social psych final

theory of cognitive dissonance

-combines the learning cognitive approaches to attitude formation theory based on the premise that a state of tension is created when beliefs or behaviors conflict with one another; people are motivated to reduce this inconsistency (or dissonance) and thus eliminate unpleasant tension

belief in a just world

A form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people, and that good things happen to good people

self-discrepancy theory

A theory that behavior is motivated by standards reflecting ideal and ought selves. Falling short of these standards produces specific emotions: dejection-related emotions for actual-ideal discrepancies, and agitation-related emotions for actual-ought discrepancies

correspondent inference theory

A theory that states that people pay closer attention to intentional behavior than accidental behavior when making attributions, especially if the behavior is unexpected.

Which of the following represents an interaction? A. Being complimented on one's appearance leads to an increase in self esteem when people are in a social setting but a decrease in self-esteem when in an academic setting B. Being complimented on ones appearance always leads to an increase in self esteem regardless of setting C. People tend to have higher self esteem in academic settings as opposed to social settings

A. Being complimented on one's appearance leads to an increase in self esteem when people are in a social setting but a decrease in self-esteem when in an academic setting

Which of the following is true regarding social psych and clinical psych? A. Researchers in both fields might conduct studies investigating outcomes such as anxiety or happiness B. Researchers in social psych utilizes the scientific method, whereas research in clinical psych does not C. Both fields are primarily concerned with the underlying causes of abnormal behavior

A. Researchers in both fields might conduct studies investigating outcomes such as anxiety or happiness

attitude extremity is inversely related to... A. attitude complexity B. frequency of salience C. frequency of operations D. attitude consideration

A. attitude complexity

All of the following are goals of basic research EXCEPT: A. solving practical or real-world problems B. testing psychological theories C. building a foundation of knowledge for the field D. discovering general principles of behavior

A. solving practical or real-world problems

Social psychological research is a necessary endeavor because our commonsense intuitions A. tend to be very unstable B. Often contradict each other C. are not as shared by other people as we think D. are generally accurate but are held with little confidence

B. Often contradict each other

Relative to experimental studies, the primary disadvantage of correlation studies is that A. they are more labor-intensive B. cause and effect cannot be determined with them C. the results are more difficult to understand D. the choice of variables that can be studied is limited

B. cause and effect cannot be determined with them

A researcher wanted to see if being drunk raises or lowers a persons self-esteem. In one condition, he gives participants three glasses of punch spiked with alochol and in the other he gives participants three glasses of plain punch. After participants finish their punch, he has them complete the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. In this study, self esteem is the ________ and the Rosenberg questionnaire is the _________. A. conceptual independent variable, operational independent variable B. conceptual dependent variable, operational dependent variable C. operational dependent variable, conceptual dependent variable D. operational independent variable, conceptual independent variable

B. conceptual dependent variable, operational dependent variable

people enhance their self esteem in all of the following ways except.. A. basking in reflected glory B. heightening self-awareness C. engaging in downward social comparison D. self handicapping

B. heightening self awareness

Which of the following conditions is NOT specified of attitude change as necessary for attitude change to occur? A. message recipients must attend to the message B. message recipients must elaborate the message C. message recipients must comprehend the message D. message recipients must be motivated to accept the message

B. message recipients must elaborate the message

External validity refers to the degree to which: A. there can be reasonable certainty the the independent variable in an experiment caused the observed effects on the dependent variable B. there can be reasonable confidence that the same results would be obtained for other people and in other situations C. participants were assigned to the various conditions on the basis of representative criteria

B. there can be reasonable confidence that the same results would be obtained for other people and in other situations

which of the following questions would a social psychologist be most likely to study? Soci A. crime rates different among people of higher versus lower socioeconomic status B. What risk factors contribute to the onset of schizophrenia C.Is there a link between playing violent video games and engaging in aggressive behavior? D. Do citizens in countries with democratic govs. report greater life satisfaction than citizens in countries with autocratic govs.

C. Is there a link between playing violent video games and engaging in aggressive behavior?

Social psych is all of the following EXCEPT: A. science addressing diverse array of topics B. study of how people think, feel and behave C. compilation of anecdotal observations and case studies D. approach applying the scientific method of systematic observation, description and measurement

C. a compilation of anecdotal observations and case studies

Social psychologists tend to prefer which of the following research methods above all others? A. meta-analysis B. correlational research C. experimentation D. descriptive research

C. experimentation

Astrid has developed a 12-item questionnaire to help her identify individuals who tend to be skeptical of authority figures across different situations. Astrid is most likely a ____________ psychologist A. Cognitive B. Social C. Clinical D. Personality

D. Personality psychologist

Which of the following branches of psych is most interested in "the power of the situation" A. Clinical psych B. Cognitive psych C. Personality psych D. Social psych

D. Social psych

Because communicator trustworthiness is important, people tend to be readily impressed by speakers who... A. take popular stands B. are well dressed C. talk slowly and deliberately D. argue against their own interests

D. argue against their own interests

Measuring attitudes by assessing psychological arousal tends to identify the ______ but no the _______ of attitude

Intensity;direction

chameleon effect

Natural (unconscious) tendency to imitate other peoples speech, inflections & physical movements

The primary difference between the research of Sherif and Asch is that.....

Sherif relied on an ambiguous task, whereas Asch used an unambiguous task

realistic conflict theory

The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination

social comparison theory

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

selective exposure

The process by which individuals screen out messages that do not conform to their own biases.

self-perception theory

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

social influence

The ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others

False consensus bias

When we assume everyone else agrees with what we do, even if they do not

self-persuasion

a long-lasting form of attitude change that results from attempts at self-justification

normative influence

a phenomenon that occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is appropriate

information influence

a phenomenon that occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is true

that's-not-all technique

a sales technique in which the persuader makes an offer and then adds something extra to make the offer look better before the target person can make a decision

social role theory

a theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women

evaluation apprehension theory

a theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Groups tend to outperform individuals on...

additive tasks, but not disjunctive taks

The ABC's of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. Put the three major concepts of Chapter 5 in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition. stereotyping prejudice discrimination

affect-->prejudice behavior-->discrimination cognition-->stereotyping

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.

bogus pipeline

an instrument that measures physiological reactions in order to measure the truthfulness of attitude self-reporting

Sherif asked groups of participants to estimate the distance moved by a point of light. He found that...

as the study progressed, the participants estimates began to converge with each other

the finding that moderately positive traits can dilute the impact of extremely positive traits on impressions is most consistent with the....

averaging model of impression formation

Jackie, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about sexual fetishes. She would be well advised to use a...

bogus pipeline because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects

Which of the following concerning conformity, compliance, and obedience is true?

concerning conformity, compliance, and obedience differ with respect to the degree of social influence exerted on the individual

private conformity

conform regardless of whether others are present

public conformity

conform when others are present

When _____ is low, it is difficult for the perceiver to attribute behavior to either the person or the stimulus; instead, the best that can be said is that the behavior was caused by transient circumstances.

consistency

the best means of reducing prejudice and discrimination is via...

education

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

classical conditioning

every time that Saras best friend sees a male with long hair, she smiles and acts happy. As a result sara develops a positive attitude about men with long hair

social categorization is advantageous because it....

frees up cognitive resources

consesus

general agreement among the members of a group

Learning Approach

how behavior changes as a result of rewards, punishments, and life experiences

attitude ambivalence

how conflicted one feels about an attitude

As compared to conformity, compliance occurs...

in response to a direct request

The conformity seen in Sherifs study was most likely the result of...

informational influence

the "self" is important in social psych because....

it is formed through social interaction and in turn affects our interactions with others

_______ is the most influential in the formation of our early attitudes

parents

The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that

participants in the $1 condition experience insufficient justification for lying, and therefore are more likely to exhibit attitude change

covariation principle

people infer that something is the cause of a behavior if it is present when the behavior occurs and absent when it does not occur

illusory correlation

perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

An attitude is stronger and therefore more predictive of behavior when it is...

personally relevant

indirect attitude measurement

physiological measures, bogus pipeline, implicit association test

prejudice

positive or negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a particular social category

look at 29

random assignment

According to Zajonc's Drive Theory, social facilitation...

results from the physical immediacy of others

LaPiere's study of attitudes was important in empirically demonstrating that....

self reported attitudes are not always predictive of behavior

implicit personality theory

sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are related to each other

role expectations

socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role

Ingroup homogeneity effect

some have found evidence or perceptions that ingroup members are all "alike" especially when differentiating ingroup from outgroup

social facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

basking in reflected glory

taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one's group, such as when sports fans identify with a winning team

fundemental attribution error

tendency for people to over-emphasise dispositional, or personality-based explanations for behaviours observed in others while under-emphasising situational explanations.

primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well -information obtained early is usually more important than information obtained later

priming effect

the activation of certain associations, thus predisposing your perception, memory, or response

norm of reciprocity

the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

self-awareness theory

the idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

groupthink occurs when

the need for agreement takes priority over the desire to obtain correct information

the term self concept refers to the...

the sum total of a persons beliefs concerning his or her own personal characteristics

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

actor-observer effect

the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others

outgroup homogeneity effect

the tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

social identity theory

theory in which the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison

cognitive dissonance

unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognitions