Social Psy
A man always says he has no problem with individuals who are homosexual, but when his son's gay friend comes over for dinner, the man finds some reason to be somewhere else without realizing what he's doing. The man is exhibiting: a. implicit formation b. explicit formation c. implicit prejudice d. explicit prejudice
C
Adair is only in a good mood in the afternoons if he has the chance to work out over his lunch hour. In this example, Adair's behavior has: a. low consistency b. low distinctiveness c. high distinctiveness d. high consensus
C
Diana is trying to determine whether her two-year old son reacts fearfully whenever any dog is barking. Which type of information is Diana using? a. consistency b. reliability c. distinctiveness d. consensus
C
Ethnocentrism is the belief that A) Ethnic foods are all good B) Human diversity is a positive force C) One's own culture is superior to others D) Other people are all pretty much alike in their opinions E) Cultural pluralism is a destructive goal that fosters conflict
C
According to the elaboration likelihood model persuasion through which route tends to lead to attitude change that is more stable and longer lasting? a. peripheral b. classical c. central d. operant
C (central = effortful thinking last longer!)
The central route to persuasion operates in those situations in which people: a. are unable to process an incoming message systematically b. are unmotivated to process an incoming message systematically c. are motivated to process an incoming communication with care and attention d. have not yet developed an attitude toward the topic
C (central = effortful thinking)
Negative attitudes about a group that are not consciously recognized are known as: a. implicit discrimination b. explicit discrimination c. implicit prejudice d. explicit prejudice
C (prejudice is an attitude/implicit=internal)
Barry is sometimes very agreeable in meetings, but other times he refuses to go along with anything that is suggested. In this example, Barry's behavior has: a. low distinctiveness b. high consensus c. low consistency d. low consensus
C - He is not consistent in meetings (Same Person Same Stimulus)
A woman openly says he dislikes people who are homosexual, so when her son's gay friend comes over to play video games she always goes somewhere else. The woman is exhibiting: a. implicit formation b. explicit formation c. implicit prejudice d. explicit prejudice
D
According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, attitudes are changed because: A) We are rewarded by society when our beliefs coincide with the majority. B) Logical arguments compel us to alter our attitudes. C) Emotionally persuasive arguments motivate us to change our thought process. D) A state of tension motivates us to change our cognitive inconsistencies by making our beliefs more consistent. E) When our beliefs and behaviors are too similar it causes an unpleasant psychological state of tension.
D
Blair listens as Harold tells him about his high grade in philosophy. Blair decides that Harold must be very bright if he scores at the top of the class on his philosophy exams. Blair's attribution for the cause of Harold's high grade is consistent with: a. a self-serving bias b. a self-fulfilling prophecy c. information integration theory d. the fundamental attribution error
D
Darla's first impression of her blind date will be most strongly influenced by his: a. name b. apparent intelligence c. first words d. physical appearance
D
One type of information that individuals assess when making attributions is consistency. This means that individuals try to determine: a. how a particular person reacts toward a variety of objects or events b. how different people react toward a given object or event c. how different people react toward a variety of objects or events d. how a particular person reacts toward a given object or event at different times
D (Consistancy is the SAME person and the SAME object)
Which theory of attitude change proposes two routes to persuasion, a peripheral and a central route? a. classical conditioning theory b. the operant conditioning model c. cognitive dissonance theory d. the elaboration likelihood model
D (we elaborate either by effortful thinking/central thinking or lazy/pheripheral thinking)
Who is most likely to be involved with indirect aggression? Boys or girls.
GIRLS
When it comes to aggession, who men or women, are more likely than women to engage in aggression that produced physical pain/injury?
MEN
Who is more likely to help when there is an element of danger or an audience?
MEN
A(n) ____________ attribution is one which locates the cause of some behaviour as being within the perceiver, i.e., due to personality, mood, attributes, or abilities. a. external b. situational c. internal d. outward
c
According to Kelley's Covariation Theory what 3 principles are used when making attributions
consensus consistency distinctiveness
If a person openly expresses a dislike of another person simply because of that person's group membership, that person's prejudice is: a. explicit b. rational c. implicit d. irrational
A
Some of the people in Jacqueline's aerobics class are in a better mood after their half-hour workout, but others are short tempered and irritable after class. In this example, there is: a. low consensus b. low consistency c. high distinctiveness d. low distinctiveness
A - you are dealing with more than one person and one stimulus - they do not all agree (low)
You watch as Emma stumbles and drops her books in the hall. If you commit the fundamental attribution error when assessing Emma, how would you explain her behavior? A. She must have tripped over something. B. She is a clumsy person. C. She couldn't help it; there were too many books to carry. D. She was trying to get out of someone else's way.
B
. In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates A. conformity. B. obedience. C. reactance. D. altruism.
A
8. A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another. A. stereotype B. hypothesis C. proposition D. classification
A
According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions? A. internal/external causes B. known/unknown causes C. regular/irregular causes D. consistent/inconsistent causes
A
In the covariation model of attribution, which type of information is being used when a person tries to determine whether a change occurs regularly when the causal event is present? a. consistency b. reliability c. distinctiveness d. consensus
A
Stereotypes consist of: a. beliefs about the personal traits and behaviors of individuals who belong to specific groups b. expectations about the actions of others that can induce individuals to act in atypical ways c. inferences about the causes of behavior in other people d. behaviors that prevent other people from having equal access to social opportunities
A
The inference processes people use to assign causes and effects to behavior are called: a. attributions b. formations c. attitudes d. facilitations
A
When behavior is high in consistency, but low in distinctiveness or consensus, people tend to: a. make internal attributions b. make external attributions c. make the fundamental attribution error d. show the self-serving bias
A
When people first meet individuals who are physically attractive, they usually assume that compared to someone with average looks, the attractive individual is: a. more intelligent, better adjusted, and more socially aware b. less intelligent but higher in self-monitoring c. more intelligent, but more likely to have personal problems d. lower in self-monitoring and more popular
A
Which of the following statements best defines conformity? A. a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard B. behavior that resists the explicit demands of an individual in authority C. the ability of a person to overcome a social influence D. unselfish interest in helping another person
A
You are watching golf and see Tiger Woods scowl. You would be making the fundamental attribution error if you assumed that A. he has an angry and volatile personality. B. he just missed a putt. C. he was thrown off by the flash of a camera. D. he was in a tough situation.
A
You come to a conclusion that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the A. fundamental attribution error. B. universality mistake. C. self-serving bias. D. availability heuristic.
A
A comedian walks on stage, looks very serious, and starts to destroy large melons with a sledgehammer. At first, no one in the audience is sure what to do, and the entire auditorium is quiet. After a few minutes, however, several people at the back of the room start to laugh. Other people soon join in, and soon the entire audience is laughing loudly as the comedian continues to destroy various types of fruit. This is an example of: a. conformity b. obedience c. cognitive dissonance d. social interference
A (CONFORMITY - A yielding to perceived group pressure)
The head of marketing often claimed, "Say it often enough, and people will start to believe it." This suggests she believes attitudes are influenced by: a. mere exposure b. classical conditioning c. instrumental conditioning d. deindividuation
A (MERE - you are exposed to it alot and come to like it - Think of grandma and granpa MERE)
Aubrey has an unfavorable attitude toward smoking because he has seen a number of advertisements where his favorite athlete has spoken out against smoking. In this case, Aubrey's attitude appears to have developed as a result of: a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. cognitive dissonance d. observational learning
A (a neutral stimulus - smoking- is paired with a role model using negative terms)
When an individual listens carefully to the arguments presented in a persuasive message, and evaluates the merits of the arguments that are presented, the message is being processed using the: a. central route to persuasion b. peripheral route to persuasion c. internal attribution method d. external attribution method
A (central = effortful thinking)
In trying to understand why some ethnic neighborhoods are dominated by poverty, people often infer that the residents are lazy and unmotivated. This type of inference illustrates: a. the fundamental attribution error b. a stable global attribution c.inverse discrimination d. a stable external attribution
A (fundamental attribution erroe - tendency to make INTERNAL attributions rather than external attribution in explaining the behavior of others).
Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she is selfish and unhappy, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make a commitment right now. Jack is making a(n) _____ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) _____. A. internal attribution/external attribution B. external attribution/internal attribution C. downward social comparison/upward social comparison D. upward social comparison/downward social comparison
A (internal attributions are things like personality traits and external attributions are external to the person like unluckiness)
If Anne makes the fundamental attribution error, she will explain her favorite politician's loss in the election by saying: a. "He just didn't have the campaign skills necessary to get his ideas across." b. "His opponent ran a dirty campaign that turned the voters away from the real issues." c. "He didn't have big money behind him, so he couldn't buy the advertising time he needed to win." d. "The voters were determined to get rid of all the incumbents, no matter how good they were."
A (its INTERNAL to the person, not something external)
One type of information that individuals assess when making attributions is consistency. This means that individuals try to determine: a. how a particular person reacts toward a variety of objects or events b. how different people react toward a given object or event c. how different people react toward a variety of objects or events d. how a particular person reacts toward a given object or event at different times
A (one person and one stimulus)
The two routes to persuasion proposed by the elaboration likelihood model are the: a. peripheral and central routes b. classical and operant routes c. neurobiological and cognitive routes d. unconscious and conscious routes
A (peripheral = lazy thinking & central = effortful thinking)
When an individual pays very little attention to the content of a persuasive message and focuses instead on superficial aspects of the message, the message is being processed using the: a. peripheral route to persuasion b. central route to persuasion c. internal attribution method d. external attribution method
A (perpheral = lazy thinking)
You're working for a political candidate and it's close to election time so you're not too concerned about creating a stable, long-lasting impression of the candidate. Instead, you design a series of ads to be shown frequently in the last days prior to the election in which the candidate appears with a number of well-liked celebrities. According to the elaboration likelihood model, you are trying to persuade voters through the: a. peripheral route b. neural route c. central route d. operant route
A (perpheral = lazy/can be persuaded by famous people or looks!)
According to the elaboration likelihood model persuasion through which route tends to lead to attitude change that is less stable and briefer? a. peripheral b. classical c. central d. operant
A (pheripheral = lazy thinking (does not last)
Don is trying to determine whether his two-year old son reacts fearfully every time the neighbor's dog barks. Which type of information is Don using? a. consistency b. reliability c. distinctiveness d. consensus
A - (this is ONE dog we are dealing with and we want to know if the one kid acts the same consistently)
Emil has an unfavorable attitude toward his landlord. In explaining Emil's attitude, a psychologist who took an operant conditioning perspective would consider: a. Emil's history of reinforcement and punishment in dealing with his landlord b. the landlord's personality and general attitude toward Emil c. what other tenants in the building think about the landlord d. whether Emil has gotten along with different landlords
A - Again, operant conditioning is about rewards and punishments
Who was Kitty Genovese?
A woman was attacked for 45 minutes with 38 bystanders and nobody called the police or tried to help her
An external attribution occurs when individuals attribute the cause of a person's behavior to: a. a personality trait or disposition b. a situation in the environment c. a factor that the individual cannot control d. a factor that the individual can control
B
Sheila believes that all news reporters are cynical, doubting individuals who would sell their souls to obtain an exclusive story. In this case, Sheila's beliefs about the traits and behaviors of news reporters represent: a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. a stereotype c. the fundamental attribution error d. social interference
B
Which of the following is the most powerful determinant of a first impression? a. a person's overall level of intelligence b. the physical attractiveness of the person c. the sound of a person's voice d. a person's personality characteristics
B
Attributions are: a. implicit cognitions underlying prejudiced attitudes b. inference processes people use to assign causes and effects to behavior c. explicit cognitions underlying prejudiced attitudes d. inference processes people use to determine their attitudes toward objects
B (
Ebony thinks the idea her boss has proposed for increasing sales is really stupid. She listens as six of her coworkers praise the idea, and when her boss asks Ebony for her opinion, she says: "The idea is great! I wish I would have thought of it." The process that would best explain why Ebony said the plan was great, even though she thought it was stupid, is: a. obedience b.conformity c. cognitive dissonance d. social facilitation
B (CONFORMITY - A yielding to perceived group pressure)
The observation that inconsistent behavior produces tension is the central idea in which of the following? a. normative influence b. cognitive dissonance c. social loafing d. informational influence
B (cognitive dissonance = the tension that occurs when your actions don't match your thinking)
Negative attitudes about a group that are consciously endorsed are known as: a. implicit discrimination b. explicit discrimination c. implicit prejudice d. explicit prejudice
B (explicit is external)
____ is reflected in a person's conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a questionnaire, whereas _____ refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level, thus they must be measured with a method that does not require awareness. A. Implicit prejudice/explicit prejudice B. Explicit prejudice/implicit prejudice C. Sexual harassment/ethnocentrism D. Ethnocentrism/sexual harassment
B (explicit is external-implicit is kept internal)
The football player, who was playing injured, dropped the ball on a key play. The coach told the player he dropped the ball because he "didn't have the heart of a winner." The coach's behavior illustrates: a. the self-serving bias b. the fundamental attribution error c. a self-fulfilling prophecy d. cognitive dissonance
B (heart is internal)
The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called A. social identity. B. ethnocentrism. C. deindividuation. D. groupthink.
B (hostility toward outgroups and increased loyality to in-group)
Implicit prejudice involves: a. positive attitudes about a group that are not consciously recognized b. negative attitudes about a group that are not consciously recognized c. positive attitudes about a group that are consciously endorsed d. negative attitudes about a group that are consciously endorsed
B (implicit = kept internal)
Which type of attribution is a person making when a person's behavior is attributed to a situation in the environment? a. internal b. external c. distinctiveness d. consensus
B (it is external because the cause is outside the person)
_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group. A. Ethnocentrism B. Prejudice C. Discrimination D. Stereotype threat
B (prejudice is an ATTITUDE whereas discrimination is an ACTION)
Prejudice involves: a. behaving negatively toward members of a group b. holding a negative attitude toward members of a group c. experiencing cognitive dissonance in interactions with someone from an out-group d. central processing of information about out-group members
B (prejudice is an attitude!)
When Jeffrey was in Iraq, the colonel who was in command of his unit told the troops to destroy all the homes in the towns they passed through. Jeffrey didn't think that this was the right thing to do, but he followed the colonel's orders. The process that best explains Jeffrey's actions in this instance is: a. informational conformity b. normative conformity c. obedience d. social facilitation
B (the colonel is an authority figure so there is obedience)
Anabel has a favorable attitude toward fishing. In explaining Anabel's attitude, a psychologist who took an operant conditioning perspective would consider: a. the number of times that Anabel has been fishing b. Anabel's history of reinforcement and punishment when she has been fishing c. how Anabel's family and friends feel about fishing d. whether Anabel enjoys other outdoor activities
B - Again, operant conditioning is about rewards and punishments
In the covariation model of attribution, which type of information provides an indication of whether a change occurs uniquely in the presence of an event? a.consistency b.reliability c.distinctiveness d.consensus
C
Kelley's covariation model suggests that three types of information are important for arriving at internal or external attributions. Which of the following is not one of the three that Kelley mentions? a. Consensus b. Consistency c. Dissonance d. Distinctiveness
C
Sherif's Robbers Cave study showed that perceptions of the out-group are affected by A. a person's level of intelligence. B. observational learning. C. competitive and cooperative activities. D. cognitive dissonance.
C
The volunteer participants in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity conformed to group pressure to select the incorrect answer approximately _____ percent of the time. A. 60 B. 10 C. 35 D. 90
C
When a behavior is high in consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus, people tend to: a. make internal attributions b. make the fundamental attribution error c. make external attributions d. show the self-serving bias
C
A classic series of experiments by Stanley Milgram demonstrated the profound effect of A. altruism. B. persuasion. C. obedience. D. attraction.
C (Milgrim Study is MEAN (Migrim=mean) shows authority- the Experiementer (authority figure) commanded participant to deliver a shock even though victims were screaming with the shock)
If you were working for a political candidate and wanted voters to form relatively stable, long-lasting positive attitudes toward the candidate, you would want to base your advertising campaign around the: a. peripheral route b. classical route c. central route d. operant route
C (central= effortful thinking/long lasting)
One type of information that individuals assess when making attributions is consensus. This means that individuals try to determine: a. how a particular person reacts toward a given object or event at different times b. how a particular person reacts toward a variety of objects or events c. how different people react toward a given object or event d. how different people react toward a variety of objects or events
C (consensus is more than one - and they are focused on one stimulus)
When people overestimate the influence of internal, personal factors and underestimate the role of external, situational factors in interpreting another person's behavior, they: a. are showing a self-serving bias b. initiate a self-fulfilling prophecy c. are making the fundamental attribution error d. experience cognitive dissonance
C (fundamental attribution erroe - tendency to make INTERNAL attributions rather than external attribution in explaining the behavior of others).
Svetlana just heard that her neighbor, Bart, was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. If Svetlana concludes that Bart's children distracted him, and this caused the accident, she has made: a. an internal attribution b. a self-serving attribution c. an external attribution d. an attributional error
C (it is external because the cause is outside the person)
John acts nervous when he talks with his psychology professor. If many other students also act nervous in that situation, the covariation model would describe the behavior as: a. low in consistency b. low in distinctiveness c. high in consensus d. high in distinctiveness
C (many people acting the same - in agreement)
He knew it might cause a fire, but Jacob used the wire the foreman told him to use. Jacob's behavior is best explained in terms of: a. social loafing b. social interference c. obedience d. normative social influence
C (the foreman is an authority figure so Jacob is OBEDIENT)
According to cognitive dissonance theory: a. there is usually an inconsistency between people's attitudes and their behavior b. people tend to seek information that disconfirms their established attitudes c. behavior that is inconsistent with existing attitudes may provoke attitude change d. large rewards create more dissonance than small rewards
C (with cognitive dissonance we want to match your attitude and actions so we may be motivated to change our attitudes)
A recent antismoking campaign showed graphic images of the internal effects of smoking. Daisy has seen a number of these advertisements, and they made her feel nauseated. Now she finds she has developed an unfavorable attitude toward smoking. In this case, Daisy's attitude appears to have developed as a result of: a.operant conditioning b.observational learning c.classical conditioning d.cognitive dissonance
C (you are pairing a neutral stimulus with bad pictures)
Ira is always in a better mood when he comes back from his exercise class. In this example, Ira's behavior has: a. high distinctiveness b. high consensus c. high consistency d. low distinctiveness
C - we are dealing with one activity/one person and he is CONSISTANTLY in a better mood each time
1. _____ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people. A. Social Darwinism B. Social analytics C. Socialism D. Social psychology
D
Ivy watches a customer with at least 50 items line up at her express checkout line. Ivy shakes her head in disbelief and decides the customer must be "clueless" to miss the sign that indicates this is an express line. Ivy's attribution for the cause of the customer's behavior is consistent with: a. a self-serving bias b. a self-fulfilling prophecy c. information integration theory d. the fundamental attribution error
D
One type of information that individuals assess when making attributions is distinctiveness. This means that individuals try to determine: a. how a particular person reacts toward a given object or event at different times b. how different people react toward a given object or event c. how different people react toward a variety of objects or events d. how a particular person reacts toward a variety of objects or events
D
Obedience occurs whenever: a. individuals show a tendency to ignore or suppress dissenting opinions b. individuals conform to gain approval, or avoid rejection, in social settings c. individuals conform to be correct or accurate in their responses d. people respond to the orders of an authority figure
D ( obience - think Hitler - people responded to him because he was in authority - even if they did not want to do what he ordered them to do)
Four friends planned on seeing their first off-Broadway musical on a recent trip to New York. Jatana dressed in casual clothes, but when her friends came to pick her up they were all dressed in black evening clothes. Jatana quickly changed her outfit before the group left for the theater. Jatana's behavior is an example of: a. obedience b. cognitive dissonance c. social interference d. conformity
D (CONFORMITY - A yielding to perceived group pressure)
Daisy listens carefully to a debate between two political candidates. She evaluates the merits of the arguments that each candidate presents, and she decides which candidate to vote for on the basis of that candidate's position on key issues. In this instance, Daisy has processed the information contained in the debate using the: a. peripheral route b. cognitive dissonance model c. self-serving route d. central route
D (central = effortful thinking)
The peripheral route to persuasion operates in those situations in which people: a. are motivated to process an incoming communication with care and attention b. have strong attitudes toward the topic c. have not yet developed an attitude toward the topic d. are unable or unmotivated to process an incoming message systematically
D (peripheral = lazy or unmotivated)
Emil listens to a debate between two political candidates. He notices that one of the candidates has mismatched socks and often stutters when answering questions. Emil decides to vote for the other, more polished candidate. In this instance, Emil has processed the information contained in the debate using the: a. cognitive dissonance model b. self-serving route c. central route d. peripheral route
D (peripheral = lazy thinking /superficial)
When Phil wrecked his motorcycle last month, you decided that he probably crashed because the streets were wet that day. Your decision is an example of: a. an internal attribution b. self-serving bias c. cognitive dissonance d. an external attribution
D (wet streets are the cause and are external to the person)
Like everyone else in his neighborhood, Devin is terrified of the Doberman that lives across the street. In this example, there is: a. high consistency b. low distinctiveness c. low consistency d. high consensus
D - everyone (more than one person=consesus) is afraid = high consensus
If being given a free mug when you buy a particular brand of coffee-maker improves your attitude about that brand, your attitude change was influenced by: a. mere exposure b. observational learning c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning
D - in operant conditioning you are being rewarded or punished for an action
Don is trying to determine whether all two-year olds react fearfully whenever a dog is barking. Which type of information is Don using? a. consistency b. reliability c. distinctiveness d. consensus
D - more than one person in agreement=consesus
Glenna is always terrified of her neighbor's dog, but she is not terrified of the dog that lives down the street from her. In this example, Glenna's behavior has: a. low consistency b. low distinctiveness c. high consensus d. high distinctiveness
D - there is one distinct dog that she is terrified of...
In the covariation model of attribution, which type of information indicates whether other people show similar reactions when they are exposed to the same event? a. consistency b. reliability c. distinctiveness d. consensus
D - you are dealing with more than one person and one stimulus
What is it called when you are trying to harm another person but you aren't face-to-face (i.e. you are gossiping, spreading rumors, telling others not to associate with the other person, revealing other's secrets)?
INDIRECT AGGRESSION (you are trying to hurt them but not to their face (it is INDIRECT) - trying to harm another person but you aren't face-to-face (i.e. gossiping, spreading rumors, telling others not to associate with the other person, revealing other's secrets).
The difference between compliance and obedience is....
In compliance you are go along with a direct request (i.e. your friend who is your equal asks to copy your homework). In obedience you are OBEYING a direct order from some authority figure.
Special note: We can change our attitudes through persausive messages. TV ads are good examples of persuasive messaging! This is a conscious process!
PERSUASION - the process of consciously attempting to change attitudes through the transmission of some message.
Ellen Langer's study demonstrated compliance with a copy machine experiment. She found that people were more willing to comply when.....
People are more willing to comply when given an a reason for making the request ("can I cut in line" verses "can I cut in line because I need to make these copies for my boss).
What is Urban overload/how does living in an urban environment impact helping?
People who live in noisy urban environments need to block things out in order to get things done. This might prevent people from noticing a situation where someone needs help.
What's it called when we have a choice in the phones or TVs that we buy - they don't have all the same features nor every single feature we want....so we settle. We then go on to focus on the positive feature of what we now have in that phone or TV so we don't experience cognitive dissonance.
Postdecision Dissonance - (this happens POST/or after we buy something) - You buy something expensive that sort of has some different features than some other products you could bought (that had some of the other features you wanted). It does not have ALL the features you want, but after you committed yourself you only think about the good stuff in the product you bought to reduce the dissonance in the other wanted features you could have had (and initially wanted) in the other products. Think of the phone choices you had...the one you settled on probably doesn't have everything you wanted, so you have some dissonance, but your focus on it's good features (ie. The fact that you won't lose the pen) to reduce your dissonance in buying a product that didn't exactly have everything you wanted.