Social Psychology Chapter 5, 6, 8 Unit 2 Quizes & Exam
Stereotype
A BELIEF or ASSOCIATION that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.
Insufficient Justification
A condition in which people freely perfom an attitue discrepant behavior without receivng a large reward.
Insufficient Deterrence
A condition in which people refrain from engaging in a desireable activity, even when only mild punishment is threatend.
Jigsaw Classroom
A coopertive learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through INTERACTION IN GROUP EFFORTS.
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
A covert measure of unconscious attitudes derived from the speed at which people respond to parings of concepts such as black or white with good and bad.
Sleeper Effect
A delayed increas in the persuasive impact of a noncredible source.
Social Dominance Orientation
A desire to see one's ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppressions over other groups.
Modern Racism
A form of prejudice that sufaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.
Ambivalent Sexism
A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings.
Groupthink
A group decision making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek occurrence.
Social Loafing
A group produced reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled.
Subliminal Presentation
A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having exposed to them.
Social Identity Model Of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE)
A model of group behavior that explains deindividuation effects as they result of a shift from personal identity to social identity.
Stereotype Content Model
A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth.
Attitude Scale
A multiple itm questionaire designed to MEASURE a person's attitude toward some object
Integrative Agreement
A neggotiative resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal devision of the contested resources.
Need for Cognition (INC)
A personality variable that distinguishes people on the basis of how much they ENJOY COGNITION ACTIVITY.
A sleeper effect occurs when: When peoplefall asleep during exposure to a persuasive message Distraction interferes with the abgility to pay attention to a persuasive message Persuasion occurs in response in subliminal stimuli A persuasive message from a noncredible source become more persuasive over time.
A persuasive message from a noncredible source become more persuasive over time.
Bogus Pipeline
A phony lie detector device that is sometimes used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensative questions.
Attitude
A positive, negative or mixed reaction to a person, object or idea.
Social Facilitation
A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs perfomance on difficult tasks.
Group
A set of individuals who interact over time and have shared, fate, goals, or identity.
A group is defined as: A social category A set of individulas who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, and identity. People engaged in a common activity with or without direct interaction. Have rigid bondaries and norms.
A set of individulas who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, and identity.
Superordinate Goal
A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups.
Transactive Memory
A shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember information together more efficiently than they could do so alone.
Social Dilemma
A sitution in which a self interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone.
Graduated and reciprocted initiatives in tension reduction (GRIT)
A strategy for unilateral persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between opposing parties.
Brainstorming
A technique that attemps to increase the production of creative ideas by encourgaing group members to speak freely without criticizing their own or others contributions.
System Justification Theory
A theory that proposes that people are motivated (at least in your part) to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions.
Distraction Conflict Theory
A theory that the presence of others will produce that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict.
Evaluation Apprehension Theory
A theory that the prsence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators.
Prisoner's Dilemma
A type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperitve or competitive moves in relationship to another party. The dilemma is typically designed so that the competive move appears to be in one's self interest but if both sides make this move, they both suffer more than if they had both cooperated.
Jason is a basketball player, loves the Rolling Stones and is a patriot. Who would be an outgroup member to Jason based on his identity? Jill, who plays basketball for her high school Barry, who love the United States and all that it stands for Alice, who is pro-life demonstrator Robbie, a groupie of the Rolling Stones
Alice, who is pro-life demonstrator
Implicit Attitude
An attitude, such as prejudice, that one is not aware of having.
Facial Electromyograph (EMG)
An electonic instrument that records facial muscle activity associated with emotions and attitudes.
Illusory Correlation
An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated.
Process loss can best be defined as: The poor performance of group members when they feel anonymous. An increas of cohesion resulting in a decrease in performance. Any aspext of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving. The poor decisions groups make when the become more concerned with cohesion than their task.
Any aspext of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving.
Ask the person to take a public declaration of their position.
As suggested by the video segment, if you want to influence someone into believing more strongly in a particular position, how might you do this? Ask the person to explain the position from the opposite point of view. Ask the person to reflect quietly upon their position for 1 minute. Ask the person to write down their position. Ask the person to ake a public declaration of their position.
The peripheral route to persuasion is more likely to be chosen than the central route when the: Message is important Audience is distracted Audience is interested Source speaks clearly
Audience is distracted
Discrimination
BEHAVIOR directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.
Stigmatized
Being persistently stereotyped, percieved as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic.
The concept of subjective norms refers to people's: Beliefs about what important others will think of their behavior Intentions to use their attitudes to guide their behaviors Evaluations of the reasonableness of their attitudues Perceptions of the rules or expectations that guides social behavior
Beliefs about what important others will think of their behavior
Which of the following is NOT discrimination? Believing that baby-faced men are harmless Giving a pink toy to a girl and a blue toy to a boy Signing a petition to keep a minority group out of the neighborhood Hiring a thin candidate rather than an obese one with the same credentials
Believing that baby-faced men are harmless
Tara's boss always calls her "Miss," but refers to his other employees by name. He goes out of his way to hold the door for her, and ask for a number of times to bring in some of her fabulous cookies for the office. Tara is experiencing: Benevolent Sexism Social Dominance Orientation Confirmation Bias Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
Benevolent Sexism
The reason of forwarning tends to prevent attitude change is that it: Causes peope to pay more attention to their pre-existing attitude Causes people to analyze persuasive appeals much more carefully Increases the experience of cognitive dissonance Prevents the occurance of cognitive dissonance
Causes people to analyze persuasive appeals much more carefully
An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting congnitions is called: Attitude Ambivalence Cognitive Dissonance Self Persuasion Functional Inconsistency
Cognitive Dissonance
Three people in the same place at the same time, but not interacting with one another are best described as a: Collective Minimal Group Conjunctive Group Social Group
Collective
In a ___ dilemma, everyone takes from a public pool of goods that will replenish itself only if used in moderations. Public Goods Commons Prisoners Limited Resource
Commons
Jessica isn't invited to a Super Bowl party her coworkers are throwing because she's a woman. Jessica is experiencing: Ingroup Favoritism Discrimination Outgroups Confirmation Bias
Discrimination
The theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract one's attention from the task at hand is known as: Evaluation apprehension theory Districrion conflict theory The transactive memeory hypothesis Mere presense theory
Districrion conflict theory
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy perpetuate stereotypes by: Increasing the likelihood that percieves create subtypes Eliciting sterotype-confirming behavior from targets Threatening individual self-esteem Reducing ingroup favortism
Eliciting sterotype-confirming behavior from targets
The process by which we form an attitude toward a newutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place or thing is called: Psychological Reactance Evaluative Conditioning Persuasion Insufficient Jusification
Evaluative Conditioning
A role in a group that is focused on providing emtional support and maintaining group morale is considered: Expressive Formal Instrumental Informal
Expressive
Knowing that an ingroup friend has a close relationship with a member of the outgroup can produce positive intergroup benefits. This is called _____ effect. Contact Extended Contact Self-Fullfilling Prophecy Illusory Correlation
Extended Contact
Being reminded of one's own mortality makes people put things into greater perspective, thereby tending to reduce ingroups-outgroups distinctions and hostile.
False
Children do not tend to show biases based on race; it is only after they become adolescents that they learn to respond to people differently based on race.
False
In reacting to persusaive communications, people are influenced more by superficial images than by logical arguments.
False
Interracial interactions tend to go better and reduce the perception of racism if a colorblind mentality is used, which denies or minimizes any achknowlegement of racial differences.
False
People will cheer louder when they cheer as part of a group than when they cheer alone.
False
People's very quick judgements are not influenced by a stereotype unless they actually believe the stereotype to be true.
False
Researches can tell if someone has a positive or negative attitue by measuring physiological arousal.
False
The more money you pay people to tell a lie the more they will come to believe it.
False
Relative Deprivation
Feelings of discontent aroused by belief that one fares poorly compared with others.
Social Categorization is Advantageous because it: Leads to more accurate social perception. Encourages us to take longer to make judgments about others. Frees up cognitive resources. Is generally based on realistic assumptions.
Frees up cognitive resources.
According to social-rols theory, gender differences that arise fro social roles provide a cotinuing basis for: Miminal Groups Jigsaw Classrooms Old-Fashioned Racism Gender Stereotypes
Gender Stereotypes
The qualities of a group that time members together and promote liking between members are known out as: Social Loafing Social Norms Process Loss Group Cohesiveness
Group Cohesiveness
Which of the following is NOT a reason groups tend to polarize in their decisions relative to individuals? Most people want to be liked by other group members. Group conflict is common and tends to make members advocate an initial position more strongly. The act of stating a position out loud make one feel strongly about that position. If a coup has an initial tendency towards one position, most of the arguments a group member hears will support that initial tendency.
Group conflict is common and tends to make members advocate an initial position more strongly.
Outgroups
Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.
Ingroups
Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.
At work, Julie is often told get out of the way, this is man's work, little women." Her coworkers will often belittle her when she makes a tiny mistake, but lets it slide when a man makes a similar mistake. Julie is expriencing: Hostile Sexism Benevolent Sexism Stereotyp Threat Prejudice
Hostile Sexism
You don't know very many people with blue hair, but you happen to observe that when fights breakout, they seem to involve people with blue hair. You draw the condulusion that people with lue hair are particulary violent, even though they are not. This conclusion relfects: Illusory Correlation Modern Racsim Realistic Conflict Theory Ingroup Favoritism
Illusory Correlation
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of stereotyped groups possess attributes and perform behaviors consistent with the group stereotype results from: Subtyping Illusory Correlations Stereotype Threat Ingroup Favortism
Illusory Correlations
When people or cockroaches undertake a difficult task the presence of others _____ performance, whereas when they undertake a simple task, the presence of others _____ performance. Diminishes: Has no effect on Enhances: Impairs Impairs: Enhances Has no effect on: enhances
Impairs: Enhances
Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally is called: Modern Racism Implicit Racism Benevolent Racism Ambivalent Racism
Implicit Racism
People tend to be less aware of their _____ attitudes, which are more liekly to influence their behaviors when they are not monitoring Implict Self Percieved Explicit Cognitively Based
Implict
Suppose that Aretha grew up in New York, but currently works in California as a Human Resources director. While she tries to be unbiased when reviewing job applications, she knows that she has a tendency to favor New York applicants over other applicants. This is, she tends to engage in: Confirmation Bias Contact Hypothesis Outgroup Homogeneity Effect Ingroup Favoritism
Ingroup Favoritism
Groups to which the self belongs are called _____, and groups to which the self does no belong are called _____. Ingroups, Outgroups Social Categories, Self Categories Implicit Categories, Explicit Categories Self-Groups, Social Groups
Ingroups, Outgroups
A condtion in which people refrain from engaging in a desireable activity, even thoght only mild punishment is threatened, is called: Insufficient Justificaton Self Monitoring Negative Attitude Change Insufficient Deterrence
Insufficient Deterrence
According to cognitive dissonance theory, people are most likely to change their attitudes when they have _____ justification for an attitude discrepant behavior. Insufficient External Ample Internal Insufficient Internal Ample External
Insufficient External
Realistic Conflict Theory proposes that: Conflict between groups is a function of interpersonal hostility. Intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources. Intergroup conflict is largely a function of how realistically groups view one another. Realistic Groups do not have to worry about intergroup conflict.
Intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources.
Jon and Kate give consecutive speeches on opposing sides in a debate on solar energy. Audience members are asked to register their view a few weeks later. How might the order of the speeches affect trhe audience's decision? It should yield a subliminal effect It should not have any effect It should yield a recency effect It should yield a primacy effect
It should yield a primacy effect
A coopertive leaerning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts is called the: Jigsaw Classroom Self-Affirmation Group Indirect Contact Method Robbers Cave Strategy
Jigsaw Classroom
Mrs. Jones divides her 3rd grade class into small, racially mixed groups. Each student learns part of the assigned work and then teachers it to others in the group. This producure is an example of _____: Jigsaw Classroom Contact Hypothesis Ingroup Favoritism Social Dominance Orientation
Jigsaw Classroom
Which of the following is an example of discrimination? Jenny believes that all Hispanics are fluent in Spanish can cook terrific tex-mex food. Laura scoots over a few feet when an African American sits next to her in a waiting room. Ryan feels mistrustful of Jews. Luke thinks all women are manipulative.
Laura scoots over a few feet when an African American sits next to her in a waiting room.
The facilitation of the domininant response from increased arousal will tend to Have no effect on challenging tasks but will make easy tasks easier. Make both easy and difficult tasks easier. Make easy tasks easier but difficult tasks more challenging. Have no effect on easy tasks but will make difficult tasks more challenging.
Make easy tasks easier but difficult tasks more challenging.
A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize is called: Modern Racism Relative Deprivation Illusory Correlation Reverse Discrimination
Modern Racism
John says he is against the practice of busing, but it turns out he has no objections when his own children are bused to a school in an all-white neighborhood. John's attitude toward busing is a result of: Prejudice Social Dominance Orientation Ingroup Favoritism Modern Racism
Modern Racism
Compared to individuals deciding alone, members of groups tend to make decisions that are: More conservative Less stable More extreme Risker
More extreme
When making decisions, being part of a group tends to result in decisions are: Riskier than the decisions that would be made by individuals Less risky than the decisions that would be made by individuals More polorized in either direction, cause the group to advocate an initial position more strongly than would individuals There are no consistent changes across group individual decision making
More polorized in either direction, cause the group to advocate an initial position more strongly than would individuals
Prejudice
NEGATIVE FEELINGS toward persons based on their membership in certain groups.
Your friend is thinking of purchasing a self help weight loss CD that promises its effects through subliminal persuasive messages embedded in the music. What should you tell her research show about the effectiveness of such programs? Such programs are somewhat effective, depending on the person. Such programs are very effective No solid evidence exists to support such programs. Subliminal messages woek more effectively through visual (DVD) media than audio (CD) media.
No solid evidence exists to support such programs.
The rules, either implicit or explicit, established by groups to regulate the behavior of their members are called: Norms Group Influence Goals Roles
Norms
Suppose tht Frank is at a bar and asks a beautiful women for her phone number. and spuupse that shes rebuffs him an calls him a creep. He then state: "Women they're all the same!" This is an example of: Benevolent Sexism Discrimination Hostile Sexism Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another, than members of the ingroup is called the: Minimal Group Effect Outgroup Homogeneity Effect Ingroup Homogeneity Effect Contrast Effect
Outgroup Homogeneity Effect
The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: Participants in the $1 condition experience greater disomfort and agitation whey lying about how fun the task was than do particpants in the $20 condition. Participants in the $20 condition exprience insufficient justification for lying, and therefor are more likely to exhibit attutude change. Participants areonly willings to lie to a fellow student when they are compensated generously for doing so. Participants paid $20 to like about how fun a boring taks was come o believe they actually enjoyed the task more than participants paid $1 to lie.
Participants in the $1 condition experience greater disomfort and agitation whey lying about how fun the task was than do particpants in the $20 condition.
Which one of the folling was given by the narrator as a reason that people tend to align their position with those of the group? People easily become frustrated with group processes and often give up advocating for their position in order to reach consensus. People want to be liked by other group members, and so are likely to espouse positions similar to the mainstream opinion. When outnumbered by others, people will often publicly align themselves with the mainstream opinion, but privately disagree with it. People will go to great lengths to avoid conflict, and would rather change their position than engage in a debate.
People want to be liked by other group members, and so are likely to espouse positions similar to the mainstream opinion.
When people do not listen carefully to the substance of persuasive communication and ut instead pay attention to irrelevant cues, they are using the _____ route to persuassion. Central Heuristic Peripheral Direct
Peripheral
The process by which attitudes are changed is called: Dissonance Conditioning Elaboration Persuasion
Persuasion
Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of the memberhsip in a particular social category is called: Discriminaton Prejudice The outgroup homogeneity effect The ingroup homogeneity effect
Prejudice
Vera believes that old people smell bad. When getting on the this earlier this week, she feld repulsed when whe saw that the only available sea was next to an old person. This is an example of: Illusory Correlation Ingroups Prejudice Discrimination
Prejudice
Sexism
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's GENDER, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one GENDER over another.
Racism
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's RACIAL background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one RACIAL group over another.
The Robbers Cave Experiment demonstrated that: Ingroup Favortism is Inevitable Group Catergorization is automatic Prejudice is a function of Social Class Prejudice can result from Intergroup Competition
Prejudice can result from intergroup competition
The ABCs of social psychology ae effect, behavior, and cognition. Put the three major concepts of Chapter 5 in the ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior or cognition. Stereotype, Prejudice, Discrimination Prejudice, Discrimination, Stereotyping Discrimination, Prejudice, Stereotyping Stereotyping, Discrimination, Prejudice
Prejudice, Discrimination, Stereotyping
A negative reaction to the feeling that one's freedom is being threatened is called: Fowarning The Inoculation Hypothesis Cognitive Dissonance Psychological Reactance
Psychological Reactance
In a _____ dilemma, individuals must contribute to a common pool in order to maintain the public good. Prisoners Tit-for-tat Commons Puplic Goods
Puplic Goods
Implicit Racism
Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally.
According to _____, prejudice and discrimination often follow from scarce resources. Realistic Conflict Theory Contact Hypothesis Social Identitiy Theory Relative Deprivation
Realistic Conflict Theory
People join groups for all of the following reasons except to: Be protected from threat Fulfill the need to belong Facilitate interactions with liked others Reduce superordinate identities
Reduce superordinate identities
The residents of Swampland struggle hard to make a living. In contrast, the residence of Fertile Ground find it easy to make a living. The residence of Swampland don't like the residents of Fertile Ground, believing that Fertile Ground residents are doing much better economically. The Swampland resident's prejudice stems from: Social Dominance Orientation Stereotype Threat Relative Deprivation Illusory Correlation
Relative Deprivation
One potential problem with self report measures is that: They do not provide information concerning the intensity of an attitude. They do not provide information concerning the direction of an attitude. It is not possible to assess the validity of self report measures. Respondents might not respond truthfully.
Respondents might not respond truthfully.
The idea that we infer our own attitudes by coolly observing ourselves and the circumstances of our behavior is MOST consistent with: Elaboration Likelihood Theory Planned Behavior Theory Cognitive Dissonance Theory Self Perception Theory
Self Perception Theory
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another are known as: Sexism Implicit Sexism Hostile Sexism Ambivalent Sexism
Sexism
The main factor influencing source likeability is (are): Similarity, physical attractiveness, and proximity Similarity and physical attractiveness Similarity Physical Attractiveness
Similarity and physical attractiveness
An individual with _____ has a desire to see one's ingroup as dominant over other groups. this type of person would be more willing to adopt values that facilitate oppression over other groups. Illusory Correlation Ingroup Favoritism Social Dominance Orientation Stereotype Threat
Social Dominance Orientation
An individual with _____ would be more inclined to embrace policies that restrict immigration but reject affirmation action. Confirmation Bias Social Dominance Orientation Social Identity Theory Relative Deprivation
Social Dominance Orientation
For Noelle, being a part of softball team is very important. When asked to compare the softball team to the volleyball team, she states, "We are a lot better than they are". According to _____ this ingroup favoritism makes Noelle feel better about herself and the softball team. Ingroup Favoritism Social Identity Theory Relative Deprivation Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
Social Identity Theory
The idea of favoring ingroups over outgroups enhances her self-esteem is called: Modern Racism Confirmation Bias Relative Deprivation Social Identity Theory
Social Identity Theory
The idea that favoring in-groups over out-groups enhances our self- esteem called: Modern Racism Social Identity Theory Relative Deprivation Self-Esteem Maintenance Theory
Social Identity Theory
Resource Dilemma
Social dilemmas involving how two or more people will share a limited resource.
The theory of evulation apprehension suggests that: People increase the level of their performance when being observed at simple tasks. People increase the level of their performance when being observed at complex tasks. Social facilitation only occurs when a person things that others will evaluae the performance. The dominant response is susally the correcrt response.
Social facilitation only occurs when a person things that others will evaluae the performance.
Group Support Systems
Specialized interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meetings collaborative work, and decision making processes.
Sarah believs that gay men tend to like fashion. So when Sarah meets Tom, a gay friend of her brother's, she ask him who his favorite fashion designer is (instead of asking him about sports or movies). This is an example of: Stereotype Threat Relative Deprivation Stereotype Social Identity Theory
Stereotype
As the only African American in his class, Lamont tends to worry about committing errors because he does not want all of his white counterparts to think that all African Americans are intellectually inferior. Lamont is experiencing: Confirmation Bias Stereotype Threat Prejudice Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
Stereotype Threat
_____ refers to the apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm to existing cultural stereotypes. Performance Ambivalence Evaulation Apprehesion Steroptype Threat Realistic Conflict Theory
Stereotype Threat
Shane believes that women are more dependent, more nurturing, more intutitive and less rational than men. These are examples of Shane's _____ about women. Stereotypes Modern Racism Confirmation Bias Prejudice
Stereotypes
The idea that under certain conditions direct contact between hostile groups can reduce prejudice is most consistent with: The theory of minimal group Contrast Effects Illusory Correlations The Contact Hypothesis
The Contact Hypothesis
Theory of Planned Behavior
The Theory that attitudes toward a specific behavior combine with subjective norms and percieved control to influence a persons actions.
The top executives for a company meet to discuss wheather or not they should expand their products, a very risky but potentially fruitful endeavor. If the group members as a whole are initally somewhat conservative in their beliefs about whatr should be done (i.e. they are relectant to expand their product base) what would be the likely result of a group discussion on the option? The boad of directors will decide to expand their products. The board of directors will decide not to expand their products. The board of directors will be unable to reach a decision on what to do. There is no way to predict the eventual outcome of the discussion.
The board of directors will decide not to expand their products.
In one of the earliest psychological experiments, Triplett (1898) had children wind fishig reels as quickly as the could, He found that: Winding times were faster without an audience than an audience. The children were faster working alone than with a parter. The children were fastest when observed by the experimenter. The children were fastrer when working next to another child rather than alone.
The children were fastrer when working next to another child rather than alone.
Social Categorization
The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes.
Esteban's work group has assigned a new project by management. Before deciding how much effort to exert on this new assignment, Esteban considers how important the group goals are to him and wheather his imput will help group reach its goals. Esteban's thinking is most consistent with: The social identity model of deindividuation Persuasive agruments theory Distraction conflict theory The collective effort model
The collective effort model
Escalation Effect
The condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made.
Group Polarizarion may in part stem from: An increase in dominant responses under conditions of high arousal. Lack of group cohesiveness Deindividuation of group members The desire to distingual one's group from other groups.
The desire to distingual one's group from other groups.
Socialcultural factors that influence stereotyping include all of the following EXCEPT: The effects of priming Popular images of gorups in the media Group norms Social roles
The effects of priming
_____ is referred to as when a group increases its commitment to a failing course of ation in order to justify previous investments. Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction. The escalation effect Biased sampling Mindguarding
The escalation effect
Group Polorization
The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion.
Stereotype threat
The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one's group.
Group Cohesiveness
The extent to which forces push group members closer together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity, and commitment to group goals.
Inoculation Hypothesis
The idea that exposure to weak versions of a later persuasive argument increases later resistancce to that arument.
Process Gain
The increase in group perfomance so that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group.
Deidividuation
The loss of a person's sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior.
Central Route Persuasion
The process by which a person THINKS CAREFULLY about communication and is influence by the strength of its arguments.
Peripheral Route to Persuasion
The process by which a person does NOT think carefully about communication and its influenced instead by superficial cues.
Persuasion
The process by which attitudes are changed.
Evaluative Conditioning
The process by which we from an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing.
Elaboration
The process of thinking about and scrutinizing the arguments contained in a PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION (to elaborate).
Mere Presence Theory
The propostion that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects.
Process Loss
The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processses, such as problems of coordination and motivation.
Biased Sampling
The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information (information already known by all or most group members) than unshared information (information known by only one or a few group members).
Outgroup homogeneity Effect
The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups.
Ingroup Favortism
The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The theory holding that inconsistant cognition arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce.
Contact Hypothesis
The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions.
Realistic Conflict Theory
The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.
Collective Effort Model
The theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degee that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value.
Social Identity Theory
The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self esteem.
Psychological Reactance
The theory that people react against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves and perceiving the threatened freedom as more attactive.
Social Role Theory
The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.
The _____ holds that the best predictors of deliberate behaviors are the person's attitudes toward those specific behaviors, subjective norms, and percieved behavioral control. Inoculation Hypothesis Theory of Planned Behavior Elaboration likelihood model Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Theory of Planned Behavior
Which of the following theories suggests that intnions to perform a behavior are BEST predicted by attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and percieved behvioral control? Cognitive Dissonance Theory Self Affirmation Theory Theory of Planned Behavior Self Perception Theory
Theory of Planned Behavior
An African American student is likely to perform worse on an athletic task if the task is described as on reflecting sports intelligence than if it is described as reflecting natural athletic ability.
True
In a social dilemma, personal benefits conflict wiwth the overall good. True False
True
People often come to like what they suffer for.
Ture
Base on work on deindividuation, in which context is Janine MOST likely to make offensive comments towards Harry, whom she is angry at? When she is being interviewed on camera by her therapist. When she is writing a signed email to Harry. When she is in front of her supervisor in face to face with Harry. When is on an internet chat room anonymously.
When is on an internet chat room anonymously.
