Social Deviance Final

The Ford Pinto's design was flawed to the extent that even a slow rear-end collision would cause the fuel tank to rupture a)true b)false

a)true

Murders among the middle and upper classes are more likely to include: a)alcohol b)pre-meditation c)lack of personal gain d)cocaine

b)pre-meditation

The strength of a society's reaction to political offenses by groups and individuals against government depends on: a)the amount of government repression b)public acceptance of the government's authority c)public fear of government reprisal d)the political affiliation of the offender

b)public acceptance of the government's authority

RICO was a federal organized crime control act that was designed to end the practice of: a)medicare fraud b)racketeering c)illegal gambling d)illicit sex

b)racketeering

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act is a type of ___________________ law a)criminal b)regulatory c)common d)customary

b)regulatory

The use of computers, fax machines, cell phones, electronic surveillance, and new accounting technologies for committing corporate crime is termed a)cybercrime b)technocrime c)futurecrime d)electrocrime

b)technocrime

Organized crime could not flourish without active support from those in legitimate positions of power a)true b)false

a)true

Sociologists can apply no universal standard for judging cases of child abuse and neglect a)true b)false

a)true

The US imprisons more of its citizens than any other country in the world a)true b)false

a)true

The cost of pirated and counterfeit goods has been estimated at $250 billion dollars a year for US manufacturers a)true b)false

a)true

profits from illegal organized crime syndicate activities are sometimes used to fund legitimate business a)true b)false

a)true

About 20% of all people arrest for felonies eventually end up in prison a)true b)false

b)false

Fraud has never been detected in the safety testing of drugs a)true b)false

b)false

Vandalism is committed almost exclusively by young adults ages 19-23 a)true b)false

b)false

White-collar crime refers to offenses committed by white-collar workers when they are off from work a)true b)false

b)false

White-collar criminals are very similar to conventional criminals in terms of self-concept a)true b)false

b)false

rates of intimate partner violence have increased over the past two decades a)true b)false

b)false

Which of the following best describes the current societal reaction to conventional offenders? a)reduced sentences and restorative justice b)increase punishment c)community-corrections programs and clean needle programs d)none of the above

b)increase punishment

Which company received the largest fine from the US Justice Department in US history a)Toyota b)General Motors c)Haliburton d)Enron

a)Toyota

the word 'homicide' means to kill someone illegally a)True b)False

b)False

Boot camps are a type of shock incarceration a)true b)false

a)true

OSHA is a federal agency responsible for maintaining safe working conditions a)true b)false

a)true

Occasional offenders do not conceive of themselves as criminals a)true b)false

a)true

Auto theft involves which of the following? a) Stealing a car with the intent of keeping it or its' parts b)joyriding c)stealing an automobile d)supports the commission of another crime

a) Stealing a car with the intent of keeping it or its' parts

A late 1960's study in the Philadelphia correctional system found that almost ____ percent of male inmates that had passed through the system had been raped a)4 b)10 c)38 d)54

a)4

________ refers to the use of deception to acquire unlawful gain a)Fraud b)Embezzlement c)Forgery d)Snarking

a)Fraud

Which car was found by Ralph Nader to be unsafe because of the high risk of tire separation from the wheel? a)General Motor's Corvair b)The Ford Pinto c)The Toyota Camry d)The Volkswagen Squareback

a)General Motor's Corvair

Which of the following is NOT a condition Cressey mentioned where trusted people embezzle funds from the company they work for? a)They were able to get help from other employees and share the money with them b)They faced an unshareable financial problem c)They recognized the chance to solve a financial problem by violating their position their position of financial trust d)They developed suitable rationalizations for embezzling to resolve their self-conceptions as trusted people

a)They were able to get help from other employees and share the money with them

The development of a criminal self-concept can often lead to: a)a fatalistic attitude about crime and a cycle of defeatism b)higher self-esteem and successful crimes become more common c)higher levels of self-efficacy coupled with lower levels of self-esteem d)positive attitudes about crime and a steady reduction of depressive symptoms

a)a fatalistic attitude about crime and a cycle of defeatism

Oliver (1994) noted that men who had committed assaults reported that most of the assaultative episodes resulted form a series of precipitating conditions known as: a)autonomy transgressions b)cumulative transgressions c)independent transgressions d)specific transgressions

a)autonomy transgressions

_______________ is a term that describes business merchandise losses from illegal activities as well as honest, unintentional mistakes a)inventory shrinkage b)red losses c)shoplifting d)discounted profit

a)inventory shrinkage

_______ offenders tend to terminate their law-breaking behavior after apprehension a)occasional b)conventional c)professional d)meta-professional

a)occasional

According to the Stanford Rape Education Project: a)one in three female students has been raped b)nearly half of all female students have been raped c)around 40% of male students have been raped d) college students are rarely if ever raped

a)one in three female students has been raped

Criminologists have suggested using___________ as a tool to get corporations to change their behavior a)publicity b)legislation c)education d)stigma

a)publicity

Of the following four sociological explanations for rape, which one did NOT receive empirical support a)rape represents an extension of legitimate violence in society b)rape varies with the degree of gender inequality c)rape results in part from depictions of women as sexual objects in pornography d)rape results from value conflicts in the larger society

a)rape represents an extension of legitimate violence in society

The industrialized country with the highest homicide rate is: a)the US b)Finland c)Sweden d)Ireland

a)the US

Which of the following is true about the enforcement of computer crime law a)the federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act created a felony offense for computer-based fraud and theft not covered by state laws b)Police, not whistle-blowers, tend to bring computer crimes to light c) Police officers have received enhanced training on detecting and solving computer crimes d)Enforcement of computer crimes is no longer sporadic

a)the federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act created a felony offense for computer-based fraud and theft not covered by state laws

Conventional offenders do not tend to specialize in their criminal offenses a)true b)false

a)true

Homicide rates in the US are highest in the South a)true b)false

a)true

If something is considered wrong only because it is prohibited by law, lawyers often refer to that type of crime as "mala prohibita" a)true b)false

a)true

Male victims of rape are less likely to report rape to the police than female victims a)true b)false

a)true

Of the four stages that lead one to be a violent offender, which one involves experiencing physical coercion to submit to authority? a)Belligerency b)Brutalization c)Violent performances d)Virulency

b)Brutalization

The term "white collar crime" was first coined by: a)Weber b)Sutherland c)Tannenbaum d)Merton

b)Sutherland

Which of the following is NOT a way that we can distinguish criminals from one another? a)commitment b)abstention c)identification d)progression

b)abstention

Political criminal offenders: a) are more likely to come from lower class backgrounds b)are more likely to come from middle class backgrounds c) view themselves as criminals d)are no different from conventional offenders

b)are more likely to come from middle class backgrounds

Compared to occasional offenders, conventional offenders: a)are less violent b)are more likely to have been gang members during adolescence c)are far less likely to be employed d)are less likely to carry weapons

b)are more likely to have been gang members during adolescence

Members of organized crime syndicates: a)Usually weren't criminals until adulthood b)became members largely because of opportunity (not all that want to join are able to do so) c) did not lead conventional criminal lives prior to becoming members d)all of the above

b)became members largely because of opportunity (not all that want to join are able to do so)

the use of thalidomide as a sleeping pill and tranquilizer: a) caused seizures in men b)caused severe birth defects in children born to women using it c)had no adverse effects on patients, but it didn't help them sleep d)caused nose bleeds in lab animals

b)caused severe birth defects in children born to women using it

Another term for conventional or street crime is: a)white-collar crime b)common-law crime c)delinquency d)petty crime

b)common-law crime

According to Widom, early experiences of child abuse: a)have no effect on the likelihood of abusing later as an adult b)constitute a risk factor in later violent behavior c)lead directly to abusing later as an adult d)guarantee future abuse of children, but not of one's spouse

b)constitute a risk factor in later violent behavior

The Equity Funding Company committed which type of corporate crime? a)crime against consumers b)crime against owners c)crime against employees d)crime against the public at large

b)crime against owners

In general, murderers: a)do not end their criminal ways just because they are arrested b)do not engage in criminal careers c)recidivate often d)think of themselves as criminals

b)do not engage in criminal careers

The ability of corporate crime to victimize stockholders, workers, customers, and an entire region is known as: a)corporate totality crime b)enronization c)worldcomicide d)none of the above

b)enronization

Which of the following is NOT a recent legal reform for rape cases a)Shield laws that prevent publication of victims' names b)many states have increased the requirements for corroboration by others of rape victims' testimony c)Many states have expanses rape limits to include any nonconsensual sexual behavior and not just any intercourse d)The number of special units in police departments dealing with rape cases has increased

b)many states have increased the requirements for corroboration by others of rape victims' testimony

Administrative courts, compared to criminal courts, often sanction behavior in order to: a)deter the offender from future violations b)to get offenders to terminate their illegal behavior c)nationalize the business d)extract the profits from a business and to set an example for othercompanies

b)to get offenders to terminate their illegal behavior

Personal violence in urban areas is highest among young age groups and males. In the US, what age group shows much higher homicide rates than any other group? a)12-14 b)15-17 c)18-24 d)all of the above

c)18-24

_____________ said that rape was the ultimate physical threat to women a)Smith b)Phillips c)Brownmiller d)Strauss

c)Brownmiller

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons mentioned in the textbook for the rising prison population? a)Laws have increasingly set determinate sentencing requirements b)Many jurisdictions have increased the severity of penalties for many crimes c)Illegal immigration increases have led to a spike in crime rates d)Legislators have imposed mandatory prison sentences for increasing numbers of crimes upon conviction

c)Illegal immigration increases have led to a spike in crime rates

Which TV evangelist declared that God would take his life if he did not raise $8 million by April 1987? a)Jimmy Swaggart b)Jim Bakker c)Oral Roberts d)Benny Hinn

c)Oral Roberts

In 1895, the federal government passed the ______________ as an attempt to prevent monopolies a)Roosevelt Business Act b)Taft-Hartley Act c)Sherman Anti-Trust Act d)Regulatory Influence Act

c)Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Control of white-collar and corporate crimes requires both criminal law and ___________________ law. a)civil b)regulatory c)administrative d)none of the above

c)administrative

More than half of murder offenders and victims: a)are strangers b)are intimate with one another (married, cohabitating, dating) c)are acquaintances (friends, neighbors, casual acquaintances) d) more than half are not in any one caegory

c)are acquaintances (friends, neighbors, casual acquaintances)

When comparing rates of child abuse internationally, we find that the US rate of abuse: a)is higher than in other countries b)is generally lower than in other countries c)are comparable to those in other countries d)international comparative studies have not been conducted

c)are comparable to those in other countries

offenses committed by firms or industries are termed: a)white-collar crimes b)industrial offenses c)corporate crimes d)business offenses

c)corporate crimes

The concept of _________ states that violence frequently results from an attempt to establish or reestablish a position of power over another person? a)race b)gang affiliation c)differential power d)alcohol

c)differential power

Usury is the practice of: a)offering loans at interest rates far above the legal limit b)setting up illegal gambling schemes c)extorting money from small businesses for "protection" d)making illegal illicit sex videos

c)extorting money from small businesses for "protection"

Which of the following activities is not usually associated with organized crime? a)racketeering b)illegal gambling c)identity theft d)reselling stolen or hijacked goods

c)identity theft

Conventional criminals tend to end their criminal careers: a)in late adolescence b)in early adulthood c)in middle age d)when they become elderly

c)in middle age

When criminals gain control through illegal threats and actions, or by investing large sums of money from illegitimate sources, this is known as: a)usury b)racketeering c)infiltration of legitimate businesses d)none of the above

c)infiltration of legitimate businesses

certain crimes are considered bad in themselves, such as rape and murder and robbery. The term lawyers like to use for "bad in themselves" is: a) mala prohibita b)doli incapax c)mala in se d)mens rea

c)mala in se

What is the usual motive of white-collar criminals? a)fame b)respect c)money d)power

c)money

Another term for white-collar crimes is: a)common-law crime b)delinquency c)occupational crime d)petty crime

c)occupational crime

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act is enforced by a)local law enforcement b)state regulatory agencies c)the Federal Trade Commission d)the Federal Bureau of Investigation

c)the Federal Trade Commission

Molestation cases involving churches appear to be related to: a)the type of religion the church espouses b)individual characteristics of clergy c)the organizational features of religious institutions d)none of the above

c)the organizational features of religious institutions

Spousal abuse includes which of the following offenses? a)marital rape b)Physical violence c)Sexual abuse d)All of the above

d)All of the above

Which of the following kinds of employees is most likely to commit employee theft? a)younger age b)never married c)dissatisfied with job d)All of the above

d)All of the above

Why are organized crime syndicates hard to control? a)Because of the very nature of organized crime b)There is strong demand for the illegal goods and services they provide c) Organized crime has become an integral part of US society d)All of the above

d)All of the above

Political offenders: a)may receive group support from others who share their views b)learn values that contribute to their crimes in the same way conventional criminals learn norms to commit certain crimes c)are sometimes referred to as 'convictional' criminals d)all of the above

d)all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a reason why rape victims may not report the crime to the police? a)Victims sometimes must deny implications that they consented by either resisting too weakly or by leading on their assailant b)rape is an emotionally upsetting and humiliating experience c)Rape victims have faced embarrassing questioning by police and prosecutors to verify details of crimes d)all of the above are reasons why rape is under reported

d)all of the above are reasons why rape is under reported

Computer crimes: a)are now easily detected and reported to authorities b)are easily detected but are rarely reported to authorities because of adverse publicity c)are not easily detected, but are often reported to authorities when detected d)are not easily detected and fewer still are reported to authorities

d)are not easily detected and fewer still are reported to authorities

Which of the following would be considered a part of the sociological conception of crime? a)behaviors that violate a specific criminal statute, such as robbery. b)violations of regulatory law created by agencies of the federal government such as the Federal Trade Commission c)Odd behavior on city streets and elevators, which may not be considered against the law of a government, but still disrupts social order d)both A and B

d)both A and B

_________ crimes are usually committed by employees on behalf of the company for which they work a)blue-collar b)white-collar c)labor d)corporate

d)corporate

if a corporation pollutes the air, what kind of corporate crime is being committed? a)crimes against consumers b)crimes against owners c)crimes against employees d)crimes against the community at large

d)crimes against the community at large

Professional criminals a)avoid membership in criminal associations b)avoid contact with other criminals c)commit their crimes alone d)enjoy high status in the world of crime

d)enjoy high status in the world of crime

A ________ criminal is one who displays no identification or commitments and does not have a criminal self concept? a)career criminal b)semi-professional criminal c)professional criminal d)non-career criminal

d)non-career criminal

White-collar criminals are similar to conventional criminals in terms of: a)level of sophistication b)self-concept c)the planning of the crime d)none of the above

d)none of the above

A national incidence survey found that in _____ of the violent homes both men and women committed offenses. a)two-thirds b)one-fourth c)one-third d)one-half

d)one-half

Crimes by government have received: a)weaker social reaction and weaker negative sanctions over time b)stronger social reaction but weaker negative sanctions over time c)weaker social reaction but increasingly powerful negative sanctions over time d)stronger social reaction and increasingly powerful negative sanctions over time

d)stronger social reaction and increasingly powerful negative sanctions over time

_____ of all check forgeries are committed by offenders with no previous pattern in such behavior. a)one-tenth b)one-fourth c)one-half d)three-fourths

d)three-fourths

Occasional offenders: a)often make a living from crime b)play a criminal role c)often commit crimes as part of a group or gang d)usually only act when a situation creates favorable conditions

d)usually only act when a situation creates favorable conditions