predominantly white schools. Mexican schools were also underfunded and w shorter years so the students could work in the fields. Schools intended to prepare them for subordinate roles in society. Often denied access to high school. Challenged racial segregation, in cases like 1931's lemon grove, where in a traditionally unsegregated community mexican americans were sent into segregated classrooms. They reacted and boycotted the school. But mexican americans were then classified as white so it didn't challenge racially segregated schools. Creation of organizations like LULAC who fought for Latinos rights.

What is the background behind the Manzanar site and why does it face controversy?

As president bush in the 1990s signed reparations to americans of japanese descent who faced internment during WWII, Manzanar was a former internment camp chosen as a national historic site. More than 10,000 people were imprisoned at Mananzar during the war despite not being charged w a crime. But, controversy is present when some people argue people were kept at Mananzar to be protected from others, despite records showing it was because they distrusted Japanese Americans. Controversy surrounds categorizing these as "concentration camps" because its associated w hitler despite historical records showing the gov described these as concentration camps.

what is the main difference between BLM and civil rights movement? How did the Say Her Name campaign also form from this?

BLM also committed to intersectionality, and black women + queer/transgender women, opposing the discrimination they face --> they are disproportionately affected by violence w no attention. The civil rights movement was mainly foucsed on race. These killings of certain women like Alexia Christian remained invisible --> 2015 #sayhername campaign which was gender inclusive

What was the extent of incarceration since the 1970s?

Been an explosion of incarceration rates. US incarcerates more than any other nation, and as of 2008 more than 2.4 million men/women/children in custody. In 2014 arrested 612 people per 100,000.

How did the black lives matter movement form? + what are its characteristics?

Began as an online campaign in 2013 after acquittal of Zimmerman in the shooting death of Trayvon Martin, and became a movement after shooting death of Michael Brown. First protest was called "Black Lives Matter Freedom Ride", still draws inspiration from CRM, Black Power, and occupy movement --> fights for the dignity and humanity of black americans and against police/vigilante brutality, while embracing non violent direct action protests. Movement uses media to mobilize, while mirroring SNCC's nonhierarchiacal organizaiton style

How does the conflict theorist view pop culture? Minstrel shows as an example + minstrelsy definition

Believe that social institutions, like media, is controlled by dominant groups and perpetuate ideologies that work to their benefit --> ruling class communicates the dominant cultural values. Minstrel shows were the most popular form entertainment between 1830 and 1910, and use plackface to portray black characters outlandishly and physically disabled. --> displayed slaves as content w slavery, "not that bad" Minstrelsy- White control of blackness in artistic mediums

What were the educational demands of chicano activists?

Believed that chicanos were racially oppressed, and that to reclaim their culture they had to take back school boards and community institutions. Demanded Chicano studies programs, bilingual education, and preservation of Chicano culture. Even a political party in Texas / Colorado called La Raza Unida and won control of school board and city council in several texan cities. --> resulted in increased political participation/ethnic pride/ bilingual education

How does CRT see the law?

Believes racism is entrenched into law, where legal reasoning already reflects a white view of the world and disadvantages minorities. But opposition says that law is race neutral, and conservatives believe its wrong to take note of race even if this can provide a remedy to historical injustice. Also critique institutions rather than individuals in perpetuating racism, like putting curfews on minority areas to curb gang activity but perpetuates their image as criminals.

Evidence in history of black american music.

Black music: Slave songs - white people believed if slaves sang they would work faster. They sang a lot of spiritual stuff, but slaves used it as a literal meaning with hidden messages (eg underground railroad, freedom and justice). "down by the river" "promised land" Blues - reflects black life during the Jim Crow era. Emerged out the rural south. Captured both the hope and despair of Jim Crow - of being emancipated but oppressed. Jazz - reflection of the urban black experience, born in New Orleans By middle class blacks. Whites almost immediately were drawn in to the music might listen for entertainment but not to listen to lyrics --> whites drew on these forms for inspiration, but still segregated blacks in performances. Sometimes the music became racist appropriation, when nonwhite groups are denied profits for their creations. Bebop - hard on the sounds or on the ears, idea was to keep whites from appropriating it Rap - a reflection of black american frustration with what didn't happen in the civil rights era. Emerged in the late 1970s for young blacks to speak their minds, and was seen as deviant by mainstream white culture. Emerged as a source of racial identity for devalued black men, like jazz

What were blacks historical relationship with education (From reconstruction to jim crow to 20th century (+ creation of HBCUs --> sharecropper education --> Booker T washington's accomodationism)) ? How did blacks resist to educational segregation in between?

Blacks during slavery were restricted to education - called "compulsory ignorance". After slavery, former slaves put their meager resources together to build schools, and federal funds were used to build public schools for black/white children in the South. Here, Predominantly black colleges were established, elementary/secondary school teaching force swelled. --> supported by Freedmen's Bureau. But by 1870s, reconstruction lost political support, withdrawal of northern troops from the south signalled end of oversight for southern states. Black skls fell to local governments, or were harrassed. + differences in funding to maintain black subordination, where money to black schools dropped. Some counties didn't even have schools for blacks in the south. Even levels of instruction varied, blacks given less time during the year since they had to "work the fields" (this education was sharecropper education) Blacks resisted during jim crow by trying to move north, but even in north cities kids were harassed in predominantly white schools, and some public schools in states only served whites. Also limited access to colleges. In 20th century, scientific racism used to justify inferiority of AAs, schools prepared them for a more subservient role in society. Booker T washington encouraged accomodationism = posited that blacks could gain more autonomy by cooperating w whites rather than demanding full civil rights. Whites liked this, especially so they could "learn their place" in industrial capitalism.

How was music used in the civil rights movement?

Both music and AA churches played mobilizing roles in the movement, so spirituals and gospel was the type of music associated with the movement. Music helped ensure solidarity among movement activists who varied along class, racial, educational lines. Was so important that the SNCC even formed a band called the Freedom Singers to travel throughout the country, educating northeners on the civil rights fight and fundraising. People also thought that black entertainers from 1930 - 1950 helped facilitate civil rights movement since it brought white attention to the black experience.

Why did busing emerge, and how did it work? Was there resistance to busing

By 1970s, Brown II patience was coming to an end. So, since kids only usually went to school in their neighborhood, supreme court ruled a solution to be busing white and black kids to a school further away. However, this was usually busing minorities out to a white school. Was met with violent white parent resistance, insulting kids or bombing empty buses.

Civil rights movement def

Considered an identity based social movement because participatents mobilized around their black racial identities, sought to extend full citizenship rights to AAs. Passed in 13-15 amendment yet not enforced. Fought for right to vote, educational and economic equality, and freedom from terror.

What was The Birth of A Nation about and why was it significant

Created by DW Griffith in 1915, who believed that the true story of the Civil War as told from the southern white perspective hadn't been told. Film emphasized black male violence and sexual aggression directed against white women. Depicted black political empowerment as a problem showing blacks as interested in "Negro domination", black legislators portrayed in black face, romanticized slavery, perpetuated many stereotypes... Enormously popular w white audiences, longest and most expensive film at the time, even acknowledged by the president.

What is the school to prison pipeline? How does this affect segregation?

Criminalization of youth, where students are pushed out of schools and into the juvenile justice system by zero tolerance disciplinary policies that mandate harsh punishment for minor infractions. Snowball effect of getting suspended/expelled --> being less likely to finish skl --> being incarcerated. Racial bias in disciplining of children, where black/brown are seen as troublemakers.

Cultural appropriation definition ppl arguing why its acceptable // when its problematic

Cultural appropriation: adoption of, or use of, elements of one culture by members of a different culture to appropriate. Ppl argue that appropriation is everywhere, and it is inevitable. So long as people interact and cultures will intersect Stereotypes: Problematic when they're perpetuating stereotypes of a group Power: when the powerful appropriate the oppressed and there's a power imbalance. Money - when one group who didn't make the art form disproportionately benefits financially.

How do funding inequalities exist currently? What does it look like?

Currently, wherever poor children of color are concentrated, public schools were always underfunded and underperforming, and rarely had good teachers or student to teacher ratios. Limited access to educational resources. This is because federal dollars account for around 10% of a public school's funding, while 45% comes from the state. But, the other 45% comes from local funds, specifically property taxes. But in wealthy communities property taxes are higher than poorer communities to fund the school.

achievement gap definition + pros and cons of achievement gap

Discrepancy in standardized test scores along racial lines, where AA and latinos constantly score lower than whites and asians. Limitations of this data → > no yearly group collectively is scoring at or above adequate yearly progress (AYP). We're not doing well on this - also don't compare well internationally. > Asian americans score much higher than whites, but we're not wringing our hands on why whites are doing so poorly. > There's a gender achievement gap, young women outperform males on standardized tests across the board. But we're not really saying what's wrong with boys, as opposed to us saying what's wrong with black and brown children. >Class gap that's much wider than the racial achievement gap Strengths to this data --> Tells us that something big is wrong, tells us that educators aren't doing something right. Also opportunities are too few for some.

what are the effects of mass incarceration?

Economic - people in prison are racialized but also overwhelmingly poor. When they get out, their employment options are severely constrained. When you have a criminal record, its harshly scrutinized and imagine something severe. → people can't be redeemed. Family dissolution. Disproportionately men who are incarcerated, might leave their wife and family behind. Poverty increases. Also likely to divorce, spouse doesn't want to wait. Very expensive for child to maintain connection with their parent. Political disenfranchisement. In about 30 states, someone with a felony conviction never gets the right to vote back. In some countries prisons are voters too. → also targeting low income communities, when they get back they can't vote and have less of a voice.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

Emerged out of Montgomery bus boycott w MLK as first leader. Saw churches as a tool for mobilization, since they were one of the most segregated places. So would be perfect for announcements etc.

Non-Violent Direct Action

Engaging in nonconfrontational tactics, such as strikes, sit ins, and demonstrations, while remaining nonviolent, generally in the face of violence.

How are schools still segregated in the classroom today? why are tracks racialized?

Even if schools are integrated, racial minority children still exist in segregated classrooms. This is an outgrowth of tracking, but research thinks that it contributes to a self fufilling prophecy where students in lower tracks believe they lack intelligence and withdraw efforts . Tracks are racialized because higher level classes like honors and ap often go to white students while standard often goes to minorities. People think the sorting process is linked to whiteness.

How are universities still segregated despite being diverse?

Even though universities are one of the most diverse places, we still hang out between race and class segregated lives. For instance, whites are most isolated among themselves. Asian and black students tend to be segregated.

What are some stereotypical portrayals of arabs in films, and how is this different in tv?

Film: Stereotypes include villains, sheikhs (an arab leader), Egyptians, Palestinians, and maidens. Arab women are often eroticized, or demonized as terrorists. in TV: portrayed as extremely wealthy, as barbaric and uncultured, as sex maniacs, and terrorists --> especially since 9/11

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Formed in 1909, was formed to fight for civil rights under Jim Crow, but its historical influence shifts from fighting for antilynching legislation to challenging school segregation in civil rights movement

Why is school important for identity development?

From when children enter school, spend most of their time in school environments interacting w peers and adults. Observe and respond to teachers' expectations. Influences students attitude about education and contribute to identity development. --> but if school is formed through dominant ideology group, this contributes/inhibits school success.

What happened with #oscarssowhite

Historically, actors of color rarely get acclaim in the form of oscars nominations and awards. White actors won 94.5% of "big five" awards before 2015, even in 2015 with all the brilliant actors of color performances. Protests extended into 2016.

What happened w the occupation of BIA?

In 1972, Trail of Broken Treaties - hundreds of indians from across the country - headed to the Bureau of Inidian Affairs building in DC and occupied the offices for over a week. Presented gov w a program for improving lives of indians. Received national news coverage and attention

What was Native Americans' history with education? How did they challenge in between? (boarding school movement, resocialization,

In America's earliest days, tribes maintained responsibility for educating their youth, white missionaries established schools for indians. But by late 1800s most NAs were relocated to reservations. Marked beginning of boaridng school movement, where thousands of Indian children were taken from parents and sent to boarding schools. --> because they were seen as uncivilized, and were trying to civilize them and destroy tribal cultures. Either brought against their will or threatened parents to take them. In boarding schools were subjected to militaristic way of life, taught them to be housekeepers/ trade/ agri, also subordinate roles. Couldn't go back to reservations cuz skills weren't needed. Concepts used: -> Resocialization, process of which people's environment is controlled to get them to adbandon their current identity and accept a new one. This was even more effective in total institutions, where every aspect of the inhabitants' lives are controlled. Like prisons, military, asylums etc. How did they resist? Some ran away, but they were usually found and brought back. Spoke their language between each other secretly. Indian communities demanded rights for their kids, and the schools eventually shut down in the 1900s.

What was asian american's history w education? (+ oriental school) How did they challenge in between?

In mid 1800s, around 45 thousand chinese immigrants migrated to the US. Mostly in the west, they were denied access to public education because the schools only admitted white kids. So Chinese American community leaders fought back, but school board denied kids access to the local white school, and said they could join the segregated black school. After being sued the school board decided to create an "Oriental School" for chinese kids in 1885. In early 1900s, Japanese and Korean kids were also relegated to oriental schools in San Francisco, but after Japanese families claimed that this segregation violated treaties, the plaintiff appealed to the Japanese government. Ended up agreeing that Japanese kids could go to mainstream schools provided no more japanese immigrated over. But Chinese and Korean students remained segregated and also there was existing anti asian sentiment.

what is black power and why was it formed?

In mid 1960s, existed violent opposition to demands for civil rights, gov failures to protect advocates/laws. --> new militancy emerged known as Black Power movement, argued that blacks should use self defense when confronted. Advocates like the Black Panther party policed black urban communities that faced police brutality, and provided social programs in low income communities. But had a heavy emphasis on self defense and carrying weapons --> drew tremendous opposition from gov

Gregg v Georgia 1976 in response to furman vs georgia

In response to furman vs georgia states began to establish guidelines to limit arbitrariness of the execution's use. In 1976 Gregg vs georgia ruled that as long as juries were provided w specifics as to when death penalty was acceptable and allowed for certain circumstances that mitigated it, would be less room for discrimination. .

How have differences in educational outcomes between races change?

In the 1970s and 1980s, federal funding to low income directed school helped increase high school graduation rates for AAs and latinos dramatically, but it was still lower than whites. More AAs/ latinos attending college but not proportional to whites. But both races college attendance soaring. --> but this is mainly due to gender with AA Latinas who help increase it. In 1990s, lack of federal commitment made these statistics stagnate or reverse, where less investment in minority education worsens their educational performance. Still graduation rate gap even though college attendance is still increasing.

McClesky vs Kemp 1987.

In this case, a black man was convicted by a Georgia court of killing a white officer and given the death penalty. He challenged that it was racially biased, and his case was supported by research in 2000 murder cases, and found that the race of the victim exhibited a strong effect on prosecutor's decision to seek the death penalty and jury's decision to impose the death penalty. Those who killed whites 4x more likely to be sentenced than killing blacks. By a one vote margin, supreme court rejected McCleskey's claim, stating he had to prove the prosecutor or jury in particular made their decision based on racial claims, which is usually impossible evidence.

What were the educational demands of Asian American activists?

Insisted on establishment of Asian American studies in universities, expressed concern over underenrollment of Asian Americans compared to European Americans in universities. Protested w demands to establish ethnic studies and hire faculty of color. Fought for bilingual/bicultural education.

Why was there american indian activism?

Inspired by same conditions that spawned civil rights movement, 1961 -1978 witnessed resurgence of Red Power movement related to indian experience. Was consequence of govs 1950 termination policy to cut gov support of tribes, encouraging them to assimilate into cities. But in urban areas also faced challenges like poverty, police brutality, UE. --> red power began in 1961 as a youth movement

How is talk of link between criminality and immigrants pushing congress agendas?

Its often evidence that we should close our borders, like what Donald Trump has always proposed. But, research has shown that first gen immigrants commit less crime than second gen immigrants/native born.

How is adultification of girls a problem in schools?

Lived in a crisis where black girls are being pushed away from schools, but because they're experiencing schools as a place for punishment and marginalization. >7x more likely than whites to be suspended, or sent to juvenile court. >Age compression, where they're seen as more adult like compared to other girls. → leading to harsher treatment, censure, victim blaming when she's harmed. >Eg little girls are being punished for clothes, hair, violence from police. Where can they just be black without reprimand?

why was 1968 marred as demise of civil rights movement?

MLK assassination, student anti vietnam war/ antiwar rioting, assassination of kennedy and other tragedies. the antiwar movement united blacks, chicanos, native americans and asian americans. Even though definition for civil rights movement was fading, it provided the foundation for other minority protest movements, borrowed from civil rights as inspiration and used college students.

How was "white flight" shown as resistance from whites?

Many white americans avoided sending their children to integrated schools by moving their families away from areas where minorities lived and went to school, moving to suburbs where their neighbors were mostly white and schoolchildren were mostly white.

modern criminal justice reforms

Marijuana legalization (medical, recreational) as of 30 have approved medical, 18 approved recreational. 2 states approved mushrooms - for anybody who was previously in jail, some states are expunging them/you can appeal (progressive approach) More of a public health approach to the opioid epidemic. Treated this different to the crack epidemic, which took the criminalization approach. Been a more effective approach, but many still don't have access to rehab - its too expensive. Biden administration/Labor department working to get insurance to cover rehab. Attempts to reverse mass incarceration - reverse mass incarceration act provides financial incentives to states to reduce imprisonment rates while keeping crime rates low. First step act by the trump administration - released 3100 federal prisoners for good behavior, had 1700 prisoners w crack offenses reduced. Biden administration - spent more on treatment and prevention than law enforcement.

How is "whiteness" (how rules, ideologies, norms... are all created by white people) seen in classrooms?

Most schools are white spaces, spaces seen as belonging to whites where minorities feel unwelcome. Eg, seen through swastikas and nooses hanging on minority professors' doors, Or a U of T dorm named after KKK leader. Confederate monuments Or in K-12 curriculum in texas in 2010, where the board's majority voted to downplay Cesar Chavez's role in history in favor of stressing contributions of Ronald Reagan and conservative movement. + downplaying civil rights movement.

How could user generated content generate positive views of minorities?

Most users of the new media are young and college educated, equally male and female, who might be likely to hold more egalitarian views and produce positive media representations. Like how native americans have found success in being portrayed as less stereotypical and post wwii, any minority advocacy group might find value in generating videos for UGC sites to boost a group's identity.

How is dutch history also associated w slavery, and what are some contoversies over the golden coach?

Netherlands was also involved in slavery for 200 years before its abolishment in 1863, forced labor in cotton, coffee, sugar, tobacco etc. Golden Coach was given to the royal family long after slavery, but contains images of slaves giving gifts to colonizers. Whether they should continue using it is generating controversy. Awareness of slavery is still working to be brought into public consciousness.

were women heavily involved in civil rights organizations?

No, despite everyone acknowledging racial inequality no one addressed women's secondary status in organizations like SNCC, never really figurehead or leader. However in response to more 'macho' leadership of SNCC, women founded Black Women's Liberation Committee in SNCC.

How is white privilege and mass incarceration linked?

Not only does it not really affect whites or give them personal experience w incarceration, they are socialized not to see the problem of mass incarceration because its effect on white communities has been minimal --> can believe they will never be in prison and that its only the result of criminal behavior.

Custer site story --> how it shows Educational demands of native american activism

Occupied national parks and sites like the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. Successfully demanded a more balanced portrayal of the Battle at Little Bighorn, rather than the initial "Custer Battlefield National Monument" showing Custer as a victim of Indian Massacre, and made the entire battle about Custer. + Added indian perspectives on white expansion, and indian workers at the site. --> reflects the power of the dominant class to define history and cultural representation. NAs fought for these historical sites and establishemnt of Native American studies programs.

What are some stereotypical portrayals of native americans in film/tv?

Portrayed as "stoic, noble savages" despite them being physically eradicated from the landscape at the time. The violence against Indians was also sanitized (removing of unacceptable details), in some films turned into a romantic relationship and Manifest Destiny was reinforced w Indians portrayed as burning, looting, scalping whites, thus deserving of violence. "cowboy and indian films" always showed whites as the good guy and indians as the bad guy

What are white savior films

Portrays a white messianic character who saves a lower or working class person of color, generally one who is poor, troubled, and oppressed. The white character is the hero of the story. --> problematic because it frames the person of color as unable to solve their own problems, while reflecting white paternalism.

Current factors that play into whether a prosecutor presents a death sentence

Race of the victim, race of the perpetrator, race of the jury. Found that a jury that includes 5 or more white men is 40% more likely to sentence a defendant to death than is a jury w more people of color. Found that between 1980 and 2007 when the victim is white, odds of a death sentence are about 3 times higher than when the victim is black. Evidence finds that black people who murder whites receive a disproportionately high death sentence rate.

How are minorities seen in the perception of crime - both victimization and committing crimes?

Racial minorities are much more likely to be victimized by crime than are whites, but stereotype remains of racial minorities as perpetrators of crimes and not as victims. The same is especially true for sexual minority or gender non conforming people. Eg hurricane katrina, which disproportionately affected poor new orleans citizens who were black since they couldn't afford to move. But media perception ran reports of crime and disorder, and black lawlessness - even though it was groundless.

Popular culture definition how does material culture, and non material culture fit in?

Refers to a variety of cultural creations, such as television, movies, video games, and comic books, that are created for the masses, particularly for members of the middle and working classes. material culture - physical creations like film, books, musics non material culture - values, norms, beliefs portrayed in the cultural products. (any cultural creation reflects the non material values/beliefs, but hence perpetuates them)

Conversation's we're not having w reform

Restorative justice - examining what caused the harm and what can be done to repair that harm, while holding the perpetrator accountable and having him take action Realistic reentry programs - making sure felons are able to find some jobs, go to school (can't get a pell grant), educate in prison? Education is the one thing that reduces recidivism

School identities and street identities definition (Flores Gonzales) How does these developed identities affect success or failure in school?

School identities - learning student role expectations early, performing the role well, and developing meaningful relationships with peers and teachers. --> contribute to perceptions of themselves as "stayers" or ppl who don't drop out. Street identities - lack of success in elementary school and subsequent humiliation, or lack of meaningful relationships with peers and teachers, lead to a disengagement from school in elementary years --> possibly contributes to dropping out

How did mass education emerge in the US?

Schools were seen as a device: where democracy required a relatively educated populace, a more literate workforce was needed for shift into industry from agri, and americanized the flow of new immigrants into the country. Also increased crime in urban areas could be addressed through education in 1865 when civil war ended, fed government became involved in public education and required former confederate states to establish free schools for black and white kids. Soon all states established edu systems and made school mandatory. --> however, quality of education was not the same as minorities

How is the alamo site in texas misrepresented in public history?

Seen as a site where anglo texans fought against brown skin Mexicans to defend the Alamo --> the site glorifies Anglo soliders and ignores mexicans who died inside the Alamo. Also, the whites weren't fighting for Texas's independence, but rights as citizens. Also, the portrayal as a race war is inaccurate, since there were also free blacks, slaves, Tejanos, Indians on the battlefield.

Social movements (umbrella term) Grassroots movement definition reform movements definition Let wing movements definition

Social movements - organized activism intended to be engaged in over a long period of time, with the objective of changing society in some way through collective action. grassroots = movements that are inspired and organised by the masses, by everyday people who are tired of injustices (like racism and discrimination) reform = movements with goals to make changes within the existing system instead of attempting to overthrow the system Left wing social movements = movements that attempt to increase freedom and equality for submerged groups

Social reproduction theory meaning --> social and cultural capital definition (Bordieu made these)

Social reproduction theory: the study of the myriad ways that societies reproduce their status hierarchies, particularly class hierarchies. thru: Social capital refers to people's social networks: if they know others in positions of power, then they can more easily use those relationships to advance in life. --> like parental information networks that help gain access to better educational opportunities Cultural capital: refers to things such as social skills, linguistic styles, habits, tastes that show credentials, connections, and knowledge. Eg w quality of accent or clothing, sending signals to others about your cultural worth. --> black parents have a long history of not trusting teachers, while whites do and speak to them as equals. Teachers assume all parents trust them

How was tokenism shown as resistance from whites?

Sometimes only three or four black students were admitted into white schools, as minimal compliance with the law after Brown.

How did whites react to the civil rights movement? Southern view/confusion how did white women help preserve jim crow?

Southern: while most white southerners opposed civil rights movement, sometimes proximity could shift opinion to favour the protestors (though it was risky to voice these views). However, whites were confused because they always thought black were content with their situation, since there wasn't much conflict before 1950s. Blacks saw it as long overdue equality, whites saw it as sudden discontentment. Whites saw black freedom as taking away their own, such as laws deciding who they would have to sit next to, no more deference. White women's activism was also prominent, maintained jim crow to be a "good white woman". Policed identity of neighbors, demanded schools sensor textbooks and movies that challenged segregation, influenced voter registration at polls.

How did the asian american movement start?

Started in the late 1960s/early 1970s, as the vietnam war triggered a growing antiwar movement. Many asian americans involved and believed the war was racist. Military used "gook" to describe vietnamese and this extended to asians. Asians split off from the white-dominated antiwar movement to start their own orgs.

Montgomery bus boycott what happened?

Started when rosa parks refused to giver her seat up despite the law. When she was arrested, black citizens in Montgomery Alabama boycotted public buses. Hard on black people as they faced retaliation and had to walk. But almost 100% participation. Led by mlk, but was a grassroots movement. Whites founded White Citizens Councils to fight desegregation, fired black ppl or even bombed houses. But eventually case was ruled by Supreme Court to be unconstitutional.

Controlling images (collins) definition

Stereotypical images in culture that work to make racism, sexism, and poverty appear normal and natural. (eg the mammy, uncle tom)

Street crime and white collar crime definitions How is this racialized, in enforcement too

Street crime = such as homicide, robbery, auto theft, rape, aggravated assault. On the streets Whie collar crime = embezzlement, tax evasion, forgery... crimes in white collar scenes or corporations. Black/latino more likely to commit street crimes, while whites are more likely to commit white collar since minorities are underrepresented in corporate america in the first place. But street crimes lead to greater number of incarcerations since police force is more directed towards that.

How is affirmative action challenged currently? What are milennials opinions?

Students for Fair Admissions in 2018 challenged affirmative action saying that asians are in fact disadvantaged. Critics have said that this is exploiting asians for their needs, while whites have historically viewed Affirmitive Action as reverse racism. But millennials of all races think that it doesn't affect white people getting into uni.

Sit-ins what was it?

Students, in places like Fisk and Vanderbilt, would sit down at a lunch counter and request service. However, they were obviously met with rejection. This was nonviolent, so they also accepted beatings