Social Psych Test 2

The most effective working groups are of relatively small size about 4 or 5 members. False True

True

The typical outcome of social influence is that: a. people's beliefs and attitudes remain stable once formed. b. people's beliefs and behaviors become more similar to those of others around them. c. people are more likely to engage in spontaneous message processing than thoughtful message processing. d. the attitudes which are formed earlier in life tend to be more stable than those formed later. e. people tend to be less motivated by internal rewards.

b. people's beliefs and behaviors become more similar to those of others around them

A churchgoer who follows the advice of a respected church leader is most likely to be influenced by _____ power. a. cognitive b. referent c. reward d. coercive e. legitimate

b. referent

Making statements or engaging in behaviors that help us create a convenient external attribution for potential failure is known as _____. a. emotional dissonance b. self-handicapping c. cognitive dissonance d. learned helplessness e. positivity offset

b. self-handicapping

Which of the following is the last stage of group development? a. Adjourning b. Storming c. Norming d. Forming e. Performing

a. Adjourning

Media coverage of a riot that started suddenly depicted how a calm gathering of people became charged after a speech and began destroying property, attacking people, and behaving recklessly. Which of the following explains the behavior displayed by them? a. Deindividuation b. Self-reference effect c. Self-complexity d. Low self-esteem e. Public consciousness

a. Deindividuation

Which of the following attitude change prevention techniques involves giving the person a chance to develop a resistance to persuasion by reminding them that they might someday receive a persuasive message, and allowing them to practice how they will respond to influence attempt? a. Forewarning b. Cold canvassing c. Inoculation d. Foot-in-the-door e. Bait-and-switch

a. Forewarning

Which of the following techniques of attitude change involves building up defenses against persuasion by mildly attacking the attitude position? a. Inoculation b. Door-in-the-face c. Social impact d. Forewarning e. Bait-and-switch

a. Inoculation

_____ power occurs when one person is able to influence others by providing them with positive outcomes. a. Reward b. Referent c. Expert d. Coercive e. Legitimate

a. Reward

Which of the following is a common self report measure of self-esteem? a. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale b. Social Desirability Scale c. Implicit Self-Esteem Scale d. Social Dominance Scale e. Implicit Association Test

a. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

Which of the following is determined not only by people's own achievements and accomplishments but also by how they think others are judging them? a. Self-esteem b. Self-promotion c. Self-monitoring d. Self-complexity e. Self-presentation

a. Self-esteem

Which of the following is known as leniency bias? a. The tendency for juries to vote acquittal more often than they vote guilt, all other factors being equal. b. The tendency to express undue liking for things merely because of familiarity with them. c. The tendency to view two options as more dissimilar when evaluating them simultaneously than when evaluating them separately. d. The tendency for people to have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs. e. The common human tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decisions.

a. The tendency for juries to vote acquittal more often than they vote guilt, all other factors being equal

Which of the following statements is true of individuals high on public self-consciousness? a. They evaluate themselves in terms of external standards. b. They are not likely to take the opinions of others seriously. c. They tend to introspect about their inner thoughts and feelings. d. They are more commonly seen in individualistic cultures. e. They are highly self-motivated and prefer to work in areas of their choice.

a. They evaluate themselves in terms of external standards

Which of the following terms refers to a group process loss that occurs when people do not work as hard in a group as they do when they are alone? a. Group polarization b. Desensitization c. Social loafing d. Cognitive dissonance e. Groupthink

c. Social loafing

Which of the following message processing techniques are people most likely to engage in when they care about a topic, find it relevant, and have plenty of time to spend thinking about the communication? a. Cognitive b. Affective c. Thoughtful d. Behavioral e. Spontaneous

c. Thoughtful

When individuals are placed in a dark room that contains only a single small stationary pinpoint of light, the eye movements make the point of light appear to move. This phenomenon is known as the _____ effect. a. autokinetic b. attribution c. framing d. Dunning-Kruger e. observer-expectancy

a. autokinetic

People who have strong attitudes toward an attitude object are also likely to: a. have strong intentions to act on their attitudes. b. be high self-monitors. c. change their attitudes quickly. d. form new attitudes toward other attitude objects quickly. e. influence attitudes of others.

a. have strong intentions to act on their attitudes

The individual difference variable of _____ relates to the ability and desire to self-present. a. self-complexity b. self-concept c. self-consciousness d. self-enhancement e. self-monitoring

e. self-monitoring

A task that has to be done all at once and cannot be divided up is known as a(n) _____ task. a. conjunctive b. criterion c. additive d. intellective e. unitary

e. unitary

When faced by a stressful situation, individuals seek out anybody's company to seek comfort. False True

False

People with high self-complexity are better protected against negative emotions and life events. True False

True

A judgmental task is a task in which the group can see that there is a clearly correct answer to the problem that is being posed. True False

False

Internal validity refers to the extent to which relationships can be expected to hold up when they are tested again in different ways and for different people. True False

False

Low self-esteem creates narcissism which can lead to unfriendly, rude, and ultimately dysfunctional behaviors. True False

False

Low self-monitors are those who tend to attempt to blend into the social situation in order to be liked. False True

False

People with higher self-esteem are more likely to conform to group norms in comparison to those with lower self-esteem. True False

False

Referent power is power that is based on the ability to create negative outcomes for others, for instance by bullying, intimidating, or otherwise punishing. True False

False

Self-presentation approaches used by people vary across cultures but not across genders. False True

False

The feeling of regret that may occur after we make an important decision is known as affective dissonance. False True

False

The increase in the amount of conformity that is produced by adding new members to the majority group is lower for initial majority members than it is for later members. False True

False

Transactional leaders are more like charismatic leaders—they have a vision of where the group is going, and attempt to stimulate and inspire their workers to move beyond their present status and to create a new and better future. False True

False

Some of our attitudes are inherited, at least in part, via genetic transmission from our parents. True False

True

Although giving rewards may in many cases lead us to perform an activity more frequently or with more effort, reward may not always increase our liking for the activity. True False

True

An intellective task is a task in which the goal of the group is to make a decision or a judgment. True False

True

As the number of people in the majority increases, relative to the number of persons in the minority, pressure on the minority to conform also increases. False True

True

Groups have more entitativity when the group members have frequent interaction and communication with each other. True False

True

Information related to the self-schema is better remembered than information that is unrelated to it. True False

True

The strong emotional response that we experience when we feel that our freedom of choice is being taken away on a dimension in which we expect that we should have choice is known as _____. a. psychological reactance b. self-concordance c. emotional labor d. cognitive dissonance e. emotional contagion

a. psychological reactance

Attitude change that occurs over time when the content of a message is remembered, but the source of the message is forgotten, is known as the _____. a. sleeper effect b. bandwagon effect c. sourcing effect d. framing effect e. omission effect

a. sleeper effect

Joan says that she frequently eats chocolate ice cream. Which of the following components of attitude does this statement reflect? a. Cognitive b. Behavioral c. Stereotypical d. Affective e. Biased

b. Behavioral

When the social situation actually causes our behavior, but we do not realize that the social situation was the cause, we call the phenomenon _____. a. self perception b. insufficient justification c. postdecisional dissonance d. self-concordance e. positivity offset

b. insufficient justification

_____ power is power vested in those who are appointed or elected to positions of authority, and their power is successful because members of the group accept it as appropriate. a. Reward b. Legitimate c. Coercive d. Referent e. Expert

b. Legitimate

The discomfort that occurs when we behave in ways that we see as inappropriate, such as when we fail to live up to our own expectations, is called _____. a. adverse impact b. cognitive dissonance c. self-concordance d. positivity offset e. emotional labor

b. cognitive dissonance

A(n) _____ task is a task in which the group input is combined such that the performance of the individuals is averaged, rather than added. a. conjunctive b. compensatory c. criterion d. disjunctive e. unitary

b. compensatory

A doctor evaluating himself favorably in comparison to a nurse who works in his ward is an example of _____. a. self-presentation b. downward social comparison c. basking in reflected glory d. public consciousness e. self-reference effect

b. downward social comparison

The goal of creating and maintaining positive self-esteem, an affective goal, must be tempered by the cognitive goal of: a. presenting ourselves positively to others. b. having an accurate self-view. c. using the right self-preservation strategies. d. learning by relating to self. e. developing multiple social identities.

b. having an accurate self-view

_____ leaders are leaders who are enthusiastic, committed, and self-confident, who tend to talk about the importance of group goals at a broad level, and who make personal sacrifices for the group. a. Transactional b. Bureaucratic c. Charismatic d. Task-oriented e. Situational

c. Charismatic

Mac loves his new vehicle because of the mileage it gives him and because of the spacious trunk, which is very useful for his carpentry tools. He does not really like it as much as he admires these positive features in his new vehicle. Which of the following components of attitude is reflected here? a. Stereotypical b. Affective c. Cognitive d. Behavioral e. Biased

c. Cognitive

Which of the following terms refers to an outcome that occurs when a group, as a result of a flawed group process and strong conformity pressures, makes a very poor decision? a. Group polarization b. Self-concordance c. Groupthink d. Loafing e. Positivity offset

c. Groupthink

_____ conformity is the change in opinions or behavior that occurs when we conform to people who, according to us, have valid knowledge about an opinion or issue. a. Normative b. Affective c. Informational d. Passive e. Superficial

c. Informational

Which of the following is true regarding an additive task? a. On additive tasks, each of the group members working on the job can do a separate part of the job at the same time. b. On additive tasks, the group's performance is determined by the performance of the worst group member. c. On additive tasks the inputs of each of the group members are added together to create the group performance. d. On additive tasks the group can see that there is a clearly correct answer to the problem that is being posed. e. On additive tasks, performance is measured by how rapidly the group works, or how much of a product they are able to make.

c. On additive tasks the inputs of each of the group members are added together to create the group performance.

_____ occurs when we view our behavior as caused by the situation, leading us to discount the extent to which our behavior was actually caused by our own interest in it. a. Emotional labor b. Cognitive dissonance c. Overjustification d. Self-concordance e. Adverse impact

c. Overjustification

_____ is a superficial change in behavior that is not accompanied by an actual change in one's personal opinion. a. Positivity offset b. Informational influence c. Public conformity d. Self-concordance e. Private acceptance

c. Public conformity

An outcome that occurs when, after discussion, the attitudes held by the individual group members become more extreme than they were before the group began discussing the topic is referred to as _____. a. moonlighting b. emotional labor c. group polarization d. instrumental aggression e. social loafing

c. group polarization

The tendency to overvalue the productivity of groups is known as the _____. a. leniency bias b. framing effect c. illusion of group effectivity d. irrational escalation e. planning fallacy

c. illusion of group effectivity

We may obey the speed limit or wear a uniform to our job to conform to social norms and requirements, even though we may not necessarily believe that it is appropriate to do so. This is an example of _____. a. private acceptance b. self-concordance c. public conformity d. positivity offset e. informational influence

c. public conformity

Culture influences behavior through its influence on the: a. self-enhancement. b. self-monitoring. c. self-concept. d. private consciousness. e. social status.

c. self-concept

University students often design and wear sweatshirts with the emblem and motto of their university printed on them as a sign of the positive emotions they experience being a member of the student community of that university. This positive impact of the social situation to self-esteem is referred to as _____. a. self-awareness b. self-enhancement c. social identity d. social comparison e. social status

c. social identity

During the _____ stage of group development, the group members attempt to make their own views known and attempt to mold the group into accepting their own ideas. a. forming b. adjourning c. storming d. norming e. performing

c. storming

What is a divisible task? a. A task in which the inputs of each of the group members are added together to create the group performance. b. A task in which the group's performance is determined by the performance of the worst group member. c. A task that has to be done all at once and cannot be divided up. d. A task in which each of the group members working on the job can do a separate part of the job at the same time. e. A task in which the group input is combined such that the performance of the individuals is averaged, rather than added.

d. A task in which each of the group members working on the job can do a separate part of the job at the same time

Which of the following is an example of referent power? a. People accept the instructions given by their lawyers. b. Bosses can punish the employee by reducing their salary or demoting them to a lower position. c. We accept that governments can levy taxes. d. A teenager mimics the opinions or behaviors of his favorite baseball player. e. We accept that judges can decide the outcomes of court cases.

d. A teenager mimics the opinions or behaviors of his favorite baseball player

Which of the following terms refers to the perception, either by the group members themselves or by others, that the people together are a group? a. Togetherness effect b. Process gain c. Groupism d. Entitativity e. Social identity

d. Entitativity

Which of the following is the first stage of group development? a. Adjourning b. Norming c. Performing d. Forming e. Storming

d. Forming

Which of the following indicates the strength of an attitude? a. How consistent it is with other attitudes? b. How frequently do people act according to it? c. How easily it is formed? d. How quickly does it come to mind? e. How much is it impacted by social influence?

d. How quickly does it come to mind?

Which of the following types of power is more likely to produce conformity rather than change in attitude? a. Referent power b. Cognitive power c. Expert power d. Reward power e. Legitimate power

d. Reward power

Which of the following statements is true of self-esteem? a. Self-esteem is essential for reaching positive outcomes in life. b. The tendency to present a positive self image to others is self-esteem. c. Self-esteem is the tendency to introspect about our inner thoughts and feelings. d. Self-esteem is partly a trait and partly a state, as it varies with time. e. Self-esteem can be measured through direct self-report methods only.

d. Self-esteem is partly a trait and partly a state, as it varies with time

The principle of attitude consistency for any given attitude object, the ABCs (affect, behavior and cognition) of the attitude are normally in line with each other. Here the ABCs of attitude are: a. adaptability, behavior, and conformity. b. adaptability, behavior, and cognition. c. associability, behavior, and correctness. d. affect, behavior, and cognition. e. affect, behavior, and conformity.

d. affect, behavior, cognition

Hardiness can be explained as the tendency to a. be flexible with decisions. b. be compromising. c. carry out actions that produce positive results. d. be less affected by life's stressors. e. lose temper frequently.

d. be less affected by life's stressors

Bosses have _____ power over employees if they are able to punish the employees by reducing their salary, demoting them to a lower position, embarrassing them, or firing them. a. legitimate b. referent c. expert d. coercive e. reward

d. coercive

When people are ill, they go to a doctor and accept the instructions given by him or her. This is an example of _____ power. a. coercive b. legitimate c. referent d. expert e. reward

d. expert

The presentation of a message to the consumer without the person being aware that a message has been presented is known as _____. a. emotional contagion b. psychological pressure c. spontaneous messaging d. subliminal advertising e. forewarning

d. subliminal advertising

While watching an ad, if we find the communicator cute, if the music in the ad puts us in a good mood, or if it appears that other people around us are liking, then we may simply accept the message without paying much attention to the message in the ad. This is an example of _____ message processing. a. behavioral b. cognitive c. affective d. superficial e. thoughtful

d. superficial

After their university team won the international level soccer tournament for the second time in a row, the students, especially those who closely followed the team's rise in the international circuit, have been experiencing a huge "high" and have been parading through the campus chanting "we won!" This scenario presents a good example of _____. a. public self-consciousness b. self-preservation strategies c. social comparison d. self-enhancement e. BIRGing

e. BIRGing

Which of the following statements regarding individual differences in conforming to group norms is true? a. People who are either younger or older are less easily influenced than individuals who are in their 40s and 50s. b. When they are being observed by others, women are more likely to hold their ground, act independently, and refuse to conform, whereas men are more likely to conform to the opinions of others. c. The tendency to conform to group norms is independent of cultural differences. d. People with higher self-esteem are more likely to conform in comparison to those with lower self-esteem. e. Both men and women are less likely to conform on topics that they know a lot about, in comparison to topics on which they feel less knowledgable

e. Both men and women are less likely to conform on topics that they know a lot about, in comparison to topics on which they feel less knowledgable

_____ is often the end result of social comparison, the process of comparing our opinions against those of others to gain an accurate appraisal of the validity of an opinion or behavior. a. Self-concordance b. Normative influence c. Superficial change d. Positivity offset e. Informational conformity

e. Informational conformity

Which of the following is true regarding a conjunctive task? a. It is a task in which the goal of the group is to make a joint decision or judgment. b. It is a task in which the inputs of each of the group members are added together to create the group performance. c. It is a task in which performance is measured by how rapidly the group works, or how much of a product they are able to make. d. It is a task that has to be done all at once and cannot be divided up. e. It is a task in which the group's performance is determined by the ability of the group member who performs most poorly.

e. It is a task in which the group's performance is determined by the ability of the group member who performs most poorly.

_____ occurs when we express opinions or behave in ways that help us to be accepted, or which keep us from being isolated or rejected by others. a. Affective change b. Self-concordance c. Informational influence d. Private acceptance e. Normative conformity

e. Normative conformity

Which of the following terms refers to the real change in opinions on the part of an individual? a. Superficial change b. Self-concordance c. Positivity offset d. Normative conformity e. Private acceptance

e. Private acceptance

When an office conducted a survey on employee satisfaction, only a handful of employees gave any negative feedback though the issues that were causing problems between the employees and the management were known to all. When the same survey was repeated with confidentiality promised to the employees, their responses were much more critical of the management. Which of the following concepts is responsible for this change? a. High self-esteem b. Self-complexity c. Social status d. Narcissism e. Self-presentation

e. Self-presentation

Which of the following stages of group development comes immediately after the forming stage? a. Forming b. Adjourning c. Norming d. Performing e. Storming

e. Storming

_____ message processing occurs when we think about how the message relates to our own beliefs and goals, and involves our careful consideration of whether the persuasion attempt is valid or invalid. a. Persuasive b. Behavioral c. Affective d. Spontaneous e. Thoughtful

e. Thoughtful

Social comparison is defined as a process that enables us to: a. experience positive emotions that arise from being a member of an important social group. b. combine our motivation and ability to present ourselves positively to others. c. process information in a way that favors our self-concept and self-esteem. d. enhance our self-esteem by "basking in the reflected glory" of our ingroups. e. determine the accuracy and appropriateness of our thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

e. determine the accuracy and appropriateness of our thoughts, feelings, and behavior

A task in which the group's performance is determined by the performance of the best group member is known as a(n) _____ task. a. unitary b. judgmental c. additive d. compensatory e. disjunctive

e. disjunctive

The goal of exemplification is to create _____ by showing that you are a better person than the other person. a. liking b. pity c. respect d. fear e. guilt

e. guilt

People with _____ have an ability to influence others because they can lead those others to identify with them. a. cognitive power b. legitimate power c. coercive power d. reward power e. referent power

e. referent power

The goal of self-promotion is to create _____ by persuading others that you are competent. a. guilt b. pity c. fear d. liking e. respect

e. respect

Gina likes to divide her time and energies among her various commitments. She is good in academics, works part-time in the evenings, enjoys a quick chat with her mother at night, and plans her time such that she can complete her assignments and go out with her friends during the weekend. Gina also volunteers at a nearby community mental health center on Sundays, as she finds it fulfilling. The fact that Gina has so many social identities shows that she has a high degree of _____. a. public self-consciousness b. self-reference effect c. private self-consciousness d. self-monitoring e. self-complexity

e. self-complexity