social psychology exam 1

which type of nonverbal communication is relatively universal?

facial expressions such as smiles and frowns

frameworks for explaining various events or processes are known as ____

theories

Yelena is researching the effect of volume on people's social interactions. She invites participants to play a card game that requires the cooperation of members of a group. There is music playing in the background. With each game, she adjusts the volume of the music. She keeps the lighting, the number of participants, and the length of the games the same. The volume of the music is the ________.

independent variable

According to Kelley's theory, behaviors that arise because of an individual's traits, motives, or intentions are ________ caused, while those behaviors that arise because of some aspect of the social or physical environment are ________ caused.

internally; externally

which of the following is a benefit of automatic processing

it allows us to weigh all relevant aspects of a situation before taking action

Erin's boyfriend has taken her out to dinner at a very exclusive restaurant. Erin notices that he can't seem to sit still during the meal, and is constantly rubbing his left knee, scratching an itch, or pulling his earlobe. This type of body language usually indicates

(emotional arousal).

During finals week, Jonah tells his friend that he'll be able to write four term papers over the next few days. Jonah is shocked and upset when he is barely able to complete two of these four papers. Jonah's behavior is consistent with

(the planning fallacy).

which core value for social psychologists requires a commitment to gathering and evaluating information about the world in as careful, precise, and error free a manner as possible?

Accuracy

Mary sees Greta trip while walking down an outside flight of steps and thinks to herself "What a clumsy person!" Five minutes later though, Mary trips on the same flight of steps and says to an onlooker, "It's very icy today!" This is an illustration of the _____.

Actor Observer Bias

Which of the following describes the modern view of social psychology?

Behavior and thought are intimately and continuously linked.

One way to manage information overload is to make use of:

Mental shortcuts, such as heuristics

the fact that current moods strongly determine which information in a given situation is noticed and then entered into memory.

Mood Congruence Effect

Seeing the world through rose-colored glasses refers to the

Optimistic Bias-

Bill's wife informs him that they will be attending the opera. Bill has never been to the opera, but he immediately has a mental image of he and his wife sitting in an ornate theater and wearing formal evening wear. Bill is drawing up a(n) ______________.

Schema

Jonathan continues to buy Orange computers even though his colleagues and friends have informed him that there are newer, better, and cheaper types of computers on the market. Which heuristic is affecting Jonathan?

Status quo

Tracy encounters a member of a certain political group whose views and attributes are inconsistent with her schemas about that group. Due to a strong perseverance effect, what is the MOST likely conclusion that Tracy will make?

Tracy will continue to believe that most members of that group fit her schemas.

a multicultural perspective is recognized as increasingly important to research in social psychology because

a variety of cultural factors such as race or ethnicity, sexual orientation, or disability help determine self identity

One way that schemas influence social thought is by ________.

acting as a filter to direct our attention towards some information and away from other information

When people deal with uncertainty in a situation by using something they know as a starting point and then modifying their thinking from there, they are using the ________ heuristic.

anchoring and adjustment

the tendency for one event to be associated with changes in another event is known as ______

correlation

Jordan recently won third place in his city's creative writing contest, even though he hasn't written creatively in years and he submitted a story he wrote years ago. He thinks to himself, "If only I had been working on my writing this whole time, I might have won first place." This is an example of ________ thinking.

counterfactual

Renata created an experiment to observe how temperature affects social interactions. However, she did not state this purpose to participants. In fact, participants, all graduate students, were under the assumption that they were attending a campus-sponsored food and drink social gathering. Over the course of two hours, Renata drastically changed the room's temperature every 10 minutes and recorded information on how participants behaved. At the end of the two hours, Renata emerged and discussed the full nature of the experiment with the participants, including the deception she employed and why she needed to do so. At the end of the experiment, Renata employed the tactic of

debriefing.

Arnold is a social psychologist interested in learning about people's reactions to emergencies. He creates an experiment where his research assistant, Todd, pretends to have a heart attack in the middle of a busy coffee shop. From behind a one-way glass, Arnold observes and records the reactions of the customers in the coffee shop before emerging and explaining the nature of the experiment. Arnold has used ________.

deception

In addition to social cognition and behavioral approaches, research on ______ has helped social psychologists develop a greater understanding of how people form impressions, choose to help others, and even comply with requests.

emotions

Thom's mental state is very affected by the weather. During the summer, he readily admits that he feels happier and more carefree. During the winter, when it is cold and gets darker earlier, Thom feels irritable and occasionally depressed. Thom's thoughts and behavior are impacted by ________.

environmental variables

Carla has just run a series of experiments involving college students as participants. The experiments were all conducted in a controlled environment on campus. Carla is now interested in whether her findings would apply to both younger and older people in neighborhoods and towns outside of the college. Carla is concerned with ________.

external validity

how we produce our first view of another person and how quickly we produce that view are questions related to ____________ ________

impression formation

Juanita finds that she has been given too much information about different new cars and their relative merits and drawbacks. She is having a difficult time making a decision about which car to buy because she cannot process all the information she has gathered. This is an example of ________.

information overload

Maria is driving her children to school. She is watching the road carefully and following a series of detour signs. One of her children in the back seat of the car is telling her a story, and on the radio a weather report is playing. Maria is trying to listen to her child's story, but she finds that she is unable to concentrate on what the child is saying. Maria is experiencing

information overload.

which of the following is a safeguard that most social psychologists agree must be in place in order to use temporary deception?

informed consent

which of the following is an example of controlled processing?

learning to ride a bike

karen has always felt that if she looks at the back of a person's head, she can cause that person to turn around and look at her. This is an example of ______ thinking.

magical

Jason is undergoing treatment for depression. His therapist has encouraged Jason to remember as many details as possible about times when Jason was not feeling depressed. Jason is having difficulties remembering a time when he was not depressed. This is probably because of the effects of ________. mood dependent memories information evoked memories inappropriate retrieval cues depression suppressing pleasant memories faulty cognitive processes

mood dependent memories

which of the following categories is not one of the five categories mentioned in your text regarded factors affecting social interaction?

perceptual processes

Suppose you are telling your friend about a woman you just met. You tell your friend that this person seemed very compassionate and was interested in helping others; however, you couldn't recall whether she said she was a nurse or a businesswoman. On the basis of the _____ heuristic, your friend would probably think that she is a _____.

representativeness; nurse

suppose smoking and drinking alcohol are found to be correlated at +.65. we can conclude that

smoking is probably related to drinking

Sarah supervises a work group of six colleagues in an advertising agency. Recently, the creativity of her work group has not been as high as it should be. To help boost the group's creativity, and keeping in mind the effects of mood on cognition, Sarah might ________

take steps to put her group's members in a happier mood during work hours

which statement best describes the attribution process

the process by which we seek to understand the causes behind others behavior as well as our own behavior

researchers were recently surprised to learn that the correlation between the type of clothing people wear when they are not at work and the type of jobs they hold is approximately zero. based on this, we can conclude that

there is no relationship between the types of clothing worn in non-work settings and the type of work that people do

which of the following is a downside of schemas?

they can remain unchanged in the face of contradictory information

Heuristics exert a strong influence on our thinking in large measure because _____.

they reduce the mental effort needed to make judgments and decisions

which of the following is a type of other-enhancement?

using flattering language

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting behaviors or thoughts consistent with priming?

After finishing a romantic novel, Natalie passionately embraces her boyfriend and tells him how much she loves him.

Involves the tendency to deal with uncertainty in many situations by using something we do know as a starting point and then making adjustments to it.

Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic

Which of the following statements accurately describes the effectiveness of impression management tactics?

Impression management tactics can make a good impression as long as they are not overused.

Zoe is in a fairly good mood. Consequently, we should expect her to show a(n)_______ in her use of ________

Increase; heuristics

at an interview with a local tech startup Janine answered questions about her qualifications. she elaborated on her education and relevant working experiences. she said that she graduated top of her class easily. she said she received more compliments from her professor than any of her peers and that one professor commented that he couldn't believe Janine learned many computer languages so quickly. Janine also said that she was working on a rival to facebook but that she couldn't show the interviewer this work because it was confidential. in the end, Janine did not get the job. which of the following is a likely explanation as to why?

Janine used excessive and impression management tactics.

Mike is applying for a job in advertising. While he is out to dinner with the interviewer. Mike pulls out and lights and expensive cigar ( an offers one to the interviewer). Mike is using what tactic to increase his chances of getting the job?

Self-enhancement

Blair watches the newscast each evening, with its usual diet if fires and other accidents. She often eats at Herby's Fried Snacks, a local restaurant located in a brick building, despite the fact that her eating there has resulted in bad indigestion several times. She avoids the well-repsected Korean restaurant, because the Korean restaurant is in a wooden building. Blair's eating habits are probable being guided by

The availability heuristic

Although Sarah could afford any car she wants, she drives an aging Volkswagen. Sam, Sarah's friend, thinks that this choice says something about Sarah's personality. Sam clearly agrees with:

The theory of correspondent inference

In his home country, the United States, Arnold holds his thumb up to show approval. However, when traveling to another country last year, Arnold learned that people there took offense when he put his thumb up in this way. Which of the following best describes the reason for this?

The thumbs up sign is an emblem that has a specific meaning in a given culture.

which process of social cognition refers to the information we notice

attention

Eric knows that plane crashes are extremely rare and statistically unlikely. However, he avoids flying and instead drives everywhere, even though he knows the likelihood of being injured in a car accident is far more likely than in a plane accident. Eric is being affected by the ________ heuristic.

availability

according to kelley's covariation model, which three major types of information help us determine the causes of others behavior

consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness

which of the following shows the difference between controlled processing and automatic processing

controlled processing is systematic and effortful, whereas automatic processing is fast and relatively effortless.

which of the following behaviors is considered to be a type of body language

gestures

jonah decided to cook dinner for his wife carol even though he never cooks. he didnt use a recipe and on instinct combined ingredients, including milk that he didnt notice was spoiled. when carol got home, he gave her a bowl of his creation. as she smelled it, jonah noticed that, only for a second, her upper lip raised and her nose wrinkled. carol displayed a(n) ____

micro expression

Deborah has just spent a great deal of money on a new fur coat. When she showed it to her husband, she asked if he liked it. Without hesitation, her husband responded by saying "Yes. It is beautiful." Before he spoke, however, a slight frown appeared on his face for less than a second. This might indicate that he is concealing his true feelings from his wife and is known as

microexpression

when research results are not consistent with a theory, the researcher's next step usually involves

modifying the theory and collecting additional data

Research has, in adults, documented a negative correlation between 1) obesity, and 2) participation in physically demanding leisure activities. One possible interpretation of these results is that ________.

obese people tend to exercise less than non-obese people

Eric is a social psychologist who is respected in his field. However, his colleagues are often apprehensive of challenging Eric's strongly held ideas, even when they know that Eric's ideas are laden with errors, because Eric has been known to get upset when he has to question his assumptions. Eric struggles with maintaining the core value of

open-mindedness.

Before having an interview for a potential internship, Tanya carefully applies makeup, straightens her hair, and puts on a nice, colorful blazer. Tanya is practicing ________, which is a form of ________

self-enhancement; impression management

Abbie noticed that Kayla spends time talking to almost everyone she meets at work and believes that this is because Kayla is a friendly, outgoing person. In fact, Kayla is rather shy and withdrawn most of the time, but her job at a local bank requires that she talk with most of the bank's customers periodically. Abbie's perception of Kayla is mistaken because of _____.

the correspondence bias

Trista's teacher just returned student essays to the class. Trista's teacher has written several positive comments throughout her paper and given Trista an A+ on the assignment. Trista is likely to believe her grade reflects ________ because of ________.

the true quality of her work; the self-serving bias

the reason for engaging in the process of attribution is to

understand the causes of others behavior and our own behavior

the evolutionary perspective on social behavior suggests that

we inherit tendencies or dispositions to behave in certain ways