Social Psychology Fall 19_Final

solidarity

Emotional supports that you can receive from a group.

Flow / resonance vs. Fragmentation/cognitive dissonance (Self as a Process_O'Brien)

Flow: your awareness following your body. / R: flow/ the opposite of breaching. Fragmentation: conscience thought first, and lead to inner dialogue before actions. / C. D. (A breach that causes tension within oneself, because it cannot be reconciled. Thus, it motivates people to either change the situation or their understanding of the situation.)

intuitionist model of the self (Haidt)

Haidt: intuition rises above reason; intuition first, reasoning second. example: the elephant ultimately decides where to go. the elephant is our subconscious processing that operates moment to moment.

emotional energy

It is the feeling sensation and physiological reaction that makes a specific emotion positive or negative. We can get emotional energies from successful interaction rituals or other things and people that we enjoy. Feelings of having high emotional energy is happy, powerful, etc. Low emotional energy: unable to overcome shame and difficulties High: being able to take risks

role of language (Shared meaning is the basis of humanness_O'Brien)

It's useful for intersubjectivity and creativity. It is emergent and collaborative meaning-making. Extreme isolation prevents mental development and socialization. Interaction with others is key to language acquisition and socialization. example: Anna was not socialized with anyone for several years. as a result, she could not use language at the same level that others could.

visitors (Mead)

NOT SURE OF THIS DEFINITION: temporary (or permanent) people in our lives that influence our generalized other example: temporary: professors (we only have them for one semester), permanent: God (if you believe in Him)

face vs. line

- Face: is who one claims to be. - Line: is what one claims to be doing.

Five features of reality (= NAME_Mehan & Wood)

1. Reflexive: secondary elaboration, incorrigible. we tend to justify our beliefs when we feel our reality is in jeopardy. 2. Coherent: our realities are ordered and structured as a coherent body of knowledge. 3. interactional: creating and maintaining reality is an ongoing process and is dependent on social interaction. 4. fragile: our realities can dissolve because we rely on others to help us maintain them through social interaction and people often act in unpredictable ways. 4. Permeable: we are constantly moving between different realities and alter our behavior to match the reality we have adopted

culture (Shared meaning is the basis of humanness_O'Brien)

1. taste 2. "Cultured" 3. meaning-making process/structures that influence your heart and mind. shared ways of making meaning in the world. 4. A thing that allows for intersubjectivity -- having a shared experience with someone else. example: religion, holidays, etc.

subject vs. object

Subject: with power, feeling of being free to achieve one's goal. (Subjective freedom). Object: the feeling of being constrained to only certain features of one's social makeup, rather than being a complete social being.

fundamental attribution error

The tendency to attribute others' negative situations to their disposition, and our own negative situations to the immediate situation.

Definition of a situation

When an individual present in front of others, other people will try to seek information about that person and define the situation & know the expectations based on the information. / - Shapes our intersubjectivity with people - Receive info from others present to you, and then use the info to judge what reaction to give.

Innerworld Conversations

a conversation among me, I, and generalized others.

complex/grouping

a group of symbols example: the golden dome, Hesburgh library and basilica represent Notre Dame

Reference Group

a group, real or imaginary, whose supposed standpoints is being used as the frame of reference by the actor. Or a group that a person identified with.

me (Mead)

a past, who we have been historically; organizes our impulses; one's sense of history of oneself ALSO: we are responded to and develop a sense of being an object example: EXAMPLE FROM VIOLENCE INTERRUPTERS HERE

symbols (Shared meaning is the basis of humanness_O'Brien)

a representation of a certain idea or entity example: Notre Dame is a symbol of higher education

breaching reality

acting in a way that is not consistent with taken-for-granted rules/expectations; threatens our intersubjectivity example: taking a shower in a near-stranger's house when they tell you to "make yourself at home" (they don't mean this literally)

cultural dope

all you need to understand someone is the macro-cultural "stuff" --> you reduce someone's entire being to their culture, ignoring their personal agency and unique life story example: if an American girl goes to a party, we would make her into a cultural dope if we assumed she did it simply because she's American. Instead, it could be that she normally doesn't party but just wanted to celebrate after a tough week, or maybe she was forced to go by her friends.

oppositional consciousness

antonym of false consciousness; when someone occupies a diminished/privileged position and believes that being so positioned is unjust example: people of color fighting for racial equality do so because they believe that their marginalization is unjust example: Karl Marx, although he grew up in a wealthy family, believed that his privilege was unjust

naming (Shared meaning is the basis of humanness_O'Brien)

assign symbolic meanings to things. 3 elements: Label, cognitive-emotion evaluation, recommended course of action; a cultural short-cut example: last names

silent racism

based on routine actions, often not recognized by the actor, but these routine actions have the potential to uphold the status quo example: automatically locking your car door when a black man walks by

marked (Self as a Process_O'Brien)

behaviors, attitudes, categories, identities, social spaces, and environments that are considered socially extreme example: if a man is gay, it is often pointed out that he is gay (marked) because it is considered socially extreme. if he were straight, he would be aligned with everyone's default assumption about a person's sexuality.

locus of control (Self as a Process_O'Brien??)

believing that the consequences of your actions are from your power/control (internal), or other's power/control (external) example: if you get a bad grade on a test, you may say it's because you didn't study enough (internal) or because the room was too cold for you to concentrate (external)

stereotypes

blanket statements on a group of people that produce negative outcomes. they are more fixed than generalizations and are less based on science (they don't change based on new data) example: all Asian people are good at math (while this may seem to be a "good" stereotype, it can make those Asian people that aren't good at math feel bad about themselves, or as if they aren't "Asian enough")

Hierarchical status (Self as a Process_O'Brien)

bottom vs. top; center vs. margin; subject vs. object; marked (being different from what is normal) vs. unmarked; privileged (fewer obstacels, more flow, less innerworld conversations) vs. underprivileged (potential shame, less energy) - Social structure the breaks people into different level.

bypassed shame vs. overt undifferentiated shame

bypassed shame - no emotional pain; overt undifferentiated shame -- with EP - trapped in a cycle.

dangers of conventional wisdom/personal experience/ common sense (Building and Breaching Reality_ O'Brien)

cannot account for other people's situations and constant changes; self-contradictory. Socialy constructed realities. example: people who say "well I was able to find a job despite the bad economy" overlook the unique situations of others who were prevented from finding a job like they did. example: contradictory - Look before you leap AND He who hesitates is lost.

organic capital (Crimes of Resistance. Panhandlers)

capital that you create yourself when you paths to dominant social, cultural and economic capital are blocked (can also be a type of cultural capital within a non-dominant community) example: some street children in India created their own newspaper to tell their stories and raise awareness about their plight since the normal media outlets would not cover them

d-power

dominance-power; power to control the situation; authority based example: a dictator can control the country because they have the authority to do so

second aspect of socialization

early socialization is more powerful than later socialization example: people who are raised in a certain religious tradition can have a harder time breaking out of it later on in life because their morals are likely grounded in that religion

e-power (Interrupters)

efficacy-power; power to make something new/fresh happen; charisma based example: MLK as a leader of the civil rights movement because his charisma got people to join him in the fight

line (Definition of the situation_Goffman)

everything a person says or does to express their perspective on the situation, the others, and himself via the others. a plan of action, a trajectory for the future. a script for our presentation of self (need coherency and narrative arch) example: when a vegetarian shows up to a bbq and asks about the vegetarian options, do we side with the vegetarian, the meat eaters, or compromise?

corrupted influence of power

example: Stanford prison experiment, My Lai massacre

shame

exclusion or threats to be excluded. A sociological emotion. example: someone experiences (or should experience) shame when they are confirmed to be an animal abuser

types of motivation (solidarity, expansion, rational choice, self-consistency)

fear (of death) --> survival mode example: we don't want to die of starvation, so we are motivated to go find a job rational choice (maximize gain) example: we want to be as well-off as possible so we are motivated to rationally choose our major and study hard solidarity example: we don't want to be the odd one out, so we are motivated to do things that align ourselves with our reference groups self-consistency example: expansion example:

cultural

groups self-segregated according to race example: minority students sitting together at lunch because they know they are less likely to be invited to sit with the dominant culture groups

intersubjectivity

have a shared experience with someone else.

Defensive practices

help self- protection, actions that can protect one's face and lines and prevent embarrassment in a disruptive event.

economic capital

how much money/financial assets you have example: rich people have a lot of economic capital

racism

ideologies, attitudes, and institutions that preserve dominant race advantage and power example: racist implementations of housing policies can keep African-Americans out of certain neighborhoods even if by law they are permitted to live there

fourth aspect of socialization

interaction in primary groups, where relationships are more personal and emotional, exerts more influence than secondary groups where interaction is less immediate and more formal example: our family influences more than our coworkers

third aspect of socialization

interactions with those who are particularly significant to us are more powerful than with those who are less significant example: I'm more likely to take the advice of a professor more seriously than of a stranger on the street

possible selves (Who am I_O'Brien)

internal practice of envisioning a particular outcome and then engaging in the behavior that brings the envisioned outcome example: high school students from higher-income backgrounds tend to have more prestigious jobs because they know the steps they need to get there (go to college, ace an interview, etc.)

structural

laws, physical structures, national boundaries, segregated schools example: the wall Trump wants to build

fifth aspect of socialization

long-term relations have more influence than short-term interactions example: my mom has more influence over me than a cashier at the store

macro

looks at large-scale social processes, such as social stability and change example: Professor Mische examines how Brazilian youth aided in their country's democratic restructuring

micro

looks at small-scale interactions between individuals, such as conversation or group dynamics example: I once examined the inter-generational group dynamics in a Hispanic church

role of bracketing in perception (Islands of Meaning - Zerubavel)

making sense of things by leaving out some information; focuses on revealing the beliefs, ideas and values that are simply taken for granted in the social world; chunk info, distribute resources, draw boundaries example: in order to read and make sense of the writing on the blackboard, we have to ignore all of the chalk smudges that are not a part of the writing

emergence of the self (Mead)

me --> I --> generalized other Through responses from others we realize that others are responding to an object that object is us. The self begins to arise out of a sense of predictability based on the capacity to anticipate. When the relationship between our actions and the social environment are no longer random. This is where the "me" is formed. The "me" is our sense of ourselves as an object. example: EXAMPLE FROM VIOLENCE INTERRUPTERS

meaning (Shared meaning is the basis of humanness_O'Brien)

memory (past, now) and predictable values (future) example: to become a marijuana user, you need to learn how to interpret your past highs in order to enjoy it in the future

pseudo concepts/symbols (Shared meaning is the basis of humanness_O'Brien)

meta symbols that allow a single sign to stand in for categories. allows for abstract thought about processes and relations example: triangles

performative understanding of the self (Goffman)

moments determine self, not self-determines moments performance goes on even when we are drunk/sick (a depleted self)

Me

nothing to "me," which is one's sense of oneself as an object/over history. "Me" arises as our capability of predictability. We can predict how other people treat us.

facework (Definition of the situation_Goffman)

often collaborative, it's the process of putting a mask back together for you example: if someone reveals one of your secrets in front of a group of people, a kind person in the group may help you rebound from this by making up a new story to cover for your secret

resonance

opposite of breaching; acting in a way that is consistent with taken-for-granted rules/expectations (interaction rituals); fosters intersubjectivity example: sitting a few seats away from someone on a bus if there are still plenty of empty seats (sitting right next to them if there are other options would be seen as weird) OR when someone asks "how are you?" you automatically respond, "I'm fine, how are you?"

self-fulfilling prophecies (NAME_Watzlawick)

our expectations have the possibility to determine how people behave, etc.; more constraining example: telling black boys in elementary schools that they're bad/problematic children causes them to act badly because they internalize this negativity

I (Mead)

our impulses organized; an organized impulse toward the world ALSO: we become an object to ourselves by learning to take the role of the other --> develop an organized impulse --> engage in mechanical and literal behavior example: EXAMPLE FROM VIOLENCE INTERRUPTERS HERE

Automatic self-rightreousness

our intuitions lead us to lie to conceal our own faults, in a way that we ourselves do not detect.

James/Lange theory of emotion (maybe split into 2)

our physiological (bodily) reaction occurs first, followed by an emotional reaction - we are afraid because we run example: we remove our hand from a hot pot before even recognizing that it's hot

fundamental attribution error (Soc perspective)

our tendency to explain someone's behavior based on internal factors, such as personality or disposition, and to underestimate the influence that external factors, such as situational influences, have on another person's behavior. example: if we someone trip, we assume they're clumsy. If we trip, we say it's because the ground was uneven.

flow (Self as a Process_O'Brien)

parts of the self are rhythmically integrated so we can easily go through the motions in an active way example: a basketball player who is having a good game can be said to be in a state of flow because they are going through the proper motions to play basketball in a rhythmic and effective way

Schema (Islands of Meaning - Zerubavel)

patterns of understanding that we use to draw boundaries and categories in the world by types. - allow us to see the world efficiently - developed through past experiences - we need it all the time

mere exposure effect

people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them example: most people prefer Apple over Samsung phones in the west simply because that's what they see more often in advertisements

identity

personal - sense of self based on patterened expecations that follow from one's social postition and the roles that follow from it. it is the way you think about yourself, the way you are viewed in the world and the characteristics that define you example: your gender and sexual identity social - immediate and imagined solidarity with other people based on a shared sense of social position and shared cultural identity based on sharing reference groups within the field of relations. example: your neighborhood collective - an individual's cognitive, moral and emotional connections with a broader community, category practice or institution. an achieved identity, broader than a social identity example: religious groups on a global scale

role identities

possible identities that are open to us because of our social roles (collective identity is the aggregation of this) example: a prince has the possible identity of being a king one day; if not, he can still have a collective identity with the other non-monarch royals

face (Definition of the situation_Goffman)

presentation of self --> identity according to situations; the positive social value a person effectively claims for themselves by the others during a particular contact; if you transgress this, it leads to anger --> exclusion --> shame example: you present yourself to your friends differently than you would to your grandmother

troubles (Soc perspective)

private matters of individuals where values cherished by an individual are felt by him to be threatened. example: someone who values personal space/alone time may feel threatened when asked to work in a group setting

issues (Soc perspective)

public matters where some value cherished by the public is felt to be threatened. It involves a crisis in institutional arrangements. example: most people only accept monogamous relationships, so polyamorous relationships are seen as a threat to society

I

s the impulse that arises in response to the "me." We see ourselves as subjects and take actions.

micro-aggressions

situations that make people feel uncomfortable and can be hard to discern if it's race-based or not (death by a thousand pinpricks) example: asking a person of color "where they're REALLY from" (because you assume they're not American)

what social psychologists look for

social patterns and the role of social context example: Professor McVeigh looks at the connection between race and housing options

simultaneity of enabling and constraining (Shared meaning is the basis of humanness_O'Brien)

socialization is like grammar: you follow the rules and even if you don't know what they are, you know when something is wrong. the very thing that ensures it will be universal also says it will be varied. example: free verse poetry vs. haikus these rules paradoxically contribute to individuality because it allows you to find your niche. example: live action role players build their unique identities and sense of community within the action of LARPing

intersubjectivity (Shared meaning is the basis of humanness_O'Brien)

something that is subjective for you and me, but we share the subjective experience with each other example: people of different races have subjective experiences/interpretations of their experiences, but they tend to share these experiences with those of the same race

Protective Strategy

the acts that protect someone else's face and lines. (We may do it out of compassion, to protect social bonds, to prevent contagion of embarrassment.)

distinctions

the actual differences themselves between entities example: the distinction between two languages is in the vocabulary and grammar

sociological imagination

the awareness of the relationship between personal experience (biography) and the wider society (history) example: advocates who protest on behalf of an African-American man wrongfully shot by the police can see that his individual case is a part of a long history of racism and oppression

Generalized others vs. visitors

the general response or understanding of what other people is going to do not based only on our personal history. A matured self will have it. Visitors: Someone who only temporarily exist in our lives. (??)

reference group (R.Gs as pespectives_Shibutani)

the groups that people/we lump us in with; helps us develop a frame of reference for our actions example: racial groups

hegemony (Self as a Process_O'Brien)

the ideas of the powerful that reinforce their power; ideas that benefit the powerful are the prevailing ideas (very Marxian) example: the panopticon. even though the powerful (the guard) cannot look at every single prisoner all the time, the prisoners always feel as if they could be watched so they keep themselves in alignment with the ideals of the powerful.

cognitive dissonance

the mental discomfort from having two opposing thoughts/habits that makes you aware of something example: because I am a white-passing person of color, I have noticed how I am treated/view things differently depending on who I am with and how others treat me based on my racial/ethnic identity.

double-consciousness

the sense of always looking at oneself through the eyes of others. we do this because we want to be careful about we present ourselves to others. example: a minority student in an all-white class may consider how every action/statement they make will be perceived by their peers and reflect upon themselves and (unfairly) their racial group, so they are very cautious in class.

speech patterns and inequality (Self as a Process_O'Brien)

the standard/dominant way of speaking in a country/region can separate and marginalize those who speak in that manner (the upper/middle class), and those who don't. example: African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) is often looked down upon because it is a dialect that many black people use and because it seems to break a lot of standard English grammar rules. However, AAVE is actually just as grammatically complex as standard English. Just as in standard English, you can use AAVE incorrectly. You can be ungrammatical.

Shame (Scheff)

the stereotyped emotional response to a threat of loss of connections/breach of social bonds to another person(s). Shame leads to social solidarity and isolation. A sense of shame helps social control.

confirmation bias (Islands of Meaning - Zerubavel)

the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs. example: liking news pages on Facebook that align with your political beliefs

boundaries (Islands of Meaning - Zerubavel)

the way we distinguish entities from one another. Foundation of social world example:

emotion management/labor

to the process by which workers are expected to manage their feelings in accordance with organizationally defined rules and guidelines (no deviant emotions allowed) example: flight attendants are expected to be cordial at all times and treat even unruly passengers as guests in their homes. They cannot lash out at passengers no matter what (those would be deviant emotions)

Framing (Islands of Meaning - Zerubavel)

transforming the meaning of things with mental brackets. That is, defining part of the perceptual environment as irrelevant, and ignore the irrelevant parts. A process that help us decide what is relevant and salient. Meaning structure come before experiences. (Perception changes experience)

first aspect of socialization

we have the capacity to be socially "hard-wired" into our brain from birth example: assigned gender at birth

cultural capital

what you know example: students from low-income backgrounds have a harder time participating in formal dinners in college because they often don't know formal table ettiquette

Disruptive events (Performances ..._Goffman)

when a situation is wrongly defined, it will become an disruptive events and leads to shame/hostile.

false consciousness (Zimbardo, Pathology of Imprisonment OR **Meyer, If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably)

when someone thinks that their diminished/privileged position is deserved example: wealthy people who take candy from a bowl designated for children feel that they are entitled to take the candy anyway example: poor people who are unable to find a sustainable job feel that they deserve it because they don't know how to get themselves out of poverty

powerful selves

when the parts of the self (Mead) are in balance. example: someone with high self-esteem who knows their past, can organize their impulses, and has a healthy respect for the generalized other. They are not a push-over or narcissistic.

weak selves

when the parts of the self (Mead) are out of balance; the generalized other is very loud. example: a victim of bullying may care more about what others think and derive their sense of self-worth from that.

stereotype threat (Self as a Process_O'Brien)

when you evoke a stereotype before a relevant challenge. causes anxiety (fight, flight, freeze) and reinforces prejudiced assumptions. example: telling women before they take a math exam that women don't do as well on it will make them do worse on the test than they would have otherwise.

generalized other (Mead)

when you get a sense of what will generally happen to you; one's sense of how society in general would act ALSO: develop a sense of the generalized other --> complex thinking that reconciles what people in general would think about specific experiences and my organized impulse toward the world example: EXAMPLE FROM VIOLENCE INTERRUPTERS HERE

social capital

who you know example: I was able to apply for an internship at an organization in Beijing because my mom used to be the coworker of one of their current workers

obedience to authority (Zimbardo, Pathology of Imprisonment OR **Meyer, If Hitler Asked You to Electrocute a Stranger, Would You? Probably)

you can blindly follow immoral commands from authority figures if those around you are doing the same. example: My Lai massacre

being out of face (Definition of the situation_Goffman)

you have no mask (it slips with no replacement) to react to a certain situation example: if someone tells you shocking news out in public and you have a meltdown, it can be hard for you to recover from that situation in a dignified manner